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<document id="02F2C399A5DC62CC0FF673FE481C8FA2" ID-CLB-Dataset="3292" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5071.2.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="15c88b50-3c7a-48c4-981d-6d9239529e04" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5723542" ID-ZooBank="2D907411-3227-409E-B644-2FB86937D2FF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1637744198823" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zhang, Ningning, Yin, Shi, Carreno, Ramon A. &amp; Zhang, Luping" docDate="2021" docId="03B287BFFFC3FFF60FDE79CAFB67F90C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5071.2.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5071 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Parahystrignathus tongbiguanensis Zhang &amp; Yin &amp; Carreno &amp; Zhang 2021, gen. n. et sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="9FCE6E31-1FF9-45B5-8468-14684461E120" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="219" masterDocId="FF8BFFC7FFCFFFFB0F497A64FFDAFF9F" masterDocTitle="Three new genera and new species of hystrignathid nematodes (Nematoda: Thelastomatoidea) from passalid beetles (Insecta: Passalidae) from Yunnan Province, China with phylogenetic analysis of Hystrignathidae" masterLastPageNumber="222" masterPageNumber="206" pageNumber="218" updateTime="1701999640963" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="D8545DC8BB79F256C36297F2E2FCD96E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="7B30CA14C9B5F4A3C6EE8DA2F7203736">
<mods:title id="40A4AFC3831D6DD119FFB8B203E17B35">Three new genera and new species of hystrignathid nematodes (Nematoda: Thelastomatoidea) from passalid beetles (Insecta: Passalidae) from Yunnan Province, China with phylogenetic analysis of Hystrignathidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="135E3578481EE0155E887476F6D65471" type="personal">
<mods:role id="41346865E3BD3A4E5BBCF0B61E6AA4DF">
<mods:roleTerm id="C381D5D162C58A12FF95DBC7B58391C9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="16CAAAD52F775370815F3AE988EDD2EE">Zhang, Ningning</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="0B537A961303B6F3B07D2250E2672EF0" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B5ADDF64DD595C97CC2C1663B88285FE">
<mods:roleTerm id="CB77876D3B1470C879FFC0061DC445CE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="45BEE1FDB092DE9C923445FB0CA3A456">Yin, Shi</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="17C88E7AC87B58CB824D0DB4F95D88E0" type="personal">
<mods:role id="2632E28E434BB136F771DE2105C19D58">
<mods:roleTerm id="6FB159307C9B74EE5B765F524E629C00">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="85D680814A41C10170BDB9FB8BD08FDD">Carreno, Ramon A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="09A508A95088CA990220AA292DD4688F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="DCEDEA31260BA3232D9EB0C529C1F46B">
<mods:roleTerm id="1E9F367DA9065783499F2FAEF05D0DFD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D59D09679716A79EC5DD247662F68C56">Zhang, Luping</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="62BE3F20CFC339B2B25CE62D2A9C4FC0">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="6FF705D6A9555B42C7FCC2A887A496C5" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="17F51EC366BE179FE78D98368ADFA1A4">
<mods:title id="6E8CA6A42CA7AA42057790C4AD308C96">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="67CA89BECAE819826148F3C5E5613388">
<mods:date id="58985BEF4EF0146CB9DF9C73AF7AE42C">2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="F12D29729AF504B6E7E20239F3E49D7A" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="9EC5F9552CE2A40EE9C6E955601F9E19">2021-11-23</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="B76026BED7624A52F5A5C20B8DD90D35" type="volume">
<mods:number id="AF7A6A8B6E7F986E968274F648AF9BBA">5071</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="DEF96AEB50AF19D833E0DB475DE6160C" type="issue">
<mods:number id="07CAEAEA444DF4FAA3BC6A0CA4D500A3">2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="E5F0402458D0C90B9042A7C859ED842B" unit="page">
<mods:start id="8DE989095A42660B8BE0DBF779762003">206</mods:start>
<mods:end id="43C43A70ECCC21F3A78C08418284D44D">222</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="C23EFF5A95582C564055A387EDBEB6E0">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="9EBB922FCB9467F4829CBEFFAEE030C8" type="CLB-Dataset">3292</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="94082AC8B0E6FFFED29036054B2C7437" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5071.2.2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0327591B2F112517E2C349726A311500" type="GBIF-Dataset">15c88b50-3c7a-48c4-981d-6d9239529e04</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E695A85910A01C49C2F78F7B49871008" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C9D132CE1C5B10749A777181277CF846" type="Zenodo-Dep">5723542</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="140F62DA5C4FE4FD129C894B8BCC723F" type="ZooBank">2D907411-3227-409E-B644-2FB86937D2FF</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03B287BFFFC3FFF60FDE79CAFB67F90C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5764220" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190866180" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5764220" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9FCE6E31-1FF9-45B5-8468-14684461E120" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B287BFFFC3FFF60FDE79CAFB67F90C" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="219" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<subSubSection id="C3016522FFC3FFF70FDE79CAFCD2FC56" box="[151,776,942,969]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC3FFF70FDE79CAFCD2FC56" blockId="12.[151,776,942,969]" box="[151,776,942,969]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<heading id="D0EC81C5FFC3FFF70FDE79CAFCD2FC56" bold="true" box="[151,776,942,969]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70FDE79CAFCD2FC56" bold="true" box="[151,776,942,969]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC3FFF70FDE79CAFD9CFC56" ID-CoL="8TYX7" authority="Zhang &amp; Yin &amp; Carreno &amp; Zhang, 2021" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Yin &amp; Carreno &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,582,942,969]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Parahystrignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tongbiguanensis" status="gen. n. et sp. n.">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70FDE79CAFD9CFC56" bold="true" box="[151,582,942,969]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Parahystrignathus tongbiguanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25C57C0FFC3FFF70D0779CBFCD2FC56" box="[590,776,943,969]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" rank="species">gen. n. et sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3016522FFC3FFF70FDE7992FD6BFB8D" box="[151,689,1014,1042]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC3FFF70FDE7992FD6BFB8D" blockId="12.[151,1437,1014,1977]" box="[151,689,1014,1042]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70FDE7992FECBFB8E" bold="true" box="[151,273,1014,1041]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70FDE7992FEDDFB8E" bold="true" box="[151,263,1014,1041]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Type-host</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC3FFF70E517993FD77FB8D" ID-CoL="SG6K" authority="(Westwood)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[280,685,1015,1042]" class="Insecta" family="Passalidae" genus="Ceracupes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fronticornis">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70E517993FDC0FB8E" box="[280,538,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Ceracupes fronticornis</emphasis>
(Westwood)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3016522FFC3FFF70F8E7E7EFD6BFBA9" box="[199,689,1050,1078]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC3FFF70F8E7E7EFD6BFBA9" blockId="12.[151,1437,1014,1977]" box="[199,689,1050,1078]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7E7EFE97FBAA" bold="true" box="[199,333,1050,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7E7EFE99FBAA" bold="true" box="[199,323,1050,1077]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Other-host</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC3FFF70E1A7E7FFD74FBA9" ID-CoL="94PC" authority="(Burmeister)" baseAuthorityName="Burmeister" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[339,686,1051,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Passalidae" genus="Aceraius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70E1A7E7FFDCEFBAA" box="[339,532,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Aceraius grandis</emphasis>
(Burmeister)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3016522FFC3FFF70F8E7E5AFB6AFBE2" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC3FFF70F8E7E5AFADBFBC6" blockId="12.[151,1437,1014,1977]" box="[199,1281,1086,1113]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7E5AFEBEFBC6" bold="true" box="[199,356,1086,1113]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7E5AFE81FBC6" bold="true" box="[199,347,1086,1113]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Type-locality</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B733CF4FFC3FFF70E227E5BFB27FBC6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3412161306" box="[363,1277,1086,1113]" country="China" latitude="97.66361" location="Tongbiguan Nature Reserve" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="24.615278" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Yunnan">
<location id="8EC46072FFC3FFF70E227E5BFD72FBC6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B287BFFFC3FFF60FDE79CAFB67F90C:8EC46072FFC3FFF70E227E5BFD72FBC6" box="[363,680,1087,1113]" country="China" latitude="97.66361" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="24.615278" name="Tongbiguan Nature Reserve" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" stateProvince="Yunnan">Tongbiguan Nature Reserve</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="49DFF84BFFC3FFF70DFB7E5BFCAEFBC6" box="[690,884,1087,1113]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Yunnan Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F30C7639FFC3FFF70CC97E5BFC19FBC6" box="[896,963,1087,1113]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">China</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F506EFFC3FFF70C9B7E5BFB85FBC6" box="[978,1119,1087,1113]" degrees="97" direction="north" minutes="39" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" precision="15" seconds="49" value="97.66361">97°39’49”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE2F506EFFC3FFF70B237E5AFB2FFBC6" box="[1130,1269,1086,1113]" degrees="24" direction="east" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" precision="15" seconds="55" value="24.615278">24°36’55”E</geoCoordinate>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC3FFF70F8E7E06FB6AFBE2" blockId="12.[151,1437,1014,1977]" box="[199,1200,1122,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7E06FEABFBE2" bold="true" box="[199,369,1122,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7E06FEB2FBE2" bold="true" box="[199,360,1122,1149]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Type-material</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B733CF4FFC3FFF70E317E07FD33FBE2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413100303" box="[376,745,1123,1149]" collectionCode="HBNU-T" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" specimenCode="HBNU-T001" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54A0880BFFC3FFF70E317E07FE3AFBE2" box="[376,480,1123,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
female (
<specimenCode id="DBBD9ED2FFC3FFF70D0B7E07FD07FBE2" box="[578,733,1123,1149]" collectionCode="HBNU-T" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">HBNU-T001</specimenCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B733CF4FFC3FFF70DB97E07FB6AFBE2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413100301" box="[752,1200,1123,1149]" collectionCode="HBNU-T" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" specimenCode="HBNU-T002-10" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-female="9" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="54A0880BFFC3FFF70DB97E07FCBAFBE2" box="[752,864,1123,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="9D1DFD20FFC3FFF70C237E07FC0CFBE2" box="[874,982,1123,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" type="female">9 females</specimenCount>
(
<specimenCode id="DBBD9ED2FFC3FFF70CAC7E07FB7EFBE2" box="[997,1188,1123,1149]" collectionCode="HBNU-T" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">HBNU-T002-10</specimenCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3016522FFC3FFF70F8E7EE2FEFEFAE6" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC3FFF70F8E7EE2FDDBFB59" blockId="12.[151,1437,1014,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7EE2FE8AFB3E" bold="true" box="[199,336,1158,1185]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7EE2FE9CFB3E" bold="true" box="[199,326,1158,1185]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Prevalence</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Ex
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC3FFF70E357EE3FDA4FB3E" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[380,638,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Passalidae" genus="Ceracupes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fronticornis">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70E357EE3FDA4FB3E" box="[380,638,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Ceracupes fronticornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 16.5% (19 infected out of 115 examined), ex
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC3FFF70BCF7EE3FA9CFB3E" baseAuthorityName="Burmeister" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[1158,1350,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Passalidae" genus="Aceraius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70BCF7EE3FA9CFB3E" box="[1158,1350,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Aceraius grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 12.5% (2 infected out of 16 examined).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC3FFF70F8E7EABFAA4FB76" blockId="12.[151,1437,1014,1977]" box="[199,1406,1231,1257]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7EABFEEFFB76" bold="true" box="[199,309,1231,1257]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7EABFEF6FB76" bold="true" box="[199,300,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Intensity</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Ex
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC3FFF70E2A7EABFDBEFB76" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[355,612,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Passalidae" genus="Ceracupes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fronticornis">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70E2A7EABFDBEFB76" box="[355,612,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Ceracupes fronticornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 1-27 (mean 8) specimens; ex
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC3FFF70CF77EABFBA4FB76" baseAuthorityName="Burmeister" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[958,1150,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Passalidae" genus="Aceraius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70CF77EABFBA4FB76" box="[958,1150,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Aceraius grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 2 (mean 2) specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC3FFF70F8E7E97FE66FA92" blockId="12.[151,1437,1014,1977]" box="[199,444,1266,1293]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7E97FE8BFA92" bold="true" box="[199,337,1266,1293]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7E97FE92FA92" bold="true" box="[199,328,1266,1293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC3FFF70F8E7E97FF29FA92" box="[199,243,1267,1293]" class="Bacteroidia" family="Flavobacteriaceae" genus="Site" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Flavobacteriales" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" phylum="Bacteroidota" rank="genus">Site</taxonomicName>
in host
</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Hindgut.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC3FFF70F8E7F73FEFEFAE6" blockId="12.[151,1437,1014,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7F73FDF7FAAE" bold="true" box="[199,557,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Representative DNA sequences</emphasis>
:
<materialsCitation id="3B733CF4FFC3FFF70D727F73FEFEFAE6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3413100302" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" specimenCount="1">
One partial 28S and one partial 18S rDNA sequences of the new species from
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC3FFF70FDE7F5FFEE7FACA" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[151,317,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Passalidae" genus="Ceracupes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fronticornis">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70FDE7F5FFEE7FACA" box="[151,317,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">C. fronticornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are deposited in the GenBank database under the accession numbers
<accessionNumber id="9448AB4AFFC3FFF70B167F5EFB07FACA" box="[1119,1245,1338,1365]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MZ330365" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">MZ330365</accessionNumber>
and
<accessionNumber id="9448AB4AFFC3FFF70A5E7F5FFA42FACA" box="[1303,1432,1339,1365]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MZ330361" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">MZ330361</accessionNumber>
, respectively.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3016522FFC3FFF70F8E7FE6FE89FA5E" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC3FFF70F8E7FE6FE89FA5E" blockId="12.[151,1437,1014,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7FE6FE91FA02" bold="true" box="[199,331,1410,1437]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7FE6FE98FA02" bold="true" box="[199,322,1410,1437]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Etymology</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
The specific epithet refers to the type locality of the species, Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, China.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3016522FFC3FFF70F8E7FAFFE1CF826" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC3FFF70F8E7FAFFE1CF826" blockId="12.[151,1437,1014,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC3FFF70F8E7FAFFE8EFA7A" bold="true" box="[199,340,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Description.</emphasis>
Female body relatively stout. Cuticle strongly annulated in spiny area and less annulated in other parts of body. Female reaching its maximum width in middle of body. Cervical cuticle bearing alternating rows of spines. First row with 16 spines (
<figureCitation id="13202A2CFFC3FFF70D4D7C77FDBCF9B2" box="[516,614,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,248,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[270,1319,191,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-18@10.[260,1327,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Parahystrignathus tongbiguanensis gen. n. et sp. n. Female. A: Anterior part of body, lateral view; B: cephalic end, lateral view (reconstructed from SEM images); C: Whole body, lateral view; D: Posterior end of body, lateral view; E: Cephalic end, en face view (reconstructed from SEM images); F: egg. scale bars: A, C, D, F = 100 μm; B = 30 μm; E = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723550" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723550/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Figs. 5B</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13202A2CFFC3FFF70D397C77FD4CF9B1" box="[624,662,1555,1582]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1824,1848]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,198,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-23@11.[227,1360,198,1800]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Parahystrignathus tongbiguanensis gen. n. et sp. n. Female. SEM images. A: Cephalic end of body; B: Enlarged spines; C: Cephalic end, subapical view; D, E: Cephalic end, en face view, showing cephalic papillae (cp) and amphids (am); F: Vulval region, lateral view, showing the vulva and terminal part of spines; G: A part of body anterior to vulva, showing the posterior part of spines; H: A part of body at excretory pore region, showing the excretory pore and spines near the excretory pore; I: Enlarged image of excretory pore; J: Posterior end of body, showing the anus and tail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723552" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723552/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">6A</figureCitation>
). Spines originating a short distance from head (
<figureCitation id="13202A2CFFC3FFF70BE47C77FAEAF9B2" box="[1197,1328,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,248,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[270,1319,191,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-18@10.[260,1327,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Parahystrignathus tongbiguanensis gen. n. et sp. n. Female. A: Anterior part of body, lateral view; B: cephalic end, lateral view (reconstructed from SEM images); C: Whole body, lateral view; D: Posterior end of body, lateral view; E: Cephalic end, en face view (reconstructed from SEM images); F: egg. scale bars: A, C, D, F = 100 μm; B = 30 μm; E = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723550" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723550/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Figs. 5A, B</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13202A2CFFC3FFF70A727C77FABBF9B1" box="[1339,1377,1555,1582]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1824,1848]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,198,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-23@11.[227,1360,198,1800]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Parahystrignathus tongbiguanensis gen. n. et sp. n. Female. SEM images. A: Cephalic end of body; B: Enlarged spines; C: Cephalic end, subapical view; D, E: Cephalic end, en face view, showing cephalic papillae (cp) and amphids (am); F: Vulval region, lateral view, showing the vulva and terminal part of spines; G: A part of body anterior to vulva, showing the posterior part of spines; H: A part of body at excretory pore region, showing the excretory pore and spines near the excretory pore; I: Enlarged image of excretory pore; J: Posterior end of body, showing the anus and tail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723552" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723552/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">6A</figureCitation>
), and extending to level of vulva (
<figureCitation id="13202A2CFFC3FFF70E847C53FDF4F9CE" box="[461,558,1590,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,248,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[270,1319,191,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-18@10.[260,1327,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Parahystrignathus tongbiguanensis gen. n. et sp. n. Female. A: Anterior part of body, lateral view; B: cephalic end, lateral view (reconstructed from SEM images); C: Whole body, lateral view; D: Posterior end of body, lateral view; E: Cephalic end, en face view (reconstructed from SEM images); F: egg. scale bars: A, C, D, F = 100 μm; B = 30 μm; E = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723550" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723550/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Figs. 5C</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13202A2CFFC3FFF70D707C53FD80F9CD" box="[569,602,1591,1618]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1824,1848]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,198,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-23@11.[227,1360,198,1800]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Parahystrignathus tongbiguanensis gen. n. et sp. n. Female. SEM images. A: Cephalic end of body; B: Enlarged spines; C: Cephalic end, subapical view; D, E: Cephalic end, en face view, showing cephalic papillae (cp) and amphids (am); F: Vulval region, lateral view, showing the vulva and terminal part of spines; G: A part of body anterior to vulva, showing the posterior part of spines; H: A part of body at excretory pore region, showing the excretory pore and spines near the excretory pore; I: Enlarged image of excretory pore; J: Posterior end of body, showing the anus and tail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723552" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723552/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">6F</figureCitation>
). Spine length of first row, second row and third row about 4 μm, 8 μm, and 11 μm, respectively. From third row to end of procorpus, size of spines similar in size but gradually becoming smaller after procorpus (
<figureCitation id="13202A2CFFC3FFF70E1C7C1BFE0EF906" box="[341,468,1662,1689]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,248,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[270,1319,191,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-18@10.[260,1327,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Parahystrignathus tongbiguanensis gen. n. et sp. n. Female. A: Anterior part of body, lateral view; B: cephalic end, lateral view (reconstructed from SEM images); C: Whole body, lateral view; D: Posterior end of body, lateral view; E: Cephalic end, en face view (reconstructed from SEM images); F: egg. scale bars: A, C, D, F = 100 μm; B = 30 μm; E = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723550" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723550/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Fig. 5A, C</figureCitation>
). Lateral alae absent. Head well-developed, set-off from body by a deep groove and bearing 8 papillae arranged in 4 pairs. Amphids with small, slit-like apertures. Oral opening triangular, surrounded by a cuticular ring (
<figureCitation id="13202A2CFFC3FFF70E3A7CA3FDD7F97E" box="[371,525,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1824,1848]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,198,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-23@11.[227,1360,198,1800]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Parahystrignathus tongbiguanensis gen. n. et sp. n. Female. SEM images. A: Cephalic end of body; B: Enlarged spines; C: Cephalic end, subapical view; D, E: Cephalic end, en face view, showing cephalic papillae (cp) and amphids (am); F: Vulval region, lateral view, showing the vulva and terminal part of spines; G: A part of body anterior to vulva, showing the posterior part of spines; H: A part of body at excretory pore region, showing the excretory pore and spines near the excretory pore; I: Enlarged image of excretory pore; J: Posterior end of body, showing the anus and tail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723552" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723552/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Fig. 6C, D, E</figureCitation>
). First cephalic annule absent (
<figureCitation id="13202A2CFFC3FFF70C2E7CA3FC13F97E" box="[871,969,1734,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,248,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[270,1319,191,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-18@10.[260,1327,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Parahystrignathus tongbiguanensis gen. n. et sp. n. Female. A: Anterior part of body, lateral view; B: cephalic end, lateral view (reconstructed from SEM images); C: Whole body, lateral view; D: Posterior end of body, lateral view; E: Cephalic end, en face view (reconstructed from SEM images); F: egg. scale bars: A, C, D, F = 100 μm; B = 30 μm; E = 10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723550" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723550/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Figs. 5B</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13202A2CFFC3FFF70C9C7CA3FC21F97D" box="[981,1019,1735,1762]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1824,1848]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,198,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-23@11.[227,1360,198,1800]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Parahystrignathus tongbiguanensis gen. n. et sp. n. Female. SEM images. A: Cephalic end of body; B: Enlarged spines; C: Cephalic end, subapical view; D, E: Cephalic end, en face view, showing cephalic papillae (cp) and amphids (am); F: Vulval region, lateral view, showing the vulva and terminal part of spines; G: A part of body anterior to vulva, showing the posterior part of spines; H: A part of body at excretory pore region, showing the excretory pore and spines near the excretory pore; I: Enlarged image of excretory pore; J: Posterior end of body, showing the anus and tail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5723552" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5723552/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">6A</figureCitation>
). Stoma relatively long, about 5 head lengths long, surrounded by an oesophageal collar. Oesophagus consisting of a muscular procorpus, short isthmus, and basal bulb. Procorpus clavate, bulb spherical, valve-plate well-developed. Nerve ring encircling procorpus at its midregion. Excretory pore located just posterior to base of bulb. Intestine simple, its anterior region slightly dilated. Reproductive system didelphic-amphidelphic. Vulva located posterior to mid-body. Vagina extending anteriorly, connecting with two opposite uteri. Eggs ovoid, smooth-shelled. Tail short, conical. Male not observed. Measurements in Table III.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF646621FFC2FFF60FDE7AF3FD28FF4C" ID-Table-UUID="DF646621FFC2FFF60FDE7AF3FD28FF4C" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF646621FFC2FFF60FDE7AF3FD28FF4C" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" startId="13.[151,239,151,175]" targetBox="[163,1346,248,1214]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC2FFF60FDE7AF3FD28FF4C" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,212]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60FDE7AF3FEC6FF30" bold="true" box="[151,284,151,175]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">TABLE III.</emphasis>
Morphometrics of
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60EA07AF3FCBEFF30" authority="Zhang &amp; Yin &amp; Carreno &amp; Zhang, 2021" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Yin &amp; Carreno &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2021" box="[489,868,151,175]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Parahystrignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tongbiguanensis" status="gen. n. et sp. n.">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60EA07AF3FCBEFF30" box="[489,868,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Parahystrignathus tongbiguanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25C57C0FFC2FFF60C237AFCFBD0FF30" box="[874,1034,152,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" rank="species">gen. n. et sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
All measurements are in micrometers as range values followed by mean values in parentheses.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC2FFF60D847A9CFACBFB21" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<table id="F91BC409FFC200040FEA7A9CFA98FB21" box="[163,1346,248,1214]" gridcols="4" gridrows="24" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7A9CFA98FE8F" box="[163,1346,248,272]" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77A9CFA98FE8F" box="[702,1346,248,272]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60D847A9CFB33FE8F" bold="true" box="[717,1257,248,272]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60D847A9CFB98FE8F" authority="Zhang &amp; Yin &amp; Carreno &amp; Zhang, 2021" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Yin &amp; Carreno &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2021" box="[717,1090,248,272]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Parahystrignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tongbiguanensis" status="gen. n. et sp. n.">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60D847A9CFB98FE8F" bold="true" box="[717,1090,248,272]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Parahystrignathus tongbiguanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25C57C0FFC2FFF60B017A9CFB33FE8F" box="[1096,1257,248,272]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" rank="species">gen. n. et sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7B54FA98FED7" box="[163,1346,304,328]" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C7B54FD42FED7" box="[565,664,304,328]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60D7C7B54FD42FED7" bold="true" box="[565,664,304,328]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Holotype</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77B54FC33FED7" box="[702,1001,304,328]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60DB47B54FC73FED7" bold="true" box="[765,937,304,328]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Paratypes (n=6)</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B067B54FA98FED7" box="[1103,1346,304,328]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60B3B7B54FAC4FED7" bold="true" box="[1138,1310,304,328]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Paratypes (n=3)</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7B3CFA98FEEF" box="[163,1346,344,368]" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77B3CFC33FEEF" box="[702,1001,344,368]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60DF77B3CFC33FEEF" bold="true" box="[702,1001,344,368]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
from
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60DB07B3CFC33FEEF" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[761,1001,344,368]" class="Insecta" family="Passalidae" genus="Ceracupes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fronticornis">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60DB07B3CFC33FEEF" bold="true" box="[761,1001,344,368]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Ceracupes fronticornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B067B3CFA98FEEF" box="[1103,1346,344,368]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60B067B3CFA98FEEF" bold="true" box="[1103,1346,344,368]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
from
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60BC67B3CFA98FEEF" baseAuthorityName="Burmeister" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[1167,1346,344,368]" class="Insecta" family="Passalidae" genus="Aceraius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60BC67B3CFA98FEEF" bold="true" box="[1167,1346,344,368]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Aceraius grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7BE5FA98FE06" box="[163,1346,385,409]" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA7BE5FE28FE06" box="[163,498,385,409]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">a</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C7BE5FD42FE06" box="[565,664,385,409]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">12.1</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77BE5FC33FE06" box="[702,1001,385,409]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">10.2-14.8 (12.3)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B067BE5FA98FE06" box="[1103,1346,385,409]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">11.1-12.1 (11.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7BCDFA98FE5E" box="[163,1346,425,449]" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA7BCDFE28FE5E" box="[163,498,425,449]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">b</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C7BCDFD42FE5E" box="[565,664,425,449]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">4.3</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77BCDFC33FE5E" box="[702,1001,425,449]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">3.9-5.7 (4.7)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B067BCDFA98FE5E" box="[1103,1346,425,449]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">4.3-4.9 (4.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7BB5FA98FE76" box="[163,1346,465,489]" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA7BB5FE28FE76" box="[163,498,465,489]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">c</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C7BB5FD42FE76" box="[565,664,465,489]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">13.7</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77BB5FC33FE76" box="[702,1001,465,489]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">13.2-20.4 (16.8)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B067BB5FA98FE76" box="[1103,1346,465,489]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">13.5-17.5 (15.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7B9DFA98FD8E" box="[163,1346,505,529]" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA7B9DFE28FD8E" box="[163,498,505,529]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">V</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C7B9DFD42FD8E" box="[565,664,505,529]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">62</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77B9DFC33FD8E" box="[702,1001,505,529]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">62-75 (65)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B067B9DFA98FD8E" box="[1103,1346,505,529]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">62-65 (63)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7846FA98FDA5" box="[163,1346,546,570]" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA7846FE28FDA5" box="[163,498,546,570]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">V’</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C7846FD42FDA5" box="[565,664,546,570]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">66</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77846FC33FDA5" box="[702,1001,546,570]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">67-79 (70)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B067846FA98FDA5" box="[1103,1346,546,570]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">67-69 (68)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA782EFA98FDFD" box="[163,1346,586,610]" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA782EFE28FDFD" box="[163,498,586,610]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Total body length</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C782EFD42FDFD" box="[565,664,586,610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">1520</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF7782EFC33FDFD" box="[702,1001,586,610]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">1530-2150 (1910)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B06782EFA98FDFD" box="[1103,1346,586,610]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">1630-1770 (1677)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7816FA98FD15" box="[163,1346,626,650]" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA7816FE28FD15" box="[163,498,626,650]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Maximum body width</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C7816FD42FD15" box="[565,664,626,650]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">126</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77816FC33FD15" box="[702,1001,626,650]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">140-178 (156)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B067816FA98FD15" box="[1103,1346,626,650]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">135-159 (147)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA78FEFA98FD2C" box="[163,1346,666,691]" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA78FEFE28FD2C" box="[163,498,666,691]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Stoma length</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C78FEFD42FD2C" box="[565,664,666,691]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">63</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF778FEFC33FD2C" box="[702,1001,666,691]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">56-75 (68)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B0678FEFA98FD2C" box="[1103,1346,666,691]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">48-58 (53)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA78A7FA98FD44" box="[163,1346,707,731]" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA78A7FE28FD44" box="[163,498,707,731]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Head length</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C78A7FD42FD44" box="[565,664,707,731]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">13</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF778A7FC33FD44" box="[702,1001,707,731]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">10-15 (13)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B0678A7FA98FD44" box="[1103,1346,707,731]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">10-13 (11)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA788FFA98FC9C" box="[163,1346,747,771]" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA788FFE28FC9C" box="[163,498,747,771]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Head width</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C788FFD42FC9C" box="[565,664,747,771]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">33</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF7788FFC33FC9C" box="[702,1001,747,771]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">33-38 (35)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B06788FFA98FC9C" box="[1103,1346,747,771]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">30-38 (34)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7977FA98FCB4" box="[163,1346,787,811]" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA7977FE28FCB4" box="[163,498,787,811]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Total oesophagus length</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C7977FD42FCB4" box="[565,664,787,811]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">345</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77977FC33FCB4" box="[702,1001,787,811]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">361-448 (405)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B067977FA98FCB4" box="[1103,1346,787,811]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">341-376 (359)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA795FFA98FCCB" box="[163,1346,827,852]" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA795FFE28FCCB" box="[163,498,827,852]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Procorpus length</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C795FFD42FCCB" box="[565,664,827,852]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">251</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF7795FFC33FCCB" box="[702,1001,827,852]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">261-328 (291)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B06795FFA98FCCB" box="[1103,1346,827,852]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">246-261 (254)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7900FA98FCE3" box="[163,1346,868,892]" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA7900FE28FCE3" box="[163,498,868,892]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Isthmus length</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C7900FD42FCE3" box="[565,664,868,892]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">35</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77900FC33FCE3" box="[702,1001,868,892]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">33-48 (40)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B067900FA98FCE3" box="[1103,1346,868,892]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">28-38 (33)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA79E8FA98FC3B" box="[163,1346,908,932]" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA79E8FE28FC3B" box="[163,498,908,932]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Bulb length</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C79E8FD42FC3B" box="[565,664,908,932]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">68</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF779E8FC33FC3B" box="[702,1001,908,932]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">65-85 (74)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B0679E8FA98FC3B" box="[1103,1346,908,932]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">68-78 (72)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA79D0FA98FC53" box="[163,1346,948,972]" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA79D0FE28FC53" box="[163,498,948,972]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Bulb width</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C79D0FD42FC53" box="[565,664,948,972]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">63</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF779D0FC33FC53" box="[702,1001,948,972]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">60-80 (72)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B0679D0FA98FC53" box="[1103,1346,948,972]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">60-75 (66)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA79B8FA98FC6A" box="[163,1346,988,1013]" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA79B8FE28FC6A" box="[163,498,988,1013]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Nerve ring from anterior end</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C79B8FD42FC6A" box="[565,664,988,1013]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">205</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF779B8FC33FC6A" box="[702,1001,988,1013]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">193-225 (213)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B0679B8FA98FC6A" box="[1103,1346,988,1013]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">188-208 (201)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7E61FA98FB82" box="[163,1346,1029,1053]" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA7E61FE28FB82" box="[163,498,1029,1053]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Excretory pore from anterior end</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C7E61FD42FB82" box="[565,664,1029,1053]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">594</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77E61FC33FB82" box="[702,1001,1029,1053]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">584-700 (638)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B067E61FA98FB82" box="[1103,1346,1029,1053]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">512-604 (558)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7E49FA98FBDA" box="[163,1346,1069,1093]" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA7E49FE28FBDA" box="[163,498,1069,1093]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Vulva from anterior end</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C7E49FD42FBDA" box="[565,664,1069,1093]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">936</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77E49FC33FBDA" box="[702,1001,1069,1093]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">970-1543 (1253)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B067E49FA98FBDA" box="[1103,1346,1069,1093]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">1012-1147 (1065)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7E31FA98FBF1" box="[163,1346,1109,1134]" gridrow="21" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA7E31FE28FBF1" box="[163,498,1109,1134]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Egg length</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C7E31FD42FBF1" box="[565,664,1109,1134]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">95</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77E31FC33FBF1" box="[702,1001,1109,1134]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">95-105 (99)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B067E31FA98FBF1" box="[1103,1346,1109,1134]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">98-100 (99)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7E19FA98FB09" box="[163,1346,1149,1174]" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA7E19FE28FB09" box="[163,498,1149,1174]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Egg width</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C7E19FD42FB09" box="[565,664,1149,1174]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">45</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77E19FC33FB09" box="[702,1001,1149,1174]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">40-55 (48)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B067E19FA98FB09" box="[1103,1346,1149,1174]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">45-50 (48)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352B34EBFFC200040FEA7EC2FA98FB21" box="[163,1346,1190,1214]" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<th id="76FA5D97FFC200040FEA7EC2FE28FB21" box="[163,498,1190,1214]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Tail</th>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040D7C7EC2FD42FB21" box="[565,664,1190,1214]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">111</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040DF77EC2FC33FB21" box="[702,1001,1190,1214]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">92-126 (115)</td>
<td id="76FA5D97FFC200040B067EC2FA98FB21" box="[1103,1346,1190,1214]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">101-121 (108)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C3016522FFC2FFF60F8E7E89FB67F90C" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC2FFF60F8E7E89FA5DFAEC" blockId="13.[151,1437,1261,1684]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60F8E7E89FEEFFA98" bold="true" box="[199,309,1261,1288]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60F8E7E89FEF4FA97" bold="true" box="[199,302,1261,1288]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Remarks</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The new genus is similar to the following genera of hystrignathid nematodes by having a spiny cervical cuticle and didelphic reproductive system:
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60DA67F76FB4AFAB4" authority="Morffe &amp; Garcia, 2013" authorityName="Morffe &amp; Garcia" authorityYear="2013" box="[751,1168,1297,1323]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Batwanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60DA67F76FCA9FAB4" box="[751,883,1298,1323]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Batwanema</emphasis>
Morffe &amp; García, 2013
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60BE97F75FEFBFACF" authority="Travassos &amp; Kloss, 1957" authorityName="Travassos &amp; Kloss" authorityYear="1957" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Carlosia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60BE97F75FAD8FAB4" box="[1184,1282,1297,1323]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Carlosia</emphasis>
Travassos &amp; Kloss, 1957
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60E677F51FD0CFAD0" authority="Morffe &amp; Garcia, 2013" authorityName="Morffe &amp; Garcia" authorityYear="2013" box="[302,726,1333,1359]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Chokwenema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60E677F51FE1FFAD0" box="[302,453,1333,1359]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Chokwenema</emphasis>
Morffe &amp; García, 2013
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60DAA7F51FC58FAD0" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1850" box="[739,898,1333,1359]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Hystrignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60DAA7F51FC58FAD0" box="[739,898,1333,1359]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Hystrignathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60CD87F51FB70FAD0" authority="Cobb, 1898" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1898" box="[913,1194,1333,1359]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Lepidonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60CD87F51FBC1FAD0" box="[913,1051,1333,1359]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Lepidonema</emphasis>
Cobb, 1898
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60BFE7F51FEFAFAEB" authority="Travassos &amp; Kloss, 1958" authorityName="Travassos &amp; Kloss" authorityYear="1958" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Salesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60BFE7F51FAD2FAD0" box="[1207,1288,1333,1359]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Salesia</emphasis>
Travassos &amp; Kloss, 1958
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60E657F3EFD0CFAEB" authority="Travassos &amp; Kloss, 1958" authorityName="Travassos &amp; Kloss" authorityYear="1958" box="[300,726,1369,1396]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Soaresnema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60E657F3EFE6EFAEB" box="[300,436,1370,1396]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Soaresnema</emphasis>
Travassos &amp; Kloss, 1958
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60DA87F3DFB4EFAEB" authority="Travassos &amp; Kloss, 1958" authorityName="Travassos &amp; Kloss" authorityYear="1958" box="[737,1172,1369,1396]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Urbanonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60DA87F3DFCAFFAEC" box="[737,885,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Urbanonema</emphasis>
Travassos &amp; Kloss, 1958
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60B827F3EFA59FAEC" authority="Cobb, 1898" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1898" box="[1227,1411,1369,1395]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Xyo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60B827F3EFB2DFAEC" box="[1227,1271,1370,1395]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Xyo</emphasis>
Cobb, 1898
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC2FFF60F8E7F19FB23F99B" blockId="13.[151,1437,1261,1684]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60F8E7F19FE4DFA08" authority="Zhang &amp; Yin &amp; Carreno &amp; Zhang, 2021" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Yin &amp; Carreno &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2021" box="[199,407,1405,1431]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Parahystrignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60F8E7F19FE4DFA08" box="[199,407,1405,1431]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Parahystrignathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25C57C0FFC2FFF60ED47F1AFE3CFA07" box="[413,486,1406,1432]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" rank="genus">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
can be easily distinguished from
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60C1D7F1AFAC2FA08" box="[852,1304,1405,1431]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60C1D7F1AFC01FA08" authorityName="Morffe &amp; Garcia" authorityYear="2013" box="[852,987,1406,1431]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Batwanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Batwanema</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60CAD7F19FBA4FA08" authorityName="Morffe &amp; Garcia" authorityYear="2013" box="[996,1150,1405,1431]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Chokwenema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Chokwenema</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60BCE7F19FACEFA08" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1898" box="[1159,1300,1405,1431]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Lepidonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Lepidonema</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60A027F19FA46FA08" authorityName="Travassos &amp; Kloss" authorityYear="1958" box="[1355,1436,1405,1431]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Salesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60A027F19FA46FA08" box="[1355,1436,1405,1431]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Salesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having females with the cervical region armed with pointed spines instead of having scale-like projections.
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60A737FC5FA46FA24" authorityName="Travassos &amp; Kloss" authorityYear="1957" box="[1338,1436,1441,1467]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Carlosia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60A737FC5FA46FA24" box="[1338,1436,1441,1467]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Carlosia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the new genus in the cervical region in having only two longitudinal rows of spines.
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60B857FA1FA46FA40" authority="Zhang &amp; Yin &amp; Carreno &amp; Zhang, 2021" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Yin &amp; Carreno &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2021" box="[1228,1436,1477,1503]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Parahystrignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60B857FA1FA46FA40" box="[1228,1436,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Parahystrignathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25C57C0FFC2FFF60FDE7F8EFF39F99B" box="[151,227,1514,1540]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" rank="genus">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is different from
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60EE17F8EFDEAF99B" authorityName="Travassos &amp; Kloss" authorityYear="1958" box="[424,560,1514,1540]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Soaresnema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60EE17F8EFDEAF99B" box="[424,560,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Soaresnema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having females with a clavate
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60CE47F8EFC1EF99C" box="[941,964,1514,1539]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">vs</emphasis>
. sub-cylindrical procorpus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA436A9FFC2FFF60F8E7C69FB67F90C" blockId="13.[151,1437,1261,1684]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60F8E7C69FE4DF9B8" authority="Zhang &amp; Yin &amp; Carreno &amp; Zhang, 2021" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Yin &amp; Carreno &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2021" box="[199,407,1549,1575]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Parahystrignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60F8E7C69FE4DF9B8" box="[199,407,1549,1575]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Parahystrignathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25C57C0FFC2FFF60ED47C6AFE3CF9B7" box="[413,486,1550,1576]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" rank="genus">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60D3D7C69FCC9F9B8" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1850" box="[628,787,1549,1575]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Hystrignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60D3D7C69FCC9F9B8" box="[628,787,1549,1575]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Hystrignathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60C567C69FC69F9B8" authorityName="Travassos &amp; Kloss" authorityYear="1958" box="[799,947,1549,1575]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Urbanonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60C567C69FC69F9B8" box="[799,947,1549,1575]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Urbanonema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60CAF7C6AFBC8F9B8" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1898" box="[998,1042,1550,1575]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Xyo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60CAF7C6AFBC8F9B8" box="[998,1042,1550,1575]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Xyo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by lacking the first cephalic annule. In addition,
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60E567C55FE64F9D4" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1850" box="[287,446,1585,1611]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Hystrignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60E567C55FE64F9D4" box="[287,446,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Hystrignathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the new genus in having the cervical cuticle bearing opposite
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60BB67C56FACCF9D4" box="[1279,1302,1586,1611]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">vs</emphasis>
. alternating rows of spines.
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60E0D7C31FE02F9F0" authorityName="Travassos &amp; Kloss" authorityYear="1958" box="[324,472,1621,1647]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Urbanonema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60E0D7C31FE02F9F0" box="[324,472,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Urbanonema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60D217C31FCE2F9F0" authority="Zhang &amp; Yin &amp; Carreno &amp; Zhang, 2021" authorityName="Zhang &amp; Yin &amp; Carreno &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2021" box="[616,824,1621,1647]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Parahystrignathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60D217C31FCE2F9F0" box="[616,824,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Parahystrignathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25C57C0FFC2FFF60C767C32FC53F9EF" box="[831,905,1622,1648]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" rank="genus">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
by having the stoma with a dilated anterior end.
<taxonomicName id="4C1B4D2AFFC2FFF60FDE7C1EFF19F90C" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,195,1658,1683]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hystrignathidae" genus="Xyo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96FEABBFFC2FFF60FDE7C1EFF19F90C" box="[151,195,1658,1683]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Xyo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is different from the new genus in having the first row with 32 spines instead of 16 spines.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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