270 lines
33 KiB
XML
270 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="BC39286BF858DA2102B7D1AE3AB405BA" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3872.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3278c375-6c89-42a2-b7ac-24b9bb91730e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="251860" ID-ZooBank="8FECCFC1-7CA9-4A90-B881-4BD40157AD99" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460928091107" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, T. Colin E." docDate="2014" docId="03AA87B3FFD0351BFF79F91627ABDCB9" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03872p354.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3872 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Perrotia albiplaga Oberthur 1916" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="327" masterDocId="FF93FFCBFFC63501FFEEFFD82603DF67" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders" masterLastPageNumber="354" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="323" updateTime="1698362795193" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="A55BC14F59F366FD50E5D8E1B9F2CF2C">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0FDB686E7E9B0254F501D13E610E61D0">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FE50F42AE524E4B4DBE81C0168AA3869">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CAF3066544D0C24116A86E74615ABB50">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="043E0F86242E41270EE4A62D531EE520">
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<mods:date id="D249F697BD0FA36DA0F766B1CA23F88F">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="10DAF59129C071555553261998B7F797">3872</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03AA87B3FFD0351BFF79F91627ABDCB9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680996" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119589755" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680996" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87B3FFD0351BFF79F91627ABDCB9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87B3FFD0351BFF79F91627ABDCB9" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="327" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
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<subSubSection id="C319652EFFD0351BFF79F91627ABDCB9" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="327" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD03517FF79F9162443D98F" blockId="22.[151,576,1742,1768]" box="[151,576,1742,1768]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
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<heading id="D0F481C9FFD03517FF79F9162443D98F" bold="true" box="[151,576,1742,1768]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD03517FF79F9162443D98F" ID-CoL="4F936" authority="Oberthur, 1916" authorityName="Oberthur" authorityYear="1916" box="[151,576,1742,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD03517FF79F9162443D98F" bold="true" box="[151,576,1742,1768]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
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Perrotia albiplaga
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD03517FE6FF9162443D98F" author="Oberthur" box="[385,576,1742,1768]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) II. - Hesperidae. Pp. 234 - 244, plate 136 in: Oberthur, C. Observations sur une centurie d'especes de Lepidopteres rhopaloceres malgaches. Etudes de lepidopterologie comparee, par Charles Oberthur, 11, 177 - 244, plates 136 - 137." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür, 1916</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD03517FF79F8CC2399D886" blockId="22.[151,1437,1812,2017]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
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This Madagascan endemic is extremely rare in collections.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD03517FCC2F8CC25E1D84A" author="Oberthur" box="[812,994,1812,1837]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" refString="Oberthur, C. (1916) II. - Hesperidae. Pp. 234 - 244, plate 136 in: Oberthur, C. Observations sur une centurie d'especes de Lepidopteres rhopaloceres malgaches. Etudes de lepidopterologie comparee, par Charles Oberthur, 11, 177 - 244, plates 136 - 137." type="journal article" year="1916">Oberthür (1916)</bibRefCitation>
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described and illustrated it from a male collected by the Perrot brothers at Fénérive (lowland forest) in the first quarter of 1896;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD03517FB99F8E1230ED836" author="Evans" box="[1143,1293,1849,1873]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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reports only the
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<typeStatus id="54B88807FFD03517FF2DF88526F0D812" box="[195,243,1885,1909]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">type</typeStatus>
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in the BMNH. In the same paper, Oberthür described and figured
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD03517FBEDF88622A3D812" box="[1027,1184,1884,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albimacula">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD03517FBEDF88622A3D812" box="[1027,1184,1884,1909]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">P. albimacula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, also captured by the Perrot brothers at ‘Antakares (Isokitra à Diego Suàrez)’.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD03517FCCBF85925BFD8FE" author="Evans" box="[805,956,1921,1945]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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treats
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD03517FBE2F85A22A4D8FE" box="[1036,1191,1920,1945]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albimacula">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD03517FBE2F85A22A4D8FE" box="[1036,1191,1920,1945]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">P. albimacula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD03517FA69F85A2701D8DA" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD03517FA69F85A2701D8DA" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">P. albiplaga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, suggesting it may prove to be just a variety, and lists only the male
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<typeStatus id="54B88807FFD03517FBCFF87D2252D8DA" box="[1057,1105,1957,1981]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">type</typeStatus>
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in the BMNH; however, the wing pattern of this specimen is significantly different from the
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<typeStatus id="54B88807FFD03517FC7AF81025F5D886" box="[916,1014,1992,2017]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD03517FBCAF81222B3D886" box="[1060,1200,1992,2017]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD03517FBCAF81222B3D886" box="[1060,1200,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">P. albiplaga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. A third species,
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD03517FA69F8122399D886" box="[1415,1434,1994,2017]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">P.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD13516FF79FF412349DECA" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,680]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FF79FF4126F2DFD7" box="[151,241,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">teresina</emphasis>
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(Oberthür) was described from a female captured at ‘Forêt du Rogez entre Tananarive et la Côte orientale de l'ile’ (i.e. Andekaleka (lowland forest), D.C. Lees pers. comm. 2012) by C. Lamberton; Evans treats this as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD13516FEC7FF39243FDF9F" box="[297,572,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="albiplaga" subSpecies="albimacula">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FEC7FF39243FDF9F" box="[297,572,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">P. albiplaga albimacula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and lists only the female
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<typeStatus id="54B88807FFD13516FC98FF3825A5DF9F" box="[886,934,224,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">type</typeStatus>
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in the BMNH.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD13516FB8CFF0722F9DF9F" author="Viette" box="[1122,1274,223,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" refString="Viette, P. (1956) Insectes. Lepidopteres Hesperiidae. Faune de Madagascar III. L'Institut de Recherche scientifique, Tananahive-Tsimbazaza, 85 pp." type="book" year="1956">Viette (1956)</bibRefCitation>
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indicates that subspecies are not justified and so
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD13516FDCFFEDD24AADE7A" box="[545,681,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FDCFFEDD24AADE7A" box="[545,681,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">P. albiplaga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is monotypic, but adds no new localities.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD13516FB68FEDC2368DE7A" box="[1158,1387,260,285]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FB0EFEDD2312DE7A" box="[1248,1297,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al</emphasis>
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. (1995)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD13516FF79FEF02766DE27" box="[151,357,295,320]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" refString="Lees, D. C., Kremen, C. & Raharitsimba, T. (2003) Classification, diversity, and endemism of the butterflies (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea): a revised species checklist. In: Goodman, S. M. & Benstead, J. P. (Eds.), The Natural History of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 762 - 793." type="book chapter">
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Lees
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FF3BFEF1270ADE27" box="[213,265,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">et al</emphasis>
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. (2003)
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</bibRefCitation>
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follow this treatment, although D.C. Lees (pers. comm. 2012) and T.B. Larsen (pers. comm. 2012) indicate that
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD13516FE9AFE95240CDE02" box="[372,527,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albimacula">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FE9AFE95240CDE02" box="[372,527,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">P. albimacula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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may prove to be a valid species, and
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FC2EFE952230DE03" box="[960,1075,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">P. t e res i na</emphasis>
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is likely to be a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD13516FA69FE952701DEEF" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FA69FE952701DEEF" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">P. albiplaga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. D.C. Lees (pers. comm.) advises that he is aware of only one further specimen, collected at Ambinanindrano by R.K. Kestell-Cornish around 1917, making at most four known specimens at this time.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD13516FF29FE6F245CDDCF" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,680]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
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Given this apparent rarity, it is somewhat astonishing that during a visit to
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD13516FBC7FE6F22B1DEB7" box="[1065,1202,439,464]" name="Madagascar" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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, MJWC found three caterpillars of this species (90/208) at Andasibé (Perinet), less than a mile from Lac Vert (to the west of Lac Vert, Perinet, position estimated at
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<geoCoordinate id="EE375062FFD13516FE1FFDD82458DD7F" box="[497,603,512,536]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" precision="55" value="-18.942">18.942°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE375062FFD13516FD84FDD824DBDD7F" box="[618,728,512,536]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" precision="55" value="48.427">48.427°E</geoCoordinate>
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). One female (
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<figureCitation id="13382A20FFD13516FC68FE2725FBDD7F" box="[902,1016,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1227,1249]" captionTargetBox="[160,1425,725,1188]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[150,1436,709,1202]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 22. Pinned female Perrotia albiplaga, collected 16 Aug 1990 as final instar caterpillar on? Decaryochloa diadelpha, Andasibé, Madagascar; adult 15 Sep; 90 / 208 A. Scale bar 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251882/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Figure 22</figureCitation>
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) was reared. Only in 2012 was this specimen correctly identified by D.C. Lees and T.B. Larsen in the early stages of preparing this paper. It resembles the female
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<typeStatus id="54B88807FFD13516FEF2FD90274FDD07" box="[284,332,584,608]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">type</typeStatus>
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of
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FE94FD9127D0DD07" box="[378,467,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">teresina</emphasis>
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, but the UPF spots are reduced. Unfortunately little detail of the early stages was recorded at the time of collection, and the following is based mostly on the photographic record made and preserved penultimate instar caterpillars.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7C662DFFD13516FF79FB132524DB98" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251882/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" targetBox="[160,1425,725,1188]" targetPageId="23">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD13516FF79FB132524DB98" blockId="23.[151,1435,1227,1279]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FF79FB132723DB87" bold="true" box="[151,288,1227,1249]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">FIGURE 22.</emphasis>
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Pinned female
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD13516FE50FB142479DB86" box="[446,634,1227,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FE50FB142479DB86" box="[446,634,1227,1249]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Perrotia albiplaga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, collected 16 Aug 1990 as final instar caterpillar on?
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD13516FB75FB1326FADB98" authority="Andasibe" authorityName="Andasibe" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Decaryochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diadelpha">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FB75FB132396DB86" box="[1179,1429,1227,1249]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Decaryochloa diadelpha</emphasis>
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, Andasibé
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</taxonomicName>
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, Madagascar; adult 15 Sep; 90/208A. Scale bar 10mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD13516FF79FAF42711DA22" blockId="23.[151,1436,1324,1457]" box="[151,274,1324,1349]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FF79FAF42711DA22" box="[151,274,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Food plant</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD13516FF79FA882570DAD6" blockId="23.[151,1436,1324,1457]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
The food plant on which caterpillars were found was a large bamboo. It was identified recently by Dr. S. Dransfield (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew) from
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A20FFD13516FDD6FAAC24A5DAEB" box="[568,678,1396,1421]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1870]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,195,1871]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 23. Leaf shelter of Perrotia albiplaga on? Decaryochloa diadelpha, Andasibé, Madagascar, 16 Aug 1990; 90 / 208. The food plant identification was made from this photo." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Figure 23</figureCitation>
|
||
as probably
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD13516FCD5FAAC2251DAEA" box="[827,1106,1396,1421]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Decaryochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diadelpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FCD5FAAC2251DAEA" box="[827,1106,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Decaryochloa diadelpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a Madagascan endemic and the only species of its genus, which is very common at Andasibé.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD13516FF79FA382724DA9E" blockId="23.[151,1436,1504,1709]" box="[151,295,1504,1529]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FF79FA382724DA9E" box="[151,295,1504,1529]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD13516FF79F9DC2324D9CA" blockId="23.[151,1436,1504,1709]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
A leaf shelter is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A20FFD13516FE2BF9DC2435D97B" box="[453,566,1540,1565]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1870]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,195,1871]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 23. Leaf shelter of Perrotia albiplaga on? Decaryochloa diadelpha, Andasibé, Madagascar, 16 Aug 1990; 90 / 208. The food plant identification was made from this photo." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251883/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Figure 23</figureCitation>
|
||
; the shelter is made with a basal cut, and the distal half of the leaf is folded upwards to the apex; feeding is from the basal end of the shelter, leaving the margin intact and free, and basal to the shelter from the leaf edge on the opposite side of the leaf. Figure 25.1 shows the final instar caterpillar in a leaf shelter made by rolling a whole leaf upwards, but whether the open shelter reflects what was found in nature, a shelter under construction, or an artefact of remaking the shelter in captivity, cannot now be determined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD13516FF79F9042716D992" blockId="23.[151,1437,1756,2033]" box="[151,277,1756,1781]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD13516FF79F9042716D992" box="[151,277,1756,1781]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD13516FF79F8D827C8D896" blockId="23.[151,1437,1756,2033]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
|
||
One n-2 instar caterpillar was found about to moult to the penultimate instar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A20FFD13516FC18F8D8226BD87F" box="[1014,1128,1792,1817]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="25.[151,250,751,773]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,727]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,195,727]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 24. Instar 3 premoult caterpillar of Perrotia albiplaga collected and photographed 16 Aug 1990 on? Decaryochloa diadelpha, Andasibé, Madagascar; preserved; 90 / 208." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251884/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Figure 24</figureCitation>
|
||
); Head 2.0 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFD13516FB12F8D82349D87F" box="[1276,1354,1792,1816]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high; widest just below middle, indent at vertex; black with a diffuse pale patch on each epicranium from below apex parallel to epicranial suture, a sharply defined pale arc from base of adfrontals, running posteriorly basal to stemmata, and a sharply defined pale rhomboid patch above stemmata, just touching the arc. Pronotum black; black anal shield apart from the margin, where there are visible pale setae; the body is dull translucent pale green, the dorsal line darker; the body segments are ridged or folded in the posterior half; only spiracles T1 and A8 are visible and they are orange-brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C662DFFDE3519FF79F8BF24CDD8C7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251883/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1870]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFDE3519FF79F8BF24CDD8C7" blockId="24.[151,1437,1895,1952]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDE3519FF79F8BF2722D81B" bold="true" box="[151,289,1895,1917]" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">FIGURE 23.</emphasis>
|
||
Leaf shelter of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDE3519FE29F8B02486D81A" box="[455,645,1895,1917]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDE3519FE29F8B02486D81A" box="[455,645,1895,1917]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Perrotia albiplaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDE3519FD57F8BF2225D81A" authority="Andasibe" authorityName="Andasibe" box="[697,1062,1895,1917]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Decaryochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="24" pageNumber="325" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diadelpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDE3519FD57F8BF25B6D81A" box="[697,949,1895,1917]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="325">Decaryochloa diadelpha</emphasis>
|
||
, Andasibé
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Madagascar, 16 Aug 1990; 90/208. The food plant identification was made from this photo.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C662DFFDF3518FF79FD3724BADC43" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251884/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" targetBox="[151,1436,195,727]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFDF3518FF79FD3724BADC43" blockId="25.[151,1435,751,804]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDF3518FF79FD372722DC63" bold="true" box="[151,289,751,773]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">FIGURE 24.</emphasis>
|
||
Instar 3 premoult caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDF3518FD85FD29252ADC62" box="[619,809,751,774]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDF3518FD85FD29252ADC62" box="[619,809,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Perrotia albiplaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected and photographed 16 Aug 1990 on?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDF3518FAE2FD372769DC43" authority="Andasibe" authorityName="Andasibe" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Decaryochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diadelpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDF3518FAE2FD3726FFDC43" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Decaryochloa diadelpha</emphasis>
|
||
, Andasibé
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Madagascar; preserved; 90/208.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFDF3518FF29FC892538DBED" blockId="25.[151,1437,849,1162]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
|
||
The head of the penultimate instar caterpillar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A20FFDF3518FD39FC892544DC0D" box="[727,839,849,874]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1686,1708]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1252,1662]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,1252,1662]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 25. Instar 4 caterpillar of Perrotia albiplaga collected and photographed 16 Aug 1990 on? Decaryochloa diadelpha, Andasibé, Madagascar; preserved; 90 / 208. Note the shelter was full of water from a recent shower when collected." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251885/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Figure 25</figureCitation>
|
||
) is wider nearer base, indent at vertex; 2.6 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFDF3518FAA0FC89239FDC0E" box="[1358,1436,849,873]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.9mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=2); ground colour pale brown; a striking conspicuous black marking from vertex down face, widening from the vertex to about the top of the frons, then narrowing abruptly in the basal half of the frons, before widening as far as the inner stemmata just above the mouthparts; a broad pale yellow-white band outside this, the outer margin more or less straight from vertex to inner stemmata, extending posteriorly over the stemmata; a short dark line through the anterior stemmata; the posterior margin of head slightly darkened. Pronotum narrowly black on posterior margin; body dull translucent pale green, the dorsal line hardly differentiated; segments ridged or folded in posterior half; spiracles T1 and A8 conspicuous orange-brown, other spiracles orange-brown, but much less conspicuous; gonads on A5 yellow and sharply defined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C662DFFDF3518FF79F94E2322D9AC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251885/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" targetBox="[151,1436,1252,1662]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFDF3518FF79F94E2322D9AC" blockId="25.[151,1435,1686,1739]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDF3518FF79F94E2723D9CB" bold="true" box="[151,288,1686,1708]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">FIGURE 25.</emphasis>
|
||
Instar 4 caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDF3518FDECF94024BCD9CB" box="[514,703,1686,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDF3518FDECF94024BCD9CB" box="[514,703,1686,1709]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Perrotia albiplaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected and photographed 16 Aug 1990 on?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDF3518FB74F94E26FAD9AC" authority="Andasibe" authorityName="Andasibe" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Decaryochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="25" pageNumber="326" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diadelpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDF3518FB74F94E2396D9CB" box="[1178,1429,1686,1708]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Decaryochloa diadelpha</emphasis>
|
||
, Andasibé
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Madagascar; preserved; 90/208. Note the shelter was full of water from a recent shower when collected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFDF3518FF29F92027D7D8C6" blockId="25.[151,1436,1784,1953]" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">
|
||
The final instar caterpillar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A20FFDF3518FE17F920246BD876" box="[505,616,1784,1809]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="26.[151,250,652,674]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,628]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[151,1436,195,628]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 26. Instar 5 caterpillar of Perrotia albiplaga collected and photographed 16 Aug 1990 on? Decaryochloa diadelpha, Andasibé, Madagascar; pupated 28 Aug; 90 / 208 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251886/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="326">Figure 26</figureCitation>
|
||
) is similar to the penultimate instar: head 3.0 x 4.0mm wide x high; head ground colour is a darker brown; the central black marking on the face is relatively narrower, except just above the mouthparts where it is comparable; the pale yellow-white band outside this is relatively narrower and the lateral margin concave. The head and body have scattered very short, pale, erect setae, longest around mouthparts and around margin of anal plate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C662DFFDC351BFF79FD54249ADDA6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251886/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" targetBox="[151,1436,195,628]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFDC351BFF79FD54249ADDA6" blockId="26.[151,1435,652,705]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDC351BFF79FD542723DDC6" bold="true" box="[151,288,652,674]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
|
||
Instar 5 caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDC351BFDECFD5524BCDDC5" box="[514,703,652,674]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDC351BFDECFD5524BCDDC5" box="[514,703,652,674]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Perrotia albiplaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected and photographed 16 Aug 1990 on?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFDC351BFB74FD5426FADDA6" authority="Andasibe" authorityName="Andasibe" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Decaryochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diadelpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDC351BFB74FD542396DDC5" box="[1178,1429,652,674]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Decaryochloa diadelpha</emphasis>
|
||
, Andasibé
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Madagascar; pupated 28 Aug; 90/208A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFDC351BFF79FD3626D0DC62" blockId="26.[151,1437,750,990]" box="[151,211,750,773]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFDC351BFF79FD3626D0DC62" box="[151,211,750,773]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFDC351BFF79FCC927ABDCB9" blockId="26.[151,1437,750,990]" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">
|
||
The pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A20FFDC351BFEFCFCC92780DC4D" box="[274,387,785,810]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1450,1472]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1045,1425]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[151,1436,1045,1425]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 27. Pupa of Perrotia albiplaga collected as final instar caterpillar 16 Aug 1990 on? Decaryochloa diadelpha, Andasibé, Madagascar; pupated 28 Aug; photographed 31 Aug; adult 15 Sep; 90 / 208 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251887/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="327">Figure 27</figureCitation>
|
||
) was formed in the final leaf shelter, which is silk lined; a sparse sprinkling of white waxy powder on lining of shelter and on pupa, strongest around thorax; the cremaster is attached to the silk lining; there does not seem to have been a silk girdle. The pupa measured
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFDC351BFC8AFC8225ACDC15" box="[868,943,858,882]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="26" pageNumber="327" unit="mm" value="23.0">23mm</quantity>
|
||
; proboscis sheath extends to cremaster; no frontal spike; ground colour dark brown; wings, legs and much of ventral abdomen light brown; short brown erect setae on head, dorsal thorax and abdomen; spiracles a contrasting light reddish orange-brown; true legs pale brown. Pupation lasted 18 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |