347 lines
46 KiB
XML
347 lines
46 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C027FE955BAE06B7827591B66A7D396B">Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2FE5264AB780D96C8AEE97377DBF1158">Nicholls, James A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1713C65C3AF3587909771EB955187A7A" type="email">james.nicholls@csiro.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="BBBAC597CE89FD9422D7665EA01A514B">Melika, George</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="937F0885E129F8DE5F3D93D3C38539E8" type="email">melikageorge@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="F562C48232A4B0CD2D055CBFB082D07C">Digweed, Scott C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C5C9493C88F898A916A97CB87446C243">Stone, Graham N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A234D9FE376B129294C07B064615B3EC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="DFB25B207724384C9B0419FCC1967F57">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03E987BFFFF3CE404E9D55F1A9E3AFEB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601729" ID-GBIF-Taxon="198576521" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6601729" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E987BFFFF3CE404E9D55F1A9E3AFEB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E987BFFFF3CE404E9D55F1A9E3AFEB" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<subSubSection id="C35A6522FFF3CE464E9D55F1AF91AAD2" box="[151,1015,1446,1473]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF3CE464E9D55F1AF91AAD2" blockId="66.[151,1015,1446,1508]" box="[151,1015,1446,1473]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<heading id="D0B781C5FFF3CE464E9D55F1AF91AAD2" bold="true" box="[151,1015,1446,1473]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF3CE464E9D55F1AF91AAD2" bold="true" box="[151,1015,1446,1473]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF3CE464E9D55F1AE1BAAD2" authority="(Ashmead, 1887)" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[151,637,1446,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Sphaeroteras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolina">
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF3CE464E9D55F1ADC5AAD3" bold="true" box="[151,419,1446,1473]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Sphaeroteras carolina</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF3CE464FB955F1AE12AAD2" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[435,628,1446,1472]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="125 - 158" refId="ref37156" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1887) On the cynipidous galls of Florida, with descriptions of new species and synopses of the described species of North America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 125 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076487" type="journal article" year="1887">Ashmead, 1887</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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, comb. rev., sexual generation
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35A6522FFF3CE464E9D559DAE3AA954" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF3CE464E9D559DAD0CAAF6" blockId="66.[151,1015,1446,1508]" box="[151,362,1482,1508]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<figureCitation id="137B2A2CFFF3CE464E9D559DAD0CAAF6" box="[151,362,1482,1508]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 226–233" captionStart-1="FIGURES 234–237" captionStartId-0="68.[151,264,1756,1780]" captionStartId-1="69.[151,264,1323,1347]" captionTargetBox-0="[153,1430,278,1718]" captionTargetBox-1="[158,1428,188,1300]" captionTargetId-0="figure-76@68.[151,1436,273,1733]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@69.[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetPageId-0="68" captionTargetPageId-1="69" captionText-0="FIGURES 226–233. Sphaeroteras carolina (Ashmead), sexual generation, female. 226–229, head: 226, frontal view, 227, dorsal view, 228, posterior view, 229, lateral view. 230, antenna. 231, forewing (not scaled to bar). 232–233, mesosoma: 232, dorsal view, 233, lateral view." captionText-1="FIGURES 234–237. Sphaeroteras carolina (Ashmead). 234–235, sexual generation, female: 234, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view, 235, metasoma, lateral view. 236, asexual gall. 237, sexual gall." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601928" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601930" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6601928/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6601930/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF3CE464E9D559DAD0CAAF6" bold="true" box="[151,362,1482,1508]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Figs 226–235, 237</emphasis>
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</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF3CE464E9D5658AE3AA954" blockId="66.[151,1436,1551,1606]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF3CE464E9D5658AD69A935" bold="true" box="[151,271,1551,1575]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Synonyms:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF3CE464F1C5658AEB3A935" authority="Ashmead (1887: 145)" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityPageNumber="145" authorityYear="1887" box="[278,725,1551,1575]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Dryophanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolina">
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF3CE464F1C5658AD8BA935" box="[278,493,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Dryophanta carolina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF3CE464FF95658AEB3A935" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[499,725,1551,1575]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="125 - 158" refId="ref37156" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1887) On the cynipidous galls of Florida, with descriptions of new species and synopses of the described species of North America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 14, 125 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076487" type="journal article" year="1887">Ashmead (1887: 145)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, asexual females, galls.
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF3CE464DC45658A925A935" authority="(Burks 1979)" baseAuthorityName="Burks" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[974,1347,1551,1575]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Sphaeroteras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolina">
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF3CE464DC45658A8D7A935" box="[974,1201,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Sphaeroteras carolina</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF3CE464AB55658A95DA935" author="Burks, B. D." box="[1215,1339,1551,1575]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref38142" refString="Burks, B. D. (1979) Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D. Jr., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 1045 - 1107." type="book" year="1979">Burks 1979</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF3CE464B475658AE31A954" authority="(Melika & Abrahamson 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Melika & Abrahamson" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Atrusca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolina">
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF3CE464B475658AD7AA954" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Atrusca carolina</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF3CE464F235679AE36A954" author="Melika, G. & Abrahamson, W. G." box="[297,592,1582,1606]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="150 - 190" refId="ref41548" refString="Melika, G. & Abrahamson, W. G. (2002) Review of the world genera of oak cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). In: Melika, G. & Thuroczy, C. (Eds.), Parasitic Wasps: Evolution, Systematics, Biodiversity and Biological Control. Agroinform. Budapest, pp. 150 - 190." type="book chapter" year="2002">Melika & Abrahamson 2002</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35A6522FFF3CE464E9D5623AD69A9C5" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF3CE464E9D5623AD69A9C5" blockId="66.[151,1437,1652,2039]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF3CE464E9D5623ADE2A99C" bold="true" box="[151,388,1652,1678]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Material examined:</emphasis>
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B283CF4FFF3CE464F865623A8DCA9A0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3878855319" collectingDate="2008-04-16" collectionCode="USNM" country="United States of America" county="Manatee Co." location="Lake Manatee" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" specimenCode="FL1097" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Florida">
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<specimenCount id="9D46FD20FFF3CE464F865623AD9EA99C" box="[396,504,1652,1678]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
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as “
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<collectingCountry id="F3577639FFF3CE464C205623AE01A99C" box="[554,615,1652,1678]" name="United States of America" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">USA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="4984F84BFFF3CE464C795623AEA1A99C" box="[627,711,1652,1678]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Florida</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="629E4E25FFF3CE464CD95622AF03A99C" box="[723,869,1652,1679]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Manatee Co.</collectingCounty>
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||
,
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<location id="8E9F6072FFF3CE464D7B5623A877A99D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E987BFFFF3CE404E9D55F1A9E3AFEB:8E9F6072FFF3CE464D7B5623A877A99D" box="[881,1041,1652,1679]" country="United States of America" county="Manatee Co." name="Lake Manatee" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" stateProvince="Florida">Lake Manatee</location>
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SRA, leg. J. Nicholls,
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<date id="FFFE1069FFF3CE464B1D5623A9FFA99C" box="[1303,1433,1652,1678]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" value="2008-04-16">
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||
<collectingDate id="EFBAE981FFF3CE464B1D5623A9FFA99C" box="[1303,1433,1652,1678]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" value="2008-04-16">2008.04.16</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
.
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||
<specimenCode id="DBE69ED2FFF3CE464E9D56CFAC94A9A0" box="[151,242,1688,1714]" collectionCode="FL" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">FL1097</specimenCode>
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||
, spFLb4; ex
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF3CE464F9F56CFAE10A9A0" box="[405,630,1688,1714]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chapmanii">
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||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF3CE464F9F56CFAE10A9A0" box="[405,630,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Quercus chapmanii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
”. One female has been deposited at the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED51AE6CFFF3CE464A6C56CFA8DCA9A0" box="[1126,1210,1688,1714]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
,
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<materialsCitation id="3B283CF4FFF3CE464AC156CEAD6DA9C5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3878855304" collectionCode="PHDNRL" country="United States of America" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Florida">
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<specimenCount id="9D46FD20FFF3CE464AC156CEA92AA9A0" box="[1227,1356,1688,1715]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
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||
at the
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<collectionCode id="ED51AE6CFFF3CE464E9D56EAAD6DA9C5" box="[151,267,1725,1751]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">PHDNRL</collectionCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C35A6522FFF3CE464ECD56B7A8D3A850" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF3CE464ECD56B7A8D3A850" blockId="66.[151,1437,1652,2039]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
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<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF3CE464ECD56B7AD24A9E8" bold="true" box="[199,322,1760,1786]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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No other sexual generation
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF3CE464C7856B7AF3AA9E8" box="[626,860,1760,1786]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF3CE464C7856B7AF60A9E8" box="[626,774,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Sphaeroteras</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4984F84BFFF3CE464A1E56B7A803A9E8" box="[1044,1125,1760,1786]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF3CE464A8056B7A946A9E8" box="[1162,1312,1760,1786]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chapmanii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF3CE464A8056B7A946A9E8" box="[1162,1312,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Q. chapmanii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially in spring. The sexual gall resembles those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF3CE464C9B5753AE8EA80C" box="[657,744,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Atrusca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF3CE464C9B5753AE8EA80C" box="[657,744,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">A. kingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF3CE464D155753AFC4A80C" authorityName="Melika & Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2011" box="[799,930,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Atrusca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dumosae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF3CE464D155753AFC4A80C" box="[799,930,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">A. dumosae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, those two species are known only from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4984F84BFFF3CE464EDF577FAD2FA850" box="[213,329,1832,1858]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and gall other species of oaks which are distributed only on the Pacific slope.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35A6522FFF3CE474ECD571BA8F8A93F" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF3CE464ECD571BAFBDA898" blockId="66.[151,1437,1652,2039]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF3CE464ECD571BAD3FA874" bold="true" box="[199,345,1868,1894]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Sexual female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2CFFF3CE464C12571BAEDCA875" box="[536,698,1868,1895]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 226–233" captionStart-1="FIGURES 234–237" captionStartId-0="68.[151,264,1756,1780]" captionStartId-1="69.[151,264,1323,1347]" captionTargetBox-0="[153,1430,278,1718]" captionTargetBox-1="[158,1428,188,1300]" captionTargetId-0="figure-76@68.[151,1436,273,1733]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@69.[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetPageId-0="68" captionTargetPageId-1="69" captionText-0="FIGURES 226–233. Sphaeroteras carolina (Ashmead), sexual generation, female. 226–229, head: 226, frontal view, 227, dorsal view, 228, posterior view, 229, lateral view. 230, antenna. 231, forewing (not scaled to bar). 232–233, mesosoma: 232, dorsal view, 233, lateral view." captionText-1="FIGURES 234–237. Sphaeroteras carolina (Ashmead). 234–235, sexual generation, female: 234, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view, 235, metasoma, lateral view. 236, asexual gall. 237, sexual gall." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601928" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601930" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6601928/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6601930/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Figs 226–235</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head, mesosoma light brown, metasoma darker; antenna dark brown; mouthparts yellow, legs yellow, except dark brown tibiae and tarsi.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF3CE474ECD57C3A96FAD97" blockId="66.[151,1437,1652,2039]" lastBlockId="67.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Head smooth, shiny, polished, without surface sculpture, with sparse white setae on frons and lower face; strongly transverse, 1.4× as broad as high and broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.4× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena smooth, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space smooth, without striae, eye 3.5× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.7× as long as OOL; OOL 1.5× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.4× as long as LOL; all ocelli slightly ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance slightly longer than height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.4× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.1× as long as diameter of torulus. Lower face smooth, polished, with white setae, without striae; median area smooth, not elevated. Clypeus nearly quadrangular, smooth, polished, with a few setae, ventrally not emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit small, rounded, inconspicuous; epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line narrow, slightly impressed. Frons smooth, with a few white setae; area under central ocellus smooth, glabrous; interocellar area smooth, with some setae. Vertex smooth; occiput smooth, without parallel striae; postocciput smooth, glabrous; postgena smooth, without setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen about as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which diverge strongly toward occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader than high. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel slightly longer than broad, F1 2.8× as long as pedicel and 1.1x as long as F2, F2 slightly longer than F3, subsequent flagellomeres gradually shorter until F11, F12 slightly longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F4–F11.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF2CE474ECD52D8AF29ABB3" blockId="67.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Mesosoma slightly longer than high, with sparse short white setae.Pronotum smooth,with white setae; propleuron smooth, glabrous. Mesoscutum smooth, with sparse white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum level with base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, reaches pronotum, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and strongly converging; anterior parallel line invisible; median mesoscutal line and parapsidal line absent; circumscutellar carina broad, smooth along tegula. Mesoscutellum broader than long, posteriorly rounded, uniformly rugose, overhanging metanotum, with strong, uniformly distributed white setae. Mesoscutellar foveae separated by narrow elevated smooth central carina, transverse, 1.8× as broad as high, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum smooth, with white setae; mesopleural triangle delicately coriaceous, without striae, with dense white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, with white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, at posterior end as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half of its height, delimiting broad area along mesopleuron. Metascutellum coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with dense setae; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, without striae; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards at mid-height of propodeum; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with dense white setae. Nucha short, with delicate sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF2CE474ECD54FCAF06AA1F" blockId="67.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with short cilia, veins dark brown, with dark stripes along all veins, radial cell open, 1.8× as long as broad; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet small, triangular, distinct, Rs+M projection reaching basalis slightly below its mid height.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF2CE474ECD5540AE16AAD3" blockId="67.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, nearly as long as high in lateral view; 2nd metasomal tergum extending to more than half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with white setae scattered all over the tergum; all terga smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium short, slightly longer than broad in ventral view, with long setae ventrally which extend beyond apex of spine. Body length
|
||
<quantity id="4CB89B4CFFF2CE474F8555F0AE70AAD3" box="[399,534,1447,1473]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8499999999999996" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="3.8499999999999996" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="3.8">3.8–3.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF2CE474ECD559CADE5AAF7" blockId="67.[151,1437,150,2013]" box="[199,387,1483,1509]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Males unknown.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF2CE474ECD55B9A8F8A93F" blockId="67.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474ECD55B9AC9CA91A" bold="true" box="[199,250,1518,1544]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Gall</emphasis>
|
||
. Sexual galls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2CFFF2CE474FAF55B8AE60A91B" box="[421,518,1519,1545]" captionStart="FIGURES 234–237" captionStartId="69.[151,264,1323,1347]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,188,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-18@69.[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURES 234–237. Sphaeroteras carolina (Ashmead). 234–235, sexual generation, female: 234, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view, 235, metasoma, lateral view. 236, asexual gall. 237, sexual gall." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601930" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6601930/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 237</figureCitation>
|
||
) on small twigs. Initially red/yellow, becoming darker as they mature, with pale pubescence, pear-shaped, tip bent to one side,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB89B4CFFF2CE474C945644AE9DA93F" box="[670,763,1555,1581]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6–7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB89B4CFFF2CE474D4B5644AFE4A93F" box="[833,898,1555,1581]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter at widest point.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35A6522FFF2CE474ECD5661A94FA967" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF2CE474ECD5661A94FA967" blockId="67.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474ECD5661AD41A942" bold="true" box="[199,295,1590,1616]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Asexual detachable rounded galls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137B2A2CFFF2CE474CA55660AF68A940" box="[687,782,1591,1618]" captionStart="FIGURES 234–237" captionStartId="69.[151,264,1323,1347]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,188,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-18@69.[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURES 234–237. Sphaeroteras carolina (Ashmead). 234–235, sexual generation, female: 234, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view, 235, metasoma, lateral view. 236, asexual gall. 237, sexual gall." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601930" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6601930/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 236</figureCitation>
|
||
) on leaves on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF2CE474DA15660AF98A943" baseAuthorityName="Weld" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[939,1022,1591,1617]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474DA15660AF98A943" box="[939,1022,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Q. alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF2CE474A015660A8C4A943" box="[1035,1186,1591,1617]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chapmanii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474A015660A8C4A943" box="[1035,1186,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Q. chapmanii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF2CE474ADD5660ACBAA967" authority="(Burks 1979)" baseAuthorityName="Burks" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474ADD5660A92CA943" box="[1239,1354,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Q. stellata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF2CE474B525660ACB5A967" author="Burks, B. D." pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refId="ref38142" refString="Burks, B. D. (1979) Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D. Jr., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 1045 - 1107." type="book" year="1979">Burks 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Sexual galls mature in April; adults emerge soon afterwards; to date found only on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF2CE474A80560CA944A967" box="[1162,1314,1627,1653]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chapmanii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474A80560CA944A967" box="[1162,1314,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Q. chapmanii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35A6522FFF2CE474ECD5629AD4FA83B" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF2CE474ECD5629A8EBA98B" blockId="67.[151,1437,150,2013]" box="[199,1165,1662,1689]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474ECD5629AD07A98A" bold="true" box="[199,353,1662,1688]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3577639FFF2CE474F6D5628ADC5A98B" box="[359,419,1663,1689]" name="United States of America" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4984F84BFFF2CE474FA45628AE3CA98B" box="[430,602,1663,1689]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4984F84BFFF2CE474C6F5628AEDFA98B" box="[613,697,1663,1689]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4984F84BFFF2CE474CCE5628AF4CA98B" box="[708,810,1663,1689]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Missouri</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4984F84BFFF2CE474D3E5628AFF9A98B" box="[820,927,1663,1689]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4984F84BFFF2CE474DA05628AF8DA98B" box="[938,1003,1663,1689]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF2CE474DF35628A8E7A98B" author="Burks, B. D." box="[1017,1153,1663,1689]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refId="ref38142" refString="Burks, B. D. (1979) Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D. Jr., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 1045 - 1107." type="book" year="1979">Burks 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF2CE474ECD56F4AD4FA83B" blockId="67.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474ECD56F4ADAEA9AF" bold="true" box="[199,456,1699,1725]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Molecular taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
Alternating generations were matched using DNA data, with four individuals (three asexual females, one sexual female) sequenced for both cytb and ITS2. Cytb sequences were on average 1.12% divergent (range 0–2.08%; GenBank accessions
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9413AB4AFFF2CE474CB056BCAF5AA814" box="[698,828,1771,1798]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/OM321661" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">OM321661</accessionNumber>
|
||
–
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9413AB4AFFF2CE474D4156BCAFB6A814" box="[843,976,1771,1798]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/OM321664" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">OM321664</accessionNumber>
|
||
); ITS2 sequences identical (
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9413AB4AFFF2CE474B0156BDA9EBA817" box="[1291,1421,1770,1797]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/OM331851" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">OM331851</accessionNumber>
|
||
–
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9413AB4AFFF2CE474E9D5759AD78A83B" box="[151,286,1806,1833]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/OM331854" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">OM331854</accessionNumber>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35A6522FFF2CE404ECD5765A9E3AFEB" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36A9FFF2CE404ECD5765A9E3AFEB" blockId="67.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="68.[151,1437,151,249]" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474ECD5765AD29A85E" bold="true" box="[199,335,1842,1868]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF2CE474FDD5764AE0DA85F" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1897" box="[471,619,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Sphaeroteras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474FDD5764AE0DA85F" box="[471,619,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Sphaeroteras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF2CE474D4A5764A866A85F" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[832,1024,1843,1869]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="67 - 69" refId="ref37289" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1897) Description of some new genera in the family Cynipidae. Psyche, 8, 67 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1897 / 60546" type="journal article" year="1897">Ashmead (1897)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF2CE474A5D5764A88CA85F" author="Mayr, G." box="[1111,1258,1843,1869]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="287 - 290" refId="ref40850" refString="Mayr, G. (1902) Ueber Nordamerikanische Cynipiden. Verhandlungen der k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 52, 287 - 290." type="journal article" year="1902">Mayr (1902)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF2CE474AFD5764AC82A863" author="Beutenmueller, W." pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="243 - 256" refId="ref37710" refString="Beutenmueller, W. (1909) The species of Biorhiza, Philonix and allied genera and their galls. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 26, 243 - 256." type="journal article" year="1909">Beutenmueller (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF2CE474EE55700AE55A863" author="Dalla Torre, K. W. von & Kieffer, J. J." box="[239,563,1879,1905]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refId="ref38873" refString="Dalla Torre, K. W. von & Kieffer, J. J. (1910) Cynipidae. Das Tierreich. Vol. 24. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, 891 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1077" type="book" year="1910">Dalla Torre & Kieffer (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF2CE474C865700AF46A863" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1897" box="[652,800,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Sphaeroteras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474C865700AF46A863" box="[652,800,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Sphaeroteras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF2CE474DE95700A961A863" authority="Westwood, 1840" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1840" box="[995,1287,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Biorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474DE95700A825A863" box="[995,1091,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Biorhiza</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF2CE474A435700A961A863" author="Westwood, J. D." box="[1097,1287,1879,1905]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refId="ref45287" refString="Westwood, J. D. (1840) An introduction to the modern classification of insects: founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families. Vol. 2. Longman, Orme, etc., London, 158 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12455" type="book" year="1840">Westwood, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF2CE474B1B5700A9FAA863" author="Weld, L. H." box="[1297,1436,1878,1905]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="594 - 654" refId="ref45012" refString="Weld, L. H. (1951) Superfamily Cynipoidea. In: Muesebeck, C. F. W., Krombein, K. V. & Townes, H. K. (Eds.) Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico. Agricultural Monograph No. 2. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., pp. 594 - 654." type="book chapter" year="1951">Weld (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
re-established the validity of this genus and transferred in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF2CE474D38572CAFCBA887" baseAuthorityName="Melika & Abrahamson" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[818,941,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Atrusca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474D38572CAFCBA887" box="[818,941,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">S. carolina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF2CE474DFF572CA944A887" authority="Geoffroy, 1762" authorityName="Geoffroy" authorityYear="1762" box="[1013,1314,1915,1941]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Diplolepis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474DFF572CA80CA887" box="[1013,1130,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Diplolepis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF2CE474A79572CA944A887" author="Geoffroy, E. L." box="[1139,1314,1915,1941]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refId="ref39568" refString="Geoffroy, E. L. (1762) Histoire abregee des Insectes, qui se trouvent aux Environs de Paris; Dans laquelle ces Animaux sont ranges suivant un Ordre methodique. Vol. 2. Durand, Paris, 684 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 154767" type="book" year="1762">Geoffroy, 1762</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF2CE474B24572CAD1CA8AB" author="Melika, G. & Abrahamson, W. G." pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="150 - 190" refId="ref41548" refString="Melika, G. & Abrahamson, W. G. (2002) Review of the world genera of oak cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). In: Melika, G. & Thuroczy, C. (Eds.), Parasitic Wasps: Evolution, Systematics, Biodiversity and Biological Control. Agroinform. Budapest, pp. 150 - 190." type="book chapter" year="2002">Melika & Abrahamson (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
again synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF2CE474C6D57C8AE9DA8AB" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1897" box="[615,763,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Sphaeroteras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474C6D57C8AE9DA8AB" box="[615,763,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Sphaeroteras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF2CE474D3557C8AFF9A8AB" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1840" box="[831,927,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Biorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474D3557C8AFF9A8AB" box="[831,927,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Biorhiza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This species was erroneously transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF2CE474E9D5794ADE9A8CF" authority="Kinsey, 1930" authorityName="Kinsey" authorityYear="1930" box="[151,399,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Atrusca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474E9D5794AC88A8CF" box="[151,238,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Atrusca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF2CE474EFD5794ADE9A8CF" author="Kinsey, A. C." box="[247,399,1987,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 577" refId="ref40339" refString="Kinsey, A. C. (1930) The gall wasp genus Cynips. A study in the origin of species. Indiana University Studies, 16 (84 - 86), 1 - 577." type="journal article" year="1930">Kinsey, 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF2CE474FCB5794AF7AA8CF" author="Melika, G. & Abrahamson, W. G." box="[449,796,1987,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="150 - 190" refId="ref41548" refString="Melika, G. & Abrahamson, W. G. (2002) Review of the world genera of oak cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). In: Melika, G. & Thuroczy, C. (Eds.), Parasitic Wasps: Evolution, Systematics, Biodiversity and Biological Control. Agroinform. Budapest, pp. 150 - 190." type="book chapter" year="2002">Melika & Abrahamson (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B58FFF2CE474D225794A835A8CF" author="Pujade-Villar, J. & Ferrer-Suay, M. & Cuesta-Porta, V. & Lobato-Vila, I." box="[808,1107,1987,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="110 - 127" refId="ref43265" refString="Pujade-Villar, J., Ferrer-Suay, M., Cuesta-Porta, V. & Lobato-Vila, I. (2018) Existe Biorhiza Westwood, 1840 (Hym.: Cynipidae) en Mexico? Does Biorhiza Westwood, 1840 (Hym.: Cynipidae) exist in Mexico? Folia Entomologica Mexicana, Nueva Serie, 4 (3), 110 - 127." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Pujade-Villar
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474DCC5794A866A8CF" box="[966,1024,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
re-established
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF2CE474B0A5794A9F2A8CF" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1897" box="[1280,1428,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Sphaeroteras" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF2CE474B0A5794A9F2A8CF" box="[1280,1428,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Sphaeroteras</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however, they did not mention
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF5CE404FFB50C0AE0CAFA3" baseAuthorityName="Melika & Abrahamson" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[497,618,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Atrusca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carolina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF5CE404FFB50C0AE0CAFA3" box="[497,618,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">S. carolina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the list of taxa returned to that genus. Phylogenetic reconstruction puts this species in the same clade as some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF5CE404CB550ECAF6AAFC7" authorityName="Kinsey" authorityYear="1930" box="[703,780,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Antron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF5CE404CB550ECAF6AAFC7" box="[703,780,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Antron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Nicholls unpubl. data), but this clade does not contain all current
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF5CE404EE75088ADBCAFEB" box="[237,474,223,249]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF5CE404EE75088ADE7AFEB" box="[237,385,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Sphaeroteras</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nor all current
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D2AFFF5CE404C8C5088AF48AFEB" box="[646,814,223,249]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EABBFFF5CE404C8C5088AEB5AFEB" box="[646,723,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Antron</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so delimitation of both genera requires further work.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |