342 lines
40 KiB
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342 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-231-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488" ModsDocID="1314-2003-231-1" checkinTime="1693383686345" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Saerkinen, Tiina & Barboza, Gloria E." docDate="2023" docId="FBDF8EC261390D1AB1DB06D91D825158" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 231: 1-342" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 231" docPubDate="2023-08-29" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894" docTitle="Solanum scabrum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 6. 1768." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488" masterDocTitle="A revision of the South American species of the Morelloid clade (Solanum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="342" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1693383686345" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="55C50D97F2D7CDBB55596E93FB46DF3A">A revision of the South American species of the Morelloid clade (Solanum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="64A83116D041328B87545D4554885A1D">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CDF6C4FD6544538F365330BA17EEE027">Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="165E47515AC85FB15BE5693130F41999" type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="69B0750E85DB83279308480D2EDC9D48">Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A74F2D1BCEF4B616B81CB833C3D96CBD" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6956-3093</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="3551D9734EBBE21F4D257A1592A3E1F4">Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20 A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH 3 5 LR, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4B5E4FFE32E54A9E9A7158443CB59E98">Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2A6D086D7D1B50D9779C5DDABFBA0C06" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1085-036X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="E6A5577A4C0C5FA712E3949CAD4D9801">Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="E3098BBEE676C07B731CE95C4AFCCE5A">PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6E7BBC2468A09E5A64ACCB91E8E70667">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8629066CC4520D423A5DD461C8010A96">231</mods:number>
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<treatment id="FBDF8EC261390D1AB1DB06D91D825158" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FBDF8EC261390D1AB1DB06D91D825158" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FBDF8EC261390D1AB1DB06D91D825158" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection id="BA3180F0356A2D93ADAE7C9E0EA732D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="32E90A291038FEFB9E3BB0D44AF3C82C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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52.
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<taxonomicName id="6F206C55E296DDE06C01AEA750333A7F" ID-CoL="4Y45Y" ID-ENA="795974" authority="Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 6. 1768." authorityName="Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 6. 1768." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabrum">Solanum scabrum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 6. 1768.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F084622BF726027C307885D7433D271B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph id="73DD496DBA0555361ABA14DD5A086E70" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<figureCitation id="3CBA5E3E22CBCD2DCF7E0477300495C0" captionStart="Figure 158" captionStartId="F158" captionText="Figure 158. Solanum scabrum A habit of wild form B flower of wild form C infructescence of wild form D habit of cultivated form E inflorescence of cultivated form F fruit of cultivated form G seed (A-C Pilz 2108 D-G Nee 16088). Illustration by L. Smith. Previously published in Saerkinen et al. (2018: 148) and Knapp et al. (2019: 113)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure158" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897619" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 158</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="B5D2FBC6FB5D350C9302969E1ED2F874" captionStart="Figure 159" captionStartId="F159" captionText="Figure 159. Solanum scabrum A common habit B habit in taller varieties C flowers of the larger berried variety at full anthesis D fruits of a large-berried morph E flowers of the small-berried morph at full anthesis F fruits of a small-berried morph (A Nijmegen acc. # BG 13 B Nijmegen acc. # A 34750072 C Nijmegen acc. # GB 22 D Nijmegen accession H 065 E Nijmegen acc. # A 34750067 F Nijmegen acc. # 2010 / 3). Photos by S. Knapp. Previously published in Saerkinen et al. (2018: 149) and Knapp et al. (2019: 114)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure159" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897620" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 159</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A1FBC52BFE4AC1788B5B0652DA88AA83" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8478E1AFC1806346223D75A8ACD4BE2F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E53CF11A4FEDB12D1E73B810B277605F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum fistulosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fistulosum">Solanum fistulosum</taxonomicName>
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Dunal, Encycl. [J. Lamarck & al.] Suppl. 3: 749. 1814. Type. "Originaire de
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<normalizedToken id="049FD6E992D5F771593B07D19F9D886D" originalValue="l’Isle">l'Isle</normalizedToken>
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de France [Mauritius], est
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<normalizedToken id="5B4FFE97EA737F23948D1703680E39AB" originalValue="cultivée">cultivee</normalizedToken>
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en Amerique [Brazil]",
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<emphasis id="A906B6E3033C17C46AEA35E0BFA91449" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herb. Richard s.n.</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated by
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<bibRefCitation id="08CC952F45573091704D3482CAF1E8A7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B53" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
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<normalizedToken id="41175AB55A5189187954073BC0CAE41E" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
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1974a
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</bibRefCitation>
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, pg. 735: P [P00335259]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BDA916ECD5BA69C185BB5895D171D25C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="BDC319B676CC4A56B245535D476AEBE6" authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum oleraceum subsp. var. var. macrocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="oleraceum" subSpecies="var." variety="macrocarpum">Solanum oleraceum Dunal var. macrocarpum</taxonomicName>
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Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 50. 1852. Type. Brazil. Bahia: Ilheus, 1841,
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<emphasis id="8DE48E9F53122C5FD1F939AB61EAD8F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C.F.P. Martius 1255</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated by
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<bibRefCitation id="8D5519578B06CC88BE9B95743FC18531" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="95 - 114" refId="B73" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1972. A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 95 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" title="A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" volume="27" year="1972">Edmonds 1972</bibRefCitation>
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, pg. 108 [as holotype]: G-DC [G00144295]; isolectotype: P [P00366815]).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2BDBE7D60D0E45F918C751DD5332B2A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="2AFFD0E3A5E037DF6586E8ABD97A5E7F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<typeStatus id="443B6EF8DA55B5DB17ECB347D2F0899A">Type</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B4EA5B6B0DB5394FFEA84BC2E384C25C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<materialsCitation id="B1193C76C464836D93CF30B0F903BFFD" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" location="Cultivated in Chelsea Physic Garden" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
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<location id="67D2BC2665C02B70EB957503E3F2BD01" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FBDF8EC261390D1AB1DB06D91D825158:67D2BC2665C02B70EB957503E3F2BD01" name="Cultivated in Chelsea Physic Garden">Cultivated in Chelsea Physic Garden</location>
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, said in protologue to "grow naturally in North America",
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<emphasis id="B8D7454DAFCD867D406E41850CDAA46D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herb. Miller s.n.</emphasis>
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(
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<typeStatus id="A960638E429642F80B9669E5A853316A">lectotype</typeStatus>
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, designated by
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<bibRefCitation id="0DF1AFA90522410F770454C80220E362" author="Henderson, RJF" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 78" refId="B105" refString="Henderson, RJF, 1974. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia. Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 16: 1 - 78" title="Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia." volume="16" year="1974">Henderson 1974</bibRefCitation>
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, pg. 61 [as type]: BM [BM000847083])
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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<caption id="982F747B9895A574CD69A3D325EAF737" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure158" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897619" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 158" startId="F158">
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<paragraph id="60B50BDF34DE11F97780D288CA675048" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="F1BB75ABD5582C03CB016E9E5BFC8DCC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 158.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="73AE70F256E77E458DAA922F95C59FDC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabrum">
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<emphasis id="8B0C690F7612C59797B94C748123DCB7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum scabrum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="875CA5B3BCA0BE5B3E6B6EBA7109639F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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habit of wild form
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<emphasis id="8BA5F80963CA6371D945E22F0863FF83" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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flower of wild form
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<emphasis id="F57F01DC5A1C9CAE2DF996444E8185E3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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infructescence of wild form
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<emphasis id="5448947EFF8C98DC8C2A822E229C9972" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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habit of cultivated form
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<emphasis id="268F029D8DD0FB7A8235D4C52F63401F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
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inflorescence of cultivated form
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<emphasis id="549F775D554D4D7E125E259FCE2B1415" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
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fruit of cultivated form
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||
<emphasis id="B4A814C4D2352F5A71AE3B49C367241A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
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seed (
|
||
<emphasis id="5614EFFB61FB421C0DDA1430B554B554" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="AAE682487C93D7CA44882447CCD096BC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pilz 2108</emphasis>
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||
<emphasis id="E7466DC998169D654BCA459027B1BCB5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D-G</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="1884854148C69B2D48B9ADF6A3176994" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nee 16088</emphasis>
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||
). Illustration by L. Smith. Previously published in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8637DE95C28D1A0A767159320B9A3E17" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
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<normalizedToken id="F260FFC1A6632FCD9FA70CE76F400ECC" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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et al. (2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 148) and
|
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<bibRefCitation id="E95157B29C72373C8CDDB9AAF0442B07" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 113).
|
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E6405E12999331BB4C232F802CB76396" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph id="0075F90A46B2C6D72E92B934BDFE1E25" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EEEA0F9A6E5E4611C8568DA39CCE278D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Annual or short-lived perennial herbs to 1.5 m high, often woody at the base. Stems terete, ridged, or winged, green to purple, erect or ascending, if ridged or winged the stems later with spinose processes, usually somewhat hollow; new growth puberulent with simple spreading uniseriate 2-8-celled eglandular trichomes 0.3-0.8 mm long; older stems glabrescent, with or without prominent spinose processes. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves usually not geminate, but if leaves paired, then one is usually smaller. Leaves simple to rarely shallowly sinuate, the blades 4-15(20) cm long, 3-10(16) cm wide, broadly ovate to elliptic, widest in the lower half, very variable in size depending on cultivars and growth conditions, membranous, usually discolorous; adaxial and abaxial surfaces glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those on the stem mainly along veins and scattered along lamina; principal veins 3-6(-8) pairs, paler green or often purple tinged; base abruptly acute or truncate, narrowly winged onto the petiole; margins entire or rarely shallowly sinuate; apex rounded to acute; petioles 1-5(8) cm long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stem. Inflorescences internodal, unbranched, forked or many times branched (in cultivars), 1-2 (-4) cm long, with 4-10(30+) flowers clustered towards the tips (sub-umbelliform) or spread along the axis, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those on the stem; peduncle 1-5(-8) cm long, erect and thick, much thickened at the apex, subwoody, green or purple-tinged; pedicels 0.4-1 cm long, 0.3-0.5 mm in diameter at the base, 0.75-0.9 mm in diameter at the apex and abruptly expanding to the calyx tube, stout, erect and/or spreading, green or purple-tinged, glabrous or minutely pubescent like the peduncle, articulated at the base; pedicel scars tightly clustered near the tip of the axis, spaced 0-2 mm apart, sometimes with short stumps ca. 0.5-1 mm long. Buds globose to subglobose, the corolla exserted 1/2-1/3 from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous or occasionally fasciate and 6-7-merous in cultivars, cosexual (hermaphroditic). Calyx tube 0.9-1.1 mm long, abruptly cup-shaped with a broad base, the lobes slightly unequal, 0.9-1.5 mm long, 0.5-1.5 mm wide, broadly deltate with a rounded tip, green or purple-tinged, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the pedicels, the margins often drying scarious and white. Corolla 0.7-1.2 cm in diameter, white, purple-tinged or occasionally lilac to dark purple, with a yellow basal star, stellate, lobed ca. 1/2 of the way to the base, the lobes 2.5-4 mm long, 1.5-3 mm wide, spreading or reflexed, densely papillate on tips and margins. Stamens equal; filament tube very short, to 0.1 mm long; free portion of the filaments 0.5-0.8 mm long, glabrous or pubescent with tangled uniseriate simple trichomes; anthers 2-3 mm long, ellipsoid or slightly tapering towards the tips, yellow, orange or brown, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age and drying, the connective often becoming brownish black in dry specimens. Ovary rounded, glabrous; style 2.5-5 mm long, straight, exserted beyond the anther cone, densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes 0.2-0.5 mm long in the basal 1/2 where included in the anther cone; stigma capitate, the surface minutely papillate. Fruit a globose to slightly flattened berry, 1-2 cm in diameter, purplish black at maturity, the pericarp thick, shiny, opaque, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 0.7-1.5(2) cm long, 0.5-1 mm in diameter at the base, 1.1-1.5 mm in diameter at the apex, stout, erect and spreading, purple or brown, usually not falling with the fruit, persistent, remaining on the plant on older inflorescences; fruiting calyx not accrescent, the tube 1.5-2 mm long, usually tearing unevenly, the lobes 2-3 mm long, usually with thicker white margins in dry material, appressed or spreading to slightly reflexed. Seeds (20-)100-150 per berry, 2-2.8 mm long, 1.5-1.8 mm wide, flattened and teardrop shaped with a subapical hilum, yellow-brown or purple, the surfaces minutely pitted, thin and the embryo clearly visible, the testal cells rectangular to pentagonal in outline. Stone cells absent. Chromosome number:
|
||
<emphasis id="D28AA270C1365E3A4976D34227530B19" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</emphasis>
|
||
n = 72 (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="508B3B4392E7084EEBC074C91BBDD7BE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="30B2330421B60CA59B9D6C006EF6549A" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="CBC707256291A10B108D15EABBB0F29E" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure159" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897620" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 159" startId="F159">
|
||
<paragraph id="FC1222D437D45E95D3B127CD442C594B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="912F9BBDDB94220CF5153D7E237C2416" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 159.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="23C357E44627E113A5D0E122E9203B30" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="88D665FA10D258C9F7AC8B1936852FC6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum scabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="11DDBABBB89CA85A19A62DDDABA1359D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
common habit
|
||
<emphasis id="465B56A311EEC54BFD1C46D8B4944EAE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
habit in taller varieties
|
||
<emphasis id="278496150C583E2AB2D3620DF5944717" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
flowers of the larger berried variety at full anthesis
|
||
<emphasis id="2236249F3B883AE9E8488C55CF69EAA5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
fruits of a large-berried morph
|
||
<emphasis id="7FC13142C9FE564F451660B90CFCDB4B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
flowers of the small-berried morph at full anthesis
|
||
<emphasis id="EBB0BE2DC6E2396C6E7653910046144F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
fruits of a small-berried morph (
|
||
<emphasis id="7E3B1707271A9E537632640CAB50D1FF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
Nijmegen acc. # BG13
|
||
<emphasis id="A02C6A94CB19A0473D6CEC1BB359C44A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
Nijmegen acc. # A34750072
|
||
<emphasis id="1E618CD5DE1021B8290992F4D36538B1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
Nijmegen acc. # GB22
|
||
<emphasis id="AC36B6E70E5BFAB7C2AAFA9522BF364D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
Nijmegen accession H065
|
||
<emphasis id="E581B23B726E94BC86759D06CB3F5D03" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
Nijmegen acc. # A34750067
|
||
<emphasis id="99E73CF8689192E42B287240BA51B705" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
Nijmegen acc. # 2010/3). Photos by S. Knapp. Previously published in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CCB79D97632A280C272C63F06F17924B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9F2DE82E4E703D0A6622944630E211E0" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 149) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5D9A4C0C5E77C66312A9488C4722E59A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 114).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BFAE4F10AFDAE65ACBC51B659296BB46" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="7DF86C59FA31BD18EFA56BAB47B999D1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8D3292D655D9DCCB4FC488986543E8F4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="669B2B9DAA698F5DC4C24A330F269F8C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="9459F6422648E38188C2C52BF1F2DFDB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum scabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is native to tropical Africa and has been introduced worldwide as a cultivated plant as a result of trafficking in enslaved peoples. In South America, apart from the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FB7C387FFB14A05039FBF8108067E978" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. fistulosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fistulosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FA5FD72D56FB45DA46E095E9B2DD9E70" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. fistulosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we have only seen two collections, both from Brazil (States of Bahia, Rio de Janeiro), one of these (
|
||
<emphasis id="FA9B25FDCA04C9D6F1C0E1AF83882E72" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Amorim 21</emphasis>
|
||
) cultivated in the Jardim
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CCC347158FAF7FA696BED5B20AE15DC5" originalValue="Botânico">Botanico</normalizedToken>
|
||
do Rio de Janeiro and the other (
|
||
<emphasis id="2BB9C5B14A2C54383668BF26057FBBD0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Martius 1255</emphasis>
|
||
) of uncertain origin. A map of the native distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0AE8D717C8C92B36DD6FAF3FAD66B441" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="05F9BB956630485B528559067D2CE0D1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. scabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be seen in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D98E2D178E19E84ABDC11C253DC9721F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A2A15B57468344A4125EC4938F29A266" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 151, Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="458EA03E0AEE285181AA792CC69A5E8E" captionStart="Figure 48" captionStartId="F48" captionText="Figure 48. Solanum echegarayi A habit B underground woody rhizomes C flowers at anthesis D immature and mature fruits (A, C, D Barboza et al. 4783 B Knapp et al. 10540). Photos by G. E. Barboza and S. Knapp." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure48" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897509" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">48</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="93363849D64349A3F533AA62403488D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="210BC19FC525793FF2AF11E65580D918" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A1CF62EDEA4EC09615FDFA31046ECDED" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="74FE551159380241106C8BA2FC642619" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="EC90B55CF42610E7ADD4C70FA6993137" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum scabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known from cultivation in South America, although plants could persist in subtropical areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4672F98E594E24F14D4BD96994B05A34" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E03C27FC9587CDB37233EF2E14389A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2948A87E098D786F5EBF47303A9B111C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
In its native range
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7BA2CB6057D5FBDA69D8E86727EBAE29" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="99B9805F6D10E5EDF5979F901BCA20BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. scabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a prized plant for its juicy berries and its nutritious leaves that are used as a potherb (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D3F31FB0BB392ED4B1CAC07A7E3EAEF9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CE69A48618F5F920687DCAC9FB3B1A01" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for a summary of the uses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59BFFF61387F67AE9F496AB8F9D5EFAF" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="CED3DF1AF6AC44264FB0114CCC9A8027" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. scabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0A54AA12842EFC123668E4ECD6E28271" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="C41FE968200882E3B107E4E642F2513F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F22E606B52C1F83073BB2F8C8DFB8AD5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B282CB725541044F3306C6453B566E02" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A26CDF043108A338EEF41716A23E3039" author="Ibarrola, DA" journalOrPublisher="Nueva Serie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" refId="B116" refString="2022. . https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" url="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" year="2022">IUCN 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
We have not assessed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D19A409C7D02DAF21BA7EB517EB085DE" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="4745115A8513A4D23056CAFAC024CE2D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. scabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for South America since it is only cultivated here; for conservation status in its native range in Africa see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8A6B9B1651EFFB16AD933C2FCF330A79" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7525415C208BAC0C0D12D8307657211C" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="25CBB63F9F7AE6B86BC300747CFC8EF8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="F2955A944772DEE06FD3C95ED9265822" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CC72E595639B3D2C4F0218EC272EA15C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6D0D07FBF5BA3CB4355F2D63750D6C73" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECD484BCD1D451BE1F31352916C0FCF4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum scabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a species known only from cultivation in the Americas. It is the mostly commonly cultivated morelloid species in Africa, and there is used for both its leaves (eaten as a potherb) and its fruits. Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="51402AD5D435CE0C0376757B872DEE9B" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="D8672E42960D622983F6BEA3540F0A3C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. scabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occasionally have been collected from areas where enslaved people were brought from western Africa (e.g., Bahia,
|
||
<emphasis id="694A120238243AEB2A335D24D5D2C8C4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Martius 1255</emphasis>
|
||
), so it is possible it could occur elsewhere in the region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E8AD3B09C5B31DFA4F2214F751CF71F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C98178003B4B6C0F10CF2F13A03ADB49" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4FE1137ED13E50C162899C15B88050F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum scabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from the somewhat similar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59732BE06FF6FBE5F1A3D645613287B0" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="A3F629B759D861BC82443149DF029EC3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the larger anthers (2.5-3 mm long versus 0.8-1.5 mm long) that usually dry a dirty brownish tan. In both these species the berries drop off without the pedicels at maturity and lack stone cells except in some populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CA8BA072B8A9A95351213DE834E94E1D" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6CB56BDA2465ACA5D6DF1C59A47DE8F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where up to four stone cells have been observed (other populations lacking stone cells completely). Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8D75E708B999B1969A4B55C7391A089A" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="2B8AF2F7C37D6F04DA760E0BD8AD33C6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. scabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="42FF2A38A486D6FA504AA8AC77BAA6F7" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="6891186D8377A3459E2197BC8466E4F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have purple-black, shiny berries.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A7AB569122B1C3D941D8447908CAE567" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Material seen from South America represents only a fraction of the diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2880F8ED4223F1C99D5FA255D6D28A7" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="7071542EB5AACC7B6E67D5D308787288" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. scabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
across its native range in Africa (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="68EB46006D9F1A664D06AB5EBF505AEA" author="Olet, EA" journalOrPublisher="Weed Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B174" refString="Olet, EA, 2004. Taxonomy of Solanum L. section Solanum in Uganda. PhD thesis, Agricultural University of Norway, As." title="Taxonomy of Solanum L. section Solanum in Uganda. PhD thesis, Agricultural University of Norway, As." year="2004">Olet 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2B686C56234974EEE87E371601645514" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[508:ANSOSS]2.0.CO;2" author="Olet, EA" journalOrPublisher="Weed Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B175" refString="Olet, EA, Heun, M, Lye, KA, 2006. A new subspecies of Solanum scabrum Miller found in Uganda. Novon 16(4): 508-511. https://doi.org/10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[508:ANSOSS]2.0.CO;2" title="A new subspecies of Solanum scabrum Miller found in Uganda. Novon 16 (4): 508 - 511." url="https://doi.org/10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[508:ANSOSS]2.0.CO;2" year="2006">Olet et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E3E7418CCFF1F4FF1C6C56A0ED11DBD" author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="Trends in Ecology & Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/30032/1/30032.pdf" refId="B152" refString="Manoko, MLK, 2007. A systematic study of African Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD Thesis, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/30032/1/30032.pdf" title="A systematic study of African Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD Thesis, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands." url="http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/30032/1/30032.pdf" year="2007">Manoko 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and are specimens of cultivars with simple inflorescences, possibly originally brought for use as vegetables or fruits.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA088121DA7B179829CDB7B0175AE100" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Typification details for the synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6DAF3B112B10CEFB2FED3B346370A2D7" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBBA1FFC084CFBFC8BA261C4E80CCBC2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. scabrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a complete discussion of its morphological variability and many uses in its native range can be found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F7B71AFCB0CCB6137FC178448ED98B84" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="723F3F5F243A93284E24BEB5580E6C61" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |