349 lines
63 KiB
XML
349 lines
63 KiB
XML
<document id="503EFC8D241090FFD753B4C20EF30846" ID-CLB-Dataset="28700" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6251bf04-bedf-44cf-92b2-73e551eb56f6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1194434" ID-ZooBank="B6A80A66-E868-4578-A5E5-655E0F18AA84" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1520539315097" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori & Pawson, David L." docDate="2018" docId="03D88782FFD3FFBB7896FF736025FD0A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4392.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4392 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Astrocladus socotrana Baker & Okanishi & Pawson 2018, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="FFE1FFFAFFDCFFA87801FFEB6533FF8E" masterDocTitle="Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida)" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1698528577585" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="670BC643FC1B5F7778AA08E743B0BAEE">Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="7350ACFDABE3582A2D92053A992BFDD7" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="95A03FB69673AAB601C8C80C4C840E9D">Baker, Alan N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6EDD34CFF7414F7A5A41A5D81E51C6D5">Okanishi, Masanori</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="94EB9FCDA17AB6ED53CBDF631C724BF8">Pawson, David L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C407791C2937C3BCA8DC240C59C44ED7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="E33BDFBFD4459D12F786B3A5C62639F4">
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<mods:date id="D517A8ADC00236B187675E6C1962D950">2018</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03D88782FFD3FFBB7896FF736025FD0A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5958807" ID-GBIF-Taxon="150866802" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5958807" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D88782FFD3FFBB7896FF736025FD0A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFD3FFBB7896FF736025FD0A" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<subSubSection id="C36B651FFFD3FFA77896FF73641DFF5D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFD3FFA77896FF73673AFF3C" blockId="15.[151,521,152,211]" box="[151,521,152,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<heading id="D08681F8FFD3FFA77896FF73673AFF3C" bold="true" box="[151,521,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B905EA86FFD3FFA77896FF73673AFF3C" bold="true" box="[151,521,152,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D17FFD3FFA77896FF736496FF3C" ID-CoL="J44N" authority="Baker & Okanishi & Pawson, 2018" authorityName="Baker & Okanishi & Pawson" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,421,152,178]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="socotrana" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B905EA86FFD3FFA77896FF736496FF3C" bold="true" box="[151,421,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Astrocladus socotrana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23657FDFFD3FFA779ADFF73673AFF3C" box="[428,521,152,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFD3FFA77896FF51641DFF5D" blockId="15.[151,521,152,211]" box="[151,302,186,211]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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(
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<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFD3FFA7789EFF516416FF5D" box="[159,293,186,211]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 12" captionStart-1="FIGURE 13" captionStart-2="FIGURE 14" captionStart-3="FIGURE 15" captionStart-4="FIGURE 16" captionStartId-0="15.[151,250,1984,2006]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,250,1039,1061]" captionStartId-2="16.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionStartId-3="17.[151,250,1852,1874]" captionStartId-4="18.[151,250,1490,1512]" captionTargetBox-0="[431,1155,1055,1944]" captionTargetBox-1="[444,1148,181,1025]" captionTargetBox-2="[308,1280,1133,1934]" captionTargetBox-3="[210,1378,186,1835]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1436,193,1433]" captionTargetId-0="figure@15.[431,1155,1055,1962]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[444,1148,181,1031]" captionTargetId-2="figure@16.[308,1280,1133,1958]" captionTargetId-3="figure@17.[210,1378,183,1835]" captionTargetId-4="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1469]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="16" captionTargetPageId-3="17" captionTargetPageId-4="18" captionText-0="FIGURE 12. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc and basal portion of the arm." captionText-1="FIGURE 13. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral peripheral disc; B, aboral central disc; C, oral disc; D, lateral disc; D, aboral basal portion of the arm; E, aboral middle portion of the arm. Scale bars, 1 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 14. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral distal portion of the arm; B, oral basal portion of the arm; Cm arm spines on oral basal portion of the arm; D, oral middle portion of the arm; E, oral distal portion of the arm. Abbreviation. AS, arm spine. Scale bars, 1 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 15. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–D, vertebrae at the basal portion of the arms, oral view (A), aboral view (B), distal view (C), basal view (D); E–H, vertebrae at the distal portion of the arm, oral view (E), distal view (F), basal view (G), aboral view (H); I, tubercle on aboral basal portion of the arm; J–K, hooklets-bearing plates on basal portion of the arm (J) and distal portion of the arm (K), arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. Orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RNC, radial nerve canal." captionText-4="FIGURE 16. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, hooklets on basal portion (A) and distal portion (B) of the arm; C–E, lateral arm plates on basal portion of the arm, external view, a square part is enlarged in D, and internal view (E); F–G, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, external (F) and internal (G) views, arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. H–I, arm spine on basal portion of the arm (H) and distal portion of the arm (I) an arc indicates a terminal projections. Arrows indicate orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; ex, external side; internal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1194458/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1194460/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1194462/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/1194464/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/1194466/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 12–16</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36B651FFFD3FFA77896FEE967BEFE24" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFD3FFA77896FEE967BEFE24" blockId="15.[151,1436,258,1003]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<materialsCitation id="3B193CC9FFD3FFA77896FEE9603FFEB1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1977784083" collectingDate="1964-12-18" collectionCode="USNM" country="Yemen" elevation="70" latitude="11.616667" location="Anton Bruun Cruise" longLatPrecision="1295" longitude="51.45" municipality="Station" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="USNM 1072535" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B905EA86FFD3FFA77896FEE96738FE95" bold="true" box="[151,523,258,283]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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Material Examined.
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<typeStatus id="54CA8836FFD3FFA77994FEE96735FE95" box="[405,518,258,283]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<specimenCode id="DBD79EEFFFD3FFA77A17FEE867E4FE95" box="[534,727,258,283]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">USNM 1072535</specimenCode>
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,
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<location id="8EAE604FFFD3FFA77AE4FEE866FEFE95" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D88782FFD3FFBB7896FF736025FD0A:8EAE604FFFD3FFA77AE4FEE866FEFE95" box="[741,973,258,283]" country="Yemen" latitude="11.616667" longLatPrecision="1295" longitude="51.45" municipality="Station" name="Anton Bruun Cruise" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="B905EA86FFD3FFA77AE4FEE8664AFE94" box="[741,889,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Anton Bruun</emphasis>
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Cruise
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</location>
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9
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAACEEFFD3FFA77BF0FEE96173FE95" box="[1009,1088,258,283]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Station</collectingMunicipality>
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465, south of
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<collectingCountry id="F3667604FFD3FFA77CF1FEE86075FE95" box="[1264,1350,259,283]" name="Yemen" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Socotra</collectingCountry>
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Island,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE455053FFD3FFA77896FECC65CBFEB1" box="[151,248,295,319]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="925" value="11.616667">11°37’N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE455053FFD3FFA77908FECD645BFEB1" box="[265,360,294,319]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="925" value="51.45">51°27’E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<elevation id="005CD1A7FFD3FFA77979FECD64D1FEB0" box="[376,482,294,319]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.95" metricValueMax="7.2" metricValueMin="6.7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="69.5" valueMax="72.0" valueMin="67.0">
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<quantity id="4C899B71FFD3FFA77979FECD64D1FEB0" box="[376,482,294,319]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.95" metricValueMax="7.2" metricValueMin="6.7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="69.5" valueMax="72.0" valueMin="67.0">67–72 m</quantity>
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</elevation>
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,
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<collectingDate id="EF8BE9BCFFD3FFA779F3FECC67E1FEB1" box="[498,722,294,319]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1964-12-18">
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<date id="FFCF1054FFD3FFA779F3FECC67E1FEB1" box="[498,722,294,319]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1964-12-18">18 December 1964</date>
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</collectingDate>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D77FD1DFFD3FFA77AE0FECC6654FEB1" box="[737,871,294,319]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
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, disc diameter
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<quantity id="4C899B71FFD3FFA77C1DFECC615CFEB0" box="[1052,1135,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="21.0">21 mm</quantity>
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(
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<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFD3FFA77C83FECD6037FEB1" box="[1154,1284,294,319]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 11" captionStart-1="FIGURE 12" captionStart-2="FIGURE 13" captionStart-3="FIGURE 14" captionStart-4="FIGURE 15" captionStartId-0="14.[151,250,1878,1900]" captionStartId-1="15.[151,250,1984,2006]" captionStartId-2="16.[151,250,1039,1061]" captionStartId-3="16.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionStartId-4="17.[151,250,1852,1874]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,225,1802]" captionTargetBox-1="[431,1155,1055,1944]" captionTargetBox-2="[444,1148,181,1025]" captionTargetBox-3="[308,1280,1133,1934]" captionTargetBox-4="[210,1378,186,1835]" captionTargetId-0="figure@14.[151,1436,225,1809]" captionTargetId-1="figure@15.[431,1155,1055,1962]" captionTargetId-2="figure@16.[444,1148,181,1031]" captionTargetId-3="figure@16.[308,1280,1133,1958]" captionTargetId-4="figure@17.[210,1378,183,1835]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="15" captionTargetPageId-2="16" captionTargetPageId-3="16" captionTargetPageId-4="17" captionText-0="FIGURE 11. Astrocladus goodingi, holotype (USNM 1072479), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–E, vertebrae at the basal portion of the arms, oral view (A), aboral view (B), aboral furrow (C), basal view (D), distal branching view (E); F–I, vertebrae at the distal portion of the arm, aboral view (F), oral view (G), basal view (H), distal view (I). Orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RWC, radial water canal; RNC, radial nerve canal." captionText-1="FIGURE 12. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc and basal portion of the arm." captionText-2="FIGURE 13. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral peripheral disc; B, aboral central disc; C, oral disc; D, lateral disc; D, aboral basal portion of the arm; E, aboral middle portion of the arm. Scale bars, 1 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 14. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral distal portion of the arm; B, oral basal portion of the arm; Cm arm spines on oral basal portion of the arm; D, oral middle portion of the arm; E, oral distal portion of the arm. Abbreviation. AS, arm spine. Scale bars, 1 mm." captionText-4="FIGURE 15. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–D, vertebrae at the basal portion of the arms, oral view (A), aboral view (B), distal view (C), basal view (D); E–H, vertebrae at the distal portion of the arm, oral view (E), distal view (F), basal view (G), aboral view (H); I, tubercle on aboral basal portion of the arm; J–K, hooklets-bearing plates on basal portion of the arm (J) and distal portion of the arm (K), arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. Orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RNC, radial nerve canal." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1194456/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1194458/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1194460/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/1194462/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/1194464/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11–15</figureCitation>
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||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B193CC9FFD3FFA77D1AFECD66D5FE08" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1977783782" collectingDate="1964-12-17" collectionCode="USNM" country="Yemen" elevation="125" latitude="11.4" location="Anton Bruun Cruise" longLatPrecision="1295" longitude="51.583332" municipality="Station" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="USNM 1072536" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="paratype">
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<emphasis id="B905EA86FFD3FFA77D1AFECD60AFFEB1" bold="true" box="[1307,1436,294,319]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<typeStatus id="54CA8836FFD3FFA77D1AFECD60A4FEB1" box="[1307,1431,294,319]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
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<specimenCode id="DBD79EEFFFD3FFA77896FEA06464FEED" box="[151,343,330,355]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">USNM 1072536</specimenCode>
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,
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<location id="8EAE604FFFD3FFA77965FEA06779FEED" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D88782FFD3FFBB7896FF736025FD0A:8EAE604FFFD3FFA77965FEA06779FEED" box="[356,586,330,355]" country="Yemen" latitude="11.4" longLatPrecision="1295" longitude="51.583332" municipality="Station" name="Anton Bruun Cruise" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="B905EA86FFD3FFA77965FEA064C4FEEC" box="[356,503,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Anton Bruun</emphasis>
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Cruise
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</location>
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9
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAACEEFFD3FFA77A6DFEA16788FEED" box="[620,699,330,355]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Station</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
463, south of
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3667604FFD3FFA77B66FEA0668EFEED" box="[871,957,331,355]" name="Yemen" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Socotra</collectingCountry>
|
||
Island,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455053FFD3FFA77C1DFEA0614DFEED" box="[1052,1150,331,355]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="925" value="11.4">11°24’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455053FFD3FFA77C8CFEA161DFFEED" box="[1165,1260,330,355]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="925" value="51.583332">51°35’E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<elevation id="005CD1A7FFD3FFA77CFAFEA16042FEEC" box="[1275,1393,330,355]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.75" metricValueMin="0.75" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="125.0" valueMax="175.0" valueMin="75.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B71FFD3FFA77CFAFEA16042FEEC" box="[1275,1393,330,355]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.75" metricValueMin="0.75" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="125.0" valueMax="175.0" valueMin="75.0">75–175 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF8BE9BCFFD3FFA77D81FEA06478FE09" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1964-12-17">
|
||
<date id="FFCF1054FFD3FFA77D81FEA06478FE09" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1964-12-17">17 December 1964</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD1DFFD3FFA77957FE8464D1FE09" box="[342,482,366,391]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, disc diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B71FFD3FFA77A89FE8467E5FE08" box="[648,726,367,391]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFD3FFA77AE5FE856664FE09" box="[740,855,366,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1604,1626]" captionTargetBox="[315,1276,725,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[315,1276,725,1602]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sthenocephalus indicus (USNM 1072462) (A–D). A, aboral basal portion of the arm; B, aboral distal portion of the arm; C, oral distal portion of the arm; D, oral basal portion of the arm. Abbreviations. AS, arm spine; LAP, lateral arm plate." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194440/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B71FFD3FFA77B95FE8466D5FE08" box="[916,998,367,391]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="33.0">33 mm</quantity>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B193CC9FFD3FFA77BF1FE8467BEFE24" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1977784085" collectingDate="1964-12-17" collectionCode="USNM" country="Yemen" elevation="125" latitude="11.4" location="Anton Bruun Cruise" longLatPrecision="1295" longitude="51.583332" municipality="Station" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="USNM 1201811" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBD79EEFFFD3FFA77BF1FE846198FE09" box="[1008,1195,367,391]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">USNM 1201811</specimenCode>
|
||
, same locality data as
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA8836FFD3FFA77896FE796431FE25" box="[151,258,402,427]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD1DFFD3FFA7790CFE7864BCFE25" box="[269,399,402,427]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, disc diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B71FFD3FFA77A36FE7867BAFE24" box="[567,649,403,427]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B651FFFD3FFA778C6FE5D642CFE7D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFD3FFA778C6FE5D642CFE7D" blockId="15.[151,1436,258,1003]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFD3FFA778C6FE5D647DFE41" bold="true" box="[199,334,438,463]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific name refers to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA8836FFD3FFA77AB7FE5C67D5FE41" box="[694,742,439,463]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, which is also mountainous, like the aboral surface of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B651FFFD3FFA778C6FE15667BFDD1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFD3FFA778C6FE15667BFDD1" blockId="15.[151,1436,258,1003]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFD3FFA778C6FE156472FD99" bold="true" box="[199,321,510,535]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Disc closely covered with tall conical tubercles with smooth rounded apices; proximal aboral and lateral surfaces of arms with similar but smaller tubercles. Oral arm surfaces covered with flat polygonal plates with slightly raised sutures. Arms with six or seven branches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B651FFFD3FFBB78C6FD816687FE7A" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFD3FFA778C6FD81649FFCB9" blockId="15.[151,1436,258,1003]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFD3FFA778C6FD8164D9FD0D" bold="true" box="[199,490,618,643]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA8836FFD3FFA7797DFD8164D6FD0D" box="[380,485,618,643]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFD3FFA779F2FD8067D9FD0D" box="[499,746,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">External morphology.</emphasis>
|
||
Radial shields, center of disc, and interradial areas covered with prominent cone-shaped tubercles with smooth tops lacking any glassy spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFD3FFA77C6DFD656034FD29" box="[1132,1287,654,679]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1984,2006]" captionTargetBox="[431,1155,1055,1944]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[431,1155,1055,1962]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc and basal portion of the arm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194458/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 12A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFD3FFA77D16FD6460BCFD29" box="[1303,1423,655,679]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1039,1061]" captionTargetBox="[444,1148,181,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[444,1148,181,1031]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral peripheral disc; B, aboral central disc; C, oral disc; D, lateral disc; D, aboral basal portion of the arm; E, aboral middle portion of the arm. Scale bars, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194460/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">13A–B, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Largest tubercles tall (<3.2 mm high), on and obscuring radial shields, becoming smaller centrally where the disc is deeply depressed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFD3FFA77988FD3D6725FD61" box="[393,534,726,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1039,1061]" captionTargetBox="[444,1148,181,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[444,1148,181,1031]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral peripheral disc; B, aboral central disc; C, oral disc; D, lateral disc; D, aboral basal portion of the arm; E, aboral middle portion of the arm. Scale bars, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194460/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 13A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Genital slits bordered by minute papillae each with one fine glassy terminal point (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFD3FFA778E3FD11647FFC9D" box="[226,332,762,787]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1039,1061]" captionTargetBox="[444,1148,181,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[444,1148,181,1031]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral peripheral disc; B, aboral central disc; C, oral disc; D, lateral disc; D, aboral basal portion of the arm; E, aboral middle portion of the arm. Scale bars, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194460/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 13D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Oral papillae clustered at proximal tip of jaw, absent distally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFD3FFA77C2AFD1161A7FC9D" box="[1067,1172,762,787]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1039,1061]" captionTargetBox="[444,1148,181,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[444,1148,181,1031]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral peripheral disc; B, aboral central disc; C, oral disc; D, lateral disc; D, aboral basal portion of the arm; E, aboral middle portion of the arm. Scale bars, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194460/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 13C</figureCitation>
|
||
). One madreporite at a margin of an interradius.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFD3FFA778C6FCA96193FC65" blockId="15.[151,1436,258,1003]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Five branching arms, up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B71FFD3FFA77A03FCA86752FCD4" box="[514,609,835,859]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="120.0">120 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, tightly coiled (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFD3FFA77B50FCA966EFFCD5" box="[849,988,834,859]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1984,2006]" captionTargetBox="[431,1155,1055,1944]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[431,1155,1055,1962]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc and basal portion of the arm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194458/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 12A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
). First branch at disc margin, thereafter bifurcating 6–7 times. Aboral and lateral surfaces of arms out to between third and fourth branches with scattered tubercles similar to, but smaller than, those on disc (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFD3FFA77B02FC6166BCFC2D" box="[771,911,906,931]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1039,1061]" captionTargetBox="[444,1148,181,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[444,1148,181,1031]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral peripheral disc; B, aboral central disc; C, oral disc; D, lateral disc; D, aboral basal portion of the arm; E, aboral middle portion of the arm. Scale bars, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194460/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 13D–E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Distal arm surfaces with dense covering of circular, raised granules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFD3FFA779B6FC456712FC49" box="[439,545,942,967]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[308,1280,1133,1934]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[308,1280,1133,1958]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 14. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral distal portion of the arm; B, oral basal portion of the arm; Cm arm spines on oral basal portion of the arm; D, oral middle portion of the arm; E, oral distal portion of the arm. Abbreviation. AS, arm spine. Scale bars, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194462/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Oral surfaces of arms covered with flat polygonal plates with slightly raised sutures (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFD3FFA778F4FC39644CFC65" box="[245,383,978,1003]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[308,1280,1133,1934]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[308,1280,1133,1958]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 14. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral distal portion of the arm; B, oral basal portion of the arm; Cm arm spines on oral basal portion of the arm; D, oral middle portion of the arm; E, oral distal portion of the arm. Abbreviation. AS, arm spine. Scale bars, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194462/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 14B–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Six arm segments to first arm fork at disc margin, five to second fork.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E661CFFD3FFA77896F82B6435F87A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194458/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[151,250,1984,2006]" targetBox="[431,1155,1055,1944]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFD3FFA77896F82B6435F87A" blockId="15.[151,1436,1984,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFD3FFA77896F82B642CF85B" bold="true" box="[151,287,1984,2006]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFD3FFA77924F82B673AF858" box="[293,521,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D17FFD3FFA77924F82B6736F858" box="[293,517,1984,2006]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="socotrata">Astrocladus socotrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc and basal portion of the arm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E661CFFCCFFB87896FBE4618EFBCA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194460/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[151,250,1039,1061]" targetBox="[444,1148,181,1025]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFCCFFB87896FBE4618EFBCA" blockId="16.[151,1436,1039,1092]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFCCFFB87896FBE4642CFBAA" bold="true" box="[151,287,1039,1061]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFCCFFB87924FBE46739FBAB" box="[293,522,1039,1061]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D17FFCCFFB87924FBE46735FBAB" box="[293,518,1039,1061]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="socotrata">Astrocladus socotrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral peripheral disc; B, aboral central disc; C, oral disc; D, lateral disc; D, aboral basal portion of the arm; E, aboral middle portion of the arm. Scale bars, 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E661CFFCCFFB87896F84B6748F87D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194462/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[151,250,1952,1974]" targetBox="[308,1280,1133,1934]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFCCFFB87896F84B6748F87D" blockId="16.[151,1436,1952,2035]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFCCFFB87896F84B6413F83B" bold="true" box="[151,288,1952,1974]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFCCFFB87929F84B673DF838" box="[296,526,1952,1974]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D17FFCCFFB87929F84B6739F838" box="[296,522,1952,1974]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="socotrata">Astrocladus socotrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral distal portion of the arm; B, oral basal portion of the arm; Cm arm spines on oral basal portion of the arm; D, oral middle portion of the arm; E, oral distal portion of the arm. Abbreviation. AS, arm spine. Scale bars, 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E661CFFCDFFB97896F8D764A0F865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194464/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[151,250,1852,1874]" targetBox="[210,1378,186,1835]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFCDFFB97896F8D764A0F865" blockId="17.[151,1436,1852,2027]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFCDFFB97896F8D76412F8DF" bold="true" box="[151,289,1852,1874]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFCDFFB9792BF8D76723F8DC" box="[298,528,1852,1874]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D17FFCDFFB9792BF8D7673FF8DC" box="[298,524,1852,1874]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="socotrata">Astrocladus socotrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–D, vertebrae at the basal portion of the arms, oral view (A), aboral view (B), distal view (C), basal view (D); E–H, vertebrae at the distal portion of the arm, oral view (E), distal view (F), basal view (G), aboral view (H); I, tubercle on aboral basal portion of the arm; J–K, hooklets-bearing plates on basal portion of the arm (J) and distal portion of the arm (K), arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. Orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RNC, radial nerve canal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E661CFFCEFFBA7896FA3960B4F90F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194466/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[151,250,1490,1512]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1433]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFCEFFBA7896FA3960B4F90F" blockId="18.[151,1436,1490,1665]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFCEFFBA7896FA39642CFA69" bold="true" box="[151,287,1490,1512]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFCEFFBA7925FA39673BFA66" box="[292,520,1490,1512]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D17FFCEFFBA7925FA396737FA66" box="[292,516,1490,1512]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="socotrata">Astrocladus socotrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, hooklets on basal portion (A) and distal portion (B) of the arm; C–E, lateral arm plates on basal portion of the arm, external view, a square part is enlarged in D, and internal view (E); F–G, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, external (F) and internal (G) views, arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. H–I, arm spine on basal portion of the arm (H) and distal portion of the arm (I) an arc indicates a terminal projections. Arrows indicate orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; ex, external side; internal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFCEFFBA78C6F94465EBF8BC" blockId="18.[151,1437,1710,2023]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Arm spines present from adjacent to first arm fork (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCEFFBA7B07F9456658F949" box="[774,875,1710,1735]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[308,1280,1133,1934]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[308,1280,1133,1958]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 14. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral distal portion of the arm; B, oral basal portion of the arm; Cm arm spines on oral basal portion of the arm; D, oral middle portion of the arm; E, oral distal portion of the arm. Abbreviation. AS, arm spine. Scale bars, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194462/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
|
||
), four spines throughout arm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCEFFBA7CBCF9456070F949" box="[1213,1347,1710,1735]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[308,1280,1133,1934]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[308,1280,1133,1958]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 14. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral distal portion of the arm; B, oral basal portion of the arm; Cm arm spines on oral basal portion of the arm; D, oral middle portion of the arm; E, oral distal portion of the arm. Abbreviation. AS, arm spine. Scale bars, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194462/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 14B–E</figureCitation>
|
||
), spines initially simple on proximal segments, developing a glassy terminal point and three secondary points distally. Discontinuous girdle bands on arms from disc margin, becoming continuous before the third fork (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCEFFBA7D05F91D60ABF881" box="[1284,1432,1782,1807]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1039,1061]" captionTargetBox="[444,1148,181,1025]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[444,1148,181,1031]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral peripheral disc; B, aboral central disc; C, oral disc; D, lateral disc; D, aboral basal portion of the arm; E, aboral middle portion of the arm. Scale bars, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194460/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 13D–E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCEFFBA7896F8F165F8F8BC" box="[151,203,1818,1842]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[308,1280,1133,1934]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[308,1280,1133,1958]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 14. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535). A, aboral distal portion of the arm; B, oral basal portion of the arm; Cm arm spines on oral basal portion of the arm; D, oral middle portion of the arm; E, oral distal portion of the arm. Abbreviation. AS, arm spine. Scale bars, 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194462/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">14A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFCEFFBB78C6F8D56687FE7A" blockId="18.[151,1437,1710,2023]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1436,151,645]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFCEFFBA78C6F8D5649CF8D8" box="[199,431,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ossicle morphology.</emphasis>
|
||
All vertebrae with hourglass-shaped streptospondylous articulations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCEFFBA7CC4F8D560A2F8D9" box="[1221,1425,1854,1879]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1852,1874]" captionTargetBox="[210,1378,186,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[210,1378,183,1835]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 15. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–D, vertebrae at the basal portion of the arms, oral view (A), aboral view (B), distal view (C), basal view (D); E–H, vertebrae at the distal portion of the arm, oral view (E), distal view (F), basal view (G), aboral view (H); I, tubercle on aboral basal portion of the arm; J–K, hooklets-bearing plates on basal portion of the arm (J) and distal portion of the arm (K), arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. Orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RNC, radial nerve canal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194464/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 15C–D, F–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Surfaces of lateral and aboral furrows with tubercles on basal portion of the arm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCEFFBA7C37F88961AFF8F5" box="[1078,1180,1890,1915]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1852,1874]" captionTargetBox="[210,1378,186,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[210,1378,183,1835]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 15. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–D, vertebrae at the basal portion of the arms, oral view (A), aboral view (B), distal view (C), basal view (D); E–H, vertebrae at the distal portion of the arm, oral view (E), distal view (F), basal view (G), aboral view (H); I, tubercle on aboral basal portion of the arm; J–K, hooklets-bearing plates on basal portion of the arm (J) and distal portion of the arm (K), arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. Orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RNC, radial nerve canal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194464/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 15B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Depressions for tube feet openings in the distal part of oral-lateral side of vertebrae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCEFFBA7B5FF86D66D5F811" box="[862,998,1926,1951]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1852,1874]" captionTargetBox="[210,1378,186,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[210,1378,183,1835]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 15. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–D, vertebrae at the basal portion of the arms, oral view (A), aboral view (B), distal view (C), basal view (D); E–H, vertebrae at the distal portion of the arm, oral view (E), distal view (F), basal view (G), aboral view (H); I, tubercle on aboral basal portion of the arm; J–K, hooklets-bearing plates on basal portion of the arm (J) and distal portion of the arm (K), arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. Orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RNC, radial nerve canal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194464/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 15A, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). A pair of radial water canals opening on the oral groove of vertebrae, near depression of the tube feet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCEFFBA7B83F841613EF84C" box="[898,1037,1962,1987]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1852,1874]" captionTargetBox="[210,1378,186,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[210,1378,183,1835]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 15. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–D, vertebrae at the basal portion of the arms, oral view (A), aboral view (B), distal view (C), basal view (D); E–H, vertebrae at the distal portion of the arm, oral view (E), distal view (F), basal view (G), aboral view (H); I, tubercle on aboral basal portion of the arm; J–K, hooklets-bearing plates on basal portion of the arm (J) and distal portion of the arm (K), arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. Orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RNC, radial nerve canal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194464/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 15A, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tubercles on basal portion of the arms with smooth rounded apices (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCEFFBA7A22F82567B2F869" box="[547,641,1998,2023]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1852,1874]" captionTargetBox="[210,1378,186,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[210,1378,183,1835]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 15. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–D, vertebrae at the basal portion of the arms, oral view (A), aboral view (B), distal view (C), basal view (D); E–H, vertebrae at the distal portion of the arm, oral view (E), distal view (F), basal view (G), aboral view (H); I, tubercle on aboral basal portion of the arm; J–K, hooklets-bearing plates on basal portion of the arm (J) and distal portion of the arm (K), arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. Orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RNC, radial nerve canal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194464/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FFCF1054FFCEFFBA7A59F82567B2F869" box="[600,641,1998,2023]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2015-01">15I</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Hooklet-bearing plates possessing approximately 12 tubercle-shaped articulations for hooklets in the basal portion of the arm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCFFFBB7B3CFF7C66ACFF3E" box="[829,927,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1852,1874]" captionTargetBox="[210,1378,186,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[210,1378,183,1835]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 15. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–D, vertebrae at the basal portion of the arms, oral view (A), aboral view (B), distal view (C), basal view (D); E–H, vertebrae at the distal portion of the arm, oral view (E), distal view (F), basal view (G), aboral view (H); I, tubercle on aboral basal portion of the arm; J–K, hooklets-bearing plates on basal portion of the arm (J) and distal portion of the arm (K), arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. Orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RNC, radial nerve canal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194464/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 15J</figureCitation>
|
||
), approximately 8 articulations in the distal portion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCFFFBB78F8FF576457FF5B" box="[249,356,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1852,1874]" captionTargetBox="[210,1378,186,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[210,1378,183,1835]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 15. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–D, vertebrae at the basal portion of the arms, oral view (A), aboral view (B), distal view (C), basal view (D); E–H, vertebrae at the distal portion of the arm, oral view (E), distal view (F), basal view (G), aboral view (H); I, tubercle on aboral basal portion of the arm; J–K, hooklets-bearing plates on basal portion of the arm (J) and distal portion of the arm (K), arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. Orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RNC, radial nerve canal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194464/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 15K</figureCitation>
|
||
). The articulations form two parallel rows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCFFFBB7B59FF5766EDFF5A" box="[856,990,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1852,1874]" captionTargetBox="[210,1378,186,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[210,1378,183,1835]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 15. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–D, vertebrae at the basal portion of the arms, oral view (A), aboral view (B), distal view (C), basal view (D); E–H, vertebrae at the distal portion of the arm, oral view (E), distal view (F), basal view (G), aboral view (H); I, tubercle on aboral basal portion of the arm; J–K, hooklets-bearing plates on basal portion of the arm (J) and distal portion of the arm (K), arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. Orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: DT, depression for tentacle; RNC, radial nerve canal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194464/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 15J, K</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each hooklet bearing one inner tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCFFFBB789EFF34641AFF76" box="[159,297,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1490,1512]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1433]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1469]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 16. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, hooklets on basal portion (A) and distal portion (B) of the arm; C–E, lateral arm plates on basal portion of the arm, external view, a square part is enlarged in D, and internal view (E); F–G, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, external (F) and internal (G) views, arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. H–I, arm spine on basal portion of the arm (H) and distal portion of the arm (I) an arc indicates a terminal projections. Arrows indicate orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; ex, external side; internal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194466/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 16A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Lateral arm plates long, bar like, with straight distal edge and concave basal edge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCFFFBB7CDEFF346056FF76" box="[1247,1381,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1490,1512]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1433]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1469]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 16. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, hooklets on basal portion (A) and distal portion (B) of the arm; C–E, lateral arm plates on basal portion of the arm, external view, a square part is enlarged in D, and internal view (E); F–G, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, external (F) and internal (G) views, arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. H–I, arm spine on basal portion of the arm (H) and distal portion of the arm (I) an arc indicates a terminal projections. Arrows indicate orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; ex, external side; internal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194466/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 16C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). On basal portion of arm, lateral arm plates with a perforation on inner side and pairs of simple nerve and muscle openings on oral-external side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCFFFBB7A07FECC67BFFECE" box="[518,652,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1490,1512]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1433]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1469]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 16. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, hooklets on basal portion (A) and distal portion (B) of the arm; C–E, lateral arm plates on basal portion of the arm, external view, a square part is enlarged in D, and internal view (E); F–G, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, external (F) and internal (G) views, arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. H–I, arm spine on basal portion of the arm (H) and distal portion of the arm (I) an arc indicates a terminal projections. Arrows indicate orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; ex, external side; internal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194466/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 16C–E</figureCitation>
|
||
) and on distal portion of the arms, two nerve openings besides the dorsal lobe and three articulations for hooklets on oral surfaces (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCFFFBB7B82FEA766DAFEEB" box="[899,1001,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1490,1512]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1433]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1469]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 16. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, hooklets on basal portion (A) and distal portion (B) of the arm; C–E, lateral arm plates on basal portion of the arm, external view, a square part is enlarged in D, and internal view (E); F–G, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, external (F) and internal (G) views, arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. H–I, arm spine on basal portion of the arm (H) and distal portion of the arm (I) an arc indicates a terminal projections. Arrows indicate orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; ex, external side; internal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194466/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 16F</figureCitation>
|
||
). No perforation visible on inner side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCFFFBB789EFE846439FE06" box="[159,266,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1490,1512]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1433]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1469]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 16. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, hooklets on basal portion (A) and distal portion (B) of the arm; C–E, lateral arm plates on basal portion of the arm, external view, a square part is enlarged in D, and internal view (E); F–G, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, external (F) and internal (G) views, arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. H–I, arm spine on basal portion of the arm (H) and distal portion of the arm (I) an arc indicates a terminal projections. Arrows indicate orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; ex, external side; internal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194466/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 16G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Arm spines on the basal portion of the arm ovoid and having three secondary points, approximately one-seventh length of the height of the spine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCFFFBB7A9FFE7F6634FE23" box="[670,775,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1490,1512]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1433]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1469]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 16. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, hooklets on basal portion (A) and distal portion (B) of the arm; C–E, lateral arm plates on basal portion of the arm, external view, a square part is enlarged in D, and internal view (E); F–G, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, external (F) and internal (G) views, arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. H–I, arm spine on basal portion of the arm (H) and distal portion of the arm (I) an arc indicates a terminal projections. Arrows indicate orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; ex, external side; internal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194466/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 16H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Distally, the arm spines transformed into hooks with two or three inner teeth, respectively (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCFFFBB7A0FFE5C6759FE5E" box="[526,618,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1490,1512]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1433]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1469]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 16. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, hooklets on basal portion (A) and distal portion (B) of the arm; C–E, lateral arm plates on basal portion of the arm, external view, a square part is enlarged in D, and internal view (E); F–G, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, external (F) and internal (G) views, arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. H–I, arm spine on basal portion of the arm (H) and distal portion of the arm (I) an arc indicates a terminal projections. Arrows indicate orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; ex, external side; internal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194466/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FFCF1054FFCFFFBB7A43FE5C6759FE5E" box="[578,618,439,464]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="2016-01">16I</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The hook-shaped arm spines distinguished from hooklets on aboral and lateral surface of the arm by lacking reticular structure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A11FFCFFFBB7B09FE376695FE7A" box="[776,934,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1490,1512]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1433]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1469]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 16. Astrocladus socotrata, holotype (USNM 1072535), SEM photographs of ossicles. A–B, hooklets on basal portion (A) and distal portion (B) of the arm; C–E, lateral arm plates on basal portion of the arm, external view, a square part is enlarged in D, and internal view (E); F–G, lateral arm plates on distal portion of the arm, external (F) and internal (G) views, arrow heads indicate articulations for hooklets. H–I, arm spine on basal portion of the arm (H) and distal portion of the arm (I) an arc indicates a terminal projections. Arrows indicate orientations: ab, aboral side; ba, basal side; dis, distal side; ex, external side; internal side; o, oral side. Abbreviations: MO, muscle opening; NO, nerve opening; P, perforation; ST, secondary tooth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1194466/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 16A–B, I</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B651FFFCFFFBB78C6FE1467E7FDEE" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFCFFFBB78C6FE1467E7FDEE" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFCFFFBB78C6FE146408FD96" bold="true" box="[199,315,511,536]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D17FFCFFFBB7943FDEB670CFD96" authority="Baker & Okanishi & Pawson, 2018" authorityName="Baker & Okanishi & Pawson" authorityYear="2018" box="[322,575,512,536]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="socotrana" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFCFFFBB7943FDEB670CFD96" box="[322,575,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Astrocladus socotrana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23657FDFFCFFFBB7A47FE146793FD99" box="[582,672,511,536]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFCFFFBB7A47FE1467A9FD96" bold="true" box="[582,666,511,536]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is remarkable for its dense covering of prominent, smooth disc and arm tubercles, which distinguish it from its closest congeners, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D17FFCFFFBB7BD6FDCF617CFDB2" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[983,1103,548,572]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="exiguus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFCFFFBB7BD6FDCF617CFDB2" box="[983,1103,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. exiguus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFCFFFBB7C8FFDCF603FFDB2" box="[1166,1292,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D17FFCFFFBB7C8FFDCF603AFDB2" baseAuthorityName="Retzius" baseAuthorityYear="1783" box="[1166,1289,548,572]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Gorgonocephalidae" genus="Astrocladus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Euryalida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="euryale">A. euryale</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which have reduced tuberculation, mostly on the radial shields.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B651FFFCFFFBB78C6FD876025FD0A" box="[199,1302,620,645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE3694FFCFFFBB78C6FD876025FD0A" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,645]" box="[199,1302,620,645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EA86FFCFFFBB78C6FD876453FD0B" bold="true" box="[199,352,620,645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Known only from
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA8836FFCFFFBB7A36FD866754FD0B" box="[567,615,621,645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, south of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3667604FFCFFFBB7B31FD8766BBFD0A" box="[816,904,620,644]" name="Yemen" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Socotra</collectingCountry>
|
||
, northern Indian Ocean,
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B71FFCFFFBB7C9FFD876021FD0A" box="[1182,1298,620,645]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.185" metricValueMax="1.75" metricValueMin="0.62" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="118.5" valueMax="175.0" valueMin="62.0">
|
||
62–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD1DFFCFFFBB7CC8FD876021FD0A" box="[1225,1298,620,645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="generic">175 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |