465 lines
51 KiB
XML
465 lines
51 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DD4468F3938820884429BDD52002D406">Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F68A0C69A1D577800C80D30D942740E5">Peloso, Pedro L. V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EF720AC6AA43F50134C1F6374DAE930E">Sturaro, Marcelo José</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F1C6F15BCFDA5BA4734E7C64740EB5C3">Forlani, Mauricio C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C651FC260A144D508A63F15624CA3E32">Gaucher, Philippe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9D27F55FEAC8997E30FDB44C7B9436D3">Wheeler, Ward C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:identifier id="468543FE1D2467CAF70FA31CE67B6E69" type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C34B65136F578430FF73FA1D7377F99F" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36986F578430FF73FA1D7377F99F" blockId="37.[195,586,1467,1520]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F578430FF73FA1D7334F9BE" ID-CoL="TYZV" authority="Dunn, 1949" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[195,586,1467,1490]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
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<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F578430FF73FA1D70C8F9BD" box="[195,438,1467,1490]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Chiasmocleis bassleri</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F578430FE0FFA1B7334F9BE" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[447,586,1468,1490]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref47290" refString="Dunn, E. R. 1949. Notes on South American frogs of the family Microhylidae. American Museum Novitates 1419: 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1949">Dunn, 1949</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation id="136A2A1D6F578430FEB4FA7C70D2F99F" box="[260,428,1498,1520]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="40.[116,155,1711,1730]" captionStartId-1="41.[150,188,1212,1231]" captionTargetBox-0="[93,1194,947,1681]" captionTargetBox-1="[128,1230,211,1182]" captionTargetId-0="figure-167@40.[93,1194,947,1681]" captionTargetId-1="figure-184@41.[128,1230,211,1182]" captionTargetPageId-0="40" captionTargetPageId-1="41" captionText-0="Fig. 22. Holotype of Chiasmocleis bassleri (AMNH 42699) in (A) dorsal, and (B) ventral views. SVL 5" captionText-1="Fig. 23. Variation of ventral color pattern in Chiasmocleis bassleri. (A) Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Acre, Brazil (UFAC-RB 1611). (B) Via Tarapacá, Letícia, Amazonas, Colombia (ICN 50249). (C) Porto Walter, Acre, Brazil (OMNH 34829). (D) Rio Curanja, Balta, Ucayali, Peru (KU 197036). (E) Floresta Nacional do Pau-Rosa, Rio Paraconi, Maués, Amazonas, Brazil (MPEG 27766). (F) Aripuanã, Mato Grosso, Brazil (UFMT 7136). Not to scale." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5378645" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5378647" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5378645/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5378647/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Figures 22–23</figureCitation>
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, plate 4
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34B65136F578430FF30F9AE737AFA74" box="[128,516,1543,1563]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36986F578430FF30F9AE737AFA74" blockId="37.[128,516,1543,1563]" box="[128,516,1543,1563]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F578430FF30F9AE737EFA74" ID-CoL="53V79" authority=": (de Sa et al., 2012)" baseAuthorityName="de Sa" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[128,512,1543,1563]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Syncope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
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<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F578430FF30F9AE7056FA74" box="[128,296,1543,1563]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Syncope bassleri</emphasis>
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: (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F578430FE8EF9AE7087FA74" author="de Sa, R. O." box="[318,505,1544,1563]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref47082" refString="de Sa, R. O., et al. 2012. Molecular phylogeny of microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae) with emphasis on relationships among New World genera. BMC Evolutionary Biology 12: 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012">de Sá et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
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||
<subSubSection id="C34B65136F578432FF2CF99470D7FA4B" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BEE36986F578430FF2CF99470EAFAE9" blockId="37.[128,654,1586,1759]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
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<materialsCitation id="3B393CC56F578430FF2CF99470EAFAE9" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" specimenCode="AMNH 42699" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54EA883A6F578430FF2CF9947063FA26" box="[156,285,1586,1610]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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(fig. 22):
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<specimenCode id="DBF79EE36F578430FE25F992733CFA25" box="[405,578,1588,1610]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">AMNH 42699</specimenCode>
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; poorly preserved, portions of limbs destroyed, and color completely faded.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE36986F578430FF2CF92A7303FAB0" blockId="37.[128,654,1586,1759]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
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<collectionCode id="ED40AE5D6F578430FF2CF92A701CFACC" box="[156,354,1676,1700]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">TYPE LOCALITY</collectionCode>
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:
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<typeStatus id="54EA883A6F578430FEC8F92870CDFACC" box="[376,435,1678,1699]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Type</typeStatus>
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locality given by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F578430FF30F90A705EFAAD" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[128,288,1708,1730]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref47290" refString="Dunn, E. R. 1949. Notes on South American frogs of the family Microhylidae. American Museum Novitates 1419: 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1949">Dunn (1949)</bibRefCitation>
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as ‘‘Río Utoquinia to Río Tapiche,
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<collectingCountry id="F34676086F578430FF5DF96C705DFAB0" box="[237,291,1738,1759]" name="Peru" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Peru</collectingCountry>
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(near the Brazilian border).’’
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F578430FD6BFB81751AF949" blockId="37.[701,1228,1063,1759]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F578430FD6BFB817547F852" author="Peloso, P. L. V. & M. J. Sturaro" box="[731,1081,1063,1085]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" pagination="39 - 52" refId="ref49847" refString="Peloso, P. L. V., and M. J. Sturaro. 2008. A new species of narrow-mouthed frog of the genus Chiasmocleis Mehely 1904 (Anura, Microhylidae) from the Amazonian rainforest of Brazil. Zootaxa 1947: 39 - 52." type="journal article" year="2008">Peloso and Sturaro (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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||
considered the
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<typeStatus id="54EA883A6F578430FD45FBE37259F835" box="[757,807,1093,1114]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
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locality of
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F578430FC7EFBE575B5F835" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[974,1227,1091,1114]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
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<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F578430FC7EFBE575B5F835" box="[974,1227,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Chiasmocleis bassleri</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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as ‘‘vague.’’ Despite that,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F578430FBB5FBC77278F8FA" author="Rodrigues, D. J. & J. C. Noronha & M. M. Lima & A. C. Rosa" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" pagination="846 - 848" refId="ref50099" refString="Rodrigues, D. J., J. C. Noronha, M. M. Lima, and A. C. Rosa. 2011. Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae, Chiasmocleis avilapiresae Peloso and Sturaro, 2008 and Chiasmocleis bassleri Dunn, 1949: new distribution records. Check List 7: 846 - 848." type="journal article" year="2011">Rodrigues et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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gave an ‘‘approximate’’ coordinate for the
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<typeStatus id="54EA883A6F578430FD42FB3A725AF8DE" box="[754,804,1180,1201]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
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||
locality of
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<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F578430FC72FB3A753DF8DD" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[962,1091,1179,1202]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
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<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F578430FC72FB3A753DF8DD" box="[962,1091,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">C. bassleri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, based on unclear arguments. In an attempt to solve this issue, we revisited Harvey Bassler’s field notes (deposited at the
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<collectionCode id="ED40AE5D6F578430FC66FB52754AF965" box="[982,1076,1268,1290]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">AMNH</collectionCode>
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||
) and several hydrographic maps of eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F34676086F578430FB96FAB7751EF949" box="[1062,1120,1297,1318]" name="Peru" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Peru</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F578432FD6BFA9670D7FA4B" blockId="37.[701,1228,1063,1759]" lastBlockId="39.[128,654,1089,1646]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
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From the field notes, it seems that the
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<typeStatus id="54EA883A6F578430FD0DFAEB725DF90C" box="[701,803,1357,1379]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
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||
<collectionCode id="ED40AE5D6F578430FC82FAEB72EEF90D" box="[818,912,1357,1378]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">AMNH</collectionCode>
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42699) was collected at the region where the Río Utoquinia would meet the Río Tapiche. However, from the maps we analyzed, it is not clear whether there is a water connection between the rivers. It is possible that minor waterways are present, thus providing a connection point between the rivers, but it is also possible that the only connection is by land. Regardless, this putative connection must be somewhere near the borders of departamentos of
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||
<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F578430FB8EF9D775E6FAE8" box="[1086,1176,1649,1671]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
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||
and
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<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F578430FD0DF9297273FACB" box="[701,781,1679,1700]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Loreto</collectingRegion>
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||
(both in
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<collectingCountry id="F34676086F578430FC32F92972C7FACB" box="[898,953,1679,1700]" name="Peru" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Peru</collectingCountry>
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||
) and the state of
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<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F578430FB24F92975B5FACB" box="[1172,1227,1679,1700]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Acre</collectingRegion>
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||
(
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<collectingCountry id="F34676086F578430FD75F90A7275FAAD" box="[709,779,1708,1730]" name="Brazil" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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||
)—this region being roughly
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B7D6F578430FBC0F90A75B2FAAD" box="[1136,1228,1708,1730]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" unit="km" value="120.0">120 km</quantity>
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east of the city of Contamana,
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<collectingCountry id="F34676086F578430FBE3F96C75F2FAB0" box="[1107,1164,1738,1759]" name="Peru" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Peru</collectingCountry>
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||
, and
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<quantity id="4CA99B7D6F558432FF30FBE471ABF838" box="[128,213,1089,1111]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" unit="km" value="140.0">140 km</quantity>
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west of Cruzeiro do Sul,
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<collectingCountry id="F34676086F558432FE47FBE7733EF838" box="[503,576,1089,1111]" name="Brazil" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F558432FDFAFBE471B6F81A" author="Dunn, E. R." pageId="39" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref47290" refString="Dunn, E. R. 1949. Notes on South American frogs of the family Microhylidae. American Museum Novitates 1419: 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1949">Dunn (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
likely used the position of the Utoquinia and Tapiche to draw his map (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F558432FDF2FBDB71C4F8DF" author="Dunn, E. R." pageId="39" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref47290" refString="Dunn, E. R. 1949. Notes on South American frogs of the family Microhylidae. American Museum Novitates 1419: 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1949">Dunn, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 4). The locality shown in Rodrigues et al.’s map (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F558432FEA6FB1E7365F8A2" author="Rodrigues, D. J. & J. C. Noronha & M. M. Lima & A. C. Rosa" box="[278,539,1208,1230]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" pagination="846 - 848" refId="ref50099" refString="Rodrigues, D. J., J. C. Noronha, M. M. Lima, and A. C. Rosa. 2011. Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae, Chiasmocleis avilapiresae Peloso and Sturaro, 2008 and Chiasmocleis bassleri Dunn, 1949: new distribution records. Check List 7: 846 - 848." type="journal article" year="2011">Rodrigues et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2) is, however, clearly far from the one presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F558432FF14FB52704DF967" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[164,307,1267,1289]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref47290" refString="Dunn, E. R. 1949. Notes on South American frogs of the family Microhylidae. American Museum Novitates 1419: 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1949">Dunn (1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 4) and certainly does not correspond to any point along the course of either the Río Tapiche or the Río Utoquinia. Coordinates given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F558432FE32FAEA73F0F90C" author="Rodrigues, D. J. & J. C. Noronha & M. M. Lima & A. C. Rosa" box="[386,654,1356,1379]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" pagination="846 - 848" refId="ref50099" refString="Rodrigues, D. J., J. C. Noronha, M. M. Lima, and A. C. Rosa. 2011. Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae, Chiasmocleis avilapiresae Peloso and Sturaro, 2008 and Chiasmocleis bassleri Dunn, 1949: new distribution records. Check List 7: 846 - 848." type="journal article" year="2011">Rodrigues et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B7D6F558432FF62FACC7056F9EF" box="[210,296,1386,1408]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" unit="km" value="450.0">450 km</quantity>
|
||
southeast of the locality where the distance between the Utoquinia and the Tapiche is at its minimum. After examination of maps and satellite images, we use the following coordinates as a proxy for the type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F558432FEE7FA5970A4FA7A" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[343,474,1534,1557]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F558432FEE7FA5970A4FA7A" box="[343,474,1534,1557]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">C. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(07
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F558432FDA1FA587362FA7C" bold="true" box="[529,540,1534,1555]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">°</emphasis>
|
||
329300S / 73
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F558432FF2BF9BA71D8FA5E" bold="true" box="[155,166,1564,1585]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">°</emphasis>
|
||
599350W: see fig. 25).
|
||
<superScript id="7C249BD06F558432FE2FF9B070D7FA4B" attach="left" box="[415,425,1558,1572]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">9</superScript>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E66106F548433FFC4F9E8706AFADE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5378641" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5378641" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5378641/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" startId="38.[116,155,1614,1633]" targetBox="[93,1195,211,1584]" targetPageId="38">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F548433FFC4F9E8706AFADE" blockId="38.[93,1193,1614,1713]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Fig. 20. Variation of ventral color pattern in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F548433FDD6F9E87214FA0D" authorityName="Peloso and Sturaro" authorityYear="2008" box="[614,874,1614,1634]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avilapiresae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F548433FDD6F9E87214FA0D" box="[614,874,1614,1634]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Chiasmocleis avilapiresae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F548433FC31F9E872EDFA0E" bold="true" box="[897,915,1614,1633]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">A</emphasis>
|
||
) Aripuanã, Mato Grosso, Brazil (UFMT 7124). (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F548433FEFCF9CF7004FA13" bold="true" box="[332,378,1641,1660]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">B–C</emphasis>
|
||
) Floresta Nacional Caxiuanã, Pará, Brazil (MPEG 23315, and MPEG 23317, respectively, both paratypes). (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F548433FE71F92270AAFAF8" bold="true" box="[449,468,1668,1687]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">D</emphasis>
|
||
) Resex do Alto Juruá, Rio Juruá, Amazonas, Brazil (INPA 17259, paratype).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E66106F558432FF26FC4C7024F877" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5378643" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5378643" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5378643/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" startId="39.[150,191,1002,1021]" targetBox="[161,1195,211,972]" targetPageId="39">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F558432FF26FC4C7024F877" blockId="39.[128,1227,1001,1048]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Fig. 21. Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F558432FE64FC4F738BFF92" authorityName="Peloso and Sturaro" authorityYear="2008" box="[468,757,1001,1021]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avilapiresae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F558432FE64FC4F738BFF92" box="[468,757,1001,1021]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">Chiasmocleis avilapiresae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Star 5 type locality, solid circle 5 examined specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B65136F55843DFF2CF99E7062FE10" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F558432FF2CF99E73F0FA02" blockId="39.[128,654,1089,1646]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
|
||
DIAGNOSIS: A medium-sized species for the genus; SVL in males
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B7D6F558432FE14F9FE7336FA02" box="[420,584,1624,1645]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.065" metricValueMax="2.21" metricValueMin="1.92" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="20.65" valueMax="22.1" valueMin="19.2">19.2–22.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F558432FDE9F9FF7310FA01" box="[601,622,1625,1646]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">N</emphasis>
|
||
5
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F558432FF27F931731AFAB1" blockId="39.[128,654,1687,1758]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<superScript id="7C249BD06F558432FF27F93171DEFACC" attach="right" box="[151,160,1687,1699]" fontSize="5" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">9</superScript>
|
||
Coordinates taken from direct observation of satellite images in the interactive software Google Earth, release 6.2.2 for Mac (Google Inc., 2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F558432FD0DFBE475B2FAB0" blockId="39.[701,1228,1089,1759]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
|
||
11), in females
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B7D6F558432FCDDFBE47571F838" box="[877,1039,1090,1111]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="2.88" metricValueMin="2.12" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="25.0" valueMax="28.8" valueMin="21.2">21.2–28.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F558432FBAFFBE4754AF838" box="[1055,1076,1090,1111]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">N</emphasis>
|
||
5 20). Body ovoid to elongate; head triangular; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views. Four distinctive fingers; FI may be reduced in some specimens, but always clearly visible; tubercle on FI may be absent or present; subarticular tubercles present on all remaining fingers; adpressed FI never extends beyond the distal margin of subarticular tubercle of FII; adpressed FIV does not reach distal tubercle of FIII; palmar tubercles present, not divided; relative finger lengths I,II,IV,III. Five distinctive toes present, first may be much reduced; toes may be slightly fringed; toes not webbed; TI lacks tubercle; adpressed TI does not touch subarticular tubercle of TII;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B393CC56F558432FC5BF9BE7203FAE8" collectionCode="TV, TIV" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
adpressed
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED40AE5D6F558432FBD7F9BF75F3FA41" box="[1127,1165,1561,1582]" country="Portugal" name="Centro de Estratigrafia e Paleobiologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">TV</collectionCode>
|
||
does not touch or reaches only to the middle of the middle subarticular tubercle of
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED40AE5D6F558432FB81F9F2751CFA06" box="[1073,1122,1620,1641]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">TIV</collectionCode>
|
||
(touches in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EA883A6F558432FCBAF9D7720AFAE8" box="[778,884,1649,1671]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
; TII–IV with terminal discs, usually more developed in females, but also present in males; relative toe lengths I,II, V,III,IV. An inguinal blotch, variable in
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F5A843DFDFEFF70755DFD6E" blockId="40.[227,1059,213,257]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">
|
||
TABLE 6
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F5A843DFF53FF48755DFD6E" bold="true" box="[227,1059,237,257]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Uncorrected pairwise distances between 16S sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F5A843DFC96FF4B755DFD6E" authorityName="Peloso and Sturaro" authorityYear="2008" box="[806,1059,237,257]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avilapiresae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F5A843DFC96FF4B755DFD6E" bold="true" box="[806,1059,237,257]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Chiasmocleis avilapiresae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F5A843DFEB6FE857511FDA2" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<table id="F951C4386F5A7BEAFFEDFE857511FDA2" box="[93,1135,291,461]" colsContinueIn="67.[128,1186,291,461]" gridcols="6" gridrows="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<tr id="356134DA6F5A7BEAFFEDFE857511FD5A" box="[93,1135,291,309]" gridrow="0" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFF39FE8570BDFD5A" box="[137,451,291,309]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Locality</th>
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFD89FE857314FD5A" box="[569,618,291,309]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">1</th>
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFD53FE85726AFD5A" box="[739,788,291,309]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">2</th>
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFC23FE8572BAFD5A" box="[915,964,291,309]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">3</th>
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFB8EFE857511FD5A" box="[1086,1135,291,309]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">4</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356134DA6F5A7BEAFFEDFEF77511FD0C" box="[93,1135,337,355]" gridrow="1" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFFEDFEF77116FD0C" box="[93,104,337,355]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">1</th>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFF39FEF770BDFD0C" box="[137,451,337,355]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Brazil: Pará (MPEG 18571)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356134DA6F5A7BEAFFEDFECA7511FD11" box="[93,1135,364,382]" gridrow="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFFEDFECA7116FD11" box="[93,104,364,382]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">2</th>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFF39FECA70BDFD11" box="[137,451,364,382]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Brazil: Pará (MPEG 22787)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFD89FECA7314FD11" box="[569,618,364,382]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">0.007</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356134DA6F5A7BEAFFEDFE207511FDF7" box="[93,1135,390,408]" gridrow="3" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFFEDFE207116FDF7" box="[93,104,390,408]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">3</th>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFF39FE2070BDFDF7" box="[137,451,390,408]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Brazil: Amazonas (MPEG 27768)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFD89FE207314FDF7" box="[569,618,390,408]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">0.007</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFD53FE20726AFDF7" box="[739,788,390,408]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">0.007</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356134DA6F5A7BEAFFEDFE077511FDDC" box="[93,1135,417,435]" gridrow="4" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFFEDFE077116FDDC" box="[93,104,417,435]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">4</th>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFF39FE0770BDFDDC" box="[137,451,417,435]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Brazil: Amazonas (MPEG 27769)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFD89FE077314FDDC" box="[569,618,417,435]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">0.009</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFD53FE07726AFDDC" box="[739,788,417,435]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">0.009</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFC23FE0772BAFDDC" box="[915,964,417,435]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">0.002</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356134DA6F5A7BEAFFEDFE1D7511FDA2" box="[93,1135,443,461]" gridrow="5" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<th id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFFEDFE1D7116FDA2" box="[93,104,443,461]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">5</th>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFF39FE1D70BDFDA2" box="[137,451,443,461]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Brazil: Pará (MPEG 28121)</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFD89FE1D7314FDA2" box="[569,618,443,461]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">0.007</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFD53FE1D726AFDA2" box="[739,788,443,461]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">0.000</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFC23FE1D72BAFDA2" box="[915,964,443,461]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">0.007</td>
|
||
<td id="76B05DA66F5A7BEAFB8EFE1D7511FDA2" box="[1086,1135,443,461]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">0.009</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F5A843DFFEDFDB67062FE10" blockId="40.[93,620,528,878]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">shape, is always present. There is usually a marked contrast in color pattern between the dorsum and the venter that can be delimited by a split stripe.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B65136F5A843FFFCAFD2072B1FC84" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F5A843DFFCAFD207329FEB6" blockId="40.[93,620,528,878]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">
|
||
VARIATION: We have found a high degree of variation in external characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F5A843DFD91FD037071FEB6" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F5A843DFD91FD037071FEB6" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Chiasmocleis bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially in color pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F5A843DFFCAFD47754AFEB6" blockId="40.[93,620,528,878]" lastBlockId="40.[667,1194,528,878]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">
|
||
The original description reports a ‘‘belly white with five large circular black spots’’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F5A843DFFD5FCBB707BFF5C" author="Dunn, E. R." box="[101,261,797,819]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref47290" refString="Dunn, E. R. 1949. Notes on South American frogs of the family Microhylidae. American Museum Novitates 1419: 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1949">Dunn 1949: 9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We have examined sympatric specimens that vary in spot counts, from just a couple to several (over five) well-defined circular spots (see, for example, fig. 23A). Some specimens do not have circular spots, but show elongated stains or, sometimes, a reticulated pattern (fig. 23F; this pattern is common in some specimens from Amazonas and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F5A843DFD7FFD03720EFED5" box="[719,880,677,698]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F5A843DFCCEFD0372B8FED4" box="[894,966,677,699]" name="Brazil" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but is also present in some specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F5A843DFC0FFD657559FEB6" box="[959,1063,707,729]" name="Ecuador" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F5A843DFD08FD4775D7FF02" blockId="40.[667,1194,528,878]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Chest and throat usually consist of dark vermiculations against a light background (fig. 23A, B), but in some specimens the throat is uniformly dark colored, especially in males (fig. 23C, E–F). Few specimens show a</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E66106F5A843DFFC4F90975D6FAAD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5378645" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5378645" box="[116,1192,1710,1730]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5378645/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" startId="40.[116,155,1711,1730]" targetBox="[93,1194,947,1681]" targetPageId="40">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F5A843DFFC4F90975D6FAAD" blockId="40.[93,1192,1710,1757]" box="[116,1192,1710,1730]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Fig. 22. Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F5A843DFEEFF908734BFAAD" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[351,565,1710,1730]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F5A843DFEEFF908734BFAAD" box="[351,565,1710,1730]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Chiasmocleis bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH 42699) in (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F5A843DFCBAF9097262FAAD" bold="true" box="[778,796,1711,1730]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">A</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal, and (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F5A843DFC1DF90972C3FAAD" bold="true" box="[941,957,1711,1730]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">B</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral views. SVL 5
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F5A843DFFEDF96C71BEFAB2" blockId="40.[93,1192,1710,1757]" box="[93,192,1738,1757]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<quantity id="4CA99B7D6F5A843DFFEDF96C71C2FAB2" box="[93,188,1738,1757]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="18.5">18.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E66106F5B843CFF26FB1A73F0F956" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5378647" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5378647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5378647/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" startId="41.[150,188,1212,1231]" targetBox="[128,1230,211,1182]" targetPageId="41">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F5B843CFF26FB1A73F0F956" blockId="41.[128,1228,1211,1338]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Fig. 23. Variation of ventral color pattern in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F5B843CFD36FB1D7220F8A0" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[646,862,1211,1231]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F5B843CFD36FB1D7220F8A0" box="[646,862,1211,1231]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">Chiasmocleis bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F5B843CFCC5FB1A72F9F8A0" bold="true" box="[885,903,1212,1231]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">A</emphasis>
|
||
) Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Acre, Brazil (UFAC-RB 1611). (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F5B843CFD9AFB717344F885" bold="true" box="[554,570,1239,1258]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">B</emphasis>
|
||
) Via Tarapacá, Letícia, Amazonas, Colombia (ICN 50249). (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F5B843CFB02FB7075BAF886" bold="true" box="[1202,1220,1238,1257]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">C</emphasis>
|
||
) Porto Walter, Acre, Brazil (OMNH 34829). (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F5B843CFDDCFB577301F96B" bold="true" box="[620,639,1265,1284]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">D</emphasis>
|
||
) Rio Curanja, Balta, Ucayali, Peru (KU 197036). (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F5B843CFB03FB5775BDF96B" bold="true" box="[1203,1219,1265,1284]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">E</emphasis>
|
||
) Floresta Nacional do Pau-Rosa, Rio Paraconi, Maués, Amazonas, Brazil (MPEG 27766). (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F5B843CFBF3FAAA752CF970" bold="true" box="[1091,1106,1292,1311]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">F</emphasis>
|
||
) Aripuanã, Mato Grosso, Brazil (UFMT 7136). Not to scale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F5B843CFF30FAC0733CFA42" blockId="41.[128,654,1382,1759]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
|
||
uniform pattern (whitish with black spots or stains) over the entire ventral surface (fig. 23D); this pattern is common in specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F5B843CFEAAFA19702AF9BB" box="[282,340,1471,1492]" name="Peru" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
. There is also extensive variation in length ratios between fingers and toes, especially length of FI, FIII/FIV ratio, length of TI, and TIV/TV ratio.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F5B843CFF2DF99375E1FA42" blockId="41.[128,654,1382,1759]" lastBlockId="41.[701,1228,1382,1759]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Color in life varies strikingly among specimens (pl. 4), but data are limited and prevent a detailed analysis of geographic variation. Dorsum can have a uniform color pattern, varying between tones of black, dark brown, purple, reddish, and pink. Several specimens may show blotches on the dorsum, usually lighter than the dorsum and varying between shades of red, orange, green, yellow, and pinkish. A specimen from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F5B843CFC5FFA187538F9BB" box="[1007,1094,1470,1492]" country="Colombia" name="Vaupes" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">Vaupés</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F5B843CFBE3FA1875B9F9BB" box="[1107,1223,1470,1492]" name="Colombia" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, shows a bizarre dorsal pattern, with the left side dark reddish brown and the right side light cream with dark brown mottling (pl. 4G).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F5B843FFD6BF9907185F8C5" blockId="41.[701,1228,1382,1759]" lastBlockId="42.[93,620,1023,1759]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Most specimens show a well-marked differentiation between dorsal and ventral pattern, evidenced by a split stripe. In some specimens, the stripe is wide and black, extending from the posterior corner of the eye to the inguinal region (pl. 4B). The split is, however, absent in a few specimens (pl. 4D), but we found no clear pattern of geographical variation in this character. Sympatric specimens can show the absence or presence of the split (e.g., in Porto Walter,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F58843FFFEDFB3271E6F8C6" box="[93,152,1172,1193]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Acre</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F58843FFF15FB327191F8C5" box="[165,239,1172,1194]" name="Brazil" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2E66106F58843FFFC4FCBA7035FFA1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5378649" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5378649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5378649/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" startId="42.[116,155,796,815]" targetBox="[97,610,211,763]" targetPageId="42">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F58843FFFC4FCBA7035FFA1" blockId="42.[93,620,795,975]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Fig. 24. Advertisement call of
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F58843FFE57FCBD71CFFF25" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F58843FFE57FCBD71D3FF25" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">Chiasmocleis bassleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F58843FFF72FC9071ADFF26" bold="true" box="[194,211,822,841]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">A</emphasis>
|
||
) Oscillogram and (
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F58843FFE18FC9170C6FF25" bold="true" box="[424,440,823,842]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">B</emphasis>
|
||
) spectrogram of two consecutive multipulsed notes. Recorded at Ilha da Pedra, Rondônia, Brazil; recorded on 12 March 2010 at 26.4
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F58843FFEFAFC20702DFFF6" bold="true" box="[330,339,902,921]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">°</emphasis>
|
||
C air temperature (no voucher specimen; recorded by A. Lima, recording number FNJV 30715).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F58843FFFCAFB1670A8FAB1" blockId="42.[93,620,1023,1759]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
|
||
CALL AND TADPOLES: The advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F58843FFF7BFB76702FF889" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[203,337,1231,1254]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F58843FFF7BFB76702FF889" box="[203,337,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">C. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been previously described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F58843FFEBEFB487358F96B" author="Santana, D. J. & A. C. Sant'Anna & V. A. Sao-Pedro & R. N. Feio" box="[270,550,1261,1284]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" pagination="225 - 228" refId="ref50405" refString="Santana, D. J., A. C. Sant'Anna, V. A. Sao-Pedro, and R. N. Feio. 2009. The advertisement call of Chiasmocleis bassleri (Anura, Microhylidae) from southern Amazon, Mato Grosso, Brazil. South American Journal of Herpetology 4: 225 - 228." type="journal article" year="2009">Santana et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The description here is based on the combined calls of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D57FD116F58843FFF09FA8F700FF950" box="[185,369,1321,1343]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from different populations, including a reanalysis of Santana et al.’s (2009) recording. Acoustic parameters for each individual call are listed in table 2. The call is composed of a fast, repetitive series of multipulsed notes (mean 5.2 ± 1.2 pulses per note, 2–16,
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F58843FFEA1FA7A7058F99E" box="[273,294,1500,1521]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">N</emphasis>
|
||
5 764), emitted at a rate of 568.2 notes/min. Mean note duration 53.3 ± 11.1 ms (15.0–163.0,
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F58843FFED7F9B17002FA43" box="[359,380,1559,1580]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">N</emphasis>
|
||
5 786) and mean interval between notes 49.0 ± 26.3 ms (11.0– 302.0,
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F58843FFF1CF9F571BFFA07" box="[172,193,1619,1640]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">N</emphasis>
|
||
5 783). Mean dominant frequency was 2747.0 ± 145.8 Hz (2584–3125,
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F58843FFE4AF9D77371FAE9" box="[506,527,1649,1670]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">N</emphasis>
|
||
5 786). Pulse duration was 6.9 ± 1.6 ms (4.0–11.0,
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F58843FFDE6F9287315FACC" box="[598,619,1678,1699]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">N</emphasis>
|
||
5 368). A call from Rio Madeira,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F58843FFE5FF90D7319FAAE" box="[495,615,1707,1729]" country="Brazil" name="Rondonia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Rondônia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F58843FFFEDF96F71DBFAB0" box="[93,165,1737,1759]" name="Brazil" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, is illustrated in figure 24.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F58843FFD08FF7372B1FC84" blockId="42.[667,1193,213,915]" box="[696,975,213,235]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Tadpoles are unknown.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B65136F58843FFD08FF57755BFEC9" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F58843FFD08FF57755BFEC9" blockId="42.[667,1193,213,915]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
|
||
REMARKS: The phylogenetic position of
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F58843FFD2BFEB672E0FD48" box="[667,926,272,295]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F58843FFD2BFEB672E4FD48" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[667,922,272,295]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">Chiasmocleis bassleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
given our results, is strikingly distinct from that found by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F58843FFBFDFE88727BFD0D" author="de Sa, R. O." pageId="42" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref47082" refString="de Sa, R. O., et al. 2012. Molecular phylogeny of microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae) with emphasis on relationships among New World genera. BMC Evolutionary Biology 12: 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012">de Sá et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, represented in his analysis by a single specimen from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F58843FFCE7FECF72D4FD11" box="[855,938,361,382]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Loreto</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F58843FFC0DFECF7288FD11" box="[957,1014,361,382]" name="Peru" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, also included here. We have included several samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F58843FFB3EFE21738EFDD5" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F58843FFB3EFE21738EFDD5" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">C. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from throughout its distribution in the phylogenetic analysis, and although two well-supported clades were found, we did not find any phenotypic evidence to diagnose the clades as separate taxa. The levels of genetic distance within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F58843FFCE8FD9E72ACFE21" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[856,978,567,590]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F58843FFCE8FD9E72ACFE21" box="[856,978,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">C. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are generally low (0–6.8
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F58843FFD52FDF37384FE05" box="[738,762,597,618]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">%</emphasis>
|
||
). Genetic distances between all specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C514D1B6F58843FFCB9FDD572FCFEE6" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1949" box="[777,898,626,649]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Chiasmocleis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bassleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B925EA8A6F58843FFCB9FDD572FCFEE6" box="[777,898,626,649]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">C. bassleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included in the phylogenetic analysis are given in table 7.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34B65136F58843FFD08FD0A7213FFFC" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE36986F58843FFD08FD0A7213FFFC" blockId="42.[667,1193,213,915]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
|
||
DISTRIBUTION (fig. 25): Distributed in western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F58843FFCBDFD6A722CFE8D" box="[781,850,716,738]" name="Brazil" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F58843FFCC3FD6A72D1FE8E" box="[883,943,716,737]" country="Brazil" name="Acre" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Acre</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Amazonas,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F58843FFBD8FD6A738CFE91" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Pará, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4995F87A6F58843FFC39FD4F757CFE90" box="[905,1026,745,767]" country="Brazil" name="Rondonia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Rondônia</collectingRegion>
|
||
), eastern and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F58843FFCA5FCA17230FF73" box="[789,846,775,796]" name="Peru" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, southwest
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F58843FFC5EFCA1751BFF72" box="[1006,1125,775,797]" name="Colombia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F58843FFD2BFC82727CFF55" box="[667,770,804,826]" name="Ecuador" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B696F58843FFCA3FC82756FFF54" author="Icochea, J. & C. Azevedo-Ramos & L. A. Coloma & S. R. Ron" box="[787,1041,804,827]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" pagination="2012" refId="ref48313" refString="Icochea, J., C. Azevedo-Ramos, L. A. Coloma, and S. R. Ron. 2004. Chiasmocleis bassleri. In IUCN 2012, IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2012.1. Online resource (http: // www. iucnredlist. org)." type="book chapter" year="2004">Icochea et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a much wider distribution for the species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F58843FFD2BFCC673AAFF1A" box="[667,724,864,885]" name="Peru" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and mention the occurrence of the species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34676086F58843FFCA2FCDB7217FFFC" box="[786,873,893,915]" name="Bolivia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |