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<document id="8D17EEBAAA5ECDA35C365EE8FAC995CB" ID-CLB-Dataset="54709" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2023.875.2147" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3351d966-cbeb-42a8-ac49-627b5fc261c7" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8083773" ID-ZooBank="32FA008C-B35D-483C-9DBE-1DCCD0868FAC" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1687788869828" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Fasbender, Andrew" docDate="2023" docId="03D887BE816C36312A5BF8DE43470B71" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-875_159-202.pdf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 875" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Ceratoculicoideslongipennis longipennis" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="185" masterDocId="FFE1FFC68175362A284DFF9741030970" masterDocTitle="Revision of the New World Ceratoculicoides Wirth &amp; Ratanaworabhan (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae, Ceratopogonini)" masterLastPageNumber="202" masterPageNumber="159" pageNumber="184" updateTime="1699530684662" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="8D0C9B03C65C0DEAF8939C256344A112">Revision of the New World Ceratoculicoides Wirth &amp; Ratanaworabhan (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae, Ceratopogonini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="140E21F68BFF34FE1DA374AB7182BC7E">Fasbender, Andrew</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="DBD542C7C34EF61B266D32FFAE2A367B">Rhithron Associates Inc., 33 Fort Missoula Road, Missoula, MT 59847, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="195C6A21E9E8693FBAB43ED5E5C73F98">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7501427E40335A6528B3B2D357C9BB23">
<mods:date id="600B67F9CAF4369CCEA0D67FDFC91D1C">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1238C134D9CC5AECAD7991A4A6692747">2023-06-26</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4907926092460341011622D5100FC4A0">875</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="106FB62A259B690AEA2F6E5CD961D097">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03D887BE816C36312A5BF8DE43470B71" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8083822" ID-GBIF-Taxon="210477698" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8083822" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887BE816C36312A5BF8DE43470B71" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D887BE816C36312A5BF8DE43470B71" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="25" pageNumber="184">
<subSubSection id="C36B6523816C36332A5BF8DE451E0E15" box="[534,1053,1865,1893]" pageId="25" pageNumber="184" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816C36332A5BF8DE451E0E15" blockId="25.[534,1053,1865,1893]" box="[534,1053,1865,1893]" pageId="25" pageNumber="184">
<heading id="D08681C4816C36332A5BF8DE451E0E15" box="[534,1053,1865,1893]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="184" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D2B816C36332A5BF8DE451E0E15" ID-CoL="69L4P" authority="(Wirth, 1952)" baseAuthorityName="Wirth" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[534,1053,1865,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Ceratoculicoideslongipennis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816C36332A5BF8DE42760E14" bold="true" box="[534,885,1865,1892]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="184">Ceratoculicoideslongipennis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B59816C36332BC8F8DD45160E15" author="Wirth W. W." box="[901,1045,1866,1893]" pageId="25" pageNumber="184" pagination="95 - 266" refId="ref23806" refString="Wirth W. W. 1952. The Heleidae of California. University of California Publications in Entomology 9: 95 - 266." type="journal article" year="1952">Wirth, 1952</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6523816C363028F0F81B45D508FF" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="25" pageNumber="184" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816C363328F0F81B42690ED6" blockId="25.[189,874,1932,1959]" box="[189,874,1932,1959]" pageId="25" pageNumber="184">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D2B816C363328F0F81B43610ED6" ID-CoL="88BY7" authority="Wirth, 1952: 201" authorityName="Wirth" authorityPageNumber="201" authorityYear="1952" box="[189,610,1932,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Helea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipennis">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816C363328F0F81B40900ED6" box="[189,403,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="184">Helealongipennis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B59816C363329D7F81B43610ED6" author="Wirth W. W." box="[410,610,1932,1959]" pageId="25" pageNumber="184" pagination="95 - 266" refId="ref23806" refString="Wirth W. W. 1952. The Heleidae of California. University of California Publications in Entomology 9: 95 - 266." type="journal article" year="1952">Wirth, 1952: 201</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(original description).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816C363328F0F85845890E98" blockId="25.[189,1162,1998,2025]" box="[189,1162,1998,2025]" pageId="25" pageNumber="184">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D2B816C363328F0F85843760E98" ID-CoL="87VMD" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1861" box="[189,629,1998,2025]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Ceratopogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipennis" subGenus="Nilohelea">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816C363328F0F858405B0E99" box="[189,344,1999,2025]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="184">Ceratopogon</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B905EABA816C36332924F85940D80E98" box="[361,475,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="184">Nilohelea</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B905EABA816C363329A1F85943760E98" box="[492,629,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="184">longipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B905EABA816C36332A31F85843880E98" box="[636,651,1999,2024]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="184">–</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B59816C36332ADFF85942500E98" author="Wirth W. W." box="[658,851,1998,2025]" pageId="25" pageNumber="184" pagination="121 - 142" refId="ref23830" refString="Wirth W. W. 1965. Family Ceratopogonidae. In: Stone A., Sabrosky C. W., Wirth W. W., Foote R. H. &amp; Coulson J. R. (eds) A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico: 121 - 142. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington D. C." type="book chapter" year="1965">Wirth 1965: 133</bibRefCitation>
(combination, in catalog).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816F363028F0FE9E45D508FF" blockId="26.[189,1399,265,400]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">
<taxonomicName id="4C714D2B816F363028F0FE9E43190853" ID-CoL="69L4P" baseAuthorityName="Wirth" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[189,538,265,291]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Ceratoculicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipennis">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816F363028F0FE9E43190853" box="[189,538,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">Ceratoculicoides longipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B59816F36302A0DFE9E42FD0853" author="Wirth W. W. &amp; Ratanaworabhan N. C." box="[576,1022,265,291]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" pagination="170 - 177" refId="ref23938" refString="Wirth W. W. &amp; Ratanaworabhan N. C. 1971. Ceratoculicoides, a new genus related to Ceratopogon Meigen (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 73: 170 - 177." type="journal article" year="1971">Wirth &amp; Ratanaworabhan 1971: 172</bibRefCitation>
(combination, redescription of female). —
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B59816F36302935FEB943350837" author="Knoz J." box="[376,566,301,328]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" pagination="388 - 392" refId="ref23379" refString="Knoz J. 1987. Description of a new species of Ceratoculicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Czechoslovakia and a review of the genus. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 84: 388 - 392." type="journal article" year="1987">Knoz 1987: 391</bibRefCitation>
(key). —
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B59816F36302AE2FEBA42EE0837" author="Wirth W. W. &amp; Grogan W. L." box="[687,1005,301,327]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 160" refId="ref23900" refString="Wirth W. W. &amp; Grogan W. L. 1988. The predaceous midges of the world (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae; tribe Ceratopogonini). Flora and Fauna Handbook 4: 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1988">Wirth &amp; Grogan 1988: 116</bibRefCitation>
(incorrect application of name to fig. 16). —
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B59816F36302935FEC643B6081C" author="Borkent A. &amp; Wirth W. W." box="[376,693,337,364]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 257" refId="ref22357" refString="Borkent A. &amp; Wirth W. W. 1997. World species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 233: 1 - 257." type="journal article" year="1997">Borkent &amp; Wirth 1997: 95</bibRefCitation>
(in catalog). —
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B59816F36302B32FEC545D4081B" author="Huerta H. &amp; Borkent A." box="[895,1239,337,364]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" pagination="111 - 119" refId="ref23309" refString="Huerta H. &amp; Borkent A. 2005. A new species and first record of Ceratoculicoides Wirth &amp; Ratanaworabhan from the Neotropical region and new species and records of Brachypogon Kieffer from Mexico (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Folia Entomologica Mexicana 44: 111 - 119." type="journal article" year="2005">Huerta &amp; Borkent 2005: 114</bibRefCitation>
(catalog). —
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B59816F363028A7FEE2430A08FF" author="Borkent A. &amp; Grogan W. L." box="[234,521,373,399]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref22308" refString="Borkent A. &amp; Grogan W. L. 2009. Catalog of the New World biting midges north of Mexico (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Zootaxa 2273 (1): 1 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2273.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Borkent &amp; Grogan 2009</bibRefCitation>
(in catalog). —
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B59816F36302A84FEE2454308E0" author="Borkent A. &amp; Dominiak P." box="[713,1088,373,400]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 377" refId="ref22263" refString="Borkent A. &amp; Dominiak P. 2020. Catalog of the biting midges of the world (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Zootaxa 4787 (1): 1 - 377. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4787.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Borkent &amp; Dominiak 2020: 157</bibRefCitation>
(in catalog).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6523816F363028F0FE2043E50BFB" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816F363028F0FE20403508A1" blockId="26.[189,310,439,465]" box="[189,310,439,465]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">
<heading id="D08681C4816F363028F0FE20403508A1" bold="true" box="[189,310,439,465]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816F363028F0FE20403508A1" bold="true" box="[189,310,439,465]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816F363028A7FE7040290B71" blockId="26.[189,313,487,549]" box="[234,298,487,513]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816F363028A7FE7040290B71" bold="true" box="[234,298,487,513]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">Male</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816F363028F0FD9C403A0B55" blockId="26.[189,313,487,549]" box="[189,313,523,549]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">Unknown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816F363028A7FDDA40460B17" blockId="26.[189,742,589,651]" box="[234,325,589,615]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816F363028A7FDDA40460B17" bold="true" box="[234,325,589,615]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">Female</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816F363028F0FDE643E50BFB" blockId="26.[189,742,589,651]" box="[189,742,625,651]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">
Femora and tibiae brown, wing length
<quantity id="4C899B4D816F36302AC9FDE643E20BFB" box="[644,737,625,651]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6523816F363028F0FD24422C0ABF" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816F363028F0FD2440A90BBD" blockId="26.[189,426,691,717]" box="[189,426,691,717]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">
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<emphasis id="B905EABA816F363028F0FD2440A90BBD" bold="true" box="[189,426,691,717]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<materialsCitation id="3B193CF5816F363028A7FD7440190A35" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4135858317" collectingDate="1947-07-13" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="W. W. Wirth" country="United States of America" county="Tulare Co." location="Stony Brook" municipality="Sequoia National Park" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="California" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54CA880A816F363028A7FD74405F0B8D" box="[234,348,739,765]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816F363028F0FC9040190A35" blockId="26.[189,1398,739,837]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">
<collectingCountry id="F3667638816F363028F0FC9041F50A51" box="[189,246,775,801]" name="United States of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">USA</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="9D77FD21816F3630295CFC90402B0A51" box="[273,296,775,801]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="49B5F84A816F36302975FC9140B10A50" box="[312,434,774,800]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">California</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty id="62AF4E24816F363029F3FC91433F0A51" box="[446,572,774,801]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">Tulare Co.</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAACD2816F36302A06FC91425A0A50" box="[587,857,774,800]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">Sequoia National Park</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8EAE6073816F36302B28FC9042FC0A50" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887BE816C36312A5BF8DE43470B71:8EAE6073816F36302B28FC9042FC0A50" box="[869,1023,774,801]" country="United States of America" county="Tulare Co." municipality="Sequoia National Park" name="Stony Brook" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" stateProvince="California">Stony Brook</location>
;
<date id="FFCF1068816F36302C41FC9045A10A51" box="[1036,1186,774,801]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" value="1947-07-13">
<collectingDate id="EF8BE980816F36302C41FC9045A10A51" box="[1036,1186,774,801]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" value="1947-07-13">13 Jul. 1947</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="2684537E816F36302CE2FC9044390A50" box="[1199,1338,774,801]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">W.W. Wirth</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="ED60AE6D816F363028F0FCBC40150A35" box="[189,278,811,837]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B193CF5816F363028A7FCFA422C0ABF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4135858345" collectingDate="1947-07-04" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="W. W. Wirth" country="United States of America" county="Tulare Co." location="Kaweah River" municipality="Lemon Cove" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="California" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus id="54CA880A816F363028A7FCFA405F0AF7" box="[234,348,877,903]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816F363028F0FC06422C0ABF" blockId="26.[189,1398,877,975]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">
<collectingCountry id="F3667638816F363028F0FC0641F50ADB" box="[189,246,913,939]" name="United States of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">USA</collectingCountry>
•
<specimenCount id="9D77FD21816F36302942FC06403F0ADB" box="[271,316,913,939]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
;
<collectingRegion id="49B5F84A816F36302906FC0640C60ADB" box="[331,453,913,939]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">California</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCounty id="62AF4E24816F3630299DFC06434E0ADB" box="[464,589,913,939]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">Tulare Co.</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAACD2816F36302A11FC0643F40ADB" box="[604,759,913,939]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">Lemon Cove</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="8EAE6073816F36302B4EFC0642B30ADB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887BE816C36312A5BF8DE43470B71:8EAE6073816F36302B4EFC0642B30ADB" box="[771,944,913,939]" country="United States of America" county="Tulare Co." municipality="Lemon Cove" name="Kaweah River" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" stateProvince="California">Kaweah River</location>
;
<date id="FFCF1068816F36302BF6FC0645420ADB" box="[955,1089,913,939]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" value="1947-07-04">
<collectingDate id="EF8BE980816F36302BF6FC0645420ADB" box="[955,1089,913,939]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" value="1947-07-04">4 Jul. 1947</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<collectorName id="2684537E816F36302C01FC0645D40ADB" box="[1100,1239,913,939]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">W.W. Wirth</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectionCode id="ED60AE6D816F36302D57FC0644700ADB" box="[1306,1395,913,939]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
; (not conspecific with holotype, see taxonomic notes).
</paragraph>
</materialsCitation>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6523816F363028F0FC6040920D30" box="[189,401,1015,1088]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816F363028F0FC6040550D61" blockId="26.[189,342,1015,1041]" box="[189,342,1015,1041]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">
<heading id="D08681C4816F363028F0FC6040550D61" bold="true" box="[189,342,1015,1041]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816F363028F0FC6040550D61" bold="true" box="[189,342,1015,1041]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816F363028F0FBB140920D30" blockId="26.[189,401,1062,1088]" box="[189,401,1062,1088]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">
<collectingRegion id="49B5F84A816F363028F0FBB140370D30" box="[189,308,1062,1088]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">California</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="F3667638816F36302909FBB140860D30" box="[324,389,1062,1088]" name="United States of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">USA</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36B6523816F363128F0FBFE43470B71" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816F363028F0FBFE402C0DF3" blockId="26.[189,303,1129,1155]" box="[189,303,1129,1155]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">
<heading id="D08681C4816F363028F0FBFE402C0DF3" bold="true" box="[189,303,1129,1155]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816F363028F0FBFE402C0DF3" bold="true" box="[189,303,1129,1155]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816F363028F0FB0F43AD0E66" blockId="26.[187,1401,1176,1815]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">
There has been considerable confusion with the identity of this species, as the
<typeStatus id="54CA880A816F36302C83FB0F44390DC2" box="[1230,1338,1176,1202]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is a female described in
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B59816F36302980FB2B43890DA7" author="Wirth W. W." box="[461,650,1212,1239]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" pagination="95 - 266" refId="ref23806" refString="Wirth W. W. 1952. The Heleidae of California. University of California Publications in Entomology 9: 95 - 266." type="journal article" year="1952">Wirth’s (1952)</bibRefCitation>
monograph of the
<collectingRegion id="49B5F84A816F36302BDEFB2B45130DA6" box="[915,1040,1212,1238]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">California</collectingRegion>
<taxonomicName id="4C714D2B816F36302C6DFB2B45F00DA6" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[1056,1267,1212,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B59816F36302D44FB2B40E80D8A" author="Wirth W. W. &amp; Ratanaworabhan N. C." pageId="26" pageNumber="185" pagination="170 - 177" refId="ref23938" refString="Wirth W. W. &amp; Ratanaworabhan N. C. 1971. Ceratoculicoides, a new genus related to Ceratopogon Meigen (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 73: 170 - 177." type="journal article" year="1971">Wirth &amp; Ratanaworabhan (1971)</bibRefCitation>
asserted that this species was conspecific with a morphospecies from eastern North America based primarily on the size of their spermathecae. Based on their material examined list, Wirth &amp; Ratanaworabhan did not have access to any male specimens from
<collectingRegion id="49B5F84A816F36302CB7FABF44740C32" box="[1274,1399,1320,1346]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">California</collectingRegion>
or nearby states. The broader range of material I have been able to examine demonstrates that the eastern morphospecies is not
<taxonomicName id="4C714D2B816F36302A7AFAE743ED0CFA" baseAuthorityName="Wirth" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[567,750,1392,1418]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Ceratoculicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipennis">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816F36302A7AFAE743ED0CFA" box="[567,750,1392,1418]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">C. longipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(described above as
<taxonomicName id="4C714D2B816F36302C4DFAE745900CFA" authority="Fasbender, 2023" authorityName="Fasbender" authorityYear="2023" box="[1024,1171,1392,1418]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Ceratoculicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="confusus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816F36302C4DFAE745900CFA" box="[1024,1171,1392,1418]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">C. confusus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). My comparison of the
<typeStatus id="54CA880A816F3630295AFA0340820CDE" box="[279,385,1428,1454]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
and
<typeStatus id="54CA880A816F36302985FA0343370CDE" box="[456,564,1428,1454]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D2B816F36302A25FA0342210CDE" baseAuthorityName="Wirth" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[616,802,1428,1454]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Ceratoculicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipennis">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816F36302A25FA0342210CDE" box="[616,802,1428,1454]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">C. longipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also found they are not conspecific, with the
<typeStatus id="54CA880A816F363028F0FA2E40240CA3" box="[189,295,1465,1491]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
having a wing length of
<quantity id="4C899B4D816F36302A17FA2F43A70CA3" box="[602,676,1464,1491]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
, while the
<typeStatus id="54CA880A816F36302B64FA2F42960CA2" box="[809,917,1464,1490]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
wing length is
<quantity id="4C899B4D816F36302C1EFA2F45B70CA3" box="[1107,1204,1464,1491]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
. While Wirth &amp; Ratanaworabhan described large (75–82 μm) spermathecae for this species, they never dissected or slide mounted the
<typeStatus id="54CA880A816F3630298DF99743330F6A" box="[448,560,1536,1562]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. It appears from their material examined and my work in the USNM collection that they measured slide mounted females from
<collectingRegion id="49B5F84A816F36302BC7F9B342E50F4E" box="[906,998,1572,1598]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">Oregon</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49B5F84A816F36302C6DF9B345B10F4E" box="[1056,1202,1572,1598]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">Washington</collectingRegion>
belonging to
<taxonomicName id="4C714D2B816F36302D17F9B340280F12" authorityName="Fasbender" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Ceratoculicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacificus">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816F36302D17F9B340280F12" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">C. pacificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as part of their description. I have not dissected the
<taxonomicName id="4C714D2B816F36302BF5F9DF45680F12" baseAuthorityName="Wirth" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[952,1131,1608,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Ceratoculicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipennis">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816F36302BF5F9DF45680F12" box="[952,1131,1608,1634]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">C. longipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54CA880A816F36302C39F9DF45E30F12" box="[1140,1248,1608,1634]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
to ascertain the size of its spermathecae, as I did not realize the depth of confusion surrounding the identity of this species when I had access to it. Even dissecting the
<typeStatus id="54CA880A816F36302B88F90745320FDA" box="[965,1073,1680,1706]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
would offer few clues to the identification of this species based on the information currently available, as there are only a handful of characters which offer any diagnostic utility, and many female specimens are currently unplaceable to species (see Discussion).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCE36A8816F363128F0F8A943470B71" blockId="26.[189,1399,1854,2025]" lastBlockId="27.[189,1400,265,514]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">
Females of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D2B816F36302900F8A840D90E28" authorityName="Fasbender" authorityYear="2023" box="[333,474,1854,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Ceratoculicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacificus">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816F36302900F8A840D90E28" box="[333,474,1854,1881]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">C. pacificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
match the
<taxonomicName id="4C714D2B816F36302A29F8A842100E28" baseAuthorityName="Wirth" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[612,787,1854,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Ceratoculicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipennis">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816F36302A29F8A842100E28" box="[612,787,1854,1881]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">C. longipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54CA880A816F36302B51F8A942860E28" box="[796,901,1854,1880]" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in wing length, but they are known only from temperate rainforests in British
<collectingCountry id="F3667638816F36302ADCF8F542090E0C" box="[657,778,1890,1916]" name="Colombia" pageId="26" pageNumber="185">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, Oregon, and Washington. The nearest locality of this species is in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, over
<quantity id="4C899B4D816F36302B27F81142C50ED0" box="[874,966,1926,1952]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" unit="km" value="900.0">900 km</quantity>
from the type locality in the Sierra Nevada Range. In the USNM collection, I found a specimen of a male morphospecies from Death Valley National Park, California, which fits the large size (~
<quantity id="4C899B4D816F36302BD1F85945040E99" box="[924,1031,1998,2025]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="26" pageNumber="185" unit="mm" value="1.25">1.25 mm</quantity>
wing length) expected for the male of
<taxonomicName id="4C714D2B816E36312969FE9E40D00853" baseAuthorityName="Wirth" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[292,467,265,291]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Ceratoculicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipennis">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816E36312969FE9E40D00853" box="[292,467,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="186">C. longipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As size and loose geographic proximity are extremely weak evidence upon which to base an association, I have treated this male species as
<taxonomicName id="4C714D2B816E36312BA0FEB945E40839" box="[1005,1255,302,329]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Ceratoculicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816E36312BA0FEB945B90838" box="[1005,1210,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="186">Ceratoculicoides</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
M1 above. Since the
<typeStatus id="54CA880A816E3631297BFEC4409C081D" box="[310,415,339,365]" pageId="27" pageNumber="186" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
remains entire and pinned, it may be possible to sequence its molecular barcode to associate it with future specimens. However, if additional material and further study deprecates the diagnosability of the
<typeStatus id="54CA880A816E363129BDFE0A435F08C7" box="[496,604,413,439]" pageId="27" pageNumber="186" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, it may be necessary to petition the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature to set aside the
<typeStatus id="54CA880A816E36312AF6FE55422708AC" box="[699,804,450,476]" pageId="27" pageNumber="186" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and designate a male
<typeStatus id="54CA880A816E36312C78FE55459708AC" box="[1077,1172,450,476]" pageId="27" pageNumber="186" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C714D2B816E36312C85FE55447408AC" baseAuthorityName="Wirth" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[1224,1399,450,476]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Ceratoculicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipennis">
<emphasis id="B905EABA816E36312C85FE55447408AC" box="[1224,1399,450,476]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="186">C. longipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(under article 75.5,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B59816E363129E7FE7043340B71" author="ICZN" box="[426,567,487,513]" pageId="27" pageNumber="186" refId="ref23358" refString="ICZN. 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London." type="book" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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