370 lines
42 KiB
XML
370 lines
42 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DE8BD9B43E52B0993FCB8251B1853430">A taxonomic review of the centipede genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) in mainland Southeast Asia, with description of a new species from Laos</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0AFE94E4295FA8A2E8A9BE6BBB33C3E6">Siriwut, Warut</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D6E44AB7BB7B480BFAA1E427903DCBD5">Edgecombe, Gregory D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C18B722DA17CB3BE3BA33C750754E059">Sutcharit, Chirasak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4C20BBECA9E5AC0B68703A4D9E95AA67">Tongkerd, Piyoros</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="166936057DE41E802A60D11A82AD7D0A">Panha, Somsak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="25A1BE9E35172BDB9C3ACE7EC9F7C8D4">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7537D886E7CBA8702C160AF886A7BE74">590</mods:number>
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<treatment id="802B323577C82B6FBA6B7EC801EBCC56" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127864226" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:802B323577C82B6FBA6B7EC801EBCC56" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/802B323577C82B6FBA6B7EC801EBCC56" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection id="BC67BA8713A62D6F720640A4E8A2F07B" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="40991B32BCE9B899422FA875114AEA4E" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Taxon classification Animalia Scolopendromorpha Scolopendridae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C87C2DDE6F5F7F29DC55FDDF68F789B0" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="46139EDB99B223A42A5F12E2A50D05C1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName id="E941847A94C2571795C54FE54E3C439F" ID-CoL="6Y9FT" authority="Pocock, 1891" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1891" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis Pocock, 1891</taxonomicName>
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Figs 7
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<normalizedToken id="88EFA83B06BFC2BB556A92BF370EA571" originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
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, 25C, 29, 42
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<normalizedToken id="036993E762664DC696FEADAE00547E13" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0B22B8FB6C97F09A2045381AF6EB445D" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="40D4C269A92DE1C2316526A6E93DB2C0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName id="D94225EFA0B9CB23F4C61835A0069075" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">
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<pageBreakToken id="6BF9F01313CB2A7132F1646E5895BA6A" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" start="start">Scolopendra</pageBreakToken>
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pinguis
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</taxonomicName>
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Pocock, 1891b: 411,
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<bibRefCitation id="C3960ED1CF5B45D99A1A84F924DA99F1" author="Pocock, RI" editor="Weber, M" journalOrPublisher="Brill, Leiden" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="307 - 404" title="Chilopoda, Symphyla and Diplopoda from the Malay Archipelago." volumeTitle="Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlaendisch Ost-Indien" year="1894">1894</bibRefCitation>
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: 312, pl. 19, fig. 4.
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<bibRefCitation id="4F963FD4936457CCE2C44064C0FE935B" author="Kraepelin, K" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 276" title="Revision der Scolopendriden." volume="29" year="1903">Kraepelin 1903</bibRefCitation>
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: 249.
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<bibRefCitation id="C06AEDEC66A610C044639C6FDFB6CB47" author="Attems, C" journalOrPublisher="Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="77 - 142" title="Javanische Myriopoden gesammelt von Direktor K. Kraepelin im Jahre 1903." volume="24" year="1907">Attems 1907</bibRefCitation>
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: 80,
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<bibRefCitation id="DB34B1ACB49A01712A95DB3B260E886C" author="Attems, C" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Naturgeschichte" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 398" title="Die indo-australischen Myriopoden." volume="80 A" year="1914 a">1914a</bibRefCitation>
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: 106,
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<bibRefCitation id="2ED1C194794176596A038525A892E82D" author="Attems, C" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter, Berlin" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" title="Myriapoda 2. Scolopendromorpha." year="1930 b">1930b</bibRefCitation>
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: 27.
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<bibRefCitation id="196A1BD927CDC516E475568F9E0EE6AB" author="Lewis, JGE" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Myriapodology" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="83 - 122" title="A key and annotated list of the Scolopendra species of the Old World with a reappraisal of Arthrorhabdus (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae)." url="10.1163/187525410X12578602960380" volume="3" year="2010 b">Lewis 2010b</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 109.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="A040EF81D2C0FA5E9193838A8E4DC5E2" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="type locality">
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<paragraph id="0EAAC1D1DA82358D815B6E4BE1C0C0E2" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="91490D0FA7653EC6AD542D7CF7233818" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">1,000-2,000 ft., Carin Mountain, Cheba District, Burma [Kayah-Karen Mountains, Myanmar].</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="426B559C342024A4AD697F592414C3AD" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="5CA9F2596DC4EE86A57E06A64597D8F6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="88B3056CAE17B06400BBEE7AC59AEFF9" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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Type material. This species was described based on one specimen and the holotype was probably destroyed. It was collected during a field expedition to Burma
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<pageBreakToken id="7B51624ED5738D45CF8751D83A5F560B" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
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Myanmar) by Leonardo Fea, the assistant zoologist at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Genova, Italy. In 1891, Pocock published on the myriapods of Burma based on Fea and
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<normalizedToken id="FB1A713CDFF58128FCA3130A30A0970A" originalValue="Oates’s">Oates's</normalizedToken>
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collections. Subsequently most of
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<normalizedToken id="DBDDF2658ACC2823497D6892C341EF3D" originalValue="Oates’s">Oates's</normalizedToken>
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collection was deposited in the NHMUK while
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<normalizedToken id="A19A2BF4F43096D7AA8A5227E3404468" originalValue="Fea’s">Fea's</normalizedToken>
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collection was sent back to Genova. The holotype of
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<taxonomicName id="589F5E36C90B7542DD34042304E81A79" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
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was explicitly identified as part of
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<normalizedToken id="92279B1E7B1FF782E874C460BE39139D" originalValue="Fea’s">Fea's</normalizedToken>
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collection (Pocock 1891: 411). In 1970, the basement of the museum in Genova was flooded and parts of the collection were irreparably damaged. The holotype of
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<taxonomicName id="C87D87CCF70B034477FD606D67326D0D" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
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cannot presently be found (M. Tavano, written comm., November 2015) and is presumed to have been lost during that flood.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BD3D502D9ABECAAC6C4A2D3B0E7147E4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="10DE8CB6BD00DCB3E3407D09EAE59614" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Additional material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C5C1C8DAACE2677D2E00225705BDCB7B" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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Thailand - CUMZ 00314, one spm., Phamone Cave, Pangmapha, Maehongson (
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<geoCoordinate id="EB2DC2871AC55CAD2A09172BEF1F35F6" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="19.500444">19°30'01.6"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="05BC8EC5480C09F951307399410CB76B" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.278755">98°16'43.5"E</geoCoordinate>
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). ZMUC 00101107, one spm., Siribhum Waterfall, Chomthong, Chiang Mai (
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<geoCoordinate id="90F2ED408337F3D3035AE29FCCF64AD5" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="18.546944">18°32'49"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="7BF81E5C0C647F1F09CAA177B2751846" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="98.51583">98°30'57"E</geoCoordinate>
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), 1315 m, leg. C. Sutcharit, 13/10/2009. ZMUC, four specimens, 0-1.400 m, Doi Suthep National Park, leg. Bergit Degerbol, specimen Nos. 1841, 1828, 694 Loc. 3 and 2026. CUMZ 00313, one spm., Ban Pang Pan, Maetaeng, Chiang Mai (
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<geoCoordinate id="070D28E1C04A55F880AEEC2613719656" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="19.204834">19°12'17.4"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="DAA38486A0E37A5535BBBD18A1F2B877" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.666855">98°40'00.7"E</geoCoordinate>
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). CUMZ 00305, one spm., Phusang Waterfall, Phayao (
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<geoCoordinate id="62AFC5D2319D9B4B1D76E48C7BDD9E64" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="19.6195">19°37'10.2"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="E33348596BEF79E1F43914D6B9AB3198" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="100.3652">100°21'54.7"E</geoCoordinate>
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). CUMZ 00307, one spm., Hui Nam-Un, Wiangkhum, Nan (
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<geoCoordinate id="FAF81440516B6A7A5FE1C07255145DE4" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="18.506332">18°30'22.8"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="89797C2060423FCC273CE6EE4CABD215" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="100.53031">100°31'49.1"E</geoCoordinate>
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). CUMZ 00311, one spm., Tat Ton Waterfall, Chaiyaphum (
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<geoCoordinate id="2D0830376F382C7454222DA5296D75AC" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="16.01811">16°01'05.2"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="CE23C3EFB61368165548E1554B4B00AD" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="102.023445">102°01'24.4"E</geoCoordinate>
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). CUMZ 00303, one spm., Wat Tham Lijia, Sangkhlaburi, Kanchanaburi (
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<geoCoordinate id="ED01E2BB0777A51A74C0BD7BA1A0627F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="15.070222">15°04'12.8"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="A64DB142813EA3F238369696B49EE4E6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.56567">98°33'56.4"E</geoCoordinate>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="26AFF420B86D6243CE5C05FF6642C6B7" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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Laos - CUMZ 00304, one spm., Wiang Thong Hot Spring, Mueang Ieam, Houaphanh (
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<geoCoordinate id="A41917E5383970FF7FD9442B24B33808" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="20.079224">20°04'45.2"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="7006F394A4701A0278FE67AC04DAD48D" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="103.74258">103°44'33.3"E</geoCoordinate>
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). CUMZ 00310, two spms., Kra Cham Waterfall, Luang Prabang (
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<geoCoordinate id="DB9C69FAD2D0E822B971ED28B4E660D1" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="19.540916">19°32'27.3"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="73DCDDFBA1506B8D188262D720C0062B" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="101.98397">101°59'02.3"E</geoCoordinate>
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). CUMZ 00306, one spm., Ban Na-Ton, Muang Khun, Xieng Khouang (
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<geoCoordinate id="34FD41878A82E5A31ABB84788997E341" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="17.87539">17°52'31.4"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="F367C1C0C5A8DEBD0557977E3E090880" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="104.86241">104°51'44.7"E</geoCoordinate>
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). CUMZ 00309, one spm., Kao Rao Cave, Bo Kaeow (
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<geoCoordinate id="2EDB0A78C02BF483EE627515E634AB92" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="20.699055">20°41'56.6"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="44D29DFB35932DD85E915F0048CE7EFF" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="101.09634">101°05'46.8"E</geoCoordinate>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="58B1CE9C8ADB8EE214B6B466F738B06E" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="61EFD32860F7722A50A4079011CFF3E0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6F51B04D14F089EAD15411BB427FBEE3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">17 antennal articles, 3-4 basal articles glabrous dorsally. Each tooth-plate with 6 teeth. Tergites 3-20 with paramedian sutures. Complete tergite margination from TT16 (18)-21. Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment without depression or suture. Paramedian sutures on anterior 10-30% of sternites. Coxopleural process with 3-7 apical + subapical, 1-2 lateral and 0-1 dorsal spines. Ultimate leg prefemora with 6-12 VL, 1-12 VM, 2-3 M, 3-4 DM and prefemoral process with 3-4 spines. One tarsal spur on legs 1-19(20).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="163B587A80FA7963B53D5280EEDBFD05" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="F7B28F8901C26B28DC811AFE2BDEBD2E" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Composite description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="95DE6AAA4385EF2E71E36ED6BC143754" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Body length up to 85 mm. Darkish blue colouration on entire body. Cephalic plate dichromatic in some populations. Tergites dark blue or nearly black. Cephalic plate with small punctae on anterior part, median sulcus present. Posterior part of cephalic plate without paramedian sulci.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C5B8E9ADBA93B36AE27654F633BDEB42" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Antenna usually with 17 articles, basal 3-4 subcylindrical and glabrous dorsally (Fig. 46A), 5-5.5 articles glabrous ventrally. Antennae reach segment 4. Forcipular trochanteroprefemoral process bearing denticles in two groups, one apical and 2-3 inner (Fig. 46D). Tooth-plates wider than long or nearly equivalent, with 6 teeth (Fig. 43C). Tooth-plate with straight, transverse basal suture. Coxosternite smooth, without median suture (Figs 44B, 44D and 46B). Article 2 of second maxillary telopodite with spur.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="31F0A6908C51E40258FE3537A7E5457A" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<paragraph id="A40DD873ED9E401912021FD68D6A7721" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Figure 42. Habitus photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08B526CF3BC130281D951BBDACFA6E0D" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scolopendra</taxonomicName>
|
||
species: A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C2BB66FF40DF5FF010D61D612A46B10" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Colour morph 1A: CUMZ 00309) B
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6D4FB878539C71166902B2A545209015" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Colour morph 2B) C
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F3C578525C258B0C78381C9A02C0F4CD" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra dawydoffi" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dawydoffi">Scolopendra dawydoffi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CUMZ 00272).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F189ACAF8D024117B1AE1D1BD1024CE6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<paragraph id="180A0A4994B45A849576A1E22B83831B" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Figure 43.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B5DFC3049BDB96DC253EB28B5EB402D" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CUMZ 00306, 00314): A Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1-3 (Colour morph 2) B Tergites 9-11 C Tooth-plates
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C75EE8A123E38E84C7C5DD8D5BCC7160" originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
Spiracles 3, 5 and 8, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="D5D0C098AE41478DEC4125E89D33BFBE" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<paragraph id="EAE459FFFA6F8065BE6FF09CE8F1898D" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Figure 44.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B17399F38D5BEDEF66431CE3DB28C36" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CUMZ 00306, 00314): A Cephalic plate and trunk segments 1-3 (Colour morph 1) B Forcipular coxosternite (Colour morph 1A and 1B) C Sternites 9-12 D Forcipular coxosternite (Colour morph 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5CBAFD584D45AE0880D610ECF9F3981E" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Anterior margin of T1 underlying cephalic plate (Figs 43A, 44A). Complete paramedian sutures from T3; margination typically from TT16-18 (atypically, only on ter
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="40BCCB1BED0F062949F8D37FC0732569" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" start="start">gite</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of ultimate leg-bearing segment in one specimen: CUMZ 00311). Tergite surface (Figs 43B, 46C) smooth, without median sulci. Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment (Figs 45B, 46E) curved and acute posteriorly, without median furrow or depression; ratio of width: length of tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment 0.82:1. Anterior part of sternites (Figs 44C, 45A, 47A) with short paramedian sutures reaching approximately 20-30% length of sternite (atypically to 60%). Surface of sternites smooth. Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment (Fig. 45
|
||
<normalizedToken id="169EE111A8CB5ACB4ABF21AF93001560" originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
) with sides converging posteriorly; without depression. Pore-field on coxopleuron reaching to margin of tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment, dorsal margin of pore field sinuous (Figs 45C, 47C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6AC1C894D46902EFCDF27F606071362C" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<paragraph id="4C7BDE9E4467DDB4DADB67F63F1F5054" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Figure 45.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0677B38EAF9320675694094C4005174" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CUMZ 00306, 00314): A Sternites 9-11 (Colour morph 2) B Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment C Lateral view of coxopleuron
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6A51DE74B6CEBCFCDD151BC2EA976EF4" originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and coxopleura in male and female, respectively
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1B511F31AF22DC1D179F3DE86B5A2308" originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
Dorsal and ventral views, respectively, of ultimate leg prefemora.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="30E74FF98E82D00A15B03B98B99A8179" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<paragraph id="E234CB8B7DB714D6E56E4BEC26C38F50" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Figure 46.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6EB91F56E63D66CBC096AB3DC5C81410" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CUMZ 00306, 00314): A Cephalic plate and basal antennal articles B Forcipular segment C Tergites 9-11 D Teeth on tooth-plates and trochanteroprefemoral process E Tergite of ultimate leg-bearing segment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="7C6ABC6F7661DEF2D0D3726133BF2EE0" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<paragraph id="34B6936CC6ECA088A6BEF94EC64D6C1C" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Figure 47.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF84359FEAC48BFD8FDDE577FC02934A" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CUMZ 00306, 00314): A Sternites 9-11 B Dorsal view of ultimate leg prefemora C Lateral view of coxopleuron D Sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment, coxopleura and ultimate legs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="18E44FFB92C2D6778DBA229EF537DA5B" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Coxopleural process moderately long or short with 3 apical, 0-3 subapical, 0-1 dorsal and 1 lateral spine(s). Pore-free area extending 30-45% length from distal part of coxopleural process to margin of sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment (Figs 45
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A311412CFE56FA4F386A4527E9B94E34" originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 47D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EC2F7C421E485555DEA341A09BDB9B64" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
All legs with small setae on tarsus 2. Tibial spur absent on all legs. One tarsal spur on legs 1-19(20). Ultimate legs: thick and moderately long (Fig. 47D), with ratios of lengths of prefemur and femur 1.3:1, femur and tibia 1:1; tibia and tarsus 2 1.2:1; tarsus 1 and tarsus 2 2.2:1. Prefemora and femora flattened posteriorly, with robust or acute blackish prefemoral spines. Prefemoral spines (Figs 45
|
||
<normalizedToken id="689FFCCD518B886640DF576E44342AD9" originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 47B, 47D): 6-12 VL, 1-12 VM, 2-3 M, 3-4 DM, prefemoral process with 3-4(7) spines. Posterior margin of prefemur with short median groove
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F50B0640351E67C1C7A32E82B007A961" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Genital segments well developed, reaching longer than distance between posterior margin of sternite of ultimate leg-bearing segment and distal part of coxopleural process. Sternite of genital segment 1 round and convex posteriorly, with median suture (Fig. 25C). Gonopod present in male (Figs 7E, 25C). Lamina subanalis situated between genitalia and anal valve; lamina analis between anal valve and tergite of genital segment (Fig. 7F). In male, tergite and sternite of genital segment and gonopods with small setae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="70A85ADB9DF9F695823CB15F5B453475" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Colouration. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="749A63F078661C1E084582B7F72ACCF2" author="Siriwut, W" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="The centipede genus Scolopendra in mainland Southeast Asia: molecular phylogenetics, geometric morphometrics and external morphology as tools for species delimitation." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0135355" volume="10" year="2015 a">Siriwut et al. (2015a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3EE5C3AD212C88575CEC695D404F08B8" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits four colour morphs which can classified as either monochromatic or dichromatic (Fig. 42
|
||
<normalizedToken id="539BDE2D206D3FEBD1F6281D2A7E5A0E" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
). All of these patterns are specific to populations, with no mixing or sympatry found in our surveys. The full description of each colour morph is given below:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="11406CFDC03FB69ED3CC22CD47B60905" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Colour morph 1A: Monochromatic, all segments including cephalic plate dark blue. Antenna dark blue on basal part, light blue on distal part. Pleuron with pale blue integument, all pleurites black. All legs blue, legs 19-21 dark blue. This morph has been found only in Thailand.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5AC55F43B91C66A9A4CA219019BBC888" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Colour morph 1B: Monochromatic, all segments including cephalic plate dark blue. Antenna dark blue on basal part, light blue on distal part. Pleuron with pale blue integument, all pleurites black. Most legs yellowish on prefemur, other podomeres dark blue with yellowish band bordering articulations; last three legs dark blue or black. This morph has been found only in Thailand.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6100F4395B58F45F1B672287081A0DE2" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Colour morph 2A: Dichromatic, cephalic plate dark blue on anterior part, yellowish on posterior part and T1. Antenna dark blue on basal part, light blue on distal part. Pleuron with pale blue integument, all pleurites black. All legs dark blue or black. This morph has been found both in Thailand and North-Central Laos.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="76D35EC77645D0AECDA7C27C235E93AE" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="E98C5AD361BCD3E881B8A4FA369709F4" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" start="start">Colour</pageBreakToken>
|
||
morph 2B: Dichromatic, cephalic plate dark blue on anterior part, yellowish on posterior part and T1. Antenna dark blue on basal part, light blue on distal part. Pleuron with pale blue integument, all pleurites black. All legs yellowish on prefemur, other podomeres light blue with yellowish band bordering articulations. This morph has been found both in Thailand and North-Central Laos.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D68C77382218FA961091D4CF8DF78829" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Discussion.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0025141ACAAE47E87A508F67D659C342" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been revised since Pocock (1891) described the holotype from Burma. Two additional records from Batavia-Buitenzorg (Bogor, Java) expanded its geographical distribution across Southeast Asia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3DD45BD1B3B25E4D74220EAE4595A437" author="Pocock, RI" editor="Weber, M" journalOrPublisher="Brill, Leiden" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="307 - 404" title="Chilopoda, Symphyla and Diplopoda from the Malay Archipelago." volumeTitle="Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlaendisch Ost-Indien" year="1894">Pocock 1894</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="25B250ACACEB5C14E4E5FE5CC9D2401E" author="Kraepelin, K" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 276" title="Revision der Scolopendriden." volume="29" year="1903">Kraepelin (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
confirmed additional material from Buitenzorg; Bogor, Java.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B88E0392CEFD9554B18C6C3FE28A84D9" author="Attems, C" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter, Berlin" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" title="Myriapoda 2. Scolopendromorpha." year="1930 b">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9B3B8FA67226EB42FE4C4D736E2C1AF1" originalValue="Attems’">Attems'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1930b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
monograph followed
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C6BEB2E76D773D9D1443FBB483AEAB6D" originalValue="Kraepelin’s">Kraepelin's</normalizedToken>
|
||
description and argued that this species is similar to another Javan species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7600912639DCE654A5AE181D029DD29B" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra gracillima" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracillima">Scolopendra gracillima</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This argument has been followed in several subsequent taxonomic reviews (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1BB936696AF3D431A005DF6E7C2623B8" author="Schileyko, AA" journalOrPublisher="Arthropoda Selecta" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="73 - 87" title="The scolopendromorph centipedes of Vietnam (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha). Part 2." volume="4" year="1995">Schileyko 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6161B04C89AAB4C6D59B0F180B4FF986" author="Schileyko, AA" journalOrPublisher="Arthropoda Selecta" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="71 - 95" title="The scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda) of Vietnam, with contributions to the faunas of Cambodia and Laos. Part 3." volume="16" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6D3647DBD868B8D2E9388CEC7E702C1D" author="Lewis, JGE" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Myriapodology" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="83 - 122" title="A key and annotated list of the Scolopendra species of the Old World with a reappraisal of Arthrorhabdus (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae)." url="10.1163/187525410X12578602960380" volume="3" year="2010 b">Lewis 2010b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Comparative taxonomic characters of these two species (Table 9) can, in the present state of knowledge, be used to defend species validity until further data (e.g., molecular data for both species from Java) can be considered. Another related species from northwestern India,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CF8C90F9D32F2F8F088A7136AB7CCAAB" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra ellorensis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ellorensis">Scolopendra ellorensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Jangi & Dass, 1984, was also noted to be morphologically similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F023256BF3CA34BB0560628F95BCA6F5" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, this Indian species was decribed from one juvenile specimen (31 mm) that might not permit confident comparison (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="01F332E36DDDB44ECF6BB26B37DDABF4" author="Lewis, JGE" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Myriapodology" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="83 - 122" title="A key and annotated list of the Scolopendra species of the Old World with a reappraisal of Arthrorhabdus (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae)." url="10.1163/187525410X12578602960380" volume="3" year="2010 b">Lewis 2010b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Molecular phylogenetic analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36B9E26152D3D922611097D4F7073ABB" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
revealed a high level of genetic divergence among populations that might suggest regional endemism and the possibility of cryptic species. The latter would be consistent with the marked degree of colour polymorphism noted above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="97B1381845B7FC71CA8D55EB1F4E7551" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<paragraph id="B7FA30C5333FC77364BC0A00760B27DB" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Table 9. Morphological comparison of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8FD070D779C9F55CF77B56CBDB2E34AC" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86223B7B57BAF078211F0A7E5DC86F66" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra gracillima" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracillima">Scolopendra gracillima</taxonomicName>
|
||
Attems, 1898 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0328149A5B63BDA9CA4469B24F042E89" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra calcarata" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcarata">Scolopendra calcarata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.? Character not present or insufficient data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD84F89F79ECD14A64C7BE7CBD111CBD" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<table id="39415344C575AE099DF38CC401662D62" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<tr id="6C70B9F11C875953FE6C60AF81BA3994" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<th id="A2403E9BC89E2E7B55088349078D1208" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="2">Characters</th>
|
||
<th id="E12AFCECD0162D85BF2CAC2667B68505" colspan="3" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3BDFE0725076658613C51F7A9B87D833" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="6B706F25F21E40C60A00616F0A08105A" colspan="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FCC0EE0D5760CC8D8A24713F9B308877" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra gracillima" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracillima">Scolopendra gracillima</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="1FA1FA89181F168DCE7FBAD8AFBB5EB6" colspan="3" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AC356921549452F476D4948403F532A" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra calcarata" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcarata">Scolopendra calcarata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3BAC933C60251C8B5A078017ECA83210" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<th id="E775B0F57F2B5BD325FB3B961921DFAB" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">Pocock (1891, 1893)</th>
|
||
<th id="2FA88A6E9F85174BFB1A8493DCB2F2E9" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">Kraepelin (1903) and Attems (1930)</th>
|
||
<th id="26CBA2FD82DC019551171CFDDDC50987" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">This study</th>
|
||
<th id="AFA80E1D3D8C8C7859DE1EF96296DA64" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">Attems (1930)</th>
|
||
<th id="C2482917F5E0C22BE89B522990B8DA31" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">Schileyko (1995)</th>
|
||
<th id="38522F13311258D53C56E161B262D6EB" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">Porat (1876)</th>
|
||
<th id="092F328775717B18414FAABEE287396D" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">Schileyko (1995)</th>
|
||
<th id="013A5666E51C15F4E02D548427C0421F" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">This study</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="7FCA81195693E4FAFE46DBEB9E5C48CF" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<td id="07EFB217F8FF3497DB87A379B0677C11" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">ULBS</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="938EBF0B493C95762B1AB8DEEAA9870D" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<td id="3BF835901380CC20A3280842507D85F6" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">APSAP</td>
|
||
<td id="0FFD097BB2846AE50166DE95F70E6AA1" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">APSAPLSDS</td>
|
||
<td id="DC35A271B024EC51945DE1B93C99E01E" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">APSAPLSDS</td>
|
||
<td id="DA84C5D90C719B35DE619B7780939A76" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">APSAPLS</td>
|
||
<td id="7DC51A1DB03BD54D273DF44C81D03F6F" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">APSAPLS</td>
|
||
<td id="CEB64042D00A756E11933B0CC793556C" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">APSAP</td>
|
||
<td id="0F10C0D2448C725388F39655BA9CE560" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">APSAPLSDS</td>
|
||
<td id="97D6491D1D7DFEF29D9EFCD65324BCD1" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">APSAPLSDS</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="27D5F5C8F3FBB9742308117180CD7CF4" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<td id="175EA7B6C151B5B226058027B186E3DB" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">V</td>
|
||
<td id="262EA0453F3770518FAFB8DF1C69FCB3" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">V</td>
|
||
<td id="D88DE1D91687F76C89FC24FFB586241F" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">VLVMMDM</td>
|
||
<td id="989E11BE6162D5D37B0C34D6EFA20DA1" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">VLVMMSP</td>
|
||
<td id="10ECD86545CB8DE2AC2BE1E3B0EE3713" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">VLVMSP</td>
|
||
<td id="751BFCEAADB9B0E5F18182E21FB4773E" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">VMSP</td>
|
||
<td id="ADDEB8F16199E016E77E0EBB2BED947D" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">VLVMM</td>
|
||
<td id="9D1501DF0A44442E9AF52B3CFAD9107B" colspan="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rowspan="1">VLVMMDMSP</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EF25C45CDF6B4885B0EBA4A8998095F8" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E834F2F0779A6CC631F2B239B2CB5B6" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E706A6CEDE1105BE63F72E088DBDF66" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
A native species in Southeast Asia, distributed along the montane ranges between the Thailand-Burma borders (Fig. 29). The updated distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="21ECD7FB14EA020D0ED314394698C3B6" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Scolopendra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolopendra pinguis" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Scolopendra pinguis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is as follows: Southeast Asia: Myanmar (type locality), Thailand (Kanchanaburi, Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Phayao, Chiyaphume and Loei), Laos (Bo Kaew, Luang Prabang, Vientien and Houaphanh) and Indonesia (Batavia, Buitenzorg [Bogor], Java).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |