treatments-xml/data/03/8A/87/038A87B94F3BFF94CDC9D3B8D48CAED4.xml

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<mods:title id="8B8D939F8A10B28A6C615187611263F8">Revised morphology of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi Kellner &amp; Campos, 2002 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) and its phylogenetic relationships</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0D481C34F3BFF9BCDC9D3B8D542AB36" bold="true" box="[151,773,504,531]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BCDC9D3B8D542AB36" authority="Kellner &amp; Campos, 2002" authorityName="Kellner &amp; Campos" authorityYear="2002" box="[151,773,504,531]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCDC9D3B8D542AB36" bold="true" box="[151,773,504,531]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCDC9D3B8D78FAB37" bold="true" box="[151,456,504,530]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BCC91D3B9D542AB36" author="Kellner" box="[463,773,505,531]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Kellner, A. W. A. &amp; Campos, D. A. (2002) On a theropod dinosaur (Abelisauria) from the continental Cretaceous of Brazil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 60 (3), 163 - 170." type="journal article" year="2002">Kellner &amp; Campos, 2002</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3BFF9BCDC9D07FD444AA70" blockId="1.[151,1437,575,2008]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCDC9D07FD743AB7D" bold="true" box="[151,260,575,600]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Holotype</emphasis>
. 
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The 
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consists of an incomplete post-cranial skeleton (
<specimenCode id="DB859ED44F3BFF9BCEBFD000D21DAB7D" box="[993,1114,575,600]" collectionCode="DGM" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/k5hr-hisv" name="Divisao de Geologia c Mineralogia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<collectionCode id="ED32AE6A4F3BFF9BCEBFD000D263AB7D" box="[993,1060,576,600]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/k5hr-hisv" name="Divisao de Geologia c Mineralogia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">DGM</collectionCode>
859
</specimenCode>
-R) housed in the 
<collectorName id="26D653794F3BFF9BC872D000D71DAB59" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Museu de Ciências da Terra</collectorName>
(
<location id="8EFC60744F3BFF9BCC36D024D43BAB59" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87B94F3BFF94CDC9D3B8D48CAED4:8EFC60744F3BFF9BCC36D024D43BAB59" box="[360,636,612,637]" country="Brazil" county="Campos" municipality="Kellner" name="Earth Sciences Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">Earth Sciences Museum</location>
), 
<collectingRegion id="49E7F84D4F3BFF9BCFD1D024D573AB58" box="[655,820,612,637]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F334763F4F3BFF9BCE60D024D5C1AB58" box="[830,902,612,637]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectorName id="26D653794F3BFF9BCECFD025D5E5AB59" box="[913,930,613,636]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">It</collectorName>
comprises: two incomplete caudal vertebrae, four caudal centra, three caudal transverse processes, rib remains, a right proximal pubis, right tibia, right distal fibula and unidentified elements. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BCF45D0ECD50EABE1" author="Kellner" box="[539,841,684,709]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Kellner, A. W. A. &amp; Campos, D. A. (2002) On a theropod dinosaur (Abelisauria) from the continental Cretaceous of Brazil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 60 (3), 163 - 170." type="journal article" year="2002">
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF8ACD54F3BFF9BCF45D0ECD428ABE0" box="[539,623,684,709]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Kellner</collectingMunicipality>
&amp; 
<collectingCounty id="62FD4E234F3BFF9BCFC6D0ECD4B3ABE1" box="[664,756,684,708]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Campos</collectingCounty>
(2002)
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did not recognize the three transverse processes as belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BCC73D091D7BDABCD" box="[301,506,721,744]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCC73D091D7BDABCD" box="[301,506,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<collectorName id="26D653794F3BFF9BCF54D08FD4DAABCD" box="[522,669,719,744]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Nevertheless</collectorName>
, additional material, including a distal caudal vertebra, one isolated transverse process, an isolated neural spine and some unrecognized elements were allocated to the same accession number as the 
<typeStatus id="5498880D4F3BFF9BCC65D157D7E6AA15" box="[315,417,791,816]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. 
<collectorName id="26D653794F3BFF9BCCF5D157D7A1AA15" box="[427,486,791,816]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Thus</collectorName>
, here I recognized the transverse processes as belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BC9DCD159D3DBAA15" box="[1154,1436,793,816]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BC9DCD159D3DBAA15" box="[1154,1436,793,816]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see description and discussion).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3BFF9BCD99D120D227ADC5" blockId="1.[151,1437,575,2008]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
In the original description, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BCF5FD11FD56AAA5D" author="Kellner" box="[513,813,863,888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Kellner, A. W. A. &amp; Campos, D. A. (2002) On a theropod dinosaur (Abelisauria) from the continental Cretaceous of Brazil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 60 (3), 163 - 170." type="journal article" year="2002">Kellner &amp; Campos (2002)</bibRefCitation>
assigned five incomplete teeth to the holotype (DGM 859-R) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BCC50D1C5D79CAAB9" box="[270,475,901,924]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCC50D1C5D79CAAB9" box="[270,475,901,924]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with only a few features described and the authors wrote that the “detail description (with illustration) of this material will be presented elsewhere”. In the same month of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BC9E2D1E9D3CEAAE5" box="[1212,1417,937,960]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BC9E2D1E9D3CEAAE5" box="[1212,1417,937,960]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’s publication 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BCC40D18CD42BAAC1" author="Bittencourt" box="[286,620,972,997]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Bittencourt, J. D. S. &amp; Kellner, A. W. A. (2002) Abelisauria (Theropoda, Dinosauria) teeth from Brazil. Boletim do Museum Nacional, 68 (1), e 8." type="journal article" year="2002">Bittencourt &amp; Kellner (2002)</bibRefCitation>
published a detailed description of five teeth assigned to DGM 859-R. According to these authors there are nine teeth, four that are very fragmentary and consist of just the root and five others that are better preserved and only lacking portions of the enamel. However, these teeth were not assigned as 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BCDC9D679D7F6AD75" box="[151,433,1081,1104]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCDC9D679D7F6AD75" box="[151,433,1081,1104]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BCC84D677D566AD75" author="Bittencourt" box="[474,801,1079,1104]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Bittencourt, J. D. S. &amp; Kellner, A. W. A. (2002) Abelisauria (Theropoda, Dinosauria) teeth from Brazil. Boletim do Museum Nacional, 68 (1), e 8." type="journal article" year="2002">Bittencourt &amp; Kellner (2002)</bibRefCitation>
and this assumption was made in 2011 when Bittencourt &amp; Langer mentioned materials of Parecis Group’s abelisaur. As the teeth were found isolated from any dentigerous element (i.e. premaxilla, maxilla and dentary) and the 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BCFABD6C1D585ADBD" box="[757,962,1153,1176]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCFABD6C1D585ADBD" box="[757,962,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
holotype is based on caudal vertebrae and hind limb elements, it is thus difficult to assign them to the holotype. For these reasons, I consider the DGM 859-R teeth as belonging to an indeterminate abelisaurid instead of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BCE61D689D21DADC5" box="[831,1114,1225,1248]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCE61D689D21DADC5" box="[831,1114,1225,1248]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3BFF9BCD99D6AFD27AACBD" blockId="1.[151,1437,575,2008]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCD99D6AFD734AC2D" bold="true" box="[199,371,1263,1288]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<typeStatus id="5498880D4F3BFF9BCD99D6AFD745AC2D" box="[199,258,1263,1288]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
Locality.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BCC23D6B1D4DDAC2D" box="[381,666,1265,1288]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCC23D6B1D4DDAC2D" box="[381,666,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected in the 
<location id="8EFC60744F3BFF9BCECBD6AFD22CAC2D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87B94F3BFF94CDC9D3B8D48CAED4:8EFC60744F3BFF9BCECBD6AFD22CAC2D" box="[917,1131,1263,1288]" country="Brazil" county="Langer" municipality="Bittencourt" name="Fazenda Roncador" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Mato Grosso">Fazenda Roncador</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49E7F84D4F3BFF9BC927D6B1D357AC2D" box="[1145,1296,1264,1288]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F334763F4F3BFF9BC840D6AFD322AC2D" box="[1310,1381,1263,1288]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, and according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BCC75D753D412AC09" author="Kellner" box="[299,597,1299,1324]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Kellner, A. W. A. &amp; Campos, D. A. (2002) On a theropod dinosaur (Abelisauria) from the continental Cretaceous of Brazil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 60 (3), 163 - 170." type="journal article" year="2002">
<location id="8EFC60744F3BFF9BCC75D753D738AC09" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87B94F3BFF94CDC9D3B8D48CAED4:8EFC60744F3BFF9BCC75D753D738AC09" box="[299,383,1299,1324]" country="Brazil" county="Langer" municipality="Bittencourt" name="Kellner" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Mato Grosso">Kellner</location>
&amp; 
<location id="8EFC60744F3BFF9BCCFAD754D447AC09" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87B94F3BFF94CDC9D3B8D48CAED4:8EFC60744F3BFF9BCCFAD754D447AC09" box="[420,512,1300,1324]" country="Brazil" county="Langer" municipality="Bittencourt" name="Campos" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Mato Grosso">Campos</location>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
, this locality is in the Bauru Group. However, recent work has shown that this locality is actually part of the 
<location id="8EFC60744F3BFF9BCF74D777D48BAC75" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87B94F3BFF94CDC9D3B8D48CAED4:8EFC60744F3BFF9BCF74D777D48BAC75" box="[554,716,1335,1360]" country="Brazil" county="Langer" municipality="Bittencourt" name="Parecis Group" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Mato Grosso">Parecis Group</location>
and that it is of 
<location id="8EFC60744F3BFF9BCECAD777D2FAAC75" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87B94F3BFF94CDC9D3B8D48CAED4:8EFC60744F3BFF9BCECAD777D2FAAC75" box="[916,1213,1335,1360]" country="Brazil" county="Langer" municipality="Bittencourt" name="Campanian-Masstrichitian" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Mato Grosso">Campanian-Masstrichitian</location>
age (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BC85ED777D3D0AC75" author="Weska" box="[1280,1431,1335,1360]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Weska, R. K. (2006) Uma sintese do Cretaceo Superior matogrossense. Geociencias, 25, 71 - 81." type="journal article" year="2006">
<location id="8EFC60744F3BFF9BC85ED777D308AC75" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87B94F3BFF94CDC9D3B8D48CAED4:8EFC60744F3BFF9BC85ED777D308AC75" box="[1280,1359,1335,1360]" country="Brazil" county="Langer" municipality="Bittencourt" name="Weska" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Mato Grosso">Weska</location>
, 2006
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BCDC9D71BD79FAC51" author="Bittencourt" box="[151,472,1371,1396]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Bittencourt, J. S. &amp; Langer, M. C. (2011) Mesozoic dinosaurs from Brazil and their biogeographic implications. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 83 (1), 23 - 60." type="journal article" year="2011">
<location id="8EFC60744F3BFF9BCDC9D71BD752AC51" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87B94F3BFF94CDC9D3B8D48CAED4:8EFC60744F3BFF9BCDC9D71BD752AC51" box="[151,277,1371,1396]" country="Brazil" county="Langer" municipality="Bittencourt" name="Bittencourt" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Mato Grosso">Bittencourt</location>
&amp; 
<location id="8EFC60744F3BFF9BCC63D71CD7C9AC51" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87B94F3BFF94CDC9D3B8D48CAED4:8EFC60744F3BFF9BCC63D71CD7C9AC51" box="[317,398,1372,1396]" country="Brazil" county="Langer" municipality="Bittencourt" name="Langer" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Mato Grosso">Langer</location>
, 2011
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<location id="8EFC60744F3BFF9BCCB3D71CD443AC56" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87B94F3BFF94CDC9D3B8D48CAED4:8EFC60744F3BFF9BCCB3D71CD443AC56" box="[493,516,1372,1395]" country="Brazil" county="Langer" municipality="Bittencourt" name="In" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Mato Grosso">In</location>
this geological context then, many sauropods and theropods remains have been discovered over the last years (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BCF43D73FD515ACBD" author="Bittencourt" box="[541,850,1407,1433]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Bittencourt, J. S. &amp; Langer, M. C. (2011) Mesozoic dinosaurs from Brazil and their biogeographic implications. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 83 (1), 23 - 60." type="journal article" year="2011">
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF8ACD54F3BFF9BCF43D73FD4DCACBD" box="[541,667,1407,1432]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bittencourt</collectingMunicipality>
&amp; 
<collectingCounty id="62FD4E234F3BFF9BCFE1D7C1D557ACBC" box="[703,784,1409,1433]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Langer</collectingCounty>
, 2011
</bibRefCitation>
for a wide revision).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33965244F3BFF9BCD99D7E3D715AFF9" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3BFF9BCD99D7E3D781ACC5" blockId="1.[151,1437,575,2008]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCD99D7E3D7D9AC99" bold="true" box="[199,414,1443,1468]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Revised Diagnosis</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BCCF2D7E5D481AC99" box="[428,710,1445,1468]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCCF2D7E5D481AC99" box="[428,710,1445,1468]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from other abelisauroids on the basis of the following autapomorphies:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3BFF9BCD99D7ACD273AF69" blockId="1.[151,1437,575,2008]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
1) a pubis with small rounded foot and a ventrally bowed anterodistal end, 2) the posterior caudal transverse process is hook-shaped with the anterodistal expansion being short and bowed (modified from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BC99FD44FD696AF69" author="Kellner" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Kellner, A. W. A. &amp; Campos, D. A. (2002) On a theropod dinosaur (Abelisauria) from the continental Cretaceous of Brazil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 60 (3), 163 - 170." type="journal article" year="2002">Kellner &amp; Campos, 2002</bibRefCitation>
) and 3) a well-developed lateral malleolus of tibia that is ventrally expanded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3BFF9BCD99D417D715AFF9" blockId="1.[151,1437,575,2008]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BCD99D417D7B4AF55" author="Kellner" box="[199,499,1623,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Kellner, A. W. A. &amp; Campos, D. A. (2002) On a theropod dinosaur (Abelisauria) from the continental Cretaceous of Brazil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 60 (3), 163 - 170." type="journal article" year="2002">Kellner &amp; Campos (2002)</bibRefCitation>
diagnosed 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BCF29D419D503AF55" box="[631,836,1625,1648]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCF29D419D503AF55" box="[631,836,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as having “tibia with hatchet-shaped cnemial crest” and “caudal vertebrae showing moderate distal expansion of the transverse process”. Nevertheless, as seen in the description section, these features are shared among other abelisaurids species, thereby requiring the amended diagnosis above.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33965244F3BFF94CD99D4A7D48CAED4" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3BFF9BCD99D4A7D227AE49" blockId="1.[151,1437,575,2008]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCD99D4A7D474AE25" bold="true" box="[199,563,1767,1792]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Description and Comparisons</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCF1BD4A7D4BEAE25" bold="true" box="[581,761,1767,1792]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Axial skeleton.</emphasis>
The six caudal vertebrae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BC90ED4A9D328AE25" box="[1104,1391,1769,1792]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BC90ED4A9D328AE25" box="[1104,1391,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are assigned to the caudal series due to the absence of pneumaticity, as observed in other abelisaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BC9AFD54BD3D2AE01" author="Mendez" box="[1265,1429,1803,1828]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Mendez, A. H. (2014) The caudal vertebral series in abelisaurid dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 59 (1), 99 - 107." type="journal article" year="2014">Méndez, 2014</bibRefCitation>
) (Measurements in 
<tableCitation id="C6A103144F3BFF9BCC32D56FD787AE6D" box="[364,448,1839,1864]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,1412,1435]" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements from the appendicular and vertebral elements of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi in mm. Abbreviations: FDW, fibula distal width; H, height; L, length; PBL, pubic boot length; TDW, tibia distal width; TSAD, tibia shaft anteroposterior diameter; TSW, tibia distal width; W, width; ¢, incomplete material; *, Figure 1; #, Figure 2; ε, Figure 3." pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Table 1</tableCitation>
). In addition, just two vertebrae preserve the neural arch (
<figureCitation id="13182A2A4F3BFF9BC93FD56FD28BAE6D" box="[1121,1228,1839,1864]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1946,1968]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,250,1943,1965]" captionTargetBox-0="[184,1408,195,1899]" captionTargetBox-1="[184,1408,193,1895]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[184,1408,195,1923]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[184,1408,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Anterior and most complete caudal vertebra of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi (DGM 859 - R) in anterior (A), posterior (B), right lateral (C), dorsal (D) and left lateral (E) views. Abbreviations: hyf, hyposphene; hyp, hypanthrum; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, tranverse process. Scale bar equals 100 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Anterior and less complete caudal vertebra of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi (DGM 859 - R) in anterior (A), left lateral (B), posterior (C), right lateral (D) and dorsal (E) views. hyf, hyposphene; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis; tp, tranverse process Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/804560/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/804562/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
) and similarity of size between them suggests that all vertebrae belong to the anterior position in the tail.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3BFF98CD99D537D3C5AB18" blockId="1.[151,1437,575,2008]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,1365]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
All caudal centra of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BCCF1D539D43BAEB5" box="[431,636,1913,1936]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCCF1D539D43BAEB5" box="[431,636,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are larger than other known abelisaurids (
<figureCitation id="13182A2A4F3BFF9BC902D537D281AEB5" box="[1116,1222,1911,1936]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1946,1968]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,250,1943,1965]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,250,1025,1047]" captionTargetBox-0="[184,1408,195,1899]" captionTargetBox-1="[184,1408,193,1895]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,193,1004]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[184,1408,195,1923]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[184,1408,193,1921]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1004]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Anterior and most complete caudal vertebra of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi (DGM 859 - R) in anterior (A), posterior (B), right lateral (C), dorsal (D) and left lateral (E) views. Abbreviations: hyf, hyposphene; hyp, hypanthrum; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, tranverse process. Scale bar equals 100 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Anterior and less complete caudal vertebra of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi (DGM 859 - R) in anterior (A), left lateral (B), posterior (C), right lateral (D) and dorsal (E) views. hyf, hyposphene; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis; tp, tranverse process Scale bar equals 100 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Four anterior caudal centra of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi (DGM 859 - R) in left lateral (A 1 - D 1), anterior (A 2 - D 2) and posterior (A 3 - D 3) views. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/804560/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/804562/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/804564/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BC981D538D694AE91" author="Bonaparte" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Bonaparte, J. F., Novas, F. E. &amp; Coria, R. A. (1990) Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built, carnosaur from the middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contributions in Science, 416, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1990">
Bonaparte 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BC802D539D3C9AEB5" box="[1372,1422,1911,1936]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al</emphasis>
., 1990
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BCD81D5DCD7DDAE91" author="O'Connor" box="[223,410,1948,1972]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="O'Connor, P. M. (2007) The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Fertebrate Paleontology Memoir, 8, 127 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2007) 27 [127: TPASOM] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">O’Connor, 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BCCF9D5DBD4F2AE91" author="Grillo" box="[423,693,1947,1972]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Grillo, O. N. &amp; Delcourt, R. (2017) Allometry and body length of abelisauroid theropods: Pycnonemosaurus nevesi is the new king. Cretaceous Research, 69, 71 - 89." type="journal article" year="2017">Grillo &amp; Delcourt 2017</bibRefCitation>
) and the articular facets are round like the those in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BC85AD5DCD7FCAEFD" authority="Madsen &amp; Welles, 2000" authorityName="Madsen &amp; Welles" authorityYear="2000" class="Reptilia" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BC85AD5DCD3DBAE96" box="[1284,1436,1948,1971]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3BFF9BCDC0D5FFD7F4AEFD" author="Madsen" box="[158,435,1983,2008]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Madsen, J. H. &amp; Welles, S. P. (2000) Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda): a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, 89 pp." type="book" year="2000">Madsen &amp; Welles, 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BCC98D5FFD42FAEFD" box="[454,616,1983,2008]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Eoabelisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCC98D5FFD42FAEFD" box="[454,616,1983,2008]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Eoabelisaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF9BCF28D5FFD566AEFD" box="[630,801,1983,2008]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCF28D5FFD566AEFD" box="[630,801,1983,2008]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3BFF98CE6ED580D7EAA995" authority="Aucasaurus, Ekrixinatosaurus, Ilokelesia and Skorpiovenator. By" authorityName="Aucasaurus, Ekrixinatosaurus, Ilokelesia and Skorpiovenator. By" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCE6ED580D5F8AEF2" box="[816,959,1984,2007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BCE93D580D216AEF2" box="[973,1105,1984,2007]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BC93ED5FFD366AEFD" box="[1120,1313,1983,2008]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ekrixinatosaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3BFF9BC871D5FFD3DBAEFD" box="[1327,1436,1983,2008]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ilokelesia</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CD92D2D7D730A995" box="[204,375,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
. By
</taxonomicName>
contrast, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CF79D2D9D27DA995" authority="Arcovenator and Rajasaurus" authorityName="Arcovenator and Rajasaurus" box="[551,1082,151,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CF79D2D9D490A995" box="[551,727,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CFB2D2D8D530A98A" box="[748,887,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Arcovenator</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CEE4D2D9D27DA995" box="[954,1082,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Rajasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have articular facets with an elliptical shape (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98CC13D2FCD461A9F1" author="Wilson" box="[333,550,188,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Wilson, J. A., Sereno, P. C., Srivastava, S., Bhatt, D. K., Khosla, A. &amp; Sahni, A. (2003) A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India. Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 42 pp." type="book" year="2003">
Wilson 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CCFBD2FDD792A9F0" box="[421,469,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al</emphasis>
., 2003
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98CF6FD2FCD4ADA9F1" author="O'Connor" box="[561,746,188,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="O'Connor, P. M. (2007) The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Fertebrate Paleontology Memoir, 8, 127 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2007) 27 [127: TPASOM] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">O’Connor, 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98CFABD2FDD595A9F1" author="Tortosa" box="[757,978,188,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Tortosa, T., Buffetaut, E., Vialle, N., Dutour, Y., Turini, E. &amp; Cheylan, G. (2014) A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: Palaeobiogeographical implications. Annales de Paleontologie, 100, 63 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. annpal. 2013.10.003" type="journal article" year="2014">
Tortosa 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CE11D2FDD5C7A9F0" box="[847,896,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
). The caudal centra are spool-shaped and without pleurocoels, as in other abelisaurids. However, the lateral surface just ventral to the neural arch suture is slightly depressed with foramina. These depressions are present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CEACD344D2DAA838" box="[1010,1181,260,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CEACD344D2DAA838" box="[1010,1181,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(FMNH 
<collectingRegion id="49E7F84D4F38FF98C840D345D307A839" box="[1310,1344,261,284]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">PR</collectingRegion>
2133), 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CDC9D368D4D2A865" authority="Aucasaurus, Ekrixinatosaurus" authorityName="Aucasaurus, Ekrixinatosaurus" box="[151,661,295,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CDC9D368D761A81A" box="[151,294,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CC65D368D7F8A81A" box="[315,447,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CC8AD367D4D2A865" box="[468,661,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ekrixinatosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and probably in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CE2ED367D25AA865" box="[880,1053,295,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Skorpiovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CE2ED367D25AA865" box="[880,1053,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(poor preservation in the latter prevents a more definitive statement regarding this character). Some foramina are large, being located on the neural arch suture near the articular surface. These may be associated with the attachment of the caudofemoralis muscle (Persons &amp; Currie, 2011). The centra are amphicoelous as in other abelisaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98C96DD3D4D29CA889" author="Mendez" box="[1075,1243,404,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Mendez, A. H. (2014) The caudal vertebral series in abelisaurid dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 59 (1), 99 - 107." type="journal article" year="2014">Méndez, 2014</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98C9AFD3D4D3DBA888" box="[1265,1436,404,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C9AFD3D4D3DBA888" box="[1265,1436,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CD97D3F8D725A8EA" box="[201,354,440,463]" class="Reptilia" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CD97D3F8D725A8EA" box="[201,354,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98CC2CD3F7D4BEA8F5" author="Madsen" box="[370,761,439,464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Madsen, J. H. &amp; Welles, S. P. (2000) Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda): a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, 89 pp." type="book" year="2000">Madsen &amp; Welles, 2000, plate 17</bibRefCitation>
) with the anterior surfaces slightly more concave than the posterior ones. The chevron facets are ventrally prominent and the ventral surfaces have a shallow longitudinal sulcus, as seen in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CC3AD3BFD514AB32" authority="Eoabelisaurus, Aucasaurus" authorityName="Eoabelisaurus, Aucasaurus" box="[356,851,511,536]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CC3AD3BFD448AB3D" box="[356,527,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CF40D3BFD487AB3D" box="[542,704,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Eoabelisaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CF91D040D514AB32" box="[719,851,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CE3CD040D69FAB18" authority="Ilokelesia, Viavenator (Filippi et al., 2016)" authorityName="Ilokelesia, Viavenator (Filippi et al." authorityYear="2016" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CE3CD040D5B6AB32" box="[866,1009,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C95FD3BFD2B0AB3D" box="[1025,1271,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ilokelesia, Viavenator</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98C859D3BFD696AB18" author="Filippi" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Filippi, L. S., Mendez, A. H., Valieri, R. D. J. &amp; Garrido, A. C. (2016) A new brachyrostran with hypertrophied axial structures reveals an unexpected radiation of latest Cretaceous abelisaurids. Cretaceous Research, 61, 209 - 219. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2015.12.018" type="journal article" year="2016">
Filippi 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C802D041D3C9AB3D" box="[1372,1422,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al</emphasis>
., 2016
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CC50D065D4C9AB19" authority="O'Connor, 2007" authorityName="O'Connor" authorityYear="2007" box="[270,654,548,572]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CC50D065D7F9AB19" box="[270,446,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98CC93D064D4C0AB19" author="O'Connor" box="[461,647,548,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="O'Connor, P. M. (2007) The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Fertebrate Paleontology Memoir, 8, 127 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2007) 27 [127: TPASOM] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">O’Connor, 2007</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
whereas 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CFA6D064D5FEAB18" box="[760,953,548,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Ekrixinatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CFA6D064D5FEAB18" box="[760,953,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ekrixinatosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CEB1D065D229AB19" box="[1007,1134,549,572]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Rajasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CEB1D065D229AB19" box="[1007,1134,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Rajasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a low ventral keel.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F38FF98CD99D007D743AA30" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The neural arches generally resemble those of other South-American abelisaurids with a dorsally inclined transverse process and an anterior distal projection. The pre- and post-spinozygapophyseal lamina limit the pre- and post-spinal fossae anteriorly and posteriorly, respectively. The spinoprezygapophyseal fossa of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CDC9D0F5D723ABE9" box="[151,356,693,716]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CDC9D0F5D723ABE9" box="[151,356,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles that of the sixth caudal vertebra in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CED5D0F5D25DABE9" box="[907,1050,693,716]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CED5D0F5D25DABE9" box="[907,1050,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, being larger and wider than the condition in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CC70D097D513ABCA" authority="Skorpiovenator and Aucasaurus" authorityName="Skorpiovenator and Aucasaurus" box="[302,852,727,752]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Eoabelisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CC70D097D797ABD5" box="[302,464,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Eoabelisaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CCBDD097D4C8ABD5" box="[483,655,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CF8ED098D513ABCA" box="[720,852,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(particularly if we consider the more incomplete vertebra).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F38FF98CD99D15FD2B7AC71" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The prezygapophyses form a right angle with one another and are inclined nearly 45° from vertical, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CDC9D105D761AA79" box="[151,294,837,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CDC9D105D761AA79" box="[151,294,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from the third vertebra), 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CF17D104D535AA79" authority="Viavenator" authorityName="Viavenator" box="[585,882,836,861]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Eoabelisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CF17D104D4ACAA78" box="[585,747,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Eoabelisaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CFA6D105D535AA79" box="[760,882,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Viavenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98CEDED104D212AA78" author="Filippi" box="[896,1109,836,861]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Filippi, L. S., Mendez, A. H., Valieri, R. D. J. &amp; Garrido, A. C. (2016) A new brachyrostran with hypertrophied axial structures reveals an unexpected radiation of latest Cretaceous abelisaurids. Cretaceous Research, 61, 209 - 219. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2015.12.018" type="journal article" year="2016">
Filippi 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CE8AD105D243AA78" box="[980,1028,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al</emphasis>
., 2016
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 7A) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98C9B2D105D3DBAA79" box="[1260,1436,837,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C9B2D105D3DBAA79" box="[1260,1436,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98CDC0D128D711AAA5" author="O'Connor" box="[158,342,872,896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="O'Connor, P. M. (2007) The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Fertebrate Paleontology Memoir, 8, 127 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2007) 27 [127: TPASOM] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">O'Connor, 2007</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 15). More acute angles can be seen in the caudal vertebrae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98C91CD127D7BCAA86" authority="Aucasaurus, Skorpivenator and Arcovenator" authorityName="Aucasaurus, Skorpivenator and Arcovenator" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Ekrixinatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C91CD127D344AAA5" box="[1090,1283,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ekrixinatosaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C84FD128D3D2AA5A" box="[1297,1429,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CDC9D1CCD7BCAA86" box="[151,507,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Skorpivenator and Arcovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98CF55D1CCD4A8AA81" author="Tortosa" box="[523,751,908,933]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Tortosa, T., Buffetaut, E., Vialle, N., Dutour, Y., Turini, E. &amp; Cheylan, G. (2014) A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: Palaeobiogeographical implications. Annales de Paleontologie, 100, 63 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. annpal. 2013.10.003" type="journal article" year="2014">
Tortosa 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CF37D1CDD4DCAA80" box="[617,667,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 5). In 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CE31D1CDD2D6AA81" box="[879,1169,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CE31D1CDD2CAAA81" box="[879,1165,909,932]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the prezygapophysis is slightly more elongated than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CCA4D1F0D5B9AAED" authority="Aucasaurus and Skorpiovenator" authorityName="Aucasaurus and Skorpiovenator" box="[506,1022,943,968]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CCA4D1F0D4CEAAE2" box="[506,649,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CFC9D1F0D55CAAE2" box="[663,795,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CE0CD1EFD5B9AAED" box="[850,1022,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, being also similar in length to those in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CDE5D194D71AAAC8" box="[187,349,980,1005]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Eoabelisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CDE5D194D71AAAC8" box="[187,349,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Eoabelisaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CC2FD195D466AAC9" box="[369,545,981,1004]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CC2FD195D466AAC9" box="[369,545,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98CF68D194D4B2AAC9" author="O'Connor" box="[566,757,980,1004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="O'Connor, P. M. (2007) The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Fertebrate Paleontology Memoir, 8, 127 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2007) 27 [127: TPASOM] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">O'Connor, 2007</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 15) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CEFAD194D268AACE" box="[932,1071,980,1003]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Arcovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CEFAD194D268AACE" box="[932,1071,980,1003]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Arcovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98C91AD194D37FAAC9" author="Tortosa" box="[1092,1336,980,1005]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Tortosa, T., Buffetaut, E., Vialle, N., Dutour, Y., Turini, E. &amp; Cheylan, G. (2014) A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: Palaeobiogeographical implications. Annales de Paleontologie, 100, 63 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. annpal. 2013.10.003" type="journal article" year="2014">
Tortosa 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C9F6D195D2A7AAC8" box="[1192,1248,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 5), exceeding the limit of vertebral centrum such as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CF8ED1B9D2F1AD35" authority="Eoabelisaurus, Viavenator" authorityName="Eoabelisaurus, Viavenator" box="[720,1206,1015,1040]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CF8ED1B9D5C7AD35" box="[720,896,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CED3D1B7D2F1AD35" box="[909,1206,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Eoabelisaurus, Viavenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98C99AD1B7D3DFAD35" author="Filippi" box="[1220,1432,1015,1040]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Filippi, L. S., Mendez, A. H., Valieri, R. D. J. &amp; Garrido, A. C. (2016) A new brachyrostran with hypertrophied axial structures reveals an unexpected radiation of latest Cretaceous abelisaurids. Cretaceous Research, 61, 209 - 219. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2015.12.018" type="journal article" year="2016">
Filippi 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C849D1B9D30FAD35" box="[1303,1352,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al</emphasis>
., 2016
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 7C) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CC6FD65CD7FDAD16" box="[305,442,1052,1075]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Arcovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CC6FD65CD7FDAD16" box="[305,442,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Arcovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CCAED65CD576AD16" authority="Aucasaurus" authorityName="Aucasaurus" box="[496,817,1052,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Skorpiovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CCAED65CD4DBAD10" box="[496,668,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CFF3D65CD576AD16" box="[685,817,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CE2FD65DD247AD11" box="[881,1024,1053,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CE2FD65DD247AD11" box="[881,1024,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the extent of the prezygapophysis reaches the margin of the vertebral centrum. In 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CFBED601D5F3AD7D" box="[736,948,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CFBED601D5F7AD7D" box="[736,944,1089,1112]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pycnonemosaurus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the more incomplete neural arch of the prezygapophysis are very abraded and does not show this condition. In addition, the postzygapophyses are spaced, as seen in the first and second caudal vertebrae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CF92D6C8D51CADBA" box="[716,859,1160,1183]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CF92D6C8D51CADBA" box="[716,859,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in the sixth caudal vertebra of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98C99ED6C7D32AAD85" box="[1216,1389,1159,1184]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Skorpiovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C99ED6C7D32AAD85" box="[1216,1389,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in the fifth caudal vertebra of 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CCB6D6ECD4D5ADE0" box="[488,658,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CCB6D6ECD4C9ADE0" box="[488,654,1196,1221]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Eoabelisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eoabelisaurus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
However, this structure differs from that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98C9DAD6ECD34FADE6" box="[1156,1288,1196,1219]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C9DAD6ECD34FADE6" box="[1156,1288,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which all caudal postzygapophyses are near to each other. The hyposphene-hypantrum articulations are present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CDC9D6B5D723AC29" box="[151,356,1269,1292]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CDC9D6B5D723AC29" box="[151,356,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, similar to the condition in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CFBFD6B5D294AC29" authority="Madsen &amp; Welles, 2000" authorityName="Madsen &amp; Welles" authorityYear="2000" box="[737,1235,1268,1293]" class="Reptilia" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CFBFD6B5D53EAC29" box="[737,889,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ceratosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98CECAD6B4D28CAC29" author="Madsen" box="[916,1227,1268,1293]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Madsen, J. H. &amp; Welles, S. P. (2000) Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda): a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, 89 pp." type="book" year="2000">Madsen &amp; Welles, 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98C9B4D6B4D4F5AC15" authority="Eoabelisaurus, Viavenator (Filippi et al., 2016)" authorityName="Eoabelisaurus, Viavenator (Filippi et al." authorityYear="2016" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C9B4D6B4D3D2AC28" box="[1258,1429,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CDC9D757D77EAC15" box="[151,313,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Eoabelisaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CC16D759D785AC15" box="[328,450,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Viavenator</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98CC8FD757D4EDAC15" author="Filippi" box="[465,682,1303,1328]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Filippi, L. S., Mendez, A. H., Valieri, R. D. J. &amp; Garrido, A. C. (2016) A new brachyrostran with hypertrophied axial structures reveals an unexpected radiation of latest Cretaceous abelisaurids. Cretaceous Research, 61, 209 - 219. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2015.12.018" type="journal article" year="2016">
Filippi 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CF78D759D41FAC15" box="[550,600,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al</emphasis>
., 2016
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CFE0D758D3D2AC15" authority="Aucasaurus, Ekrixinatosaurus and Skorpiovenator" authorityName="Aucasaurus, Ekrixinatosaurus and Skorpiovenator" box="[702,1429,1303,1328]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CFE0D758D50AAC0A" box="[702,845,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CE03D758D5A6AC0A" box="[861,993,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CEAED757D2F6AC15" box="[1008,1201,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ekrixinatosaurus</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C9B7D757D3D2AC15" box="[1257,1429,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but differing from that in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CCEBD77DD572AC71" authority="O'Connor, 2007" authorityName="O'Connor" authorityYear="2007" box="[437,821,1340,1364]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CCEBD77DD422AC71" box="[437,613,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98CF2DD77CD569AC71" author="O'Connor" box="[627,814,1340,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="O'Connor, P. M. (2007) The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Fertebrate Paleontology Memoir, 8, 127 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2007) 27 [127: TPASOM] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">O’Connor, 2007</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CE32D77CD2ABAC71" authority="Tortosa et al., 2014" authorityName="Tortosa et al." authorityYear="2014" box="[876,1260,1340,1365]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Arcovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CE32D77CD5B0AC76" box="[876,1015,1340,1363]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Arcovenator</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F38FF98C95BD77CD2A3AC71" author="Tortosa" box="[1029,1252,1340,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Tortosa, T., Buffetaut, E., Vialle, N., Dutour, Y., Turini, E. &amp; Cheylan, G. (2014) A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: Palaeobiogeographical implications. Annales de Paleontologie, 100, 63 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. annpal. 2013.10.003" type="journal article" year="2014">
Tortosa 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C93FD77DD2D5AC70" box="[1121,1170,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C66274F38FF98CDC9D7C4D6B0ACDE" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F38FF98CDC9D7C4D6B0ACDE" blockId="2.[151,1437,1412,1531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CDC9D7C4D74AACBE" bold="true" box="[151,269,1412,1435]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">TABLE 1</emphasis>
. Measurements from the appendicular and vertebral elements of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98C941D7C4D371ACBE" box="[1055,1334,1412,1435]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C941D7C4D371ACBE" box="[1055,1334,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in mm. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CC62D7E4D73FAC9E" bold="true" box="[316,376,1444,1467]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">FDW</emphasis>
, fibula distal width; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CF0BD7E4D42DAC9E" bold="true" box="[597,618,1444,1467]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">H</emphasis>
, height; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CF96D7E4D49DAC9E" bold="true" box="[712,730,1444,1467]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L</emphasis>
, length; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CE66D7E4D52BAC9E" bold="true" box="[824,876,1444,1467]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">PBL</emphasis>
, pubic boot length; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C91CD7E4D238AC9E" bold="true" box="[1090,1151,1444,1467]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">TDW</emphasis>
, tibia distal width; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C810D7E4D3D2AC9E" bold="true" box="[1358,1429,1444,1467]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">TSAD</emphasis>
, tibia shaft anteroposterior diameter; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CF46D784D416ACFE" bold="true" box="[536,593,1476,1499]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">TSW</emphasis>
, tibia distal width; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CE40D784D571ACFE" bold="true" box="[798,822,1476,1499]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">W</emphasis>
, width; ¢, incomplete material; *, Figure 1; #, Figure 2; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98C8D4D784D3D2ACFE" bold="true" box="[1418,1429,1476,1499]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">ε</emphasis>
, Figure 3.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F38FF98CDC1D458D36AAE52" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<table id="F923C40F4F380065CDC1D456D325AE52" box="[159,1378,1558,1911]" gridcols="10" gridrows="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<tr id="351334ED4F380065CDC1D456D325AF08" box="[159,1378,1558,1581]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76C25D914F380065CDC1D456D6B0AF08" box="[159,247,1558,1581]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F38FF98CDC1D458D6B0AF08" box="[159,247,1559,1581]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CDC1D458D6EBAF08" box="[159,172,1560,1581]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F38FF98CDE6D458D6B0AF08" box="[184,247,1560,1581]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76C25D914F380065CC67D456D72AAF08" box="[313,365,1558,1581]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tibia</th>
<th id="76C25D914F380065CCE9D456D7A8AF08" box="[439,495,1558,1581]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Pubis</th>
<th id="76C25D914F380065CF6AD456D432AF08" box="[564,629,1558,1581]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fibula</th>
<th id="76C25D914F380065CFECD456D4ABAF08" box="[690,748,1558,1581]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">εCA1</th>
<th id="76C25D914F380065CE71D456D537AF08" box="[815,880,1558,1581]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">ε CA2</th>
<th id="76C25D914F380065CEF2D456D5A9AF08" box="[940,1006,1558,1581]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">ε CA3</th>
<th id="76C25D914F380065C974D456D22CAF08" box="[1066,1131,1558,1581]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">ε CA4</th>
<th id="76C25D914F380065C9F9D456D2A3AF08" box="[1191,1252,1558,1581]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">*CA5</th>
<th id="76C25D914F380065C87BD456D325AF08" box="[1317,1378,1558,1581]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">#CA6</th>
</tr>
<tr id="351334ED4F380065CDC1D400D325AF73" box="[159,1378,1600,1622]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76C25D914F380065CDC1D400D6B0AF73" box="[159,247,1600,1622]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L</th>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CC67D400D72AAF73" box="[313,365,1600,1622]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">870</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CCE9D400D7A8AF73" box="[439,495,1600,1622]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">776¢</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CF6AD400D432AF73" box="[564,629,1600,1622]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CFECD400D4ABAF73" box="[690,748,1600,1622]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">155</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CE71D400D537AF73" box="[815,880,1600,1622]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">154</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CEF2D400D5A9AF73" box="[940,1006,1600,1622]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">149</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C974D400D22CAF73" box="[1066,1131,1600,1622]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">155</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C9F9D400D2A3AF73" box="[1191,1252,1600,1622]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">148</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C87BD400D325AF73" box="[1317,1378,1600,1622]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">144</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334ED4F380065CDC1D429D325AF5A" box="[159,1378,1641,1663]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76C25D914F380065CDC1D429D6B0AF5A" box="[159,247,1641,1663]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">W</th>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CC67D429D72AAF5A" box="[313,365,1641,1663]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CCE9D429D7A8AF5A" box="[439,495,1641,1663]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CF6AD429D432AF5A" box="[564,629,1641,1663]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CFECD429D4ABAF5A" box="[690,748,1641,1663]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">151</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CE71D429D537AF5A" box="[815,880,1641,1663]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">148</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CEF2D429D5A9AF5A" box="[940,1006,1641,1663]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">142</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C974D429D22CAF5A" box="[1066,1131,1641,1663]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">136</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C9F9D429D2A3AF5A" box="[1191,1252,1641,1663]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">112</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C87BD429D325AF5A" box="[1317,1378,1641,1663]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">107</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334ED4F380065CDC1D4D2D325AF8D" box="[159,1378,1682,1704]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76C25D914F380065CDC1D4D2D6B0AF8D" box="[159,247,1682,1704]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">H</th>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CC67D4D2D72AAF8D" box="[313,365,1682,1704]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CCE9D4D2D7A8AF8D" box="[439,495,1682,1704]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CF6AD4D2D432AF8D" box="[564,629,1682,1704]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CFECD4D2D4ABAF8D" box="[690,748,1682,1704]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">174</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CE71D4D2D537AF8D" box="[815,880,1682,1704]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">165</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CEF2D4D2D5A9AF8D" box="[940,1006,1682,1704]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">151</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C974D4D2D22CAF8D" box="[1066,1131,1682,1704]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">146</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C9F9D4D2D2A3AF8D" box="[1191,1252,1682,1704]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">148</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C87BD4D2D325AF8D" box="[1317,1378,1682,1704]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">123</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334ED4F380065CDC1D4FCD325AFF7" box="[159,1378,1724,1746]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76C25D914F380065CDC1D4FCD6B0AFF7" box="[159,247,1724,1746]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">PBL</th>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CC67D4FCD72AAFF7" box="[313,365,1724,1746]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CCE9D4FCD7A8AFF7" box="[439,495,1724,1746]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">243</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CF6AD4FCD432AFF7" box="[564,629,1724,1746]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CFECD4FCD4ABAFF7" box="[690,748,1724,1746]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CE71D4FCD537AFF7" box="[815,880,1724,1746]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CEF2D4FCD5A9AFF7" box="[940,1006,1724,1746]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C974D4FCD22CAFF7" box="[1066,1131,1724,1746]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C9F9D4FCD2A3AFF7" box="[1191,1252,1724,1746]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C87BD4FCD325AFF7" box="[1317,1378,1724,1746]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334ED4F380065CDC1D4A5D325AFDE" box="[159,1378,1765,1787]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76C25D914F380065CDC1D4A5D6B0AFDE" box="[159,247,1765,1787]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">TDW</th>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CC67D4A5D72AAFDE" box="[313,365,1765,1787]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">235</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CCE9D4A5D7A8AFDE" box="[439,495,1765,1787]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CF6AD4A5D432AFDE" box="[564,629,1765,1787]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CFECD4A5D4ABAFDE" box="[690,748,1765,1787]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CE71D4A5D537AFDE" box="[815,880,1765,1787]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CEF2D4A5D5A9AFDE" box="[940,1006,1765,1787]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C974D4A5D22CAFDE" box="[1066,1131,1765,1787]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C9F9D4A5D2A3AFDE" box="[1191,1252,1765,1787]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C87BD4A5D325AFDE" box="[1317,1378,1765,1787]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334ED4F380065CDC1D54ED325AE01" box="[159,1378,1806,1828]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76C25D914F380065CDC1D54ED6B0AE01" box="[159,247,1806,1828]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">TSW</th>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CC67D54ED72AAE01" box="[313,365,1806,1828]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">124</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CCE9D54ED7A8AE01" box="[439,495,1806,1828]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CF6AD54ED432AE01" box="[564,629,1806,1828]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CFECD54ED4ABAE01" box="[690,748,1806,1828]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CE71D54ED537AE01" box="[815,880,1806,1828]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CEF2D54ED5A9AE01" box="[940,1006,1806,1828]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C974D54ED22CAE01" box="[1066,1131,1806,1828]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C9F9D54ED2A3AE01" box="[1191,1252,1806,1828]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C87BD54ED325AE01" box="[1317,1378,1806,1828]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334ED4F380065CDC1D578D325AE6B" box="[159,1378,1848,1870]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76C25D914F380065CDC1D578D6B0AE6B" box="[159,247,1848,1870]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">TSAD</th>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CC67D578D72AAE6B" box="[313,365,1848,1870]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">99</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CCE9D578D7A8AE6B" box="[439,495,1848,1870]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CF6AD578D432AE6B" box="[564,629,1848,1870]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CFECD578D4ABAE6B" box="[690,748,1848,1870]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CE71D578D537AE6B" box="[815,880,1848,1870]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CEF2D578D5A9AE6B" box="[940,1006,1848,1870]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C974D578D22CAE6B" box="[1066,1131,1848,1870]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C9F9D578D2A3AE6B" box="[1191,1252,1848,1870]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C87BD578D325AE6B" box="[1317,1378,1848,1870]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351334ED4F380065CDC1D521D325AE52" box="[159,1378,1889,1911]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="76C25D914F380065CDC1D521D6B0AE52" box="[159,247,1889,1911]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">FDW</th>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CC67D521D72AAE52" box="[313,365,1889,1911]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CCE9D521D7A8AE52" box="[439,495,1889,1911]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CF6AD521D432AE52" box="[564,629,1889,1911]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">94.6</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CFECD521D4ABAE52" box="[690,748,1889,1911]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CE71D521D537AE52" box="[815,880,1889,1911]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065CEF2D521D5A9AE52" box="[940,1006,1889,1911]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C974D521D22CAE52" box="[1066,1131,1889,1911]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C9F9D521D2A3AE52" box="[1191,1252,1889,1911]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
<td id="76C25D914F380065C87BD521D325AE52" box="[1317,1378,1889,1911]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">-</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C66274F39FF99CDC9D5DAD342AEC8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804560/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[184,1408,195,1899]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F39FF99CDC9D5DAD342AEC8" blockId="3.[151,1436,1946,2029]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F39FF99CDC9D5DAD74AAE95" bold="true" box="[151,269,1946,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
. Anterior and most complete caudal vertebra of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F39FF99CFA1D5DBD5B8AE95" box="[767,1023,1947,1968]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F39FF99CFA1D5DBD5B8AE95" box="[767,1023,1947,1968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DGM 859-R) in anterior (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F39FF99C844D5DAD36BAE95" bold="true" box="[1306,1324,1946,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A</emphasis>
), posterior (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F39FF99CDC1D5F9D6F7AEEA" bold="true" box="[159,176,1977,1999]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B</emphasis>
), right lateral (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F39FF99CC17D5F9D71CAEEA" bold="true" box="[329,347,1977,1999]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
), dorsal (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F39FF99CCE2D5F9D789AEEA" bold="true" box="[444,462,1977,1999]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D</emphasis>
) and left lateral (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F39FF99CF23D5F9D4C9AEEA" bold="true" box="[637,654,1977,1999]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">E</emphasis>
) views. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F39FF99CEDFD5F9D5E3AEEA" bold="true" box="[897,932,1977,1999]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">hyf</emphasis>
, hyposphene; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F39FF99C969D5F9D227AEEA" bold="true" box="[1079,1120,1977,1999]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">hyp</emphasis>
, hypanthrum; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F39FF99C9AAD5F9D34AAEEA" bold="true" box="[1268,1293,1977,1999]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">nc</emphasis>
, neural canal; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F39FF99CDC9D597D6E8AEC8" bold="true" box="[151,175,2007,2029]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ns</emphasis>
, neural spine; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F39FF99CC1AD597D72DAEC8" bold="true" box="[324,362,2007,2029]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">poz</emphasis>
, postzygapophysis; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F39FF99CF66D597D41BAEC8" bold="true" box="[568,604,2007,2029]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">prz</emphasis>
, prezygapophysis; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F39FF99CE7ED597D571AEC8" bold="true" box="[800,822,2007,2029]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">tp</emphasis>
, tranverse process. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C66274F3EFF9ECDC9D5D7D571AECF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804562/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[184,1408,193,1895]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3EFF9ECDC9D5D7D571AECF" blockId="4.[151,1435,1943,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3EFF9ECDC9D5D7D74AAE88" bold="true" box="[151,269,1943,1965]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. Anterior and less complete caudal vertebra of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3EFF9ECFADD5D8D5B5AE88" box="[755,1010,1944,1965]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3EFF9ECFADD5D8D5B5AE88" box="[755,1010,1944,1965]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DGM 859-R) in anterior (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3EFF9EC852D5D7D359AE88" bold="true" box="[1292,1310,1943,1965]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A</emphasis>
), left lateral (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3EFF9ECDC1D5F5D6F7AEEE" bold="true" box="[159,176,1973,1995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B</emphasis>
), posterior (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3EFF9ECC62D5F5D709AEEE" bold="true" box="[316,334,1973,1995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C</emphasis>
), right lateral (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3EFF9ECCA0D5F5D457AEEE" bold="true" box="[510,528,1973,1995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D</emphasis>
) and dorsal (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3EFF9ECFF2D5F5D4FAAEEE" bold="true" box="[684,701,1973,1995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">E</emphasis>
) views. 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3EFF9ECE7CD5F5D502AEEE" bold="true" box="[802,837,1973,1995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">hyf</emphasis>
, hyposphene; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3EFF9ECEB6D5F5D246AEEE" bold="true" box="[1000,1025,1973,1995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">nc</emphasis>
, neural canal; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3EFF9EC9F3D5F5D282AEEE" bold="true" box="[1197,1221,1973,1995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ns</emphasis>
, neural spine; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3EFF9EC82ED5F5D3D1AEEE" bold="true" box="[1392,1430,1973,1995]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">poz</emphasis>
, postzygapophysis; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3EFF9ECC06D594D728AECF" bold="true" box="[344,367,2004,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">tp</emphasis>
, tranverse process Scale bar equals 100 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C66274F3FFF9FCDC9D641D48AAD13" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804564/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1004]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3FFF9FCDC9D641D48AAD13" blockId="5.[151,1436,1025,1078]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCDC9D641D749AD32" bold="true" box="[151,270,1025,1047]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. Four anterior caudal centra of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3FFF9FCF06D642D51FAD32" box="[600,856,1026,1047]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCF06D642D51FAD32" box="[600,856,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DGM 859-R) in left lateral (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FC9CFD641D290AD32" bold="true" box="[1169,1239,1025,1047]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A1-D1</emphasis>
), anterior (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FC813D641D3D3AD32" bold="true" box="[1357,1428,1025,1047]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A2-D2</emphasis>
) and posterior (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCC74D660D736AD13" bold="true" box="[298,369,1056,1078]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A3-D3</emphasis>
) views. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3FFF9FCD99D622D308AC2E" blockId="5.[151,1436,1122,2012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Both neural spines are incomplete, lacking the distal portion and located dorsal to the posterior half of the centrum. Nevertheless, the anteroposterior proportion of the neural spine in the articulated vertebrae is similar to anterior caudal of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3FFF9FCC35D6EBD7BDADE7" box="[363,506,1195,1218]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCC35D6EBD7BDADE7" box="[363,506,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3FFF9FCF68D6ECD4A1ADE6" box="[566,742,1196,1219]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCF68D6ECD4A1ADE6" box="[566,742,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, suggesting a rod-like condition for 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3FFF9FC9D0D6ECD31CADE6" box="[1166,1371,1196,1219]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FC9D0D6ECD31CADE6" box="[1166,1371,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as in other abelisaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3FFF9FCC22D68ED466ADC2" author="Rauhut" box="[380,545,1230,1255]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M. (2003) The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 69, 1 - 213." type="journal article" year="2003">Rauhut, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). The ventral half of the neural spine is directed posteriorly as in other abelisaurids. However, due to the fragmentary condition it is impossible to infer exact degree of inclination.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3FFF9FCD99D756D400AE6F" blockId="5.[151,1436,1122,2012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Additionally, there are three isolated transverse processes (
<figureCitation id="13182A2A4F3FFF9FCE3CD756D582AC0A" box="[866,965,1302,1327]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1611,1633]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1899,1921]" captionStartId-2="8.[151,250,1810,1832]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,589,1579]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,769,1838]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,193,1765]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[151,1436,589,1628]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,769,1877]" captionTargetId-2="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1789]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Largest isolated transverse process of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi (DGM 859 - R) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Scale bar equals 100 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Medium-sized isolated transverse process of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi (DGM 859 - R) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Scale bar equals 100 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Smallest isolated transverse process of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi (DGM 859 - R) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/804566/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/804568/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/804570/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 4-6</figureCitation>
). The dorsal inclination of the articulated processes is similar to those of furileuraurian abelisaurids, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3FFF9FCECDD77BD3DBAC76" authority="Aucasaurus and Skorpiovenator" authorityName="Aucasaurus and Skorpiovenator" box="[915,1436,1338,1363]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCECDD77BD265AC77" box="[915,1058,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FC96FD77BD2F2AC77" box="[1073,1205,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FC9B1D77AD3DBAC76" box="[1263,1436,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in contrast to the condition in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3FFF9FCF1FD720D2F2AC52" authority="Arcovenator and Eoabelisaurus. The" authorityName="Arcovenator and Eoabelisaurus. The" box="[577,1205,1374,1399]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCF1FD720D4B6AC52" box="[577,753,1376,1399]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCE5BD71FD5D7AC53" box="[773,912,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Arcovenator</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCE8DD71ED232AC52" box="[979,1141,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eoabelisaurus</emphasis>
. The
</taxonomicName>
length ratio of the transverse process to the length of vertebral centrum is greater than 
<quantity id="4CDB9B4A4F3FFF9FCEECD7C3D5B2ACBE" box="[946,1013,1410,1435]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="1.3">1.3 in</quantity>
abelisaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3FFF9FC9C9D7C2D37FACBE" author="Rauhut" box="[1175,1336,1410,1435]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M. (2003) The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 69, 1 - 213." type="journal article" year="2003">Rauhut, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Due to incomplete preservation (i.e. loss of the distal end of the transverse process), it is not possible to assess this state in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3FFF9FCDC9D78CD723ACC6" box="[151,356,1484,1507]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCDC9D78CD723ACC6" box="[151,356,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The three isolated transverse processes in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3FFF9FCED7D78CD2EBACC6" box="[905,1196,1484,1507]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCED7D78CD2EBACC6" box="[905,1196,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibit an anterior projection at the distal end, similar to furileuraurian abelisaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3FFF9FCEC2D7AED238AF22" author="Filippi" box="[924,1151,1518,1543]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Filippi, L. S., Mendez, A. H., Valieri, R. D. J. &amp; Garrido, A. C. (2016) A new brachyrostran with hypertrophied axial structures reveals an unexpected radiation of latest Cretaceous abelisaurids. Cretaceous Research, 61, 209 - 219. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2015.12.018" type="journal article" year="2016">
Filippi 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCEAAD7B0D26EAF22" box="[1012,1065,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
., 2016
</bibRefCitation>
). The smaller transverse process is hook-shaped with a short and bowed tip (
<figureCitation id="13182A2A4F3FFF9FCF86D452D55BAF0E" box="[728,796,1554,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1810,1832]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1765]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1789]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Smallest isolated transverse process of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi (DGM 859 - R) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804570/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). This condition is different from 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3FFF9FC9C8D453D406AF6A" authority="Ilokelesia, Ekrixinatosaurus and Skorpiovenator" authorityName="Ilokelesia, Ekrixinatosaurus and Skorpiovenator" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FC9C8D453D35DAF0F" box="[1174,1306,1555,1578]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FC876D452D3D2AF0E" box="[1320,1429,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ilokelesia</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCDC9D476D71FAF6A" box="[151,344,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ekrixinatosaurus</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCCCAD476D406AF6A" box="[404,577,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in which the distal end of the posterior caudal transverse process is more elongated and straight. The ventral surface of the transverse process is convex and has anterior and posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, similar to other abelisaurids. These laminae delimit the three fossae on the lateral surface; the prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, the centrodiapophyseal fossa and the postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCC9CD488D446AFFA" box="[450,513,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3FFF9FCF56D486D4A5AFFA" author="Wilson" box="[520,738,1734,1759]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Wilson, J. A., Michael, D. D., Ikejiri, T., Moacdieh, E. M. &amp; Whitlock, J. A. (2011) A nomenclature for vertebral fossae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. PLoS ONE, 6 (2), e 17114." type="journal article" year="2011">
Wilson 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCF01D488D4D6AFFA" box="[607,657,1734,1759]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Interestingly, the left side of the most complete vertebra, the postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa has three small hollows unlike the right side, which only has two hollows (
<figureCitation id="13182A2A4F3FFF9FCC5CD54ED778AE02" box="[258,319,1806,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1946,1968]" captionTargetBox="[184,1408,195,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[184,1408,195,1923]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Anterior and most complete caudal vertebra of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi (DGM 859 - R) in anterior (A), posterior (B), right lateral (C), dorsal (D) and left lateral (E) views. Abbreviations: hyf, hyposphene; hyp, hypanthrum; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, tranverse process. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804560/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig 1</figureCitation>
C). This condition is unique among abelisaurids and probably is an individual condition of this specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3FFF9FCC78D574D407AE6E" box="[294,576,1844,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCC78D574D407AE6E" box="[294,576,1844,1867]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3FFF9FCD99D516D591AEB6" blockId="5.[151,1436,1122,2012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCD99D516D798AE4A" bold="true" box="[199,479,1878,1903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Appendicular skeleton.</emphasis>
The appendicular elements of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3FFF9FCE15D518D25FAE4A" box="[843,1048,1880,1903]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCE15D518D25FAE4A" box="[843,1048,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are represented by a right pubis, right tibia and the distal end of the right fibula (Measurements in 
<tableCitation id="C6A103144F3FFF9FCE2DD53AD582AEB6" box="[883,965,1914,1939]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,1412,1435]" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements from the appendicular and vertebral elements of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi in mm. Abbreviations: FDW, fibula distal width; H, height; L, length; PBL, pubic boot length; TDW, tibia distal width; TSAD, tibia shaft anteroposterior diameter; TSW, tibia distal width; W, width; ¢, incomplete material; *, Figure 1; #, Figure 2; ε, Figure 3." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3FFF9CCD90D5DED300AB3D" blockId="5.[151,1436,1122,2012]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,536]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCD90D5DED75FAE92" bold="true" box="[206,280,1950,1975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pubis.</emphasis>
The pubis of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3FFF9FCCE0D5E0D4CCAE92" box="[446,651,1952,1975]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3FFF9FCCE0D5E0D4CCAE92" box="[446,651,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles the non-abelisaurinae abelisaurs with only the right shaft and the distal pubic foot preserved, whereas the proximal articulation has been lost (
<figureCitation id="13182A2A4F3FFF9FC91BD583D2C5AEFE" box="[1093,1154,1987,2012]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1901]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,409,1921]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Right pubis of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi (DGM 859 - R) in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C) and medial (D) views. Abbreviations: dpf, distal pubic foot. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804572/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig 7</figureCitation>
). The shaft is proximally sub-circular and becomes more compressed anteroposteriorly toward the distal end. There is an anteroposterior expansion immediately distal to the first constriction of the shaft, and then the shaft becomes compressed again. In the anterior view, the shaft is laterally bowed and the distal portion is rectangular shaped. The shaft shows a medial dorsoventral shelf that becomes the pubic apron and extends at the pubic foot as seen in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CC932D344D74EA865" authority="Carrano et al., 2002" authorityName="Carrano et al." authorityYear="2002" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CC932D344D350A838" box="[1132,1303,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
(Carrano 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CC8D6D345D6EAA865" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
., 2002)
</taxonomicName>
, MCF-PVPH-237 (Coria 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCF6FD369D422A865" box="[561,613,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
., 2006) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CCFA5D368D5CDA81A" box="[763,906,296,319]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCFA5D368D5CDA81A" box="[763,906,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This shelf is quite rugose, particularly at the caudal end and suggests a strong contact with the left pubis, however, it clearly was not fused as exhibited by 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CCDC9D32FD47FA8AD" authority="Carrano et al., 2011" authorityName="Carrano et al." authorityYear="2011" box="[151,568,367,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCDC9D32FD705A8AD" box="[151,322,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3CFF9CCC0ED330D477A8AD" author="Carrano" box="[336,560,367,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Carrano, M. T., Loewen, M. A. &amp; Sertich, J. J. (2011) New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001, and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 95, 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="2011">
Carrano 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCCECD331D7A4A8AD" box="[434,483,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
., 2011
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CCF32D330D4B7A8A2" box="[620,752,368,391]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCF32D330D4B7A8A2" box="[620,752,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The lateral surface of the shaft is flat and has scars that were interpreted as belonging to the muscle ambiens insertion. The distal foot is not elongated anteroposteriorly as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CCDC9D3F8D761A8EA" box="[151,294,440,463]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCDC9D3F8D761A8EA" box="[151,294,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CCC3ED3F8D7A3A8EA" box="[352,484,440,463]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCC3ED3F8D7A3A8EA" box="[352,484,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the anterior end is anteroventrally inclined with a flat dorsal surface, whereas the posterior end is dorsally inclined. The distal pubis of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CCE45D39CD5FAA8D0" box="[795,957,476,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Eoabelisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCE45D39CD5FAA8D0" box="[795,957,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eoabelisaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is short as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CC904D39DD360A8D1" box="[1114,1319,477,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CC904D39DD360A8D1" box="[1114,1319,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, the former has a straight foot base. The foot base is thick and robust as generally seen in other abelisaurids.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C66274F3CFF9CCDC9D40BD7DBAFA5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804566/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[151,1436,589,1579]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3CFF9CCDC9D40BD7DBAFA5" blockId="6.[151,1437,1611,1664]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCDC9D40BD74BAF44" bold="true" box="[151,268,1611,1633]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
. Largest isolated transverse process of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CCFC6D40CD5D0AF44" box="[664,919,1612,1633]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCFC6D40CD5D0AF44" box="[664,919,1612,1633]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DGM 859-R) in dorsal (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CC9C5D40BD2EAAF44" bold="true" box="[1179,1197,1611,1633]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A</emphasis>
) and ventral (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CC865D40BD30BAF44" bold="true" box="[1339,1356,1611,1633]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B</emphasis>
) views. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3CFF9CCD99D4ECD511AEC0" blockId="6.[151,1437,1708,2021]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCD99D4ECD74AAFE0" bold="true" box="[199,269,1708,1733]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tibia.</emphasis>
The tibia of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CCCEED4EED489AFE1" box="[432,718,1709,1733]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCCEED4EED489AFE1" box="[432,718,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a strong, nearly straight shaft and subcircular transverse section this is slightly compressed anteroposteriorly (
<figureCitation id="13182A2A4F3CFF9CCFACD490D576AFCC" box="[754,817,1744,1769]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[207,1375,193,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[207,1375,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Right tibia from Pycnonemosaurus nevesi (DGM 859 - R) in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), medial (D), dorsal (E) and ventral (F) views. Abbreviations: cn, cnemial crest; fcr, fibular crest; lct, lateral condyle; lf, lateral fossa; lm, lateral malleolus; mm, medial malleolus. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804574/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig 8</figureCitation>
). There are some incomplete parts with some surfaces covered with plaster. It is very large and thick, rivalling in size with those of large theropods such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CC84ED4B6D7DBAE14" authority="Coria &amp; Currie, 2006" authorityName="Coria &amp; Currie" authorityYear="2006" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Mapusaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CC84ED4B6D3DBAE28" box="[1296,1436,1782,1805]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mapusaurus</emphasis>
(Coria &amp; Currie, 2006)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CCCF9D558D49EAE14" authority="Madsen, 1976" authorityName="Madsen" authorityYear="1976" box="[423,729,1816,1841]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCCF9D558D467AE14" box="[423,544,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Allosaurus</emphasis>
(Madsen, 1976)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CCE4ED558D2B3AE14" authority="Christiansen &amp; Farina, 2004" authorityName="Christiansen &amp; Farina" authorityYear="2004" box="[784,1268,1816,1841]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCE4ED558D5DBAE14" box="[784,924,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tarbosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3CFF9CCEF5D558D2AAAE14" author="Christiansen" box="[939,1261,1816,1841]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Christiansen, P. &amp; Farina, R. A. (2004) Mass prediction in theropod dinosaurs. Historical Biology, 16 (2 - 4), 85 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08912960412331284313" type="journal article" year="2004">Christiansen &amp; Fariña, 2004</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and it is larger than in other abelisaurids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3CFF9CCC98D57CD4A6AE70" author="Grillo" box="[454,737,1852,1877]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Grillo, O. N. &amp; Delcourt, R. (2017) Allometry and body length of abelisauroid theropods: Pycnonemosaurus nevesi is the new king. Cretaceous Research, 69, 71 - 89." type="journal article" year="2017">Grillo &amp; Delcourt, 2017</bibRefCitation>
). Apart from its unusual size, the tibia has many abelisaurian characteristics. The shaft of the tibia of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CCF28D522D504AE5C" box="[630,835,1890,1913]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCF28D522D504AE5C" box="[630,835,1890,1913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is gently curved laterally in lateral view, with the curvature being almost inconspicuous as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CCFDAD5C4D282AEB8" authority="Quilmesaurus and Rahiolisaurus" authorityName="Quilmesaurus and Rahiolisaurus" box="[644,1221,1924,1949]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Ekrixinatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCFDAD5C4D5B6AEB8" box="[644,1009,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ekrixinatosaurus, Quilmesaurus</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CC976D5C4D282AEB8" box="[1064,1221,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Rahiolisaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and distinguishing it from the tibial shaft of MCT 1783-R (Cambará taxon), 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3CFF9CCE0CD5E8D765AEC1" authority="Xenotarsosaurus, Aucasaurus and Arcovenator" authorityName="Xenotarsosaurus, Aucasaurus and Arcovenator" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Skorpiovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCE0CD5E8D5B9AEE4" box="[850,1022,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CC94FD5EAD288AEE4" box="[1041,1231,1962,1985]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Xenotarsosaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CC9BDD5E9D320AEE5" box="[1251,1383,1961,1984]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3CFF9CCDC9D58DD765AEC1" box="[151,290,1997,2020]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Arcovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in which the curvature is much more pronounced.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3DFF9DCD99D2D8D480A840" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
In the dorsal view, the lateral condyle is subcircular and robust. This shape is also present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3DFF9DC858D2D8D5C2A9F6" authority="Aucasaurus, Skorpiovenator, Ekrixinatosaurs and Arcovenator" authorityName="Aucasaurus, Skorpiovenator, Ekrixinatosaurs and Arcovenator" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DC858D2D8D3D2A98A" box="[1286,1429,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCDC9D2FCD75CA9F6" box="[151,283,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCC6AD2FCD7A7A9F0" box="[308,480,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCCA7D2FCD4EBA9F0" box="[505,684,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ekrixinatosaurs</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCFA4D2FCD5C2A9F6" box="[762,901,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Arcovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3DFF9DCEC0D2FCD2E7A9F1" author="Tortosa" box="[926,1184,188,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Tortosa, T., Buffetaut, E., Vialle, N., Dutour, Y., Turini, E. &amp; Cheylan, G. (2014) A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: Palaeobiogeographical implications. Annales de Paleontologie, 100, 63 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. annpal. 2013.10.003" type="journal article" year="2014">
Tortosa 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DC958D2FDD204A9F0" box="[1030,1091,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
., 2014
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 6) whereas in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3DFF9DCDC9D29FD773A9DD" box="[151,308,223,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Quilmesaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCDC9D29FD773A9DD" box="[151,308,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Quilmesaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the lateral condyle is straight and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3DFF9DCE77D29FD58CA9DD" box="[809,971,223,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Eoabelisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCE77D29FD58CA9DD" box="[809,971,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eoabelisaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3DFF9DCEBAD2A1D356A9DD" authority="Cambara" authorityName="Cambara" box="[996,1297,223,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCEBAD2A1D2D3A9DD" box="[996,1172,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
, Cambará
</taxonomicName>
taxon and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCDC9D345D71CA839" box="[151,347,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3DFF9DCDC9D345D71FA839" box="[151,344,261,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Xenotarsosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Xenotarsosaurus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
it is square-shaped. The latter characteristic is even more pronounced in MTC 1783-R and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3DFF9DCDC9D367D77EA865" box="[151,313,295,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Eoabelisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCDC9D367D77EA865" box="[151,313,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eoabelisaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The intercondylar groove is deep as in Cambará taxon (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3DFF9DCE89D367D294A865" author="Machado" box="[983,1235,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Machado, E. B., Campos, D. D. A., Calvo, J. O. &amp; Kellner, A. W. A. (2013) A new Abelisauroid from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas, 30 (2), 446 - 452." type="journal article" year="2013">
Machado 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DC912D369D238A865" box="[1100,1151,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
., 2013
</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3DFF9DC846D368D3DBA81A" box="[1304,1436,296,319]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DC846D368D3DBA81A" box="[1304,1436,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
compared with other taxa in which it is shallower.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3DFF9DCD99D32FD58DAB3D" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The cnemial crest of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3DFF9DCCEAD331D4C6A8AD" box="[436,641,369,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCCEAD331D4C6A8AD" box="[436,641,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is strongly pronounced anteriorly, inclined further proximally than the condyles with a dorsoventral constriction, giving it a hatchet-shaped similar to the condition in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3DFF9DC9B5D3D4D328A88E" box="[1259,1391,404,427]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DC9B5D3D4D328A88E" box="[1259,1391,404,427]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Its internal (i.e. lateral) surface is concave with an anteroposterior bulge in the dorsal portion, making an expanded dorsoventrally lateral fossa like in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3DFF9DCF43D39CD202A8D0" authority="Aucasaurus and Quilmesaurus" authorityName="Aucasaurus and Quilmesaurus" box="[541,1093,476,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Ekrixinatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCF43D39CD499A8D0" box="[541,734,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ekrixinatosaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCFB2D39CD537A8D6" box="[748,880,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCEF6D39CD202A8D0" box="[936,1093,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Quilmesaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A2A4F3DFF9DC90BD39CD2D0A8D1" box="[1109,1175,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[207,1375,193,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[207,1375,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Right tibia from Pycnonemosaurus nevesi (DGM 859 - R) in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), medial (D), dorsal (E) and ventral (F) views. Abbreviations: cn, cnemial crest; fcr, fibular crest; lct, lateral condyle; lf, lateral fossa; lm, lateral malleolus; mm, medial malleolus. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804574/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B). The distal border is thicker than the body of the crest, suggesting strong insertion of muscles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3DFF9DCD99D064D45DABE8" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The fibular crest of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3DFF9DCCF2D065D43EAB19" box="[428,633,549,572]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCCF2D065D43EAB19" box="[428,633,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is incomplete and filled with plaster, but appears to reach the ventralmost level of the cnemial crest and ending approximately at the first one-quarter of the bone’s shaft as seen in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3DFF9DCDC9D02DD44EABA1" authority="Carrano, 2007" authorityName="Carrano" authorityYear="2007" box="[151,521,620,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCDC9D02DD700ABA1" box="[151,327,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F3DFF9DCC06D02CD446ABA1" author="Carrano" box="[344,513,620,644]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Carrano, M. T. (2007) The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Fertebrate Paleontology, 27 (Supplement 2), 163 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2007) 27 [163: TASOMC] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Carrano, 2007</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The preserved portion is oriented vertically as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3DFF9DC90FD02CD72CAB8D" authority="Velocisaurus and Eoabelisaurus" authorityName="Velocisaurus and Eoabelisaurus" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DC90FD02CD3DEABA0" box="[1105,1433,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Masiakasaurus, Velocisaurus</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCD97D0CFD72CAB8D" box="[201,363,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eoabelisaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3DFF9DCF5ED0D0D286AB8D" authority="Aucasaurus, Skorpiovenator and Xenotarsaurus" authorityName="Aucasaurus, Skorpiovenator and Xenotarsaurus" box="[512,1217,655,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCF5ED0D0D4C8AB82" box="[512,655,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCFC1D0D0D564AB82" box="[671,803,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCE6AD0CFD5A7AB8D" box="[820,992,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DC942D0D1D286AB8D" box="[1052,1217,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Xenotarsaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the fibular crest is slightly anteroposteriorly inclined.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C66274F3DFF9DCDC9D52BD7A3AE85" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804568/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[151,1436,769,1838]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F3DFF9DCDC9D52BD7A3AE85" blockId="7.[151,1436,1899,1952]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCDC9D52BD74BAEA4" bold="true" box="[151,268,1899,1921]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
. Medium-sized isolated transverse process of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F3DFF9DCF81D52CD599AEA4" box="[735,990,1900,1921]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DCF81D52CD599AEA4" box="[735,990,1900,1921]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DGM 859-R) in dorsal (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DC9BCD52BD2B3AEA4" bold="true" box="[1250,1268,1899,1921]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A</emphasis>
) and ventral (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F3DFF9DC8DDD52BD3D3AEA4" bold="true" box="[1411,1428,1899,1921]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B</emphasis>
) views. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C66274F32FF92CDC9D552D7A3AE62" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804570/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1765]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F32FF92CDC9D552D7A3AE62" blockId="8.[151,1436,1810,1863]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F32FF92CDC9D552D757AE0D" bold="true" box="[151,272,1810,1832]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
. Smallest isolated transverse process of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F32FF92CFE0D553D586AE0D" box="[702,961,1811,1832]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F32FF92CFE0D553D586AE0D" box="[702,961,1811,1832]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DGM 859-R) in dorsal (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F32FF92C989D552D2AEAE0D" bold="true" box="[1239,1257,1810,1832]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A</emphasis>
) and ventral (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F32FF92C8DDD552D3D3AE0D" bold="true" box="[1411,1428,1810,1832]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
) views. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F32FF92CD99D52ED72CAED7" blockId="8.[151,1436,1902,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The lateral malleolus is well developed and ventrally expanded with an inclination of nearly 45° to the horizontal axis. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F32FF92CC37D5D3D471AE8F" box="[361,566,1939,1962]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F32FF92CC37D5D3D471AE8F" box="[361,566,1939,1962]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
this structure is more pronounced than in the other abelisaurs. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F32FF92C9A6D5D2D71FAEEA" authority="Ekrixinatosaurus" authorityName="Ekrixinatosaurus" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Quilmesaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F32FF92C9A6D5D2D3D2AE8E" box="[1272,1429,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Quilmesaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F32FF92CDC9D5F6D71FAEEA" box="[151,344,1974,1999]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ekrixinatosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F32FF92CC34D5F7D45DAEEB" box="[362,538,1975,1998]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F32FF92CC34D5F7D45DAEEB" box="[362,538,1975,1998]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F32FF92CF04D5F6D541AEEA" box="[602,774,1974,1999]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Skorpiovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F32FF92CF04D5F6D541AEEA" box="[602,774,1974,1999]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have ventral expansion but to a lesser degree than 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F32FF92CDC9D59BD723AED7" box="[151,356,2011,2034]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F32FF92CDC9D59BD723AED7" box="[151,356,2011,2034]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F33FF93CD99D2D7D47FA840" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The articular facet of the astragalus of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F33FF93CFDAD2D9D516A995" box="[644,849,153,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93CFDAD2D9D516A995" box="[644,849,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A2A4F33FF93CE3DD2D7D5E0A995" box="[867,935,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1412,1434]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,195,1388]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[162,1426,195,1388]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Distal end of the tibia of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi (DGM 859 - R) in anterior view. The ellipse shows the scar of ascending process of the astragalus. Without scale bar." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804576/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
) is tongue-shaped and is not fused with the tibia as seen in the unfused astragalus of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F33FF93CFD2D2FCD5E5A9F0" authority="Cambara" authorityName="Cambara" box="[652,930,188,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Quilmesaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93CFD2D2FCD56EA9F0" box="[652,809,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Quilmesaurus</emphasis>
, Cambará
</taxonomicName>
taxon (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F33FF93C95FD2FCD343A9F1" author="Machado" box="[1025,1284,188,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Machado, E. B., Campos, D. D. A., Calvo, J. O. &amp; Kellner, A. W. A. (2013) A new Abelisauroid from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas, 30 (2), 446 - 452." type="journal article" year="2013">
Machado 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93C929D2FDD2EBA9F0" box="[1143,1196,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
., 2013
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F33FF93C842D2FDD7CAA9DD" authority="Wilson et al., 2003" authorityName="Wilson et al." authorityYear="2003" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Rajasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93C842D2FDD3DCA9F1" box="[1308,1435,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rajasaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F33FF93CDC0D29FD7C2A9DD" author="Wilson" box="[158,389,223,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Wilson, J. A., Sereno, P. C., Srivastava, S., Bhatt, D. K., Khosla, A. &amp; Sahni, A. (2003) A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India. Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 42 pp." type="book" year="2003">
Wilson 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93CDA2D2A1D775A9DD" box="[252,306,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
., 2003
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F33FF93CC92D2A1D504A9DD" authority="Carrano, 2007" authorityName="Carrano" authorityYear="2007" box="[460,835,224,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93CC92D2A1D43BA9DD" box="[460,636,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F33FF93CFCED2A0D57CA9DD" author="Carrano" box="[656,827,224,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Carrano, M. T. (2007) The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Fertebrate Paleontology, 27 (Supplement 2), 163 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2007) 27 [163: TASOMC] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Carrano, 2007</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Its surface is narrower than figured by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F33FF93C878D29FD702A839" author="Kellner" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Kellner, A. W. A. &amp; Campos, D. A. (2002) On a theropod dinosaur (Abelisauria) from the continental Cretaceous of Brazil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 60 (3), 163 - 170." type="journal article" year="2002">Kellner &amp; Campos (2002)</bibRefCitation>
and the scars suggest a small ascending process with subparallel margins like in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F33FF93C985D344D3DBA838" box="[1243,1436,260,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Ekrixinatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93C985D344D3DBA838" box="[1243,1436,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ekrixinatosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F33FF93CDC0D367D72CA865" author="Calvo" box="[158,363,295,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Calvo, J. O., Rubilar - Rogers, D. &amp; Moreno, K. (2004) A new Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from northwest Patagonia. Ameghiniana, 41 (4), 555 - 563." type="journal article" year="2004">
Calvo 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93CDB4D369D75DA865" box="[234,282,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
., 2004
</bibRefCitation>
; Rauhut, 2012). This condition is quite different to 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F33FF93CEF2D369D26CA865" box="[940,1067,297,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Rajasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93CEF2D369D26CA865" box="[940,1067,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Rajasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F33FF93C93CD367D2B8A865" box="[1122,1279,295,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Quilmesaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93C93CD367D2B8A865" box="[1122,1279,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Quilmesaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
who have the articular facet broader and triangular.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C66274F33FF93CDC9D5D6D524AEEE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804572/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[151,1436,409,1901]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F33FF93CDC9D5D6D524AEEE" blockId="9.[151,1436,1942,1995]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93CDC9D5D6D749AE89" bold="true" box="[151,270,1942,1964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 7</emphasis>
. Right pubis of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F33FF93CCE9D5D7D4F0AE89" box="[439,695,1943,1964]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93CCE9D5D7D4F0AE89" box="[439,695,1943,1964]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DGM 859-R) in anterior (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93CE8AD5D6D5A1AE89" bold="true" box="[980,998,1942,1964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A</emphasis>
), lateral (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93C912D5D6D21AAE89" bold="true" box="[1100,1117,1942,1964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
), posterior (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93C983D5D6D2A8AE89" bold="true" box="[1245,1263,1942,1964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C</emphasis>
) and medial (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93C8DFD5D6D3D4AE89" bold="true" box="[1409,1427,1942,1964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D</emphasis>
) views. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F33FF93CC25D5F5D7D8AEEE" bold="true" box="[379,415,1973,1995]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">dpf</emphasis>
, distal pubic foot. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C66274F30FF90CDC9D5D6D504AECC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804574/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[207,1375,193,1887]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F30FF90CDC9D5D6D504AECC" blockId="10.[151,1436,1942,2025]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F30FF90CDC9D5D6D748AE89" bold="true" box="[151,271,1942,1964]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
. Right tibia from 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F30FF90CC93D5D7D489AE89" box="[461,718,1943,1964]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F30FF90CC93D5D7D489AE89" box="[461,718,1943,1964]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DGM 859-R) in anterior (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F30FF90CEB1D5D6D246AE89" bold="true" box="[1007,1025,1942,1964]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
), lateral (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F30FF90C936D5D6D23EAE89" bold="true" box="[1128,1145,1942,1964]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
), posterior (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F30FF90C9A2D5D6D349AE89" bold="true" box="[1276,1294,1942,1964]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C</emphasis>
), medial (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F30FF90C825D5D6D3CAAE89" bold="true" box="[1403,1421,1942,1964]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D</emphasis>
), dorsal (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F30FF90CDBBD5F4D6B1AEEF" bold="true" box="[229,246,1972,1994]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E</emphasis>
) and ventral (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F30FF90CCD7D5F4D7DFAEEF" bold="true" box="[393,408,1972,1994]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">F</emphasis>
) views. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F30FF90CFCED5F4D4EEAEEF" bold="true" box="[656,681,1972,1994]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">cn</emphasis>
, cnemial crest; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F30FF90CE13D5F4D52CAEEF" bold="true" box="[845,875,1972,1994]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fcr</emphasis>
, fibular crest; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F30FF90C95DD5F4D259AEEF" bold="true" box="[1027,1054,1972,1994]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">lct</emphasis>
, lateral condyle; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F30FF90C98CD5F4D2A5AEEF" bold="true" box="[1234,1250,1972,1994]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">lf</emphasis>
, lateral fossa; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F30FF90C827D5F4D3D2AEEF" bold="true" box="[1401,1429,1972,1994]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">lm</emphasis>
, lateral malleolus; 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F30FF90CC12D593D731AECC" bold="true" box="[332,374,2003,2025]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">mm</emphasis>
, medial malleolus. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C66274F31FF91CDC9D7C4D4F9AC9C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804576/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[162,1426,195,1388]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F31FF91CDC9D7C4D4F9AC9C" blockId="11.[151,1436,1412,1465]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91CDC9D7C4D749ACBF" bold="true" box="[151,270,1412,1434]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 9</emphasis>
. Distal end of the tibia of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F31FF91CF7ED7C5D567ACBF" box="[544,800,1413,1434]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91CF7ED7C5D567ACBF" box="[544,800,1413,1434]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DGM 859-R) in anterior view. The ellipse shows the scar of ascending process of the astragalus. Without scale bar.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F31FF91CD99D7A0D2D1AFD0" blockId="11.[151,1436,1504,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91CD99D7A0D752ACDC" bold="true" box="[199,277,1504,1529]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fibula</emphasis>
. The right fibula is incomplete preserving only the distal portion. The shaft is flattened mediolaterally, gently posteriorly bowed and distally expanded, with a slight twist and many foramina on its surface (
<figureCitation id="13182A2A4F31FF91C87FD444D328AF38" box="[1313,1391,1540,1565]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1726,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Right fibula of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi (DGM 859 - R) in anterior (A), lateral (B), posterior (C) and medial (D) views. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804578/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig 10</figureCitation>
). In anterior view the distal end is marked with a medial dorsoventral bulge as seen in the fibulae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F31FF91C84FD469D703AF40" authority="Skorpiovenator" authorityName="Skorpiovenator" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91C84FD469D3D2AF65" box="[1297,1429,1577,1600]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91CDC9D40CD703AF40" box="[151,324,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F31FF91CCDFD40CD46BAF40" box="[385,556,1612,1637]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91CCDFD40CD46BAF40" box="[385,556,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Carrano 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91CFFAD40ED490AF40" box="[676,727,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
., 2002: fig. 15A). In 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91CE86D40ED2CDAF40" box="[984,1162,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Xenotarosaurus</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F31FF91C999D40CD32EAF40" box="[1223,1385,1612,1637]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Eoabelisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91C999D40CD32EAF40" box="[1223,1385,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eoabelisaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
this structure is not preserved. The articular surface is semi-circular-shaped and robust, as seen in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F31FF91C9B7D430D240AF88" authority="Xenotarsosaurus, Aucasaurus and Eoabelisaurus. However, in Eoabelisaurus" authorityName="Xenotarsosaurus, Aucasaurus and Eoabelisaurus. However, in Eoabelisaurus" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Skorpiovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91C9B7D430D3D2AFAC" box="[1257,1429,1648,1673]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Skorpiovenator</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91CDC9D4D6D712AF88" box="[151,341,1686,1709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Xenotarsosaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91CC3AD4D5D7AFAF89" box="[356,488,1685,1708]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91CF7FD4D4D484AF88" box="[545,707,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eoabelisaurus</emphasis>
. However, in 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91CE3BD4D4D240AF88" box="[869,1031,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eoabelisaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the distal articulation has a cranial projection on the distal end. The distal end of the fibula of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F31FF91CE6AD4F8D598AFF4" box="[820,991,1720,1745]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91CE6AD4F8D598AFF4" box="[820,991,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is square-shaped (Carrano 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91C84AD4F9D301AFF4" box="[1300,1350,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
., 2002: fig. 15B) unlike the one in 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91CC9BD49ED4A1AFD1" box="[453,742,1757,1781]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F31FF91CC9BD49ED4A5AFD1" box="[453,738,1757,1781]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
in which the distal margin is rounded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F31FF91CD99D540D57BAED5" blockId="11.[151,1436,1504,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91CD99D540D458AE3C" bold="true" box="[199,543,1792,1817]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Other DGM 859-R elements.</emphasis>
The 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F31FF91CF06D541D535AE3D" box="[600,882,1793,1816]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F31FF91CF06D541D535AE3D" box="[600,882,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
holotype described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F31FF91C929D540D3DBAE3C" author="Kellner" box="[1143,1436,1792,1817]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Kellner, A. W. A. &amp; Campos, D. A. (2002) On a theropod dinosaur (Abelisauria) from the continental Cretaceous of Brazil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 60 (3), 163 - 170." type="journal article" year="2002">Kellner &amp; Campos (2002)</bibRefCitation>
did not include the isolated neural spine, the three transverse processes, a distal caudal centrum and an unidentified incomplete bone with the same number (DGM 859-R). The authors refer to these materials as “several unidentified incomplete bones”. Here, I have identified three transverse processes as belonging to an abelisaurid dinosaur, as described above. The isolated neural spine and distal caudal centrum as belonging to a sauropod dinosaur, the incomplete bone perhaps pertaining to a sauropod with the other isolated transverse process being unidentified taxa. Here, I described these specimens as the Parecis taxon.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C66274F36FF96CDC9D4FED7A3AFD6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804578/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1676]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F36FF96CDC9D4FED7A3AFD6" blockId="12.[151,1436,1726,1779]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F36FF96CDC9D4FED75EAFF1" bold="true" box="[151,281,1726,1748]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 10</emphasis>
. Right fibula of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F36FF96CC9DD4FFD485AFF1" box="[451,706,1727,1748]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F36FF96CC9DD4FFD485AFF1" box="[451,706,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(DGM 859-R) in anterior (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F36FF96CE85D4FED5AAAFF1" bold="true" box="[987,1005,1726,1748]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
), lateral (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F36FF96C90FD4FED225AFF1" bold="true" box="[1105,1122,1726,1748]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
), posterior (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F36FF96C9BED4FED2B5AFF1" bold="true" box="[1248,1266,1726,1748]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C</emphasis>
) and medial (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F36FF96C8DFD4FED3D4AFF1" bold="true" box="[1409,1427,1726,1748]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D</emphasis>
) views. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F36FF97CD99D55FD7FEA9DD" blockId="12.[151,1437,1823,2028]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The neural spine (
<figureCitation id="13182A2A4F36FF96CCCDD55FD79CAE1D" box="[403,475,1823,1848]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1781,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,697,1759]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,697,1759]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. Parecis taxa elements undescribed by Kellner &amp; Campos (2002), and identified here as an isolated neural spine belonging to a sauropod dinosaur in right lateral view (A); a distal caudal centrum belonging to a sauropod dinosaur in left lateral view (B) and an isolated transverse process of an unidentified taxon in dorsal view (C). Although labelled as DGM 859 R, they are not belonging to the holotype of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804580/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig 11</figureCitation>
A) differs from sauropod titanosaurs, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F36FF96CEBFD560D28AAE12" box="[993,1229,1824,1847]" class="Reptilia" family="Saltasauridae" genus="Trigonosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pricei">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F36FF96CEBFD560D28AAE12" box="[993,1229,1824,1847]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Trigonosaurus pricei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F36FF96C982D560D3DBAE1D" box="[1244,1436,1823,1848]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Baurutitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="britoi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F36FF96C982D560D3DBAE1D" box="[1244,1436,1823,1848]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Baurutitan britoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F36FF96CD98D503D7F0AE79" box="[198,439,1859,1884]" class="Reptilia" genus="Uberabatitan" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ribeiroi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F36FF96CD98D503D7F0AE79" box="[198,439,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Uberabatitan ribeiroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In these taxa the neural spines are distally broad in the mid-caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F36FF96C87DD503D7D8AEA5" author="Salgado" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Salgado, L. &amp; Carvalho, I. S. (2008) Uberabatitan ribeiroi, a new titanosaur from the Marilia Formation (Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous), Minas Gerais, Brazil. Palaeontology, 51 (4), 881 - 901." type="journal article" year="2008">Salgado &amp; Carvalho, 2008: fig. 14</bibRefCitation>
). However, the proportion of the neural spine present in Parecis taxon is similar to the mid and posterior caudal vertebrae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F36FF96CF51D5CBD540AE81" box="[527,775,1931,1956]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Aeolosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F36FF96CF51D5CBD540AE81" box="[527,775,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aeolosaurus maximus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F36FF96CE4BD5CBD2A5AE81" author="Santucci" box="[789,1250,1931,1956]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Santucci, R. M., Arruda-Campos, A. C. &amp; Antonio, C. (2011) A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini. Zootaxa, 3085, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2011">Santucci &amp; Arruda-Campos, 2011: fig. 4</bibRefCitation>
). In these neural spines, the proximal bases are broad, whereas the distal ends are laterally narrow. In the posterior view, the isolated neural spine is wide, whreas in the anterior view it is narrow as similarly seen in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F36FF96C947D593D357AEC9" box="[1049,1296,2003,2028]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Aeolosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F36FF96C947D593D357AEC9" box="[1049,1296,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aeolosaurus maximus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F36FF97C843D593D799A995" author="Santucci" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Santucci, R. M., Arruda-Campos, A. C. &amp; Antonio, C. (2011) A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini. Zootaxa, 3085, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2011">Santucci &amp; Arruda-Campos, 2011: fig. 4</bibRefCitation>
). These proportions are clearly different from those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F37FF97C914D2D8D29EA98A" box="[1098,1241,152,175]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F37FF97C914D2D8D29EA98A" box="[1098,1241,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F37FF97C84FD2D8D3D2A98A" box="[1297,1429,152,175]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F37FF97C84FD2D8D3D2A98A" box="[1297,1429,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Aucasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, this neural spine is assigned to an indeterminate sauropod and not to an unidentified bone of 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F37FF97CDC9D2A1D7FEA9DD" box="[151,441,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F37FF97CDC9D2A1D7F3A9DD" box="[151,436,225,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F37FF97CD99D344D742A8AD" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The distal caudal centrum (
<figureCitation id="13182A2A4F37FF97CF5ED344D40DA839" box="[512,586,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1781,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,697,1759]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,697,1759]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. Parecis taxa elements undescribed by Kellner &amp; Campos (2002), and identified here as an isolated neural spine belonging to a sauropod dinosaur in right lateral view (A); a distal caudal centrum belonging to a sauropod dinosaur in left lateral view (B) and an isolated transverse process of an unidentified taxon in dorsal view (C). Although labelled as DGM 859 R, they are not belonging to the holotype of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804580/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig 11</figureCitation>
B) is abraded and is procoelous as seen in titanosauran sauropods (Novas, 2009), differing from the amphicoelous condition of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F37FF97CFB8D369D22FA865" authority="O'Connor, 2007" authorityName="O'Connor" authorityYear="2007" box="[742,1128,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F37FF97CFB8D369D5D1A865" box="[742,918,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Majungasaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B5E4F37FF97CEFBD368D227A865" author="O'Connor" box="[933,1120,296,320]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="O'Connor, P. M. (2007) The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Fertebrate Paleontology Memoir, 8, 127 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2007) 27 [127: TPASOM] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">O’Connor, 2007</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F37FF97C92AD368D47DA840" authority="Aucasaurus, Ilokelesia and Ekrixinatosaurus. This" authorityName="Aucasaurus, Ilokelesia and Ekrixinatosaurus. This" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Carnotaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F37FF97C92AD368D344A81A" box="[1140,1283,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Carnotaurus</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F37FF97C84FD368D743A840" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Aucasaurus, Ilokelesia</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F37FF97CC64D30CD7BCA840" box="[314,507,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ekrixinatosaurus</emphasis>
. This
</taxonomicName>
condition suggests that the Parecis taxon distal caudal belongs to a titanosaur sauropod.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F37FF97CD99D3D4D303A8F5" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The isolated transverse process (
<figureCitation id="13182A2A4F37FF97CF6CD3D4D43DA889" box="[562,634,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1781,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,697,1759]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,697,1759]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. Parecis taxa elements undescribed by Kellner &amp; Campos (2002), and identified here as an isolated neural spine belonging to a sauropod dinosaur in right lateral view (A); a distal caudal centrum belonging to a sauropod dinosaur in left lateral view (B) and an isolated transverse process of an unidentified taxon in dorsal view (C). Although labelled as DGM 859 R, they are not belonging to the holotype of Pycnonemosaurus nevesi. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804580/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig 11</figureCitation>
C) belongs to unidentified taxa. It differs from the other three, that have straight borders. This element is very abraded and too incomplete to assign to another taxon with certainty.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F37FF97CD99D39CD7B2ABA1" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The unidentified bone is a large element with a tip marked with sulci. This bone exhibits pneumaticity, but it is not possible to assign it to a theropod. Pneumaticity in theropods (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F37FF97CE9CD040D275AB32" box="[962,1074,512,535]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Aerosteon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F37FF97CE9CD040D275AB32" box="[962,1074,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Aerosteon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Sereno 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F37FF97C9C7D041D28CAB3D" box="[1177,1227,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
., 2009), is gracile with narrow laminae, whereas in Parecis taxon it is robust with wide laminae. Neither abelisaurid theropod shows pneumatisation in the post-cranial skeleton as observed in this unidentified bone. For this reason, I cannot assign this bone to 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F37FF97CC7ED02DD7AAABA1" box="[288,493,621,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F37FF97CC7ED02DD7AAABA1" box="[288,493,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pycnonemosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C66274F37FF97CDC9D4B5D22EAE42" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804580/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" targetBox="[151,1436,697,1759]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F37FF97CDC9D4B5D22EAE42" blockId="13.[151,1436,1781,1895]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F37FF97CDC9D4B5D75EAE2E" bold="true" box="[151,281,1781,1803]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 11</emphasis>
. Parecis taxa elements undescribed by Kellner &amp; Campos (2002), and identified here as an isolated neural spine belonging to a sauropod dinosaur in right lateral view (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F37FF97CF86D554D4ADAE0F" bold="true" box="[728,746,1812,1834]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A</emphasis>
); a distal caudal centrum belonging to a sauropod dinosaur in left lateral view (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F37FF97CC43D572D769AE6D" bold="true" box="[285,302,1842,1864]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
) and an isolated transverse process of an unidentified taxon in dorsal view (
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F37FF97C96AD572D201AE6D" bold="true" box="[1076,1094,1842,1864]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C</emphasis>
). Although labelled as DGM 859 R, they are not belonging to the holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F37FF97CF09D512D511AE42" box="[599,854,1874,1895]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F37FF97CF09D512D511AE42" box="[599,854,1874,1895]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C66274F34FF94CDC9D68DD282AC04" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/804582/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" targetBox="[183,1390,204,1200]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F34FF94CDC9D68DD282AC04" blockId="14.[151,1436,1229,1313]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F34FF94CDC9D68DD75EADC6" bold="true" box="[151,281,1229,1251]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURE 12</emphasis>
. Cladogram based on modified dataset of Filippi 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F34FF94CE4AD68FD507ADC6" box="[788,832,1229,1252]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
. (2016). The topology represents the strict consensus of all the 125 recovered MPCs with a length of 851 steps (CI.: 0.61; R.I.: 0.744). Numbers at the branches represent Bremer support. All analyses were performed using TNT (Goloboff 
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F34FF94CFFFD74CD48AAC04" box="[673,717,1291,1313]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
., 2008). Abbreviation: Majun., 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F34FF94C951D74BD286AC04" box="[1039,1217,1291,1313]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Majungasaurinae">Majungasaurinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36AF4F34FF94CDC9D5DED48CAED4" blockId="14.[151,1436,1950,2033]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
FIGURE 13. Hypothetical reconstruction of the Brazilian Upper Cretaceous fauna. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D2C4F34FF94C952D5DFD348AE91" box="[1036,1295,1951,1972]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Pycnonemosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevesi">
<emphasis id="B957EABD4F34FF94C952D5DFD348AE91" box="[1036,1295,1951,1972]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pycnonemosaurus nevesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(left side); a titanosaurian sauropod (centre-right on side); a medium-sized maniraptoran (near the neck of the sauropod) and a megaraptorid (behind the sauropod). Art by Pedro Rodrigues Busana.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>