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<mods:title id="80EA962842EDB930CE0F0DB0EF2BEECB">A revision and key for the tribe Diaphorolepidini (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) and checklist for the genus Synophis</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BDA36DD7063FFC0FF2BA428FDFDFD33" blockId="14.[151,563,618,644]" box="[151,563,618,644]" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">
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<emphasis id="B911EACF7063FFC0FF2BA428FDFDFD33" bold="true" box="[151,563,618,644]" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">
4.
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7063FFC0FF08A428FDFDFD33" authority="Hillis, 1990" authorityName="Hillis" authorityYear="1990" box="[180,563,618,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamitus">
<emphasis id="B911EACF7063FFC0FF08A428FE51FD33" bold="true" box="[180,415,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">Synophis calamitus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C7063FFC0FE1BA428FDFDFD33" author="Hillis" box="[423,563,618,644]" pageId="14" pageNumber="307" refString="Hillis, D. M. (1990) A new species of xenodontine colubrid snake of the genus Synophis from Ecuador and the phylogeny of the genera Synophis and Emmochliophis. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 135, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1990">Hillis, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDA36DD7063FFC0FF2BA4F3FD13FCA5" blockId="14.[151,1437,689,1254]" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">
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<emphasis id="B911EACF7063FFC0FF2BA4F3FF24FD7D" bold="true" box="[151,234,689,714]" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">Range.</emphasis>
Pacific Andean slopes of central and northern
<collectingCountry id="F372764D7063FFC0FCAAA4F3FCBBFD7D" box="[790,885,689,714]" name="Ecuador" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
, primarily in
<collectingRegion id="49A1F83F7063FFC0FBABA4F3FB46FD7D" box="[1047,1160,689,714]" country="Ecuador" name="Pichincha" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">Pichincha</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49A1F83F7063FFC0FB2BA4F0FECCFD59" country="Ecuador" name="Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion id="49A1F83F7063FFC0FEFBA497FE60FD59" box="[327,430,725,750]" country="Ecuador" name="Cotopaxi" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">Cotopaxi</collectingRegion>
provinces, ~
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<elevation id="0048D1EE7063FFC0FDF6A494FD2CFD59" box="[586,738,726,750]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="307" unit="m" value="1650.0" valueMax="2300.0" valueMin="1000.0">10002300m</elevation>
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.
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also occur in
<collectingRegion id="49A1F83F7063FFC0FB97A497FB2AFD59" box="[1067,1252,725,750]" country="Ecuador" name="Carchi" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">Carchi province</collectingRegion>
(~
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), and possibly
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(~
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<elevation id="0048D1EE7063FFC0FDB0A4B8FD9FFCA5" box="[524,593,762,786]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="307" unit="m" value="800.0">800m</elevation>
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; see below).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36DD7063FFC0FF7BA55FFE57FC71" blockId="14.[151,1437,689,1254]" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">
<emphasis id="B911EACF7063FFC0FF7BA55FFE97FC81" bold="true" box="[199,345,797,822]" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">Description.</emphasis>
Adult size ~
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SVL and ~
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TL (assuming&gt;
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SVL is adult), smooth nuchal scales; no nuchal collar; intranasals usually in contact but occasionally divided by rostral; usually 2 postoculars but occasionally 0 or 1; 811 infralabials; 79 supralabials; 157166 ventrals; 96125 subcaudals including possibly truncated tails,
<quantity id="4C9D9B387063FFC0FD98A5C8FD68FC15" box="[548,678,905,930]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7051" metricValueMax="2.8701999999999996" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="14" pageNumber="307" unit="in" value="106.5" valueMax="113.0" valueMin="100.0">100113 in</quantity>
females,
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males; and (1923)-19-17 dorsal scale-rows with single, weak keel.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36DD7063FFC0FF7BA593FDADFB51" blockId="14.[151,1437,689,1254]" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">
<emphasis id="B911EACF7063FFC0FF7BA593FEDFFC5D" bold="true" box="[199,273,977,1002]" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">Notes.</emphasis>
Includes a much larger range of specimens identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7063FFC0FC25A593FB4DFC5D" box="[921,1155,977,1002]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B911EACF7063FFC0FC25A593FC30FC5D" box="[921,1022,977,1002]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">Synophis</emphasis>
aff.
<emphasis id="B911EACF7063FFC0FB8FA593FB4DFC5D" box="[1075,1155,977,1002]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the western Andes by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C7063FFC0FF07A5B4FE5AFBB9" box="[187,404,1013,1038]" pageId="14" pageNumber="307" refString="Pyron, R. A., Guayasamin, J. M., Penafiel, N., Bustamante, L. &amp; Arteaga, A. (2015) Systematics of Nothopsini (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with a new species of Synophis from the Pacific Andean slopes of southwestern Ecuador. Zookeys, 109 - 147. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 541.6058" type="book chapter">
Pyron
<emphasis id="B911EACF7063FFC0FEB9A5B4FEF1FBB9" box="[261,319,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">et al.</emphasis>
(2015)
</bibRefCitation>
. The specimen from
<collectingRegion id="49A1F83F7063FFC0FD3FA5B7FCF6FBB9" box="[643,824,1013,1038]" country="Ecuador" name="Carchi" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">Carchi province</collectingRegion>
in northern
<collectingCountry id="F372764D7063FFC0FC78A5B7FBEFFBB9" box="[964,1057,1013,1038]" name="Ecuador" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(QCAZ5847) is morphologically identical to other
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7063FFC0FEDEA258FE23FB85" box="[354,493,1049,1074]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamitus">
<emphasis id="B911EACF7063FFC0FEDEA258FE23FB85" box="[354,493,1049,1074]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">S. calamitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B2C7063FFC0FD35A25BFC0DFB85" author="Torres-Carvajal" box="[649,963,1049,1074]" pageId="14" pageNumber="307" refString="Torres-Carvajal, O., Echevarria, L. Y., Venegas, P. J., Chavez, G. &amp; Camper, J. D. (2015) Description and phylogeny of three new species of Synophis (Colubridae, Dipsadinae) from the tropical Andes in Ecuador and Peru. Zookeys, 153 - 179. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 546.6533" type="book chapter" year="2015">
Torres-Carvajal
<emphasis id="B911EACF7063FFC0FCF8A258FCB0FB85" box="[836,894,1049,1074]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
), but genetically distinct from the central Ecuadorean populations (
<figureCitation id="135E2A587063FFC0FE08A27FFDCFFBE1" box="[436,513,1085,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[249,1321,203,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[249,1333,195,1898]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Bayesian maximum clade credibility phylogeny for Diaphorolepidini, summarized from 15 million post-burnin generations in MrBayes 3.2. 5. Support values&gt; 50 % are shown. Clades of primarily North American (NA), Central American (CA), and South American (SA) species other than Diaphorolepidini are collapsed." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/158886/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="135E2A587063FFC0FDB2A27CFDD1FBE1" box="[526,543,1086,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1922,1944]" captionTargetBox="[216,1373,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[216,1374,193,1896]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Map of verified localities for the 9 known, extant species of Synophis. Circles are colored by species: S. niceforomariae (purple), S. lasallei (yellow), S. plectovertebralis (black), S. bicolor (green), S. calamitus (teal), S. bogerti (orange), S. zamora (pink), S. zaheri (red), and S. insulomontanus (blue)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/158889/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">4</figureCitation>
). There is thus intraspecific genetic diversity in
<emphasis id="B911EACF7063FFC0FB85A27CFB06FBE1" box="[1081,1224,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7063FFC0FB85A27CFB0AFBE1" box="[1081,1220,1085,1110]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamitus">S. calamitus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
possibly related to the Río Mira as a geographic barrier to gene flow. The southernmost specimen, from
<collectingRegion id="49A1F83F7063FFC0FB1FA223FA52FBCD" box="[1187,1436,1121,1146]" country="Ecuador" name="Chimborazo" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">Chimborazo province</collectingRegion>
(CAS23612;
<figureCitation id="135E2A587063FFC0FE91A2C7FEBCFB29" box="[301,370,1157,1182]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1922,1944]" captionTargetBox="[216,1373,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[216,1374,193,1896]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 4. Map of verified localities for the 9 known, extant species of Synophis. Circles are colored by species: S. niceforomariae (purple), S. lasallei (yellow), S. plectovertebralis (black), S. bicolor (green), S. calamitus (teal), S. bogerti (orange), S. zamora (pink), S. zaheri (red), and S. insulomontanus (blue)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/158889/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), resembles both
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7063FFC0FD80A2C4FD08FB29" box="[572,710,1157,1182]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamitus">
<emphasis id="B911EACF7063FFC0FD80A2C4FD08FB29" box="[572,710,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">S. calamitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B911EACF7063FFC0FD43A2C4FCA5FB29" box="[767,875,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7063FFC0FD43A2C4FCA9FB29" box="[767,871,1157,1182]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zaheri">S. zaheri</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
We refer it here to
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7063FFC0FBF0A2C4FB18FB29" box="[1100,1238,1157,1182]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calamitus">
<emphasis id="B911EACF7063FFC0FBF0A2C4FB18FB29" box="[1100,1238,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">S. calamitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for which it is a southern range extension, but it may represent a northern range extension for
<taxonomicName id="4C654D5E7063FFC0FC45A2E8FB95FB75" box="[1017,1115,1193,1218]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Synophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zaheri">
<emphasis id="B911EACF7063FFC0FC45A2E8FB95FB75" box="[1017,1115,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="307">S. zaheri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or a new species. Collecting effort in this locality should be a priority.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>