134 lines
16 KiB
XML
134 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document id="94C8563BEB7223F2C2BE81078D3DCBE4" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140" ID-CLB-Dataset="32975" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.583183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583183" ID-ZooBank="2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495696370209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jong, Rienk De" docDate="2017" docId="03AA87D3285CFFCBF7F0FBDFFEE4B7CD" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4270 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Aquisextana irenaei" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="29" masterDocId="FF93FFAB2840FFD7F767FF87FFA3B03E" masterDocTitle="Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1698439901205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="97B937E5D1517833ADAD7F717EB01279">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4CEF2B35590E3D0926EB94AB0B3DE12F">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4601E8F091AD0842A4AAB8EF0D44435E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="41C4884B496AE7FFD56A894C8AD540B8">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BBDC5880E3340A4CE88AE7E3A1030551">4270</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="EDB38963CF2BD376AC0C09ACB50A6F92" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.583183</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AA87D3285CFFCBF7F0FBDFFEE4B7CD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6046985" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844853" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6046985" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D3285CFFCBF7F0FBDFFEE4B7CD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D3285CFFCBF7F0FBDFFEE4B7CD" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E285CFFCBF7F0FBDFFEE0B489" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285CFFCBF7F0FBDFFD16B44C" blockId="28.[151,693,1112,1138]" box="[151,693,1112,1138]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<heading id="D0F481A9285CFFCBF7F0FBDFFD16B44C" bold="true" box="[151,693,1112,1138]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285CFFCBF7F0FBDFFD16B44C" bold="true" box="[151,693,1112,1138]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285CFFCBF7F0FBDFFF50B44C" bold="true" box="[151,243,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF7F0FBDFFF4CB44C" ID-CoL="9F82Y" box="[151,239,1112,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Aquisextana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irenaei">irenaei</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF79DFBDFFD16B44C" authority="Theobald, 1937" authorityName="Theobald" authorityYear="1937" box="[250,693,1112,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Aquisextana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irenaei">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285CFFCBF79DFBDFFE4EB44C" bold="true" box="[250,493,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Aquisextana irenaei</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285CFFCBF693FBDFFD16B44C" author="Theobald" box="[500,693,1112,1138]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Theobald, N. (1937) Note complementaires sur les insectes fossiles oligocenes des gypses d'Aix-en-Provence. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences de Nancy, 6, 157 - 179." type="journal article" year="1937">Théobald, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285CFFCBF7F0FB19FEE0B489" blockId="28.[151,1437,1182,2035]" box="[151,323,1182,1207]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF7F0FB19FEB4B489" box="[151,279,1182,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
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(?).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C319654E285CFFCBF7A0FB44FEE4B7CD" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285CFFCBF7A0FB44FA85B4E5" blockId="28.[151,1437,1182,2035]" box="[199,1318,1218,1243]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">France, Bouches-du-Rhône, Aix-en-Provence; Chattian–Aquitanian, late Oligocene–early Miocene.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285CFFCBF7A0FB61FDC0B4C1" blockId="28.[151,1437,1182,2035]" box="[199,611,1254,1279]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Depository: IGMF (holotype, Ma 1).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285CFFCBF7A0FA8DFBA1B51D" blockId="28.[151,1437,1182,2035]" box="[199,1026,1290,1315]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Published figures:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285CFFCBF6FEFA8DFD65B51D" author="Theobald" box="[409,710,1290,1315]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Theobald, N. (1937) Note complementaires sur les insectes fossiles oligocenes des gypses d'Aix-en-Provence. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences de Nancy, 6, 157 - 179." type="journal article" year="1937">
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Théobald (1937:
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<figureCitation id="13382A40285CFFCBF53DFA8DFD02B51D" box="[602,673,1290,1315]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1650,1672]" captionTargetBox="[175,1415,420,1615]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,409,1627]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apomorphies, their placement on a tree, and the assignment of calibration points. See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583185/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13382A40285CFFCBF5CAFA8CFD1FB51D" box="[685,700,1291,1315]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1801,1823]" captionTargetBox="[165,1429,840,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[154,1438,828,1788]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 4. Wing venation of (A) Pareronia Bingham, 1907 (Pieridae), and (B) Hasora Moore, 1881 (Hesperiidae). See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583186/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">3</figureCitation>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285CFFCBF5B4FA8CFC5EB51D" author="Leestmans" box="[723,1021,1290,1315]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Leestmans, R. (1983) Les Lepidopteres fossiles trouves en France (Insecta Lepidoptera). Linneana belgica, 9, 64 - 89." type="journal article" year="1983">
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Leestmans (1983:
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<figureCitation id="13382A40285CFFCBF4C5FA8DFC57B51D" box="[930,1012,1290,1315]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 21" captionStartId="48.[151,264,605,627]" captionTargetBox="[221,1362,203,576]" captionTargetId="figure@48.[216,1371,193,584]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 21. Three phylogenetic trees for Nymphalidae: Satyrinae. See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583189/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285CFFCBF7A0FAA8FEE4B724" blockId="28.[151,1437,1182,2035]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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A fairly well preserved specimen, showing all wings (partly overlapping), head with appendices, thorax and abdomen. According to the original description, the fossil is seen from the underside. If correct, the legs are lost. The antennae thicken gradually towards the club. They are supposed to be inserted before the eyes. This is an impossible antennal inserting area and if the insect is really seen from the underside, the insertion of the antennae should not be seen at all. Eyes elongate-oval, hairy.
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F827285CFFCBF588FA38FCB2B5E8" box="[751,785,1471,1494]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">No</collectingRegion>
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emargination at the base of the antennae (apomorphy of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF7F0FA65FEBAB5C5" box="[151,281,1506,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
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) mentioned, but otherwise not visible in ventral view. Forewing, length
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<quantity id="4CFB9B20285CFFCBF33CFA64FB13B5C4" box="[1115,1200,1507,1531]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="21.0">21 mm</quantity>
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; radial formula 1, 2, 3+4, with R4 ending on the outer margin just below the apex. This radial formula is found in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF3CEF981FAA6B621" box="[1193,1285,1542,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
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(e.g.
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF223F980FF4EB67D" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Eurema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285CFFCBF223F980FA3FB620" box="[1348,1436,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Eurema</emphasis>
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Hübner
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</taxonomicName>
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, [1819]) and many
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF6ABF9ADFDECB67D" box="[460,591,1578,1603]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
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. In most
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF5DEF9ADFC9BB67D" box="[697,824,1578,1603]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
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R4 terminates at the apex or on the costa close to the apex, in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF679F9C9FED9B659" box="[286,378,1614,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
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and in a few
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF569F9C9FD33B659" box="[526,656,1614,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
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, such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF595F9C8FC03B659" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[754,928,1614,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Curetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285CFFCBF595F9C8FCE0B658" box="[754,835,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Curetis</emphasis>
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Hübner
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</taxonomicName>
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, [1819], an Oriental genus. In the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF27DF9C9FA3BB659" box="[1306,1432,1614,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Liphyrinae">Liphyrinae</taxonomicName>
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, an Old-World subfamily [see
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285CFFCBF686F9F5FDF8B6B5" author="Eliot" box="[481,603,1650,1675]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Eliot, J. N. (1973) The higher classification of the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): a tentative arrangement. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, 28, 373 - 505, pls. 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1973">Eliot 1973</bibRefCitation>
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], mentioned by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285CFFCBF46AF9F5FC69B6B5" author="Theobald" box="[781,970,1650,1675]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Theobald, N. (1937) Note complementaires sur les insectes fossiles oligocenes des gypses d'Aix-en-Provence. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences de Nancy, 6, 157 - 179." type="journal article" year="1937">Théobald (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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, the arrangement is not comparable, there being five radial branches and R4 terminates on the outer margin. As remarked by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285CFFCBF358F911FB5EB691" author="Theobald" box="[1087,1277,1686,1711]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Theobald, N. (1937) Note complementaires sur les insectes fossiles oligocenes des gypses d'Aix-en-Provence. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences de Nancy, 6, 157 - 179." type="journal article" year="1937">Théobald (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF26EF910FAF9B690" box="[1289,1370,1687,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Curetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285CFFCBF26EF910FAF9B690" box="[1289,1370,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Curetis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has a heavier thorax. Moreover,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF6ACF93CFDBFB6EC" box="[459,540,1723,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Curetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285CFFCBF6ACF93CFDBFB6EC" box="[459,540,1723,1746]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Curetis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has a very different wing shape, triangular, with a straight outer margin and rectangular tornus, contrasting with the more elongate wing of the fossil, possessing a convex outer margin and rounded tornus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285CFFCBF7A0F8A0FEE4B7CD" blockId="28.[151,1437,1182,2035]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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On the wings a number of small dark spots are visible. Because of these spots, the general appearance and the eyes, Théobald believes his fossil to be a lycaenid, which is not close enough to any recent genus for assignment. Therefore, he erected a new genus for the fossil. From the discussion above it may be clear that evidence for a lycaenid relationship is hardly more convincing than for a pierid relationship, except that the modest size and the small dark spots that point to
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF6B8F831FDC1B7F1" box="[479,610,1974,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
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. For want of better evidence, we follow Théobald and list this fossil under the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285CFFCBF7A7F85DFEE0B7CD" box="[192,323,2010,2035]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |