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<mods:title id="9496208EDA841050BD722DA04BD667DC">The East Pacific / South Pacific Boundary: New taxa and occurrences from Rapa Nui (Easter Island), New Caledonia and adjacent regions</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03CC87900325391BC5BA43D07DBFAB0A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4896923" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183202819" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4896923" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CC87900325391BC5BA43D07DBFAB0A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87900325391BC5BA43D07DBFAB0A" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="418" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
<subSubSection id="C37F650D03253905C5BA43D07D5AACA4" box="[151,621,1713,1740]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDA368603253905C5BA43D07D5AACA4" blockId="15.[151,621,1713,1775]" box="[151,621,1713,1740]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
<heading id="D09281EA03253905C5BA43D07D5AACA4" bold="true" box="[151,621,1713,1740]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D0503253905C5BA43D07D5AACA4" ID-CoL="67BBP" authority="(Fisher, 1906)" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[151,621,1713,1740]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Anthenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="epixanthus">
<emphasis id="B911EA9403253905C5BA43D07D5AACA4" bold="true" box="[151,621,1713,1740]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
<emphasis id="B911EA9403253905C5BA43D07E8BACA3" bold="true" box="[151,444,1713,1740]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Anthenoides epixanthus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B7703253905C4E643D07D52ACA4" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[459,613,1713,1739]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" pagination="987 - 1130" refId="ref28207" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1906) The starfishes of the Hawaiian islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23, 987 - 1130." type="journal article" year="1906">Fisher, 1906</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F650D03253905C5BA43B47BC2AD5D" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDA368603253905C5BA43B47E28AC80" blockId="15.[151,621,1713,1775]" box="[151,287,1749,1775]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
<figureCitation id="135E2A0303253905C5BA43B47E28AC80" box="[151,287,1749,1775]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,244,1842]" captionTargetId="figure-57@16.[151,1436,237,1849]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. Anthenoides epixanthus and Goniasteridae “C” (Rapa Nui): A. Abactinal surface. Scale bar equals 0.5 cm. B. Abactinal surface interradial paired plates. Scale bar equals 0. 25 cm. C. Actinal surface. Scale bar equals 0.5 cm. D. Actinal surface close-up, oral region. Scale bar equals 0.2 cm. E. Rapa Nui Goniasteridae “C” (similar to Ceramaster australis) feeding on fallen antipatharian. Image Courtesy A. Mecho." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4896907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4896907/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Figures 6E</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA368603253905C5BA427B7BC2AD5D" blockId="15.[151,1269,1818,1842]" box="[151,1269,1818,1842]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B7703253905C5BA427B7E64AD5D" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[151,339,1818,1842]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" pagination="987 - 1130" refId="ref28207" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1906) The starfishes of the Hawaiian islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23, 987 - 1130." type="journal article" year="1906">Fisher 1906: 1067</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B7703253905C470427B7D28AD5D" author="Hayashi, R." box="[349,543,1818,1842]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" pagination="143 - 159" refId="ref28669" refString="Hayashi, R. (1952) Sea-stars of Seto and adjacent waters. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 2 (2), 143 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.5134 / 174682" type="journal article" year="1952">Hayashi 1952: 152</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B7703253905C707427B7C24AD5D" author="Liao, Y. &amp; Clark, A. M." box="[554,787,1818,1842]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" pagination="37 - 42" refId="ref29434" refString="Liao, Y. &amp; Clark, A. M. (1989) Two new species of the genus Anthenoides (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from southern China. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 7 (1), 37 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02842656" type="journal article" year="1989">Liao &amp; Clark 1989: 39</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B7703253905C633427B7C4DAD5D" author="Liao, Y. &amp; Clark, A. M." box="[798,890,1818,1842]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" refId="ref29491" refString="Liao, Y. &amp; Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp., 23 pls." type="book" year="1995">1995: 90</bibRefCitation>
; H.E.S.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B7703253905C6E3427B7BC6AD5D" author="Clark, H. E. S. &amp; McKnight, D. G." box="[974,1265,1818,1842]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" pagination="1 - 270" refId="ref27367" refString="Clark, H. E. S. &amp; McKnight, D. G. (2001) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Echinodermata: Asteroidea (Sea-stars), Order Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 117, 1 - 270." type="journal article" year="2001">Clark &amp; McKnight 2001: 18</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F650D0325391BC5BA42017A5DAB72" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="418" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDA36860325391AC5BA42017D9CAABA" blockId="15.[151,1436,1888,2023]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="417" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">
<emphasis id="B911EA9403253905C5BA42017E28AD15" bold="true" box="[151,287,1888,1914]" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Comments.</emphasis>
This specimen was recognized based on the interradial paired plates, as well as marginal actinal and adambulacral plate morphology. The thin layer of tissue on this specimen was absent as were any granulation or spination. However, the pedicellariae which is relevant to identifying
<taxonomicName id="4C654D0503253905C68542C97B85ADAD" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[936,1202,1960,1986]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Anthenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="15" pageNumber="416" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="epixanthus">
<emphasis id="B911EA9403253905C68542C97B85ADAD" box="[936,1202,1960,1986]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="416">Anthenoides epixanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was absent from the surface and no pedicellariae traces or pitting on the individual was observed. Arm shape and body thickness of this specimen was also diagnostic of
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05033A391AC72A45F67DA8AADE" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[519,671,151,177]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Anthenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="epixanthus">
<emphasis id="B911EA94033A391AC72A45F67DA8AADE" box="[519,671,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">A. epixanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although collected in
<collectingCountry id="F3727616033A391AC68845F67B09AADE" box="[933,1086,151,177]" name="New Zealand" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, this represents one of the easternmost observations of this genus and species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1A660E033A391AC5BA42317DADADBB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4896907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4896907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4896907/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" startId="16.[151,250,1872,1896]" targetBox="[158,1428,244,1842]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BDA3686033A391AC5BA42317DADADBB" blockId="16.[151,1437,1872,2005]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">
<emphasis id="B911EA94033A391AC5BA42317C2BAD07" bold="true" box="[151,796,1872,1896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">
FIGURE 6.
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05033A391AC43642317D2EAD07" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[283,537,1872,1896]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Anthenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="epixanthus">
<emphasis id="B911EA94033A391AC43642317D2EAD07" bold="true" box="[283,537,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">Anthenoides epixanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05033A391AC77C42317DDEAD07" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[593,745,1872,1896]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
“C”
</emphasis>
(Rapa Nui):
<emphasis id="B911EA94033A391AC68E42317C8CAD07" bold="true" box="[931,955,1872,1896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">A.</emphasis>
Abactinal surface. Scale bar equals 0.5 cm.
<emphasis id="B911EA94033A391AC0A842317AABAD07" bold="true" box="[1413,1436,1872,1896]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">B.</emphasis>
Abactinal surface interradial paired plates. Scale bar equals 0. 25 cm.
<emphasis id="B911EA94033A391AC64A42157C48ADE3" bold="true" box="[871,895,1908,1932]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">C.</emphasis>
Actinal surface. Scale bar equals 0.5 cm.
<emphasis id="B911EA94033A391AC01F42157A7DADE3" bold="true" box="[1330,1354,1908,1932]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">D.</emphasis>
Actinal surface close-up, oral region. Scale bar equals 0.2 cm.
<emphasis id="B911EA94033A391AC79142F97DE4ADDF" bold="true" box="[700,723,1944,1968]" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">E.</emphasis>
Rapa Nui
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05033A391AC61342F97CFCADDF" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[830,971,1944,1968]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
“C” (similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05033A391AC14142F87A75ADDF" authorityName="Clark &amp; McKnight" authorityYear="2001" box="[1132,1346,1944,1968]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="417" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B911EA94033A391AC14142F87A75ADDF" box="[1132,1346,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="417">Ceramaster australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) feeding on fallen antipatharian. Image Courtesy A. Mecho.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDA3686033B391BC5EA45F67B01AA96" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,357]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B77033B391BC5EA45F67E9FAADE" author="Mecho, A. &amp; Easton, E. E. &amp; Sellanes, J. &amp; Gorny, M. &amp; Mah, C." box="[199,424,151,177]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" pagination="91" refId="ref30588" refString="Mecho, A., Easton, E. E., Sellanes, J., Gorny, M. &amp; Mah, C. (2019) Unexplored diversity of the mesophotic echinoderm fauna of the Easter Island ecoregion. Marine Biology, 166, 91 https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 019 - 3537 - x" type="journal article" year="2019">
Mecho
<emphasis id="B911EA94033B391BC43045F67E78AADE" box="[285,335,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
observed several individuals of a red goniasterid, which, based on its arm and disk shape appears to be
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05033B391BC41845DA7E88AABA" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1881" box="[309,447,187,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Anthenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911EA94033B391BC41845DA7E88AABA" box="[309,447,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">Anthenoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Image quality did not permit species-level identification, but if the video observations are consistent with the collected specimen, these could be
<taxonomicName id="4C654D05033B391BC60945BE7B18AA96" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[804,1071,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Anthenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="epixanthus">
<emphasis id="B911EA94033B391BC60945BE7B18AA96" box="[804,1071,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">Anthenoides epixanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA3686033B391BC5EA44637A5DAB72" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,357]" box="[199,1386,258,285]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">
<emphasis id="B911EA94033B391BC5EA44637EE4AB73" bold="true" box="[199,467,258,285]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">Occurrence. Rapa Nui</emphasis>
,
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,
<collectingCountry id="F3727616033B391BC79C44627DC3AB72" box="[689,756,259,285]" name="Japan" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BBEACFC033B391BC7D344627C4CAB72" box="[766,891,259,285]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">New South</collectingMunicipality>
<collectingCountry id="F3727616033B391BC6AF44627B02AB72" box="[898,1077,259,285]" name="Wales Australia" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">Wales Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3727616033B391BC16D44627BEDAB72" box="[1088,1242,259,285]" name="New Zealand" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
.
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100
<emphasis id="B911EA94033B391BC03144637A71AB73" bold="true" box="[1308,1350,258,284]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">591</emphasis>
m
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F650D033B391BC5EA44477DBFAB0A" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDA3686033B391BC5EA44477DBFAB0A" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,357]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">
<emphasis id="B911EA94033B391BC5EA44477E84AB2F" bold="true" box="[199,435,294,320]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B0D3CDB033B391BC49644467DBFAB0A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3311713393" collectingDate="1964-08-01" collectionCode="CASIZ" elevation="591" latitude="-25.933332" longLatPrecision="1244" longitude="-100.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" specimenCode="CASIZ 117633" specimenCount="591">
<specimenCode id="DBC39EFD033B391BC49644467D5BAB2E" box="[443,620,295,321]" collectionCode="CASIZ" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">CASIZ 117633</specimenCode>
. Seamount in fracture zone, near Rapa Nui,
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,
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,
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<quantity id="4C9D9B63033B391BC06044477AAFAB2E" box="[1357,1432,294,321]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.91" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" unit="m" value="591.0">
<elevation id="0048D1B5033B391BC06044477AAFAB2E" box="[1357,1432,294,321]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.91" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" unit="m" value="591.0">591 m</elevation>
</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll.
<date id="FFDB1046033B391BC5F8442A7E55AB0A" box="[213,354,331,357]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" value="1964-08-01">
<collectingDate id="EF9FE9AE033B391BC5F8442A7E55AB0A" box="[213,354,331,357]" pageId="17" pageNumber="418" value="1964-08-01">1 Aug. 1964</collectingDate>
</date>
, 1 wet spec.
<collectionCode id="ED74AE43033B391BC4DC442A7D32AB0A" box="[497,517,331,357]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="17" pageNumber="418">R</collectionCode>
=2.1, r=0.9.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>