treatments-xml/data/03/F8/87/03F887DEFF87FFCB9CD60F97D4D0FAE6.xml

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<mods:title id="4181D536A1D989D99206D9445D77B0ED">The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF87FFC89CD60F97D5EAFF2E" blockId="113.[151,723,222,282]" box="[151,723,222,248]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
<heading id="D0A681A4FF87FFC89CD60F97D5EAFF2E" bold="true" box="[151,723,222,248]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF87FFC89CD60F97D5EAFF2E" ID-CoL="3S84V" authority="Forbes and Goodsir, 1851" authorityName="Forbes and Goodsir" authorityYear="1851" box="[151,723,222,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodicea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undulata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC89CD60F97D5EAFF2E" bold="true" box="[151,723,222,248]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC89CD60F97D643FF2E" bold="true" box="[151,378,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Laodicea undulata</emphasis>
(Forbes and Goodsir, 1851)
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</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF87FFC89CD60E48D623FECF" blockId="113.[151,723,222,282]" box="[151,282,257,282]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
<figureCitation id="136A2A4DFF87FFC89CD60E48D7DAFECF" box="[151,227,257,282]" captionStart="FIGURE 81" captionStartId="113.[151,250,1415,1437]" captionTargetBox="[426,1178,420,1366]" captionTargetId="figure@113.[381,1206,403,1393]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="FIGURE 81. Laodicea undulata: A, polyp; B, hydrotheca with a multi-valve operculum; C, gonotheca and medusa buds; D, newly liberated medusa with two or E, four tentacles (D and E same scale bar) (modified after De Vito et al. 2006). A, 600 µm; B, 250 µm; C, 500 µm; D, E, 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242810/files/figure.png" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Fig. 81</figureCitation>
A–E
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF87FFC89CD60E00D45EFE89" blockId="113.[151,871,329,351]" box="[151,871,329,351]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
See 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF87FFC89C830E00D66FFE89" author="Russell" box="[194,342,329,351]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refString="Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles, Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. London, Cambridge University Press, 530 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 119.3095.562" type="book" year="1953">Russell (1953)</bibRefCitation>
and De Vito 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC89D9C0E03D529FE89" box="[477,528,329,351]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">et al.</emphasis>
(2006) for a complete synonymy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF87FFC89CD60ACED520FA0C" blockId="113.[151,1436,1415,1498]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC89CD60ACED619FA4A" bold="true" box="[151,288,1415,1437]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">FIGURE 81.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF87FFC89D690ACED6D1FA4B" box="[296,488,1415,1437]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodicea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undulata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC89D690ACED6D1FA4B" box="[296,488,1415,1437]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Laodicea undulata</emphasis>
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: 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC89DB70ACED531FA4A" bold="true" box="[502,520,1415,1436]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">A</emphasis>
, polyp; 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC89E1F0ACED556FA4A" bold="true" box="[606,623,1415,1436]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">B</emphasis>
, hydrotheca with a multi-valve operculum; 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC898750ACED37FFA4B" bold="true" box="[1076,1094,1415,1437]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">C</emphasis>
, gonotheca and medusa buds; 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC899C20ACED2ACFA4A" bold="true" box="[1411,1429,1415,1436]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">D</emphasis>
, newly liberated medusa with two or 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC89E460AEFD521FA6D" bold="true" box="[519,536,1446,1467]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">E</emphasis>
, four tentacles (D and E same scale bar) (modified after De Vito 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC898E90AEED3E2FA6A" box="[1192,1243,1446,1468]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">et al.</emphasis>
2006). A, 600 µm; B, 250 µm; C, 500 µm; D, E, 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF87FFC89CD6094BD59AF9E8" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF87FFC89CD6094BD59AF9E8" blockId="113.[151,1436,1538,2031]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC89CD6094BD6B9F9CD" bold="true" box="[151,384,1538,1563]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Material examined.</emphasis>
HCUS-S 089p and HCUS-S 089m (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento—fauna of the Salento Peninsula—polyp and medusa stages).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF87FFCB9C860903D319FD39" lastPageId="114" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF87FFC89C860903D234F9B5" blockId="113.[151,1436,1538,2031]" box="[199,1293,1610,1635]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC89C860903D668F9B5" bold="true" box="[199,337,1610,1635]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Description</emphasis>
(based on our own observations; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF87FFC89E8A0903D466F9B5" author="Russell" box="[715,863,1610,1635]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refString="Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles, Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. London, Cambridge University Press, 530 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 119.3095.562" type="book" year="1953">Russell 1953</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF87FFC89F2A0903D323F9B5" author="Cornelius" box="[875,1050,1610,1635]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 &amp; 2, 1 - 347 &amp; 1 - 386." type="journal article" year="1995">Cornelius 1995</bibRefCitation>
; De Vito 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC898C40902D384F9B5" box="[1157,1213,1610,1635]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">et al.</emphasis>
2006):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF87FFC89C860924D672F871" blockId="113.[151,1436,1538,2031]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC89C860924D60AF950" bold="true" box="[199,307,1645,1670]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Hydroid.</emphasis>
Hydrorhiza as creeping stolons; colonies stolonal; hydranth long, very extensile, hypostome tall, conical; 8–14 amphicoronate filiform tentacles in a single whorl, without intertentacular membranous web; hydrothecae 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF87FFC89D6609FCD699F918" box="[295,416,1717,1742]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulinidae" genus="Cuspidella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC89D6609FCD699F918" box="[295,416,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Cuspidella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like, cylindrical, sessile, with delicate diaphragm; old hydrothecae with transverse growth rings; with a multi-valve operculum with 12–16 triangular flaps demarcated by a crease line, originating from the upper hydrothecal margin, opercular flaps demarcated by a crease line; gonotheca similar to hydrotheca in shape, but about twice as long, with a tapered basal constriction and multi-valve operculum, without visible growth rings, each with 3–5 medusa buds at differing stages. Gonothecae similar to hydrotheca, but about twice as long, with a basal constriction and multi-valved operculum, without visible growth rings, each with 3–5 medusa buds at differing stages.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF87FFC89C8608FBD5E5F839" blockId="113.[151,1436,1538,2031]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC89C8608FBD65FF81D" bold="true" box="[199,358,1970,1995]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">
Habitat 
<typeStatus id="54EA886AFF87FFC89D6D08FBD658F81D" box="[300,353,1970,1995]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">type</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Rocky substrate, 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF87FFC89E7608FBD590F81D" box="[567,681,1970,1995]" class="Liliopsida" family="Posidoniaceae" genus="Posidonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC89E7608FBD590F81D" box="[567,681,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">Posidonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(depth range: 
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFF87FFC89F1308FBD4FFF81C" box="[850,966,1970,1994]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="17.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" unit="m" value="90.0" valueMax="170.0" valueMin="10.0">10–170 m</quantity>
of depth) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF87FFC8980808FBD3D8F81D" author="Russell" box="[1097,1249,1970,1995]" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refString="Russell, F. S. (1957) Coelenterata. In: Plymouth marine fauna. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, pp. 37 - 69." type="book chapter" year="1957">Russell 1957</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF87FFC898B108FAD7EAF839" author="Boero" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi, 1986</bibRefCitation>
; Ramil &amp; Vervoort 1992; De Vito 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF87FFC89E15089ED5B5F839" box="[596,652,2006,2031]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="114">et al.</emphasis>
2006).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF84FFCB9C860FDED330FF03" blockId="114.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9C860FDED678FF66" bold="true" box="[199,321,151,176]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Substrate.</emphasis>
Several organisms such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF84FFCB9ECD0FDED5C7FF66" box="[652,766,151,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Posidoniaceae" genus="Posidonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9ECD0FDED5C7FF66" box="[652,766,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Posidonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, hydroids, 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF84FFCB9FC40FDED33BFF66" box="[901,1026,151,176]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Scalpellidae" genus="Scalpellum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pedunculata" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9FC40FDED33BFF66" box="[901,1026,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Scalpellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (barnacle), algae (often on the underneath side of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF84FFCB9D2D0FF5D539FF03" box="[364,512,188,213]" class="Rhodophyceae" family="Peyssonneliaceae" genus="Peyssonnelia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gigartinales" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9D2D0FF5D539FF03" box="[364,512,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Peyssonnelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.), sponges, anthozoans, bryozoans, shells.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF84FFCB9C860F96D644FDCE" blockId="114.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9C860F96D614FF2E" bold="true" box="[199,301,223,248]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Medusa.</emphasis>
Adult. Umbrella slightly flatter than a hemisphere, up to 
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFF84FFCB9FF00FA9D339FF21" box="[945,1024,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" unit="mm" value="37.0">37 mm</quantity>
wide; manubrium short, with square base and short perradial lobes; mouth with short, slightly folded, crenulated, recurved lips; 4 simple radial canals; circular canal narrow; gonads elongated, with sinuous pendent folds issuing from corners of manubrium along perradial lobes and half part of radial canals or almost to umbrella margin, gonads may be developed even in small specimens and the same individual may present more than one sexual cycle; up to 400–600 faintly developed marginal tentacular bulbs, small abaxial spurs on young marginal bulbs, often absent in adults ones; each marginal bulb with one hollow marginal tentacle; 1–2 spiral cirri (often lost by preservation) between tentacles; usually 1 cordylus between marginal bulbs; ocelli on each third or fifth tentacle when adult, on each tentacle when juvenile. Colour: ocelli black.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF84FFCB9C860D6DD2BEFD53" blockId="114.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">
Developmental stages. Newly released medusa with bell-shaped umbrella, diameter ≤ 
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFF84FFCB98850D6DD237FDEA" box="[1220,1294,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
; 4 marginal tentacular bulbs; 2–4 tentacles; without ocelli; after 10–11 days they develop 2 additional tentacles and 1–2 spiral cirri on each inter-tentacular quadrant along the bell margin; the cordyli develop only after the formation of cirri.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF84FFCB9C860DC6D43DFD7E" blockId="114.[151,1437,151,1328]" box="[199,772,655,680]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9C860DC6D602FD7E" bold="true" box="[199,315,655,680]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Cnidome.</emphasis>
Holotrichous and basitrichous isorhizas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF84FFCB9C860DFDD317FD1A" blockId="114.[151,1437,151,1328]" box="[199,1070,692,717]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9C860DFDD66DFD1B" bold="true" box="[199,340,692,717]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Seasonality.</emphasis>
January–December (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF84FFCB9C860D9ED319FD39" blockId="114.[151,1437,151,1328]" box="[199,1056,727,752]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9C860D9ED6FDFD26" bold="true" box="[199,452,727,752]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Reproductive period.</emphasis>
October (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF84FFCB9C860DB5D219FC56" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF84FFCB9C860DB5D55FFCEE" blockId="114.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9C860DB5D659FCC3" bold="true" box="[199,352,764,789]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Distribution.</emphasis>
Atlantic, Indo-Pacific?, Mediterranean (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF84FFCB9F710DB5D3A6FCC3" author="Medel" box="[816,1183,764,789]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refString="Medel, M. D. &amp; Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="1996">Medel &amp; López-González 1996</bibRefCitation>
; Bouillon 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB99590DB4D26AFCC3" box="[1304,1363,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">et al.</emphasis>
2004; De Vito 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9CB40C68D617FCEE" box="[245,302,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">et al.</emphasis>
2006; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF84FFCB9D3A0C56D563FCEE" author="Gravili" box="[379,602,799,824]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9D930C68D533FCEE" box="[466,522,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">et al.</emphasis>
2008a
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF84FFCB9C860C0DD219FC56" blockId="114.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9C860C0DD68DFC8B" bold="true" box="[199,436,836,861]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Records in Salento.</emphasis>
Rare at: Otranto Torre Inserraglio, Nardò (De Vito 2006; De Vito 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB98FF0C0CD3C0FC8B" box="[1214,1273,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">et al.</emphasis>
2006; Gravili 2006; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF84FFCB9C9C0C2ED682FC56" author="Gravili" box="[221,443,871,896]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9D750C20D655FC56" box="[308,364,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">et al.</emphasis>
2008a
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF84FFCB9D870C2ED5A1FC56" author="Piraino" box="[454,664,871,896]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refString="Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. &amp; Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461" type="journal article" year="2013">
Piraino 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9E5F0C20D56FFC56" box="[542,598,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
; this study); S. Maria di Leuca (Mastrototaro 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB98D90C20D3F0FC56" box="[1176,1225,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">et al</emphasis>
. 2010).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF84FFCB9C860CC5D510FB8E" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF84FFCB9C860CC5D510FB8E" blockId="114.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9C860CC5D602FC73" bold="true" box="[199,315,908,933]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Remarks.</emphasis>
The whole cycle was examined in the present study. 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF84FFCB9FCF0CC5D35BFC73" box="[910,1122,908,933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodicea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undulata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9FCF0CC5D35BFC73" box="[910,1122,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Laodicea undulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the commonest 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF84FFCB99750CC5D2A5FC73" box="[1332,1436,908,933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodicea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB99750CC5D2A5FC73" box="[1332,1436,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Laodicea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in the Mediterranean Sea, and possibly is the only valid species of the genus. In fact, the occurrence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF84FFCB99C40CF8D52BFC3A" authority="Agassiz and Mayer, 1899" authorityName="Agassiz and Mayer" authorityYear="1899" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodicea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fijiana">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB99C40CF8D7D9FC3A" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">L. fijiana</emphasis>
Agassiz and Mayer, 
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFF84FFCB9D9B0C9DD52BFC3A" box="[474,530,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.82346" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" unit="in" value="1899.0">1899</quantity>
</taxonomicName>
in the Mediterranean Sea is questionable, and doubts about the validity of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF84FFCB99C40C9CD6B6FBC6" authority="Babnik, 1948" authorityName="Babnik" authorityYear="1948" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodicea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ocellata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB99C40C9CD7C8FBC6" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">L. ocellata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF84FFCB9CB90CBED6B6FBC6" author="Babnik" box="[248,399,1015,1040]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refString="Babnik, P. (1948) Hidromeduze iz srednjega in junega Jadrana v letih 1939 in 1940. Hydromedusae from the middle and South Adriatic 1939 and 1940. Acta Adriatica, 3 (9), 275 - 340." type="journal article" year="1948">Babnik, 1948</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are still unresolved. Laboratory rearing of 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF84FFCB9F350CB0D4CFFBC6" box="[884,1014,1015,1040]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodicea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undulata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9F350CB0D4CFFBC6" box="[884,1014,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">L. undulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
medusae led to the discovery of their potential for life cycle reversal: the medusa stage of this species can asexually transform back into the polyp stage (for details see De Vito 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9DE00B08D6E3FB8E" box="[417,474,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">et al.</emphasis>
2006).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF84FFCB9C860B2DD4D0FAE6" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF84FFCB9C860B2DD4D0FAE6" blockId="114.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9C860B2DD669FBAB" bold="true" box="[199,336,1124,1149]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">References.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF84FFCB9D1B0B2CD6CEFBAA" author="Mayer" box="[346,503,1124,1149]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1910) Medusae of the world. Hydromedusae. Vol. I &amp; II. Washington, Carnegie Institution, 735 pp." type="book" year="1910">Mayer (1910)</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF84FFCB9E620B2DD5CBFBAA" ID-CoL="3S84M" box="[547,754,1124,1149]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Laodiceidae" genus="Laodicea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cruciata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9E620B2DD5CBFBAA" box="[547,754,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">Laodicea cruciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF84FFCB9F450B2CD496FBAA" author="Ranson" box="[772,943,1124,1148]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refString="Ranson, G. (1933) Revision de la collection des meduses du Museum National d'Histoire naturelle (suite I). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, Serie 2, 5 (3), 223 - 229." type="journal article" year="1933">Ranson (1933)</bibRefCitation>
, Russell (1936, 1953, 1957), 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF84FFCB99490B2CD2AEFBAB" author="Hure" box="[1288,1431,1124,1149]" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refString="Hure, J. (1955) Distribution annuelle verticale du zooplancton sur une station de l'Adriatique meridionale. Acta Adriatica, 7 (7), 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1955">Hure (1955)</bibRefCitation>
, 
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, 
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, 
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(1977)
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(2004), Touzri 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB98250B98D3A4FB3E" box="[1124,1181,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">et al.</emphasis>
(2004), 
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Benović 
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. (2005)
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, De Vito (2006), De Vito 
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(2006), Gravili (2006), 
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Batistić 
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. (2007)
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, 
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Gravili 
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(2008a)
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, Puce 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9D780A50D64BFAE6" box="[313,370,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">et al.</emphasis>
(2009), Mastrototaro 
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF84FFCB9E290A50D5A0FAE6" box="[616,665,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="114" pageNumber="115">et al</emphasis>
. (2010), 
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Piraino 
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(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>