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<mods:title id="53E0628F75881D7D3AF8ADAC9AF19685">The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFABFFE49CD60C9DD57DFC38" blockId="93.[151,580,980,1039]" box="[151,580,980,1006]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<heading id="D0A681A4FFABFFE49CD60C9DD57DFC38" bold="true" box="[151,580,980,1006]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFABFFE49CD60C9DD57DFC38" ID-CoL="3JB6H" authority="M. Sars, 1857" authorityName="M. Sars" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,580,980,1006]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pusillum">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49CD60C9DD57DFC38" bold="true" box="[151,580,980,1006]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49CD60C9DD6B9FC38" bold="true" box="[151,384,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Halecium pusillum</emphasis>
(M. Sars, 1857)
</emphasis>
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</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFABFFE49CD60CBFD622FBD9" blockId="93.[151,580,980,1039]" box="[151,283,1014,1039]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<figureCitation id="136A2A4DFFABFFE49CD60CBFD7DFFBD9" box="[151,230,1014,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 66" captionStartId="94.[151,250,1597,1619]" captionTargetBox="[363,1184,204,1549]" captionTargetId="figure@94.[340,1247,193,1575]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURE 66. Halecium pusillum: A, hydroid with planktonic propagules; B, hydroid with female gonotheca; C, hydroid with male gonotheca (A, B, C same scale bar) (drawn by F. Boero). Scale bar: 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242795/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Fig. 66</figureCitation>
A–C
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFABFFE49CD60B77D443FB82" blockId="93.[151,890,1086,1108]" box="[151,890,1086,1108]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
See 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49C830B76D555FB82" box="[194,620,1086,1108]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa (2002)</bibRefCitation>
for a complete synonymy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFABFFE49CD60BC8D2ACFB4C" box="[151,1429,1153,1178]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFABFFE49CD60BC8D2ACFB4C" blockId="93.[151,1437,1153,1970]" box="[151,1429,1153,1178]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49CD60BC8D6B9FB4C" bold="true" box="[151,384,1153,1178]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Material examined.</emphasis>
HCUS-S 0 73 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento—fauna of the Salento Peninsula).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFABFFE49C860BECD57BF928" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFABFFE49C860BECD39BFB68" blockId="93.[151,1437,1153,1970]" box="[199,1186,1189,1214]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49C860BECD668FB68" bold="true" box="[199,337,1189,1214]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Description</emphasis>
(based on our own observations; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49E8A0BEFD3ACFB68" author="Pena" box="[715,1173,1190,1214]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="2002">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002</bibRefCitation>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFABFFE49C860B80D402FA40" blockId="93.[151,1437,1153,1970]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49C860B80D60AFB34" bold="true" box="[199,307,1225,1250]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Hydroid.</emphasis>
Hydrorhiza as creeping stolon system; colonies erect, delicate; hydrocauli monosiphonic, perisarc of internodes thin and annulated throughout, apical stolons frequent; hydrocladia originating laterally, below hydrothecae, curved at base; hydrothecae at end of each internode, shallow, walls straight at basal half and curved outward at distal half, with a ring of desmocytes above diaphragm, secondary hydrothecae present, arising directly from primaries. Gonothecae: female gonothecae ringed throughout, with a lateral aperture with 2 hydranths, male gonothecae oval, elongated and with transverse undulations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFABFFE49C860AE8D434FA6C" blockId="93.[151,1437,1153,1970]" box="[199,781,1441,1466]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49C860AE8D602FA6C" bold="true" box="[199,315,1441,1466]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Cnidome.</emphasis>
Microbasic euryteles and mastigophores.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFABFFE49C860A8CD6F7F9D4" blockId="93.[151,1437,1153,1970]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49C860A8CD65AFA08" bold="true" box="[199,355,1477,1502]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
Habitat 
<typeStatus id="54EA886AFFABFFE49D680A8CD667FA08" box="[297,350,1477,1502]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">type</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Littoral species, ranging from the tidal level down to 
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFFABFFE49FF80A8FD4C8FA0B" box="[953,1009,1478,1502]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</quantity>
depth (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE498050A8CD3FCFA08" author="Rossi" box="[1092,1221,1477,1502]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Rossi, L. (1961) Idroidi viventi sulle scogliere del promontorio di Portofino (Golfo di Genova). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 72, 68 - 85." type="journal article" year="1961">Rossi 1961</bibRefCitation>
; García 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE499600A8FD7EBF9D4" author="Carrascosa" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp." type="book" year="1981">Carrascosa 1981</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49C9C0AA3D6F8F9D4" author="Boero" box="[221,449,1513,1538]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFABFFE49C860944D44DF99C" blockId="93.[151,1437,1153,1970]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49C860944D678F9F0" bold="true" box="[199,321,1549,1574]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Substrate.</emphasis>
Epibiotic on a wide range of organisms, such as algae, 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFABFFE49F920944D37CF9F0" box="[979,1093,1549,1574]" class="Liliopsida" family="Posidoniaceae" genus="Posidonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49F920944D37CF9F0" box="[979,1093,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Posidonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFABFFE498170944D20CF9F0" box="[1110,1333,1549,1574]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cymodoceaceae" genus="Cymodocea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alismatales" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nodosa">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE498170944D20CF9F0" box="[1110,1333,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Cymodocea nodosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFABFFE499070947D2A2F9F3" box="[1350,1435,1550,1573]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zosteraceae" genus="Zostera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE499070947D2A2F9F3" box="[1350,1435,1550,1573]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Zostera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaves, other hydroids, bryozoans, cirripedes, mussels, Anthozoa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFABFFE49C86091CD4DFF947" blockId="93.[151,1437,1153,1970]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49C86091CD66DF9B8" bold="true" box="[199,340,1621,1646]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Seasonality.</emphasis>
January–December (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49E14091FD46DF9B8" author="Boero" box="[597,852,1621,1646]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
) in the Ligurian Sea; February–September and November (De Vito 2006; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49D820930D5ACF944" author="Piraino" box="[451,661,1657,1682]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. &amp; Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461" type="journal article" year="2013">
Piraino 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49E5A0933D56AF944" box="[539,595,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
; this study) in Salento waters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFABFFE49C8609D4D57BF928" blockId="93.[151,1437,1153,1970]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49C8609D4D6FEF960" bold="true" box="[199,455,1693,1718]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Reproductive period.</emphasis>
February (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49E0909D4D5C9F960" author="Stechow" box="[584,752,1693,1718]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172." type="journal article" year="1919">Stechow 1919</bibRefCitation>
; Coma 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49F0A09D7D4BFF960" box="[843,902,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
1992); March (Gili 1986; Coma 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE4994C09D7D270F960" box="[1293,1353,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
1992); April (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49CA0098BD6FFF90C" author="Boero" box="[225,454,1729,1754]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
; Coma 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49E5D098BD56DF90C" box="[540,596,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
1992); September (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49F730988D315F90C" author="Faucci" box="[818,1068,1729,1754]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Faucci, A. &amp; Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. &amp; Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255" type="journal article" year="2000">Faucci &amp; Boero 2000</bibRefCitation>
); October (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE498E8098BD2B6F90C" author="Boero" box="[1193,1423,1729,1754]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
); February–April (Llobet i Nidal 1987).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFABFFE79C860840D53DF897" lastPageId="94" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFABFFE49C860840D7D9F864" blockId="93.[151,1437,1153,1970]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49C860840D659F8F4" bold="true" box="[199,352,1801,1826]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Distribution.</emphasis>
Eastern and western Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indo-Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE498470840D3A0F8F4" author="Billard" box="[1030,1177,1801,1826]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Billard, A. (1926) Rapport sur les hydroides. In: Cambridge Expedition to the Suez Canal, 1924 (with appendix to the report on hydroids by H. Munro Fox and an addendum). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 22 (1), pp. 85 - 103. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1926. tb 00323. x" type="journal article" year="1926">Billard 1926</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE498E40840D279F8F4" author="Philbert" box="[1189,1344,1801,1826]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Philbert, M. (1935) Les hydraires de la region malouine. Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanographique de Monaco, 673, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1935">Philbert 1935</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE4990C0840D7EBF890" author="Leloup" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Leloup, E. (1937) Hydropolypes et Scyphopolypes recueillis par C. Dawydoff sur les cotes de l'Indochine francaise. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelles de Belgique, ser. 2, 12, 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="1937">Leloup 1937</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49C9E0864D622F890" author="Leloup" box="[223,283,1837,1862]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Leloup, E. (1960) Hydropolypes du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Series A (New Series), 17 (4), 217 - 241." type="journal article" year="1960">1960</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49D690864D693F890" author="Rossi" box="[296,426,1837,1862]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Rossi, L. (1961) Idroidi viventi sulle scogliere del promontorio di Portofino (Golfo di Genova). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 72, 68 - 85." type="journal article" year="1961">Rossi 1961</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49DF90864D56BF890" author="Teissier" box="[440,594,1837,1862]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Teissier, G. (1965) Inventaire de la faune marine de Roscoff. Cnidaires-Ctenaires. Editions de la Station Biologique de Roscoff, 16, 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1965">Teissier 1965</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49E210867D5F7F890" author="Fey" box="[608,718,1838,1862]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Fey, A. (1970) Peuplements sessiles de l'archipel de Glenan. 1. - Inventaire: hydraires. Vie Milieu, B 20 (2), 387 - 414." type="journal article" year="1970">Fey 1970</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49E9D0867D44BF890" author="Boero" box="[732,882,1837,1862]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Boero, F. (1981 a) Systematics and ecology of the hydroid population of two Posidonia oceanica meadows. Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 2 (3), 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1981. tb 00093. x" type="journal article" year="1981" yearSuffix="a">Boero 1981a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49F360864D4BFF890" author="Boero" box="[887,902,1837,1862]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Boero, F. (1981 b) Bathimetric distribution of the epifauna of a Posidonia meadow of the Isle of Ischia (Naples): Hydroids. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Commision Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee, Monaco, 27 (2), 197 - 198." type="journal article" year="1981" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49FD50864D332F890" author="Isasi" box="[916,1035,1837,1862]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Isasi (Urdangarin), I. (1985) Fauna de Cnidarios bentonicos del abra de Bilbao. Memoria. Presentada para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Biologicas por Inigo Isasi Urdangarin. Universidad del pais Vasco. Euskal Herriko Unibersitatea. Facultad de Ciencias, Departemento de Biologia. Fauna of the benthic cnidarians of the Abra de Bilbao. Gratuation thesis, University of the Basque Country, 209 pp." type="book" year="1985">Isasi 1985</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE498580867D23BF890" author="Boero" box="[1049,1282,1837,1862]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE4994E0864D2AEF890" author="Ramil" box="[1295,1431,1837,1862]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Ramil Blanco, F. J. (1988) Hidrozoos de Galicia. Memoria que, para optar al Grado de Doctor en Biologia, presenta D. Francisco Ramil Blanco. Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Santiago. Santiago de Compostela, 525 pp." type="book" year="1988">Ramil 1988</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49CD60818D637F8BC" author="Park" box="[151,270,1873,1898]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Park, Jung-Hee (1993) Marine hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Hydroida) from Cheju Island, Korea. Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology, 9 (2), 261 - 280." type="journal article" year="1993">Park 1993</bibRefCitation>
; Altuna 1994; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49DF80818D41FF8BC" author="Medel" box="[441,806,1873,1898]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Medel, M. D. &amp; Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="1996">Medel &amp; López-González 1996</bibRefCitation>
; Medel 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49FC2081BD484F8BC" box="[899,957,1873,1898]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
1998; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE4984F081BD7EAF858" author="Pena" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="2002">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002</bibRefCitation>
; Bouillon 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49D08083FD6BAF858" box="[329,387,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
2004; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49D92083CD58CF858" author="Gravili" box="[467,693,1909,1934]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49E6A083FD55CF858" box="[555,613,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
2008a
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE49E80083CD4B1F858" author="Morri" box="[705,904,1909,1934]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Morri, C., Puce, S., Bianchi, C. N., Bitar, G., Zibrowius, H. &amp; Bavestrello, G. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Levant Sea (mainly Lebanon), with emphasis on alien species. Journal of the Marine Bioogical Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (1), 49 - 62. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315408002749" type="journal article" year="2009">
Morri 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49F4A083FD405F858" box="[779,828,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
; Puce 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFABFFE49F95083FD33FF858" box="[980,1030,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al</emphasis>
. 2009; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFABFFE4981F083FD7EDF864" author="Soto" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refString="Soto Angel, J. J. &amp; Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035" type="journal article" year="2013">Soto Ãngel &amp; Peña Cantero 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2E6640FFA8FFE79CD60974D4EAF9A4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242795/files/figure.png" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" targetBox="[363,1184,204,1549]" targetPageId="94">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFA8FFE79CD60974D4EAF9A4" blockId="94.[151,1436,1597,1650]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE79CD60974D619F984" bold="true" box="[151,288,1597,1619]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">FIGURE 66.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFA8FFE79D660974D6D1F985" box="[295,488,1597,1619]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pusillum">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE79D660974D6D1F985" box="[295,488,1597,1619]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Halecium pusillum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE79DB70974D531F984" bold="true" box="[502,520,1597,1618]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">A</emphasis>
, hydroid with planktonic propagules; 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE79FCE0974D499F984" bold="true" box="[911,928,1597,1618]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">B</emphasis>
, hydroid with female gonotheca; 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE798B80974D232F985" bold="true" box="[1273,1291,1597,1619]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">C</emphasis>
, hydroid with male gonotheca (A, B, C same scale bar) (drawn by F. Boero). Scale bar: 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFA8FFE79C8609D0D53DF897" blockId="94.[151,1437,1689,2037]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE79C8609D0D697F964" bold="true" box="[199,430,1689,1714]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Records in Salento.</emphasis>
Moderately frequent at: S. Caterina, Torre Vado (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79F9A09D0D347F967" author="Presicce" box="[987,1150,1689,1714]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Presicce, M. M. (1991) Gli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) del litorale salentino. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 143 pp." type="book" year="1991">Presicce 1991</bibRefCitation>
); La Strea, Porto Cesareo (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79CDF09F5D60EF903" author="Denitto" box="[158,311,1724,1749]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Denitto, F. (1996) Etologia alimentare e cicli vitali di alcune specie di Hydroidomedusae: Anthomedusae / Filifera e Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa). Degree Thesis, Biology, Universita degli Studi di Lecce, 176 pp." type="book" year="1996">Denitto 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79D0509F5D502F903" author="Faucci" box="[324,571,1724,1749]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Faucci, A. &amp; Boero, F. (2000) Structure of an epiphytic hydroid community on Cystoseira at two sites of different wave exposure. In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. &amp; Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 255 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 1255" type="journal article" year="2000">Faucci &amp; Boero 2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79E0609F5D408F903" author="Miglietta" box="[583,817,1724,1749]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L., Denitto, F., Gravili, C., Pagliara, P., Bouillon, J. &amp; Boero, F. (2000) Approaches to the ethology of hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Mills, C. E., Boero, F., Migotto, A. &amp; Gili, J. M. (Eds.), Trends in Hydrozoan Biology - IV. Scientia Marina, 64 (Supplement 1), pp. 63 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2000.64 s 163" type="journal article" year="2000">
Miglietta 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE79EF409F7D5D1F903" box="[693,744,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al</emphasis>
. 2000
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79F7F09F7D4EEF903" author="Ventura" box="[830,983,1725,1749]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Ventura, P. (2011) Comparison between hydroid fauna of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea) and Otranto (Adriatic Sea). Master thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the title of Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation within the ERASMUS MUNDUS Master Programme EMBC. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="2011">Ventura 2011</bibRefCitation>
); Costa Merlata (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE798DB09F5D2A9F903" author="Fraschetti" box="[1178,1424,1724,1749]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. &amp; Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9" type="journal article" year="2002">
Fraschetti 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE7995309F7D27DF903" box="[1298,1348,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
); Torre Lapillo (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79D7E09A8D6CFF92F" author="Andreano" box="[319,502,1761,1786]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp." type="book" year="2007">Andreano 2007</bibRefCitation>
); Grotta del Ciolo (Denitto 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE79F7B09ABD457F92C" box="[826,878,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al</emphasis>
. 2007); Otranto (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE7987909A8D20AF92F" author="Fraschetti" box="[1080,1331,1761,1786]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. &amp; Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9" type="journal article" year="2002">
Fraschetti 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE798F209ABD3DEF92C" box="[1203,1255,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
; De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79DC5084DD553F8CB" author="Gravili" box="[388,618,1796,1821]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE79D9D084FD529F8CB" box="[476,528,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al</emphasis>
. 2008a
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79E39084FD42AF8CB" author="Ventura" box="[632,787,1797,1821]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Ventura, P. (2011) Comparison between hydroid fauna of Porto Cesareo (Ionian Sea) and Otranto (Adriatic Sea). Master thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the title of Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation within the ERASMUS MUNDUS Master Programme EMBC. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="2011">Ventura 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79F60084DD4C5F8CB" author="Piraino" box="[801,1020,1796,1821]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. &amp; Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461" type="journal article" year="2013">
Piraino 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE79F3D084FD48EF8CB" box="[892,951,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
; this study). Other Apulian records: Gargano (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79D440860D6C0F897" author="Fraschetti" box="[261,505,1833,1858]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. &amp; Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9" type="journal article" year="2002">
Fraschetti 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE79D3D0863D697F894" box="[380,430,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFA8FFE79C860805D301F878" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFA8FFE79C860805D301F878" blockId="94.[151,1437,1689,2037]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE79C860805D602F8B3" bold="true" box="[199,315,1868,1893]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFA8FFE79D050805D520F8B3" box="[324,537,1868,1893]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pusillum">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE79D050805D520F8B3" box="[324,537,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Halecium pusillum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also forms vegetative shoots (frustules) for asexual reproduction (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE799520804D2ADF8B3" author="Huve" box="[1299,1428,1868,1893]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Huve, P. (1955) Sur des propagules planctoniques de l'hydroide Halecium pusillum (Sars). Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique de Monaco, 52 (1064), 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1955">Huvé 1955</bibRefCitation>
) that have been observed also by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79E61083BD40CF85C" author="Boero" box="[544,821,1905,1930]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero and Fresi (1986)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79F070838D4DAF85F" author="Ramil" box="[838,995,1905,1930]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Ramil Blanco, F. J. (1988) Hidrozoos de Galicia. Memoria que, para optar al Grado de Doctor en Biologia, presenta D. Francisco Ramil Blanco. Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Santiago. Santiago de Compostela, 525 pp." type="book" year="1988">Ramil (1988)</bibRefCitation>
, and Coma 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE79837083BD38AF85C" box="[1142,1203,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
(1992). In Otranto, colonies have been found with symbiotic zooxanthellae (De Vito 2006; this study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FFA8FFE69C8608F0D376FEB2" lastPageId="95" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FFA8FFE69C8608F0D376FEB2" blockId="94.[151,1437,1689,2037]" lastBlockId="95.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="95" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE79C8608F0D669F804" bold="true" box="[199,336,1977,2002]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">References.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79D1908F0D549F807" author="Motz-Kossowska" box="[344,624,1977,2002]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Motz-Kossowska, S. (1911) Contribution a la connaissance des hydraires de la Mediterranee occidentale. II. - Hydraires calyptoblastiques. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Serie 5, VI, 325 - 352." type="journal article" year="1911">Motz-Kossowska (1911)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79E3F08F0D436F807" author="Broch" box="[638,783,1977,2002]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Broch, H. (1912) Hydroidenuntersuchungen. Vergleichende Studien an Adriatischen hydroiden. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 1, 1 - 65." type="journal article" year="1912">Broch (1912</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79F5D08F0D46EF807" author="Broch" box="[796,855,1977,2001]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1933">1933</bibRefCitation>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE79F2C08F0D329F807" author="Babic" box="[877,1040,1977,2002]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Babic, K. (1913 a) Ueber einige Haleciiden. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 41 (10), 468 - 474." type="journal article" year="1913" yearSuffix="a">Babic (1913a)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FFA8FFE7985F08F0D3E8F807" author="Stechow" box="[1054,1233,1977,2002]" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" refString="Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172." type="journal article" year="1919">Stechow (1919)</bibRefCitation>
also as 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFFA8FFE7996E08F0D636F823" ID-CoL="3JB2V" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="annulatum">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFFA8FFE7996E08F0D636F823" italics="true" pageId="94" pageNumber="95">Halecium annulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>