242 lines
28 KiB
XML
242 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="720323C40FAD546B1F5A2BD211F8924C" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3872.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3278c375-6c89-42a2-b7ac-24b9bb91730e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="251860" ID-ZooBank="8FECCFC1-7CA9-4A90-B881-4BD40157AD99" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460928091107" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, T. Colin E." docDate="2014" docId="03AA87B3FFCA350FFF79FC9A2415D8A0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03872p354.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3872 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ceratrichia semlikensis Joicey & Talbot 1921" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="315" masterDocId="FF93FFCBFFC63501FFEEFFD82603DF67" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders" masterLastPageNumber="354" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="313" updateTime="1698362795193" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="2689D642C6EB27378AC0D1A91DE0FD20" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="1CC9D6D06FD00034AB1BCA663019A304">
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<mods:title id="07AA4BAC5055B2D613828013117B7C26">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A23E13ED6FFB03AC712F8BACC24E5585" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="61185C79A9D8533E0298AC3C21D4BB49">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ED6FF916715836AF22218B1BA8D57A90">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3160625441825A7EE94A281F0D4AAFC2">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8B22A93179E20A9C9FD746C554BF8190">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="5383868A3A632F6BA86728EB45A56EC6">
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<mods:date id="02AC7EC3BA2220E3A7546D9C6FE2AB70">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="E72D6FBAEBDB1B26B2094646BF4BA8B6" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="D1205E248507AA7C24ED31B9F436BFED">3872</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="32740B76374959AF9A79E74AFABA9996">4</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03AA87B3FFCA350FFF79FC9A2415D8A0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680978" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119589833" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680978" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87B3FFCA350FFF79FC9A2415D8A0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87B3FFCA350FFF79FC9A2415D8A0" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="315" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
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<subSubSection id="C319652EFFCA350FFF79FC9A2415D8A0" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="315" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCA350DFF79FC9A24CADC3B" blockId="12.[151,713,834,860]" box="[151,713,834,860]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
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<heading id="D0F481C9FFCA350DFF79FC9A24CADC3B" bold="true" box="[151,713,834,860]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCA350DFF79FC9A24CADC3B" ID-CoL="9BTHQ" authority="Joicey & Talbot, 1921" authorityName="Joicey & Talbot" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,713,834,860]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semlikensis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFF79FC9A24CADC3B" bold="true" box="[151,713,834,860]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFF79FC9A27B0DC3B" bold="true" box="[151,435,834,860]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Ceratrichia semlikensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFCA350DFE54FC9A24CADC3B" author="Joicey" box="[442,713,834,860]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" refString="Joicey, J. J. & Talbot, G. (1921) New Lepidoptera collected by Mr T A Barns in east central Africa. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Whitley, 1, 40 - 166, 14 plates." type="book chapter" year="1921">Joicey & Talbot, 1921</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCA350DFF79FC512478DB1D" blockId="12.[151,1436,905,1146]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFCA350DFF79FC51279EDCC5" author="Joicey" box="[151,413,905,930]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" refString="Joicey, J. J. & Talbot, G. (1921) New Lepidoptera collected by Mr T A Barns in east central Africa. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Whitley, 1, 40 - 166, 14 plates." type="book chapter" year="1921">Joicey & Talbot (1921)</bibRefCitation>
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described ssp.
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCA350DFDA5FC5124C9DCC5" box="[587,714,905,930]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semlikensis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFDA5FC5124C9DCC5" box="[587,714,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">semlikensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Semliki Valley, Eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFCA350DFBF1FC52229FDCC5" box="[1055,1180,906,930]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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, as a subspecies of the West African
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCA350DFED4FC762581DCA1" authority="Hewitson. Recently, Collins et al. (2004)" authorityName="Hewitson. Recently, Collins et al." authorityYear="2004" box="[314,898,941,966]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFED4FC762794DCA1" box="[314,407,941,966]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">C. flava</emphasis>
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Hewitson. Recently,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFCA350DFD7AFC752581DCA1" box="[660,898,941,966]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" refString="Collins, S. C., Larsen, T. B. & Warren-Gash, H. (2004) Notes on Afrotropical butterflies with the description of eleven new species and four new subspecies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) - ABRI Research Paper No. 3. Metamorphosis, 14 (3), 63 - 110. [' 2003 ']" type="journal article">
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Collins
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFD1EFC762527DCA1" box="[752,804,941,966]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">et al</emphasis>
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. (2004)
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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raised it to a full species, as
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCA350DFB08FC762340DCA1" box="[1254,1347,941,966]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFB08FC762340DCA1" box="[1254,1347,941,966]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">C. flava</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCA350DFA6CFC762714DC8D" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semlikensis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFA6CFC762714DC8D" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">C. semlikensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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overlap in the
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFCA350DFE26FC0924E8DC8D" box="[456,747,977,1002]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
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, and there are differences in the male genitalia.
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCA350DFAF7FC092714DB69" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semlikensis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFAF7FC092714DB69" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Ceratrichia semlikensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is now known to be found in western
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFCA350DFD25FC2E2514DB69" box="[715,791,1014,1038]" name="Kenya" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFCA350DFCCDFC2D257EDB69" box="[803,893,1013,1038]" name="Uganda" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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, central and eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFCA350DFB8AFC2E22E3DB69" box="[1124,1248,1014,1038]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFCA350DFB02FC2D26FCDB55" name="Central African Republic" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
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, north-western
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFCA350DFE5BFBC12419DB55" box="[437,538,1049,1074]" name="Tanzania" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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and north-western
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFCA350DFD11FBC12557DB55" box="[767,852,1049,1074]" name="Zambia" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFCA350DFC89FBC225F0DB55" author="Evans" box="[871,1011,1050,1074]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFCA350DFBECFBC122E1DB55" author="Ackery" box="[1026,1250,1049,1074]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFB8EFBC22297DB55" box="[1120,1172,1049,1074]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFCA350DFB1FFBC1239BDB55" author="Kielland" box="[1265,1432,1049,1074]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFCA350DFF79FBE5275ADB31" author="Heath" box="[151,345,1085,1110]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
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Heath
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFF0EFBE62712DB31" box="[224,273,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">et al</emphasis>
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. 2002
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFCA350DFE8AFBE52435DB31" author="Collins" box="[356,566,1085,1110]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" refString="Collins, S. C., Larsen, T. B. & Warren-Gash, H. (2004) Notes on Afrotropical butterflies with the description of eleven new species and four new subspecies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) - ABRI Research Paper No. 3. Metamorphosis, 14 (3), 63 - 110. [' 2003 ']" type="journal article" year="2004">
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Collins
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFE55FBE627E8DB31" box="[443,491,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">et al</emphasis>
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. 2004
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</bibRefCitation>
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). MJWC is familiar with it from Kakamega Forest, western
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFCA350DFB3FFBE6231EDB31" box="[1233,1309,1086,1110]" name="Kenya" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, where it is common, and normally seen on every visit.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCA350DFF79FB71274FDBA5" blockId="12.[151,1436,1193,1326]" box="[151,332,1193,1218]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFF79FB71274FDBA5" box="[151,332,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCA350DFF79FB15240BDA49" blockId="12.[151,1436,1193,1326]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
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The adults fly along shady paths and in slightly open forest, pausing frequently to rest on vegetation. They pause in clearings and along the edge of open tracks and roads to sun themselves and feed at flowers (
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<figureCitation id="13382A20FFCA350DFB32FB292342DA6D" box="[1244,1345,1265,1290]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1754,1776]" captionTargetBox="[150,1426,285,1719]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[141,1426,285,1720]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Adults of Ceratrichia semlikensis, Kakamega Forest, Kenya. 1, at rest, 22 Sep 1991; 2, male sunbathing, 17 Jun 1991; 3, female sunbathing, 1 Jul 1990." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251869/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Figure 9</figureCitation>
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). Flight continues late into the afternoon.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCA350DFF79FA85271DDA11" blockId="12.[151,1436,1373,1470]" box="[151,286,1373,1398]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFF79FA85271DDA11" box="[151,286,1373,1398]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCA350DFF79FA592540DAD9" blockId="12.[151,1436,1373,1470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
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The food plant MJWC found in Kakamega Forest,
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFCA350DFD0FFA5A252EDAFD" box="[737,813,1410,1434]" name="Kenya" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, is a fine-leaved, sprawling grass,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCA350DFB57FA592397DAFE" box="[1209,1428,1409,1434]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Isachne" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mauritiana">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFB57FA592397DAFE" box="[1209,1428,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Isachne mauritiana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which forms an open ground cover beside paths in the forest.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCA350DFF79FA3626D9D962" blockId="12.[151,1436,1518,2010]" box="[151,218,1518,1541]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFF79FA3626D9D962" box="[151,218,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Ovum</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCA350DFF79F9CA2201D809" blockId="12.[151,1436,1518,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">
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On
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<date id="FFBD1065FFCA350DFF2CF9CA2750D94D" box="[194,339,1554,1578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" value="1991-09-21">21 Sep 1991</date>
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, MJWC observed a female at 16.00h showing oviposition behaviour beside the track up the hill from where the D267 crosses Ikuywa Stream, Kakamega Forest. She fluttered around low growth of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCA350DFAABF9ED2717D916" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Isachne" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="313" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mauritiana">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCA350DFAABF9ED2717D916" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">Isachne mauritiana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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partially screened by overhanging growth. She alighted on a grass blade, made a short, slow flight to another, and alighted again, doing this about five times. She then settled on a small dead twig on the ground and curled her abdomen around under the twig and appeared to oviposit. The sequence of short flights and landing on grass blades was repeated, and she settled on a dead bit of plant material and appeared to oviposit again; once again the cycle was repeated and she appeared to lay an ovum on a dead leaf, before flying off a short distance and resting on a leaf. MJWC then photographed and caught the female, and later extracted two ova from her abdomen; one of these was posed on the dead twig to take the photograph shown here (Figure 10.1). The ovum is red, weakly striated, dome-shaped, slightly taller than wide, with a flange around the base.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCA350CFF29F8A2221FDFB3" blockId="12.[151,1436,1518,2010]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="314" pageId="12" pageNumber="313">MJWC collected all three bits of debris on which she had appeared to oviposit, but when they were checked, there were no ova on them. It is possible that the female did lay an ovum each time, but instead of sticking them to the dead debris she let them drop to the ground. This seems unlikely inasmuch as when MJWC found caterpillars a few minutes later (91/62), one of them was associated with the base of an ovum on the same leaf. We hope someone will get a chance to make more observations and clear this mystery up.</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7C662DFFCB350CFF79F902242BD869" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251869/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" targetBox="[150,1426,285,1719]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCB350CFF79F902242BD869" blockId="13.[151,1436,1754,1806]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCB350CFF79F9022710D988" bold="true" box="[151,275,1754,1776]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCB350CFE6DF9022470D997" box="[387,627,1754,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semlikensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCB350CFE6DF9022470D997" box="[387,627,1754,1776]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Ceratrichia semlikensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kakamega Forest, Kenya.
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCB350CFC7CF902259CD988" bold="true" box="[914,927,1754,1775]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">1</emphasis>
|
||
, at rest, 22 Sep 1991;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCB350CFB66F9022297D988" bold="true" box="[1160,1172,1754,1775]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">2</emphasis>
|
||
, male sunbathing, 17 Jun 1991;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCB350CFF39F92026E7D86A" bold="true" box="[215,228,1784,1805]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">3</emphasis>
|
||
, female sunbathing, 1 Jul 1990.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCB350CFF79F8822724D814" blockId="13.[151,1436,1882,2014]" box="[151,295,1882,1907]" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCB350CFF79F8822724D814" box="[151,295,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCB350FFF79F8A5251EDF9F" blockId="13.[151,1436,1882,2014]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,248]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="315" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">
|
||
Armed with the clue of the probable food plant which led the female to show oviposition behaviour as described above, MJWC immediately searched the area and located caterpillars of what proved to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCB350CFB57F87B235FD8DC" box="[1209,1372,1954,1979]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semlikensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCB350CFB57F87B235FD8DC" box="[1209,1372,1954,1979]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">C. semlikensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCB350CFA62F87B2717D8B9" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Isachne" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="314" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mauritiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCB350CFA62F87B2717D8B9" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="314">I. mauritiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
growing on the other side of the track, almost completely shaded by the shrub layer. The shelters were made by rolling the basal portion of a leaf, the distal part of which had been eaten. As noted above, the penultimate instar caterpillar shelter (91/62B) was made from a leaf which also had the base of an eclosed ovum on it, which is likely to be the ovum from which that caterpillar hatched.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC8350FFF79FEFF2716DE27" blockId="14.[151,1436,295,680]" box="[151,277,295,320]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC8350FFF79FEFF2716DE27" box="[151,277,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC8350FFF79FE9422B8DD7F" blockId="14.[151,1436,295,680]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
The final instar caterpillar (91/62A) measured
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFC8350FFD71FE9424E5DE03" box="[671,742,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="12.0">12mm</quantity>
|
||
when collected (Figure 10.3), and pupated 12 days later; head 1.95 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFC8350FFF08FEA8273EDEE0" box="[230,317,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=4), widest in ventral half, tapering to apex, indent at vertex; shiny, rugose; ground colour green-brown, covered with dark indent dots except centrally on face; stemmata in black patch, with yellow area anterior to this; body pale yellow-green; narrow darker dorsal line; broader, but more diffuse lateral line; the lines more clearly defined on T2–3; spiracles pale inconspicuous. The mature caterpillar develops wax glands all over the ventral surface from A1 to A8, extending between the prolegs, but not lateral to them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC8350FFF29FDFC2793DDCF" blockId="14.[151,1436,295,680]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
The penultimate instar caterpillar (91/62B) was similar; head 1.5 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFC8350FFC34FDFC2230DD5B" box="[986,1075,548,573]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=2), light shiny brown, frons dark brown (Figure 10.2); posterior margin of head narrowly dark. The same n-2 instar premoult caterpillar measured
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFC8350FFE6AFDB527CADDE3" box="[388,457,621,644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
; head 1.1 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFC8350FFDBBFDB424A0DDE3" box="[597,675,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=1); head uniform light brown; otherwise similar to the penultimate instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C662DFFC8350FFF79FA142228D959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251870/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" targetBox="[151,1436,721,1459]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC8350FFF79FA142228D959" blockId="14.[151,1436,1484,1598]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC8350FFF79FA142720DA86" bold="true" box="[151,291,1484,1506]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Ovum and caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC8350FFDD1FA142531DA85" box="[575,818,1484,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semlikensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC8350FFDD1FA142531DA85" box="[575,818,1484,1506]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Ceratrichia semlikensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected 21 Sep 1991 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC8350FFBB8FA14231CDA85" box="[1110,1311,1484,1506]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Isachne" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mauritiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC8350FFBB8FA14231CDA85" box="[1110,1311,1484,1506]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Isachne mauritiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kakamega Forest, Kenya.
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC8350FFEDCFA32273CDA98" bold="true" box="[306,319,1514,1535]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dissected ovum placed on dead twig, 21 Sep 1991; 91/61;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC8350FFC72FA3225ABDA98" bold="true" box="[924,936,1514,1535]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">2</emphasis>
|
||
, penultimate instar caterpillar, dorsolateral view; photographed 21 Sep 1991; moulted to final instar 26 Sep; 10mm; 91/62B;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC8350FFC4AF9D125C9D979" bold="true" box="[932,970,1545,1566]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">3–4</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar caterpillar, photographed 21 Sep 1991; pupated 2 Oct; 12mm; 91/62A;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC8350FFDF7F9F02425D95A" bold="true" box="[537,550,1576,1597]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">3</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC8350FFD01F9F024FFD95A" bold="true" box="[751,764,1576,1597]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">4</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterior view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC8350FFF79F9B426D0D9E4" blockId="14.[151,1437,1644,1991]" box="[151,211,1644,1667]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC8350FFF79F9B426D0D9E4" box="[151,211,1644,1667]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC8350FFF79F9572415D8A0" blockId="14.[151,1437,1644,1991]" pageId="14" pageNumber="315">
|
||
In captivity, pupation occurred on the base of the rearing container, at the angle with the vertical wall. The outer ‘defence’ was a row of five or six stout strands of silk across the angle between bottom and wall, although in the field these strands would have shortened and drawn together the material to which they were attached, perhaps making a more secure shelter. Within this, and linked to several of the central outer strands, was an open network of stout strands, with some loose white waxy powder. The pupa was very light brown, with a blunt, almost square head, and indented slightly between the head and neck. It did not have a wax coating, and the proboscis sheath projected
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFC8350FFEE3F8BF2745D818" box="[269,326,1895,1919]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="315" unit="mm" value="2.0">2mm</quantity>
|
||
beyond the tip of the cremaster. Because the caterpillars ignored the available leaves when preparing for pupation, we speculate they may leave the food plant to pupate amongst litter on the ground. The pupal period lasted about 16 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |