254 lines
39 KiB
XML
254 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="06CF133CFBB517D358534F38CB01B826" ID-CLB-Dataset="46797" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.205026" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6486e3e2-1c57-420b-8fba-3653f1514929" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="205026" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460361555521" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Penz, Carla M., Mohammadi, Neda & Wahlberg, Niklas" docDate="2011" docId="03B287C0FFD0AD0440853664FD46F840" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02897p017.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2897" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Blepolenis batea Hubner 1821" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FF8BFFB8FFD7AD0340123708FFB0FFB5" masterDocTitle="Neotropical Blepolenis butterflies: wing pattern elements, phylogeny, and Pleistocene diversification (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)" masterLastPageNumber="17" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1698294616101" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5690D4F2056E6DC254603BD689215A5C">
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<mods:title id="733F022E1CCDFE0F2CE35353986D5C2F">Neotropical Blepolenis butterflies: wing pattern elements, phylogeny, and Pleistocene diversification (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="DD63BC2611AEBCE09A36DC69BE166608" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B02852A82EFC851854BC29208DE63EE3">Penz, Carla M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4F096B954AE6C087FDBC7ED3133F8210">Mohammadi, Neda</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="EE994B49C1B4D60AFEA06C00B5D0DC62" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2793CA5C34ADD2FECEB0097682B13180">Wahlberg, Niklas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="52D8688DC15ED80BD5E220142D974479">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="E473EBC1ACA9BE6F5A39A7BFB69C8C0F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2CC411548393D0DD6BEEAA6B3BE787C1">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6A2EF2B822CD043BD94863FD499543F3">2897</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="B2FE20346712FE58AA93570CA36E07F9">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="4E5B965766A8EF14A5BC03A4E973927F" type="CLB-Dataset">46797</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="18BE9A18BC0EA15555DD590DE005850A" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.205026</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B287C0FFD0AD0440853664FD46F840" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6189404" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119409868" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6189404" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B287C0FFD0AD0440853664FD46F840" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B287C0FFD0AD0440853664FD46F840" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection id="C301655DFFD0AD0440853664FD91FE30" box="[151,545,363,390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA436D6FFD0AD0440853664FD91FE30" blockId="7.[151,545,363,458]" box="[151,545,363,390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading id="D0EC81BAFFD0AD0440853664FD91FE30" bold="true" box="[151,545,363,390]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD0440853664FD91FE30" authority="Hubner, 1821" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1821" box="[151,545,363,390]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="batea">
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<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD0440853664FD91FE30" bold="true" box="[151,545,363,390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD0440853664FEEEFE33" bold="true" box="[151,350,364,390]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Blepolenis batea</emphasis>
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(Hübner, 1821)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C301655DFFD0AD0440853687FEE9FE7F" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA436D6FFD0AD0440853687FE94FE13" blockId="7.[151,545,363,458]" box="[151,292,398,423]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<typeStatus id="54A08874FFD0AD0440853687FF7DFE12" box="[151,205,399,423]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA436D6FFD0AD04408536BAFEE9FE7F" blockId="7.[151,545,363,458]" box="[151,345,434,458]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<figureCitation id="13202A53FFD0AD04408536BAFF63FE7F" box="[151,211,434,458]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1724,1747]" captionTargetBox="[152,1428,381,1693]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,375,1700]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Adult Blepolenis butterflies of both sexes in dorsal (D) and ventral (V) views, including dissection or collection numbers as listed in Appendix 1. A, Blepolenis bassus male D & V, Brazil, 08 - 41. B, B. bassus female D & V, São Bento [do Sul], [Rio Grande do Sul], 01 - 32. C, B. bassus female D, Campos do Jordão-Lagoinha, [São Paulo] MZSP 13714. D, B. bassus male D, Murtinho, E. Parana, MZSP 13711. E, B. batea male D & V, Santa Catarina, 08 - 38. F, B. batea female D & V, Santa Catarina. G, B. batea male D & V, Itatiba, São Paulo, MZSP 13719. H, B. batea male D, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 06 - 15. I, B. batea male D, Porto Alegre, MZSP 13709. J, B. batea male D, S. Paulo, 09 - 04, MZSP 13718. K, B. batea male D, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, 01 - 33. L, B. catharinae male D, no locality, specimen from the Fruhstorfer Collection, B. M. [N. H.] 1937 - 285. M, B. catharinae male D & V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. N, B. catharinae female D & V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. O, B. catharinae male D, no locality, 09 - 15, MZSP 13710. P, B. catharinae male V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205027/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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E–K, 2D–F
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C301655DFFD0AD04408536FDFEF5FC54" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA436D6FFD0AD04408536FDFDCBFCBC" blockId="7.[151,1437,501,2038]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD04408536FDFEA1FDBB" bold="true" box="[151,273,501,526]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Forewing length of male
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<quantity id="4CE39B33FFD0AD04422136FDFD7CFDB8" box="[563,716,501,525]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.245" metricValueMax="4.61" metricValueMin="3.88" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="4.245" valueMax="4.61" valueMin="3.88">3.88–4.61 cm</quantity>
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(mean = 4.34, n = 15), and female
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<quantity id="4CE39B33FFD0AD04444A36FDFB53FDB8" box="[1112,1251,501,525]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.395" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="3.99" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="4.395" valueMax="4.8" valueMin="3.99">3.99–4.8 cm</quantity>
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(mean = 4.62, n = 7). Very similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD04416F3512FDA5FD84" box="[381,533,537,561]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catharinae">
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<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD04416F3512FDA5FD84" box="[381,533,537,561]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. catharinae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but males can be easily distinguished from that species by the presence of a dorsal hair pencil in the hind wing discal cell. In males and females, postmedial border of dorsal forewing orange area less jagged than in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD04417E356AFDB4FDCC" box="[364,516,609,633]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catharinae">
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<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD04417E356AFDB4FDCC" box="[364,516,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. catharinae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Dorsal hind wing orange area usually smaller than in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD044477356AFB4DFDCC" box="[1125,1277,609,633]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catharinae">
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<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD044477356AFB4DFDCC" box="[1125,1277,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. catharinae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. General ventral coloration more vivid than in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD044203358EFD19FD28" box="[529,681,645,669]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catharinae">
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<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD044203358EFD19FD28" box="[529,681,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. catharinae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(fresh specimens of both species were compared), making the ventral forewing brown submarginal band darker and better defined. Females are similar to, and difficult to separate from, those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD04412835C6FE62FD50" box="[314,466,717,741]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catharinae">
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<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD04412835C6FE62FD50" box="[314,466,717,741]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. catharinae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Female ventral forewing brown submarginal band usually solid color, without the ripple pattern usually visible in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD0441C935FAFDC3FCBC" box="[475,627,753,777]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catharinae">
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<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD0441C935FAFDC3FCBC" box="[475,627,753,777]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. catharinae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA436D6FFD0AD0440D7341DFEF5FC54" blockId="7.[151,1437,501,2038]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD0440D7341DFE8AFC9B" bold="true" box="[197,314,789,814]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Genitalia.</emphasis>
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Both the male and female genitalia are similar in size those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD044419341EFB14FC98" box="[1035,1188,789,813]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catharinae">
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<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD044419341EFB14FC98" box="[1035,1188,789,813]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. catharinae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Male specimens (six dissections) varied in the width of the distal half of the valva, and also the number of subterminal spines at the dorsal edge (
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<figureCitation id="13202A53FFD0AD04411A3455FEFFFCC0" box="[264,335,861,885]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1699,1722]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,198,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[194,1388,193,1678]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Blepolenis male and female genitalia, including dissection numbers as listed in Appendix 1. Male genitalia is illustrated in lateral and ventral views (setae omitted from right side of figure to emphasize the shape), an outline of the tegumen is given in dorsal view, and outlines of the distal portion of the valva in lateral view show the variation in the dorsal, subterminal spines. The ventral view of female sterigma includes most, but not all the length of the lateral arms. All drawings in the same scale except for corpus bursa; scale bars 1 mm, appearing under A and C. A, Blepolenis bassus male, Murtinho, Paraná, 09 - 14. B, B. bassus male valvae, top figure is the left valva of the specimen in A; bottom left, Brazil, 01 - 31; bottom right, Brazil, 08 - 41. C, B. bassus female (the irregular signa are an artifact of preparation), São Bento [do Sul], [Rio Grande do Sul], 01 - 32. D, B. batea male, Serra do Caraça, Minas Gerais, 09 - 05. E, B. batea male valvae, top to bottom, left to right: Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, 01 - 33; S. Paulo, 09 - 04; Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 06 - 15; Nova Teutônia, Santa Catarina, 08 - 42. F, B. batea female, Santa Catarina, 06 - 16. G, B. catharinae male, Lagoa do Peri, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 09 - 01. H, no data, 09 - 15. I, Lagoa do Peri, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 09 - 02." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205028/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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E). The ventral outline of the valva in lateral view was consistent across specimens (
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<figureCitation id="13202A53FFD0AD0445233455FAC8FCC0" box="[1329,1400,861,885]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1699,1722]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,198,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[194,1388,193,1678]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Blepolenis male and female genitalia, including dissection numbers as listed in Appendix 1. Male genitalia is illustrated in lateral and ventral views (setae omitted from right side of figure to emphasize the shape), an outline of the tegumen is given in dorsal view, and outlines of the distal portion of the valva in lateral view show the variation in the dorsal, subterminal spines. The ventral view of female sterigma includes most, but not all the length of the lateral arms. All drawings in the same scale except for corpus bursa; scale bars 1 mm, appearing under A and C. A, Blepolenis bassus male, Murtinho, Paraná, 09 - 14. B, B. bassus male valvae, top figure is the left valva of the specimen in A; bottom left, Brazil, 01 - 31; bottom right, Brazil, 08 - 41. C, B. bassus female (the irregular signa are an artifact of preparation), São Bento [do Sul], [Rio Grande do Sul], 01 - 32. D, B. batea male, Serra do Caraça, Minas Gerais, 09 - 05. E, B. batea male valvae, top to bottom, left to right: Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, 01 - 33; S. Paulo, 09 - 04; Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 06 - 15; Nova Teutônia, Santa Catarina, 08 - 42. F, B. batea female, Santa Catarina, 06 - 16. G, B. catharinae male, Lagoa do Peri, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 09 - 01. H, no data, 09 - 15. I, Lagoa do Peri, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 09 - 02." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205028/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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D). Female sterigma with long lateral arms, main plate short and with a shorter midline lobe than
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD0444AA348AFA92FC2C" box="[1208,1314,897,921]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bassus">
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<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD0444AA348AFA92FC2C" box="[1208,1314,897,921]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. bassus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(three dissections). Corpus bursa oval shaped, with paired signa, and constricted at the meeting point with the narrow ductus bursa (
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<figureCitation id="13202A53FFD0AD0440F134C1FE96FC54" box="[227,294,969,993]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1699,1722]" captionTargetBox="[202,1383,198,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[194,1388,193,1678]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Blepolenis male and female genitalia, including dissection numbers as listed in Appendix 1. Male genitalia is illustrated in lateral and ventral views (setae omitted from right side of figure to emphasize the shape), an outline of the tegumen is given in dorsal view, and outlines of the distal portion of the valva in lateral view show the variation in the dorsal, subterminal spines. The ventral view of female sterigma includes most, but not all the length of the lateral arms. All drawings in the same scale except for corpus bursa; scale bars 1 mm, appearing under A and C. A, Blepolenis bassus male, Murtinho, Paraná, 09 - 14. B, B. bassus male valvae, top figure is the left valva of the specimen in A; bottom left, Brazil, 01 - 31; bottom right, Brazil, 08 - 41. C, B. bassus female (the irregular signa are an artifact of preparation), São Bento [do Sul], [Rio Grande do Sul], 01 - 32. D, B. batea male, Serra do Caraça, Minas Gerais, 09 - 05. E, B. batea male valvae, top to bottom, left to right: Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, 01 - 33; S. Paulo, 09 - 04; Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 06 - 15; Nova Teutônia, Santa Catarina, 08 - 42. F, B. batea female, Santa Catarina, 06 - 16. G, B. catharinae male, Lagoa do Peri, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 09 - 01. H, no data, 09 - 15. I, Lagoa do Peri, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 09 - 02." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205028/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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F).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C301655DFFD0AD0440D734E5FC0BFB9C" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BA436D6FFD0AD0440D734E5FC0BFB9C" blockId="7.[151,1437,501,2038]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD0440D734E5FEEEFBB3" bold="true" box="[197,350,1005,1030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F30C7646FFD0AD04417734E5FE1CFBB0" box="[357,428,1005,1029]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, Atlantic forest, Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C7646FFD0AD0444CF34E6FAF5FBB3" box="[1245,1349,1006,1030]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B27FFD0AD04454634E5FEF7FB9C" author="Kochalka" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Kochalka, J. A., Torres, D., Garcete, B. & Aguilar, C. (1996) Orden Lepidoptera. In: O. Romero Martinez (ed.). Colecciones de flora y fauna del Museo de Historia Natural del Paraguay. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Asuncion." type="book" year="1996">
|
||
Kochalka
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD0440DE331AFEB5FB9C" box="[204,261,1041,1065]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B27FFD0AD0441433319FDA8FB9C" author="Casagrande" box="[337,536,1041,1065]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Casagrande, M. M. (2004) Brassolini. p. 201 - 205. In: J. B. Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Part 4 A Checklist (ed. by G. Lamas). Association of Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific publishers, Gainesville. 439 p." type="book chapter" year="2004">Casagrande 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C7646FFD0AD044239331AFD3DFB9F" box="[555,653,1042,1066]" name="Uruguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B27FFD0AD04428E3319FC1FFB9C" author="Betancur-Viglione" box="[668,943,1041,1065]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Betancur-Viglione, M. G. (2009) Lista de los Papilioniodea y Hesperioidea del Uruguay (Insecta: Lepidoptera). SHILAP Revista lepidopterologica, 37, 23 - 40." type="journal article" year="2009">Betancur-Viglione 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C301655DFFD0AD0440D7333DFD46F840" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA436D6FFD0AD0440D7333DFE80F8D0" blockId="7.[151,1437,501,2038]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD0440D7333DFE44FBFB" bold="true" box="[197,500,1077,1102]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Variation and subspecies.</emphasis>
|
||
The local and geographical color variation within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD04443E333EFB39FBF8" box="[1068,1161,1077,1101]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="batea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD04443E333EFB39FBF8" box="[1068,1161,1077,1101]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. batea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gave rise to the description of several subspecies and forms, and three valid subspecies are currently recognized (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B27FFD0AD0444DA3351FA20FBC4" author="Casagrande" box="[1224,1424,1113,1137]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Casagrande, M. M. (2004) Brassolini. p. 201 - 205. In: J. B. Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Part 4 A Checklist (ed. by G. Lamas). Association of Tropical Lepidoptera / Scientific publishers, Gainesville. 439 p." type="book chapter" year="2004">Casagrande 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): nominal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD0440E83376FE2EFB20" box="[250,414,1149,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="batea" subSpecies="batea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD0440E83376FE2EFB20" box="[250,414,1149,1173]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. batea batea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A08874FFD0AD0441BF3375FE6FFB20" box="[429,479,1149,1173]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C7646FFD0AD0442593375FD23FB20" box="[587,659,1149,1173]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD0442B53376FC6CFB20" authority="(Brazil)" baseAuthorityName="Brazil" box="[679,988,1149,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="batea" subSpecies="didymaon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD0442B53376FCCBFB20" box="[679,891,1149,1173]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. batea didymaon</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C7646FFD0AD0443993375FC65FB20" box="[907,981,1149,1173]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD04440A3376FEEEFB0C" authority="(Fruhstorfer, 1907) (Paraguay)" authorityName="Fruhstorfer" authorityYear="1907" baseAuthorityName="Fruhstorfer" baseAuthorityYear="1907" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="batea" subSpecies="praegrandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD04440A3376FAB7FB20" box="[1048,1287,1149,1173]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. batea praegrandis</emphasis>
|
||
(Fruhstorfer, 1907) (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C7646FFD0AD0440F533A9FEE6FB0C" box="[231,342,1185,1209]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The account for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD04423233AAFDCDFB0C" box="[544,637,1185,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="batea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD04423233AAFDCDFB0C" box="[544,637,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. batea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B27FFD0AD0442B333A9FCC1FB0C" author="Fruhstorfer" box="[673,881,1185,1209]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Fruhstorfer, H. (1912) 5. Familie: Brassolidae. p. 285 - 328. In: Seitz, A. (ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart, volume 5. Alfred Kernen." type="book chapter" year="1912">Fruhstorfer (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is detailed and includes comments on
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A08874FFD0AD04453033AAFAE2FB0F" box="[1314,1362,1186,1210]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens, and from that work it seems that the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD04436933CEFC68FB68" box="[891,984,1221,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="batea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD04436933CEFC68FB68" box="[891,984,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. batea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Hübner (1821) corresponds to a dorsally pale-orange colored specimen in which the delimitation between the dorsal forewing brown edge and orange base is approximately straight. This is the phenotype illustrated by D’Abrera (1987) and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13202A53FFD0AD0444953205FB75FA90" box="[1159,1221,1293,1317]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1724,1747]" captionTargetBox="[152,1428,381,1693]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,375,1700]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Adult Blepolenis butterflies of both sexes in dorsal (D) and ventral (V) views, including dissection or collection numbers as listed in Appendix 1. A, Blepolenis bassus male D & V, Brazil, 08 - 41. B, B. bassus female D & V, São Bento [do Sul], [Rio Grande do Sul], 01 - 32. C, B. bassus female D, Campos do Jordão-Lagoinha, [São Paulo] MZSP 13714. D, B. bassus male D, Murtinho, E. Parana, MZSP 13711. E, B. batea male D & V, Santa Catarina, 08 - 38. F, B. batea female D & V, Santa Catarina. G, B. batea male D & V, Itatiba, São Paulo, MZSP 13719. H, B. batea male D, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 06 - 15. I, B. batea male D, Porto Alegre, MZSP 13709. J, B. batea male D, S. Paulo, 09 - 04, MZSP 13718. K, B. batea male D, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, 01 - 33. L, B. catharinae male D, no locality, specimen from the Fruhstorfer Collection, B. M. [N. H.] 1937 - 285. M, B. catharinae male D & V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. N, B. catharinae female D & V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. O, B. catharinae male D, no locality, 09 - 15, MZSP 13710. P, B. catharinae male V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205027/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
K (Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro), and according to our samples it seems to be a less common phenotype than that in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13202A53FFD0AD04452C3239FA31FAFC" box="[1342,1409,1329,1353]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1724,1747]" captionTargetBox="[152,1428,381,1693]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,375,1700]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Adult Blepolenis butterflies of both sexes in dorsal (D) and ventral (V) views, including dissection or collection numbers as listed in Appendix 1. A, Blepolenis bassus male D & V, Brazil, 08 - 41. B, B. bassus female D & V, São Bento [do Sul], [Rio Grande do Sul], 01 - 32. C, B. bassus female D, Campos do Jordão-Lagoinha, [São Paulo] MZSP 13714. D, B. bassus male D, Murtinho, E. Parana, MZSP 13711. E, B. batea male D & V, Santa Catarina, 08 - 38. F, B. batea female D & V, Santa Catarina. G, B. batea male D & V, Itatiba, São Paulo, MZSP 13719. H, B. batea male D, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 06 - 15. I, B. batea male D, Porto Alegre, MZSP 13709. J, B. batea male D, S. Paulo, 09 - 04, MZSP 13718. K, B. batea male D, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, 01 - 33. L, B. catharinae male D, no locality, specimen from the Fruhstorfer Collection, B. M. [N. H.] 1937 - 285. M, B. catharinae male D & V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. N, B. catharinae female D & V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. O, B. catharinae male D, no locality, 09 - 15, MZSP 13710. P, B. catharinae male V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205027/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E. Although wing color and shape differences between
|
||
<figureCitation id="13202A53FFD0AD0442FE325DFC9AFAD8" box="[748,810,1365,1389]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1724,1747]" captionTargetBox="[152,1428,381,1693]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,375,1700]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Adult Blepolenis butterflies of both sexes in dorsal (D) and ventral (V) views, including dissection or collection numbers as listed in Appendix 1. A, Blepolenis bassus male D & V, Brazil, 08 - 41. B, B. bassus female D & V, São Bento [do Sul], [Rio Grande do Sul], 01 - 32. C, B. bassus female D, Campos do Jordão-Lagoinha, [São Paulo] MZSP 13714. D, B. bassus male D, Murtinho, E. Parana, MZSP 13711. E, B. batea male D & V, Santa Catarina, 08 - 38. F, B. batea female D & V, Santa Catarina. G, B. batea male D & V, Itatiba, São Paulo, MZSP 13719. H, B. batea male D, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 06 - 15. I, B. batea male D, Porto Alegre, MZSP 13709. J, B. batea male D, S. Paulo, 09 - 04, MZSP 13718. K, B. batea male D, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, 01 - 33. L, B. catharinae male D, no locality, specimen from the Fruhstorfer Collection, B. M. [N. H.] 1937 - 285. M, B. catharinae male D & V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. N, B. catharinae female D & V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. O, B. catharinae male D, no locality, 09 - 15, MZSP 13710. P, B. catharinae male V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205027/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
K and 1E seem extreme, we have examined specimens with intermediate phenotypes from several locations including Nova Friburgo itself, and also Serra do Caraça (Minas Gerais), and São Paulo, and there are no obvious differences between male genitalia of these forms. From this we conclude that, as currently understood,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD0442B932CAFCFFFA6C" box="[683,847,1473,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="batea" subSpecies="batea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD0442B932CAFCFFFA6C" box="[683,847,1473,1497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. batea batea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows a broad range of color variation, and subspecific definition within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD04418B32EEFE48FA48" box="[409,504,1509,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="batea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD04418B32EEFE48FA48" box="[409,504,1509,1533]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. batea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is therefore problematic. Although one specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C7646FFD0AD04446832EEFB52FA4B" box="[1146,1250,1510,1534]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Caazapá, P. N. Caaguazú) examined from a photograph matches the defining characters given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B27FFD0AD0444493101FA9EF994" author="Fruhstorfer" box="[1115,1326,1545,1569]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Fruhstorfer, H. (1912) 5. Familie: Brassolidae. p. 285 - 328. In: Seitz, A. (ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart, volume 5. Alfred Kernen." type="book chapter" year="1912">Fruhstorfer (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD0445763102FE90F9F0" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="batea" subSpecies="praegrandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD0445763102FE90F9F0" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. b. praegrandis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we found that such characters fit within the range of variation observed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD04449E3126FA81F9F0" box="[1164,1329,1581,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="batea" subSpecies="batea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD04449E3126FA81F9F0" box="[1164,1329,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. batea batea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C7646FFD0AD0445453125FA2CF9F0" box="[1367,1436,1581,1605]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(photographs of a Paraguayan specimen were provided by S. Rios, specimen from the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C7646FFD0AD04410D317EFE37F93B" box="[287,391,1654,1678]" name="Paraguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
collection). Therefore, the status of this subspecies should be verified by examination of a series of specimens.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B27FFD0AD04416D3191FDFFF904" author="Fruhstorfer" box="[383,591,1689,1713]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Fruhstorfer, H. (1912) 5. Familie: Brassolidae. p. 285 - 328. In: Seitz, A. (ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart, volume 5. Alfred Kernen." type="book chapter" year="1912">Fruhstorfer (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that the width of the dorsal forewing dark brown area is narrowest at the northern part of the species distribution, progressively becoming broader towards southern localities in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C7646FFD0AD04454A31B5FA2DF960" box="[1368,1437,1725,1749]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(and probably
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30C7646FFD0AD04412B31E9FE10F94C" box="[313,416,1761,1785]" name="Uruguay" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
). We confirmed his assessment, and southern specimens with little or no orange color distal from the dorsal forewing discal cell correspond to the described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD044366300EFBF9F8A8" box="[884,1097,1797,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="batea" subSpecies="didymaon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD044366300EFBF9F8A8" box="[884,1097,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. batea didymaon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13202A53FFD0AD044448300DFB29F8A8" box="[1114,1177,1797,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1724,1747]" captionTargetBox="[152,1428,381,1693]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,375,1700]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Adult Blepolenis butterflies of both sexes in dorsal (D) and ventral (V) views, including dissection or collection numbers as listed in Appendix 1. A, Blepolenis bassus male D & V, Brazil, 08 - 41. B, B. bassus female D & V, São Bento [do Sul], [Rio Grande do Sul], 01 - 32. C, B. bassus female D, Campos do Jordão-Lagoinha, [São Paulo] MZSP 13714. D, B. bassus male D, Murtinho, E. Parana, MZSP 13711. E, B. batea male D & V, Santa Catarina, 08 - 38. F, B. batea female D & V, Santa Catarina. G, B. batea male D & V, Itatiba, São Paulo, MZSP 13719. H, B. batea male D, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 06 - 15. I, B. batea male D, Porto Alegre, MZSP 13709. J, B. batea male D, S. Paulo, 09 - 04, MZSP 13718. K, B. batea male D, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, 01 - 33. L, B. catharinae male D, no locality, specimen from the Fruhstorfer Collection, B. M. [N. H.] 1937 - 285. M, B. catharinae male D & V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. N, B. catharinae female D & V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. O, B. catharinae male D, no locality, 09 - 15, MZSP 13710. P, B. catharinae male V, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205027/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
H and I). Nonetheless, we feel that the local and clinal variation in color pattern in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD04435E3022FC1BF8F4" box="[844,939,1833,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="batea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD04435E3022FC1BF8F4" box="[844,939,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. batea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
calls the recognition of discrete subspecies into question.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA436D6FFD0AD0440D7307AFD46F840" blockId="7.[151,1437,501,2038]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD0440D7307AFE60F83F" bold="true" box="[197,464,1905,1930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Natural history notes.</emphasis>
|
||
The early stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD0442D0307AFC92F83C" box="[706,802,1905,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Blepolenis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="batea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD0442D0307AFC92F83C" box="[706,802,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. batea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have not been described. André Freitas (pers. comm.) observed females of this species ovipositing on an unidentified grass, and notes that adults can be locally common on forest edges bordered by wet to flooded grassland in higher altitude localities. Reported host plants include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD04408530D5FEA2F840" box="[151,274,2013,2037]" class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Gramineae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D55FFD0AD04415A30D6FE0DF843" box="[328,445,2014,2038]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A4B27FFD0AD0441EA30D5FD5AF840" author="Beccaloni" box="[504,746,2013,2037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Beccaloni, G. W., Viloria, A. L., Hall, S. K. & Robinson, G. S. (2008) Catalogue of the hostplants of the Neotropical butterflies. Natural History Museum, London, 536 pp." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
Beccaloni
|
||
<emphasis id="B96FEAC4FFD0AD04427C30D6FD16F840" box="[622,678,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |