337 lines
42 KiB
XML
337 lines
42 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8525100A6948CC919F63F6B70530CDD1">The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0B6EE63E8DFEAF2421FAD246C4D044CF">Gravili, Cinzia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="211FDB2222F0785DDC5AE92564546908">Vito, Doris De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D019B491F5913E81AD7DC7271E2F54DE">Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="83D668458609E22A65A295B153A60B42">Martell, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CE5B2F73EF326FB2AFD8877EBA663E49">Piraino, Stefano</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EA1E1378539121A688854D625F22C6BB">Boero, Ferdinando</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03F887DEFFB7FFFB9CD60E61D60DFAE6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6107039" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119591000" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6107039" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887DEFFB7FFFB9CD60E61D60DFAE6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887DEFFB7FFFB9CD60E61D60DFAE6" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFB7FFF89CD60E61D546FE7E" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB7FFF89CD60E61D52CFE94" blockId="65.[151,533,296,355]" box="[151,533,296,322]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<heading id="D0A681A4FFB7FFF89CD60E61D52CFE94" bold="true" box="[151,533,296,322]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB7FFF89CD60E61D52CFE94" bold="true" box="[151,533,296,322]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFB7FFF89CD60E61D7D0FE94" box="[151,233,296,322]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Ventromma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="65" pageNumber="176" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="velella">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB7FFF89CD60E61D7D0FE94" bold="true" box="[151,233,296,322]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Velella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFB7FFF89CAE0E61D52CFE94" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[239,533,296,322]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Ventromma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="velella">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB7FFF89CAE0E61D607FE94" bold="true" box="[239,318,296,322]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">velella</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB7FFF89CD60E03D622FEB4" blockId="65.[151,533,296,355]" box="[151,283,330,355]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<figureCitation id="136A2A4DFFB7FFF89CD60E03D7DEFEB5" box="[151,231,330,355]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[461,1136,484,1385]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[452,1141,480,1388]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 45. Velella velella: A, section of colony; B, medusa (drawn by C. G. Di Camillo). Scale bars: A, 3.0 mm; B, 0.4 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242774/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
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A, B
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB7FFF89CD60EDBD546FE7E" blockId="65.[151,639,402,424]" box="[151,639,402,424]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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See
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB7FFF89C830EDBD649FE7E" author="Schuchert" box="[194,368,402,424]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert (1996)</bibRefCitation>
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for a complete synonymy.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF2E6640FFB7FFF89CD60AC6D2ACFA73" box="[151,1429,1423,1445]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242774/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[461,1136,484,1385]" targetPageId="65">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB7FFF89CD60AC6D2ACFA73" blockId="65.[151,1429,1423,1445]" box="[151,1429,1423,1445]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB7FFF89CD60AC6D626FA72" bold="true" box="[151,287,1423,1445]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 45.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB7FFF89D640AC6D68CFA73" box="[293,437,1423,1445]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFB7FFF89D640AC6D653FA73" box="[293,362,1423,1445]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Ventromma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="65" pageNumber="176" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="velella">Velella</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFB7FFF89D300AC6D68CFA73" box="[369,437,1423,1445]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Ventromma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="velella">velella</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB7FFF89D830AC6D6EDFA72" bold="true" box="[450,468,1423,1444]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">A</emphasis>
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, section of colony;
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB7FFF89EDD0AC6D594FA72" bold="true" box="[668,685,1423,1444]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">B</emphasis>
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, medusa (drawn by C.G. Di Camillo). Scale bars: A, 3.0 mm; B, 0.4 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFB7FFF89CD60A85D688F9DF" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB7FFF89CD60A85D688F9DF" blockId="65.[151,1437,1484,2013]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB7FFF89CD60A85D6B4FA33" bold="true" box="[151,397,1484,1509]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Material examined.</emphasis>
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HCUS-S 0 50 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento—fauna of the Salento Peninsula)—polyp stage.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFB7FFFB9C86095DD25BFDB6" lastPageId="66" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB7FFF89C86095DD43DF987" blockId="65.[151,1437,1484,2013]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB7FFF89C86095DD668F9FB" bold="true" box="[199,337,1556,1581]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Description</emphasis>
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(based on our own observations; Vanhoeffen 1906; Brinckmann-Voss 1964, 1970;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB7FFF89947095CD2AEF9FB" author="Larson" box="[1286,1431,1557,1581]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refString="Larson, R. J. (1980) The medusa of Velella velella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hydrozoa, Chondrophorae). Journal of Plankton Research, 2 (3), 183 - 186. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / plankt / 2.3.183" type="journal article" year="1980">Larson 1980</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB7FFF89CD60971D61AF987" author="Calder" box="[151,291,1592,1617]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow water hydroids of Bermuda. The Athecatae. Life Science Contributions Royal Ontario Museum, 148, 1 - 107. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52225" type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB7FFF89D6E0970D6CBF987" author="Pages" box="[303,498,1592,1617]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refString="Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Bouillon, J. (1992) Medusae (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa) of the Benguela Current (southeastern Atlantic). In: Pages, F., Gili, J. - M. & Bouillon, J. (Eds.), Planktonic Cnidarians of the Benguela Current. Scientia Marina, 56 (Supplement 1), pp. 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">
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Pagès
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB7FFF89D360973D689F987" box="[375,432,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
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1992
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB7FFF89DBC0971D596F987" author="Schuchert" box="[509,687,1592,1617]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB7FFF89EFB0970D5CEF987" author="Schuchert" box="[698,759,1593,1617]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refString="Schuchert, P. (2012) Athecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 59, i - viii, 364 pp." type="book" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
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):
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB7FFF89C860915D22BF86F" blockId="65.[151,1437,1484,2013]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB7FFF89C860915D60AF9A3" bold="true" box="[199,307,1628,1653]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Hydroid.</emphasis>
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Floating polymorphic colony, flattened, oval or elliptical, with a triangular sail, up to
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<quantity id="4CA99B2DFFB7FFF899500914D25BF9A2" box="[1297,1378,1629,1653]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
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long and
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<quantity id="4CA99B2DFFB7FFF89C8809C8D623F94E" box="[201,282,1665,1689]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
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wide, higher in the centre than at the edges, float and sail kept rigid by a chitin support covered by mantle tissue: margin of float soft and flexible, chitin float oval to slightly S-shaped with concentric air chambers, mantle tissue with network of endoderm canals, with a single large gastrozooid or "siphon" in centre of underside encircled by a ring of medusa producing gastro-gonozooids and a peripheral band of dactylozooids; gastrozooid broadly oval with an elongated hypostome, central, without tentacles or medusa buds; dactylozooids long and tapering, oval in cross section, with cnidocysts concentrated in two lateral bands on the narrow sides, mouth lacking; gastro-gonozooids fusiform with a swollen mouth region, lacking tentacles but with warts of cnidocyst clusters concentrated in distal half and numerous medusa buds growing in groups from short blastostyles on proximal half. Colours: float deeply blue when alive, medusa buds yellow-olive from symbiotic algae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB7FFF89C86088DD388F80B" blockId="65.[151,1437,1484,2013]" box="[199,1201,1988,2013]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB7FFF89C86088DD65DF80B" bold="true" box="[199,356,1988,2013]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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Habitat
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<typeStatus id="54EA886AFFB7FFF89D6B088DD666F80B" box="[298,351,1988,2013]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">type</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Colony floating on water surface, often forming swarms (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB7FFF89FAE088DD39CF80B" author="Edwards" box="[1007,1189,1988,2013]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refString="Edwards, C. (1966 b) Velella velella (L.): the distribution of its dimorphic forms in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean, with comments on its nature and affinities. In: Barnes, H. (Ed.), Some contemporary studies in marine science. Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, pp. 283 - 296." type="book chapter" year="1966" yearSuffix="b">Edwards 1966b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB4FFFB9C860FDED247FF03" blockId="66.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB9C860FDED66DFF66" bold="true" box="[199,340,151,176]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Seasonality.</emphasis>
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In the western Mediterranean Sea,
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<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB9F050FDED4CBFF66" box="[836,1010,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFB4FFFB9F050FDED4A9FF66" box="[836,912,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Ventromma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="66" pageNumber="176" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="velella">Velella</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFB4FFFB9FE60FDED4CBFF66" box="[935,1010,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Ventromma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="velella">velella</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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occurs from February to June, October–December (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9DC10FF5D501FF02" author="Woltereck" box="[384,568,188,213]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Woltereck, R. (1904) Ueber die Entwicklung der Velella aus einer in der tiefe vorkommenden Larve. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, 7 (Supplement), 347 - 372." type="journal article" year="1904">Woltereck 1904</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9E020FF5D477FF02" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[579,846,188,213]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and April (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9F9B0FF5D359FF02" author="Galea" box="[986,1120,188,213]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199." type="journal article" year="2007">Galea 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); April–May (this study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB4FFFB9C860F96D24DFF2E" blockId="66.[151,1437,151,1328]" box="[199,1396,223,248]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB9C860F96D6FDFF2E" bold="true" box="[199,452,223,248]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Reproductive period.</emphasis>
|
||
Along the Mediterranean French coast, fertile colonies occur in April (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB98A00F96D251FF2E" author="Galea" box="[1249,1384,223,248]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Galea, H. R. (2007) Hydrozoa, La Ciotat and nearby areas, Mediterranean coast of France. Check List, 3 (3), 193 - 199." type="journal article" year="2007">Galea 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB4FFFB9C860E4DD6CAFE7B" blockId="66.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB9C860E4DD614FECB" bold="true" box="[199,301,260,285]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Medusa.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult. Up to 2.8 mm high and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFFB4FFFB9EC80E4DD5F3FECA" box="[649,714,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, bell cylindrical, flat top; four exumbrellar cnidocyst rows; manubrium conical with quadrate base, mouth tubular; gonads irregularly arranged perradially and interradially; four radial canals; two pairs of opposite, perradial tentacles, a short adaxial one and a long abaxial one, each with a large terminal cnidocyst cluster; two perradial marginal bulbs without tentacles; marginal sense organs absent. Colour: females have red eggs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB4FFFB9C860EFED5F2FDEB" blockId="66.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Developmental stages. Newly released medusae bell-shaped, up to 0.8 mm in diameter and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFFB4FFFB98BA0EF1D279FE19" box="[1275,1344,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
high; 4 perradial rows of stenoteles on exumbrella originating from the marginal bulbs; manubrium conical, short; broad radial canals with many zooxanthellae in groups; 4 broad marginal bulbs connected by circular canal; no tentacles or rudiments of tentacles. Colour: manubrium red.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB4FFFB9C860D0ED25BFDB6" blockId="66.[151,1437,151,1328]" box="[199,1378,583,608]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB9C860D0ED602FDB6" bold="true" box="[199,315,583,608]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Cnidome.</emphasis>
|
||
Stenoteles, microbasic euryteles, isorhizas (polyp); stenoteles, macrobasic euryteles (medusa).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFB4FFFB9C860D25D239FD26" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB4FFFB9C860D25D3E2FD1A" blockId="66.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB9C860D25D659FD53" bold="true" box="[199,352,620,645]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Atlantic, Indo-Pacific. In the Mediterranean it is mostly present in the spring, when it can be extremely abundant (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9DC70DC6D556FD7E" author="Metschnikoff" box="[390,623,655,680]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Metschnikoff, E. (1886 a) Medusologische Mittheilungen. Arbeiten aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitat Wien, 6, 237 - 266." type="journal article" year="1886" yearSuffix="a">Metschnikoff 1886a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Brinckmann-Voss 1964, 1970; Edwards 1966;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB98CE0DC6D278FD7E" author="Bouillon" box="[1167,1345,655,680]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Bouillon, J. (1978) Hydromeduses de l'archipel des Sechelles et du Mozambique. Revue de Zoologie Africaine, 92 (1), 117 - 172." type="journal article" year="1978" yearSuffix="a">Bouillon 1978a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB990F0DD9D7EAFD1A" author="Larson" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Larson, R. J. (1980) The medusa of Velella velella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hydrozoa, Chondrophorae). Journal of Plankton Research, 2 (3), 183 - 186. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / plankt / 2.3.183" type="journal article" year="1980">Larson 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9C9C0DFDD653FD1A" author="Calder" box="[221,362,692,717]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow water hydroids of Bermuda. The Athecatae. Life Science Contributions Royal Ontario Museum, 148, 1 - 107. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52225" type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9D370DFDD500FD1A" author="Pages" box="[374,569,692,717]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Bouillon, J. (1992) Medusae (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa) of the Benguela Current (southeastern Atlantic). In: Pages, F., Gili, J. - M. & Bouillon, J. (Eds.), Planktonic Cnidarians of the Benguela Current. Scientia Marina, 56 (Supplement 1), pp. 1 - 64." type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Pagès
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB9DFF0DFCD6CFFD1B" box="[446,502,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9E050DFDD5CEFD1B" author="Schuchert" box="[580,759,692,717]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB9F2A0DFCD49AFD1B" box="[875,931,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9FB00DFDD3F6FD1A" author="Gravili" box="[1009,1231,692,717]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Gravili
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB98060DFCD346FD1B" box="[1095,1151,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB4FFFB9C860D9ED239FD26" blockId="66.[151,1437,151,1328]" box="[199,1280,727,752]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB9C860D9ED697FD26" bold="true" box="[199,430,727,752]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Records in Salento.</emphasis>
|
||
Moderately frequent at Porto Cesareo (F. Boero unpublished observations).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFB4FFFB9C860DB5D2A8FB8E" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB4FFFB9C860DB5D2A8FB8E" blockId="66.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB9C860DB5D602FCC3" bold="true" box="[199,315,764,789]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Two mirror images of the animal (left and right sailing) exist, the prevalence of one form or the other in one region may be due to sorting by prevailing winds (Edwards, 1966). The polyps of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFB4FFFB99450C68D256FCEE" box="[1284,1391,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Ventromma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="velella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB99450C68D256FCEE" box="[1284,1391,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">V. velella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are generally found in huge swarms and despite that each of them bear thousands of medusa buds the adult medusa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFB4FFFB9CD60C20D7C6FC56" box="[151,255,871,896]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Ventromma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="velella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB9CD60C20D7C6FC56" box="[151,255,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">V. velella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has very seldom been found in nature. In the Mediterranean Sea, adult medusae have been found in the field only by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9D010CC5D502FC73" author="Metschnikoff" box="[320,571,908,933]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Metschnikoff, E. (1886 a) Medusologische Mittheilungen. Arbeiten aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitat Wien, 6, 237 - 266." type="journal article" year="1886" yearSuffix="a">Metschnikoff (1886a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in Messina. Male medusae were raised in the Laboratory at Naples by Brinckmann-Voss (1964, 1970). Elsewhere, mature medusae where described from nature by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB98FC0CE6D247FC1E" author="Bouillon" box="[1213,1406,943,968]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Bouillon, J. (1978) Hydromeduses de l'archipel des Sechelles et du Mozambique. Revue de Zoologie Africaine, 92 (1), 117 - 172." type="journal article" year="1978" yearSuffix="a">Bouillon (1978a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3467658FFB4FFFB9CD60C9CD7E5FC3A" box="[151,220,981,1004]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Papua</collectingCountry>
|
||
New-Guinea and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9D910C9CD548FC3A" author="Larson" box="[464,625,980,1004]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Larson, R. J. (1980) The medusa of Velella velella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hydrozoa, Chondrophorae). Journal of Plankton Research, 2 (3), 183 - 186. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / plankt / 2.3.183" type="journal article" year="1980">Larson (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the North Atlantic.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9F340C9DD302FC3A" author="Woltereck" box="[885,1083,980,1005]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Woltereck, R. (1904) Ueber die Entwicklung der Velella aus einer in der tiefe vorkommenden Larve. Zoologischer Jahrbucher, 7 (Supplement), 347 - 372." type="journal article" year="1904">Woltereck (1904)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described colony development through a series of “larval” stages.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9E710CBED5C6FBC6" author="Gegenbaur" box="[560,767,1015,1040]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Gegenbaur, C. (1856) Versuch eines Systems der Medusen, mit Beschreibung neuer oder wenig gekannter Formen; zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fauna des Mittelmeeres. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 8 (2), 202 - 273." type="journal article" year="1856">Gegenbaur (1856)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a small medusa from Messina having 16 radial canals and one tentacle called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFB4FFFB9DB90B55D5E4FBE2" box="[504,733,1052,1077]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Porpitidae" genus="Chrysometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="striata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB9DB90B55D5E4FBE2" box="[504,733,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Chrysometra striata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that he identified as the medusa of
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB98C10B55D219FBE3" box="[1152,1312,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFB4FFFB98C10B55D3F5FBE3" box="[1152,1228,1052,1077]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Ventromma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="66" pageNumber="176" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="velella">Velella</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFB4FFFB98940B55D219FBE3" box="[1237,1312,1052,1077]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Ventromma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="velella">velella</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but this is doubtful (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9D700B76D6C4FB8E" author="Brinckmann" box="[305,509,1087,1112]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Brinckmann, A. (1964) Observations on the structure and development of the medusa of Velella velella (Linne 1758). Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 126, 327 - 336." type="journal article" year="1964">Brinckmann 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9E480B76D42DFB8E" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[521,788,1087,1112]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Gonothecae and medusae not seen in the present study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFB4FFFB9C860B2DD60DFAE6" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFB4FFFB9C860B2DD60DFAE6" blockId="66.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFB4FFFB9C860B2DD669FBAB" bold="true" box="[199,336,1124,1149]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">References.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9D1A0B2DD575FBAB" author="Metschnikoff" box="[347,588,1124,1149]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Metschnikoff, E. (1886 a) Medusologische Mittheilungen. Arbeiten aus dem zoologischen Institut der Universitat Wien, 6, 237 - 266." type="journal article" year="1886" yearSuffix="a">Metschnikoff (1886a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9E1D0B2DD5A1FBAA" author="Metschnikoff" box="[604,664,1124,1148]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Metschnikoff, E. (1874) Studien uber die Entwickelung der Medusen und Siphonophoren. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 24, 15 - 81." type="journal article" year="1874">1874</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9EEE0B2CD4B9FBAA" box="[687,896,1124,1149]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Lo Bianco, S. (1909) Notize biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturita sessuale degli animali del Golfo di Napoli. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 19 (4), 513 - 763." type="journal article">Lo Bianco (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9FD10B2CD309FBAB" author="Moser" box="[912,1072,1124,1149]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Moser, F. (1925) Die Siphonophoren der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 17 (Zoologie 9), pp. 541." type="journal volume" year="1925">Moser (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB987E0B2DD3DFFBAA" author="Leloup" box="[1087,1254,1124,1149]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Leloup, E. (1929) Recherches sur l'anatomie et de developpement de Velella spirans Forsk. Archives de Biologie, 39, 395 - 478." type="journal article" year="1929">Leloup (1929)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB98B70B2CD2AEFBAB" author="Totton" box="[1270,1431,1124,1149]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Totton, A. K. (1954) Siphonophora of the Indian Ocean together with systematic and biological notes on related specimens from other oceans. Discovery Reports, 27, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1954">Totton (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9CD60BCED6F4FB76" author="Tregouboff" box="[151,461,1159,1184]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Tregouboff, G. & Rose, M. (1957) Manuel de Planctonologie Mediterraneenne. Tome I & II. C. N. R. S., Paris, 587 pp. & 31 pls. [pls. 62 - 93]." type="book chapter" year="1957">Trégouboff & Rose (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9D9D0BCED5BEFB76" author="Picard" box="[476,647,1159,1184]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199." type="journal article" year="1958" yearSuffix="a">Picard (1958a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9ED40BCED401FB76" author="Mackie" box="[661,824,1159,1184]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Mackie, G. O. (1959) The evolution of the Chondrophora (Siphonophora- Disconanthae): New Evidence from Behavioural Studies. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 53 (5), 7 - 20." type="journal article" year="1959">Mackie (1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9F070BCED4BBFB76" author="Mackie" box="[838,898,1159,1184]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Mackie, G. O. (1960) The structure of the nervous system in Velella. Quarterly Journal of Microscopial Science, 101 (2), 119 - 131." type="journal article" year="1960">1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9FD90BCED37EFB76" author="Edwards" box="[920,1095,1159,1184]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Edwards, C. (1963) Observations on the distribution of Velella in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Report / Challenger Society for the Promotion of the Study of Oceanography, 3 (15), 24 - 25." type="journal article" year="1963">Edwards (1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB98170BCED399FB76" author="Edwards" box="[1110,1184,1159,1184]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Edwards, C. (1966 b) Velella velella (L.): the distribution of its dimorphic forms in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean, with comments on its nature and affinities. In: Barnes, H. (Ed.), Some contemporary studies in marine science. Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, pp. 283 - 296." type="book chapter" year="1966" yearSuffix="b">1966b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB98F70BCED2AEFB76" author="Brinckmann" box="[1206,1431,1159,1184]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Brinckmann, A. (1964) Observations on the structure and development of the medusa of Velella velella (Linne 1758). Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 126, 327 - 336." type="journal article" year="1964">Brinckmann (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9CD60BE5D692FB12" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[151,427,1196,1221]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna Flora Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss (1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9DF60BE5D6CAFB12" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[439,499,1196,1220]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1987) Seasonal distribution of hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Gulf of Naples and vicinity, with observations on sexual and asexual reproduction in some species. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P. F. S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the Systematics, Ecology and Evolution of Hydroids and Hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 133 - 141." type="book chapter" year="1987">1987</bibRefCitation>
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),
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Riera
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Pagès
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB9CD60BBDD7EAFADA" author="Schuchert" box="[151,211,1268,1292]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Schuchert, P. (2012) Athecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 59, i - viii, 364 pp." type="book" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFB4FFFB990D0BBDD609FAE6" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. & Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article">
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.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |