1786 lines
293 KiB
XML
1786 lines
293 KiB
XML
<document id="F9076E80E5E32C4A067AFFB10C200C6A" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch,operationResults" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1732847695013" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Püschel, Hans P., Shelley, Sarah L., Williamson, Thomas E., Perini, Fernando A., Wible, John R. & Brusatte, Stephen L." docDate="2024" docId="03B9B735FFE00D17C4BFFC858DC3FD9E" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae095.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.9:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Macraucheniidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="FF80CF4DFFE60D1FC702FFD68932FFA1" masterDocTitle="A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and ‘ archaic’ South American ungulates" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1733769861150" updateUser="carolina">
|
||
<mods:mods id="D7D95EC2363A918C3F7321B5DF085776" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="EE0403DD4B2B4B0E000E300311D8DCE1">
|
||
<mods:title id="7AC741E94002CD6AC45597B70223791A">A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and ‘ archaic’ South American ungulates</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="DF1E85D99F1831A8BBAE861F0B5D56D6" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="52F06FD04CA0CEA962D1F054334F0472">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="C4D1C500D7D44B360800ECF39CE9FB2A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="91831FF0DCBCBF484F502315954AA81E">Püschel, Hans P.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="7BAB10466E1BDF93FC10AFA8F0106F0C">Millenium Nucleus Early Evolutionary Transitions of Mammals (EVOTEM), Red Palentológica U-Chile, Santiago, 7800003, Chile & School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2F559D7B341EDA7C1B8608C431504F3A" type="email">hpuschelr@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="A83B6A1D09E381EE2CA714B3B4D4CB03" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="04F0077A690099B9077CE0AD9B6F72E9">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="AC6B63E4DF8FA678164A2190C889FD3A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="2E839FD9226F652FE9CCEF0BA33B239E">Shelley, Sarah L.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="F35900C90ABD280350F4F8159F8F9812">School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="A0D52A4EF2BEB0DAE418C58FCDCD4336" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="189940FD73A7C6B362827E76CEDCA5F3">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="14221C2C7B14AF0C58AE0712961EA8CB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="AFF2365A0C13E8A844D342E652605B6A">Williamson, Thomas E.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="A9F79E12C5070180D662B76CB0AE274C">New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM 87104, United States</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="B291C36870DF25B9F4A0CBD96D36C080" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="F2F2A0857F5011F0EF9B6868CF84AFE2">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="D6A765C53D1B67269DFDC5F440B4AA5E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="398A846B0A8DFB2C3198D4E1A381090B">Perini, Fernando A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="5682ACF19BB9A4543B9DC095773D9E31">Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, UFMG, BH 31270 - 901, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="36B6186883212BBCB0E6BB031809D388" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="EC1B3E81E4D0858FBDBD6A0B9FFB7651">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="9599EC23351A2AFDE00806B005F8D602">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="061288B3537575CC0DCA7C681862E2B0">Wible, John R.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="EB1A3A6B273929C8A5589D04DAF8C87A">Section of Mammals, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 5800 Baum Boulevard, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, United States</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="7B2384682127EC7083BBCBFBA0841D8A" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="066FEB47AA07479FE5175A07F21F187E">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="410C278193CCF81DA2192872F7436D55">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="BFA16EDD17FAB554F4B611789AE65F1C">Brusatte, Stephen L.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="EBE9689DCB4953822DC601981B504D03">School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="A902724C33BA1E41AC4DA3C30B7781A0">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="FB05F5445BA78D2CF66B00BC0E015375" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="4890AF60D16E00F90B4D7819BB48B60D">
|
||
<mods:title id="381BFB6900CF0B5EE4A207BC34F53340">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="BE5C582EB821E084A55EECADE310E469">
|
||
<mods:date id="AE0DA75EF8DDF4F122D446B2B7996BB3">2024</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="FCD2DF93E841771E4C798E111F0F1DB9" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="FC133720D1FE482D75CA59497572841C">2024-09-07</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="F8061F95B4275371AD3126C070A521D3" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="0A53C40DB8ECA8B219EC9CAD7243EA57">202</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="70E81EAF57BE8967D232F7BD1C432CEA" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="64FF240194F9AD5BBA402F2CD508CD9D">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="4174F4F6FC335F66C3F2AB6920B085DE" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="C2D282CC7EB0B72E56124A70D6C48E9B">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="4ED0922C54C52128B996D36C449C8659">50</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="7C11951A5E069A482A57E9603E1B9DC7">
|
||
<mods:url id="866865B2419E8109901202CDF78C15A3">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="F6FA85B4BD23A1D3F3BDEAAA44CFE100">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="8AF0296025C730DA7C71D525831CCF45" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4EA3FE2B1CBFB7FC1E7A20EB0404F96D" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03B9B735FFE00D17C4BFFC858DC3FD9E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B9B735FFE00D17C4BFFC858DC3FD9E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B9B735FFE00D17C4BFFC858DC3FD9E" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFE00D19C4BFFC858C0DFCCC" box="[957,1343,851,877]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE00D19C4BFFC858C0DFCCC" blockId="6.[824,1476,851,1979]" box="[957,1343,851,877]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C4BFFC858C0DFCCC" box="[957,1343,851,877]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C4BFFC858D6DFCCC" box="[957,1119,851,877]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE00D19C36CFC828DDCFCCC" box="[1134,1262,851,877]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1770,1794]" captionTargetBox="[194,1378,147,1740]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[191,1381,144,1743]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Right upper molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, M3 of Polymorphis ligatus (holotype, MLP 12-2169). B, M3 of Polymorphis? (AMNH-VP 29481). C, M2? of Polyacrodon lanciformis Roth, 1899 [MLP 12-2170 (mirrored)]. D, P1–M3 of Cramauchenia normalis (MLP 85-VII-3-38a). E, P1–M3 of Theosodon garretorum (FMNH P 13175). F, P5–M3 of Proectocion precisus (holotype; MACN A 10679). G, P2– M3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus [cast of MLP 61-IV-11-65 (P2–P4 mirrored)]. H, M3 of Proectocion argentinus (holotype; MACN A 10673). I, M1 of Lambdaconus suinus [MNHN.F.DES162 (mirrored)]. J, P1–M3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MLP 12-304). K, P4–M3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A 52-198; P4 was mirrored). L, M1–M3 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (AMNH-VP 111963, M1 (cast of MNRJ specimen); cast of MNRJ 1470V, M2 (holotype; mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1472V, M3 (mirrored). M, M1–M3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of DGM 304M, M1; cast of DGM 310M, M2–M3). N, P4–M3 ofAnisolambda sp. (MLP 59-II-28-68, P4-P5 (mirrored); MLP 59-II-24-453, M1; MNHN.F.CAS 486, M2 (mirrored); MNHN.F.CAS488, M3 (mirrored). O, P5? of Wainka tshotshe (holotype; AMNH VP-28505 (mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. Taxa with two prehypocristae are numbered from buccal (phyc1) to lingual (phyc2). When there are two cristae originating from the same cusp, they are numbered. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 4A, D–E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE00D19C3FAFC858C07FCCC" box="[1272,1333,851,877]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[190,1383,148,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[187,1386,145,1751]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Right lower molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, p1–p4 of Polymorphis lechei [holotype; MLP 12-2168 (mirrored)]. B, p1–m3 of Cramauchenia normalis [MNHN.F.COL181 (mirrored)]. C, m3 of Cramauchenia normalis (AMNH-VP 29753). D, p1–m3 of Theosodon lydekkeri [MACN A 24-90 (mirrored)]. E, m2–m3 of Proectocion sp. (MLP 59-II-28-107). F, p5–m3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus (MACN A 52-203, p5–m2 (holotype); cast of FMNH P14696, m3). G, p2–m3 of Proadiantus excavatus (MACN A 52-214). H, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A-52-199, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m2; MNHN.F.DES159, m3). I, p1–m3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MACN A 9180-82, p2–m3; YPM PU 15799, p1). J, m1–m3 of Anisolambda fissidens (MACN A 10668; holotype).K, m2–m3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of MNRJ 1496V, m2 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1859V, m3 (mirrored). L, m2 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (MNRJ 1482V). M, p1–m3 of Sparnotheriodon epsilonoides (MACN 18225; holotype). N, O, m3 of Wainka tshotshe? [AMNH VP-29101 (mirrored)]. Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled.More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations:end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; mlph, mesolophid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid.Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFE00D17C43BFCAF8DC3FD9E" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE00D19C43BFCAF8ADEF8BF" blockId="6.[824,1476,851,1979]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
With 18 currently accepted genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C3C5FCAF8C45FC30" box="[1223,1399,889,913]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the second most diverse family of litopterns (Supporting information,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE00D19C472FC6E8AF9FC71" box="[880,971,952,976]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
), being particularly diverse during the Neogene alongside proterotheriids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE00D19C34CFC018D85FC4E" box="[1102,1207,983,1007]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2B–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). It was first proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE00D19C439FC218AEBFBAF" author="Gervais" box="[827,985,1014,1039]" firstAuthor="Gervais" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 63" refId="ref42782" refString="Gervais MP. Recherches sur les mammiferes fossiles de l'Amerique Meridonale. In: de Castelnau F (ed.), Animaux Nouveaux ou Rares Recueillis Pendant l'expedition Dans les Parties Centrales de l'Amerique du Sudde Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Para. Paris: P. Bertrand, Libraire-Editeur, 1855, 1 - 63." type="book chapter" year="1855">Gervais (1855)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as a member of the order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C3DEFC218C5CFBAE" box="[1244,1390,1015,1039]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Perissodactyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
(‘Ordre des Jumentés’) to include one species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C3BFFBC08A88FBEC" authority="Owen, 1838" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Macrauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patachonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C3BFFBC08CF3FB8F" box="[1213,1473,1046,1070]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Macrauchenia patachonica</emphasis>
|
||
Owen, 1838
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This taxon was discovered by Charles Darwin in 1834 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE00D19C47EFB838D33FBCC" author="Keynes" box="[892,1025,1109,1133]" firstAuthor="Keynes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref43468" refString="Keynes RD. Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001." type="book" year="2001">Keynes 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and later described by Owen (1838), being the first litoptern known to the scientific community. Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE00D19C43BFB458ACDFB0A" author="Ameghino" box="[825,1023,1171,1195]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="71 - 138" refId="ref39328" refString="Ameghino F. Premiere contribution a la connaissance de la faune mammalogique des couches a Colpodon. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba 1902 a; 17: 71 - 138." type="journal article" year="1902" yearSuffix="a">Ameghino (1902a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based mostly on the position of the external nares in the cranium, subdivided this family into three subfamilies:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C46CFB048D11FB4B" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1981" box="[878,1059,1234,1258]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cramaucheniinae">Cramaucheniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
represented by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C3C0FB048A4AFAA8" authority="Ameghino 1902 a" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1902" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Cramauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C3C0FB048C63FB4B" box="[1218,1361,1234,1258]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cramauchenia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE00D19C254FB048A4AFAA8" author="Ameghino" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="71 - 138" refId="ref39328" refString="Ameghino F. Premiere contribution a la connaissance de la faune mammalogique des couches a Colpodon. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba 1902 a; 17: 71 - 138." type="journal article" year="1902" yearSuffix="a">Ameghino 1902a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Deseadean to Colhuehuapian South American Land Mammal Ages [hereafter SALMAs; Stages of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE00D19C257FAC78AE3FAE9" author="Cione and Tonni" firstAuthor="Cione" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="135 - 69" refId="ref41225" refString="Cione A, Tonni E. Chronostratigraphy and ' land-mammal ages' in the Cenozoic of southern South America: principles, practices, and the ' Uquian' problem. Journal of Palentology 1995; 69: 135 - 69." type="journal article" year="1995">Cione and Tonni (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], Theosodontinae represented by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C259FAE68AD4FAC6" authority="Ameghino, 1887" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Theosodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C259FAE68CF0FAE9" box="[1371,1474,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Theosodon</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE00D19C43BFA998AD4FAC6" author="Ameghino" box="[825,998,1359,1383]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref39043" refString="Ameghino F. Enumeracion sistematica de las especies de mamiferos fosiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos Eocenos de la Patagonia Austral y depositados en el Museo de La Plata. Boletin del Museo de La Plata 1887; 1: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1887">Ameghino, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Colhuehuapian to Laventan SALMAs), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C43BFAB98ADBFA26" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1855" box="[825,1001,1391,1415]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Macraucheniinae">Macraucheniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
represented by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C3A6FAB98C1CFA26" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1188,1326,1391,1415]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Macrauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C3A6FAB98C1CFA26" box="[1188,1326,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Macrauchenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Pliocene to Holocene). Simpson (1945) reclassified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C3E3FA588CA3FA07" box="[1249,1425,1422,1446]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
into the subfamilies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C4E9FA7B8DA9FA64" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1855" box="[1003,1179,1453,1477]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Macraucheniinae">Macraucheniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C3E2FA7B8C6DFA64" box="[1248,1375,1453,1477]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Adianthinae">Adianthinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, without giving an anatomical justification for this change (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE00D19C240FA1B8CBDFA44" box="[1346,1423,1485,1509]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). By Simpson’s (1945) definition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C362FA3A8C22F9A5" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1855" box="[1120,1296,1516,1540]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Macraucheniinae">Macraucheniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was composed of the members of the three subfamilies mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE00D19C25AF9DD8ABCF9E2" author="Ameghino" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="71 - 138" refId="ref39328" refString="Ameghino F. Premiere contribution a la connaissance de la faune mammalogique des couches a Colpodon. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba 1902 a; 17: 71 - 138." type="journal article" year="1902" yearSuffix="a">Ameghino (1902a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and close Neogene relatives discovered since then (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C475F99C8DDAF9C3" authority="Ameghino, 1904 a" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1904" box="[887,1256,1610,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Promacrauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C475F99C8D13F9C3" box="[887,1057,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Promacrauchenia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE00D19C32FF99C8DDAF9C3" author="Ameghino" box="[1069,1256,1610,1634]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref39396" refString="Ameghino F. Nuevas especies de mamiferos cretaceos y terciarios de la Republica Argentina. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 1904 a; 58: 561 - 142." type="journal volume" year="1904" yearSuffix="a">Ameghino, 1904a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but also included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C43BF9BF8DB2F920" authority="Bordas, 1939" authorityName="Bordas" authorityYear="1939" box="[825,1152,1641,1665]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Paramacrauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C43BF9BF8ADCF920" box="[825,1006,1641,1665]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paramacrauchenia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE00D19C4F5F9BF8DB2F920" author="Bordas" box="[1015,1152,1641,1665]" firstAuthor="Bordas" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="413 - 33" refId="ref40435" refString="Bordas AF. Diagnosis sobre algunos mamiferos de las capas con Colpodon, del valle del rio Chubut (Republica Argentina). Physis 1939; 14: 413 - 33." type="journal article" year="1939">Bordas, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C3B5F9BF8A5FF900" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C3B5F9BF8C7BF920" box="[1207,1353,1641,1665]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Victorlemoinea</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE00D19C250F9BF8A5FF900" author="Ameghino" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the former now considered a proterotheriid and the latter a sparnotheriodontid (Soria 2001; see
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C3E2F97E8CF0F961" box="[1248,1474,1704,1728]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
section for more details). The subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C3DEF9118C6BF97E" box="[1244,1369,1735,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Adianthinae">Adianthinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was composed of adianthids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C358F9318D8DF95E" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1891" box="[1114,1215,1767,1791]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Adianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C358F9318D8DF95E" box="[1114,1215,1767,1791]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Adianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C3F7F9318C40F95E" box="[1269,1394,1767,1791]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
section for more details).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE00D17C457F8F38896FE63" blockId="6.[824,1476,851,1979]" lastBlockId="8.[126,779,144,1641]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Similarly to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE00D19C4D2F8F38DA7F89C" author="Ameghino" box="[976,1173,1829,1853]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="71 - 138" refId="ref39328" refString="Ameghino F. Premiere contribution a la connaissance de la faune mammalogique des couches a Colpodon. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba 1902 a; 17: 71 - 138." type="journal article" year="1902" yearSuffix="a">Ameghino (1902a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Soria (1981) recognized important anatomical differences between macraucheniids before and after the Chasicoan SALMA (Late Miocene) that justified a subfamilial division, separating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C3AAF8558C6AF83A" box="[1192,1368,1923,1947]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
into two subfamilies:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C4C2F8758D47F81A" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1981" box="[960,1141,1955,1979]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cramaucheniinae">Cramaucheniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(pre-Chasicoan SALMA) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C783FF468803FF09" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1855" box="[129,305,144,168]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Macraucheniinae">Macraucheniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Chasicoan and post-Chasicoan SALMA or post-Santacrucian SALMA). This separation was based on the fact that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C7DFFF1988BFFF46" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1855" box="[221,397,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Macraucheniinae">Macraucheniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
tends to have more derived features than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C7B7FF388859FEA7" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1981" box="[181,363,238,262]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cramaucheniinae">Cramaucheniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, possessing a retracted nasal aperture to a more centrodorsal position and fused zeugopodial elements in the forelimbs (ulna-radius) and hind limbs (tibia-fibula; Soria 1981). However, of these two subfamilies only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C55BFE9A8A3BFEC5" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1855" box="[601,777,332,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Macraucheniinae">Macraucheniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is monophyletic according to phylogenetic analyses (Schmidt and Ferrero 2014,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C64AFE5D8B2CFE02" author="Forasiepi" box="[328,542,395,419]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Forasiepi" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref41925" refString="Forasiepi AM, MacPhee RDE, Hernandez del Pino S et al. Exceptional skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: anatomy, systematics, and paleobiological implications. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2016; 404: 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Forasiepi
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C6ADFE5D88D0FE02" box="[431,482,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C52FFE5D8A36FE02" author="McGrath" box="[557,772,395,419]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="McGrath" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref44292" refString="McGrath AJ, Anaya F, Croft DA. Two new macraucheniids (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Late Middle Miocene (Laventan South American Land Mammal Age) of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2018; 38: e 1461632. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 02724634.2018.1461632" type="journal volume" year="2018">
|
||
McGrath
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C597FE5D8BF5FE02" box="[661,711,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Püschel
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C7D7FE7D8836FE63" box="[213,260,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEE0D17C64BFE7C88A6FE63" box="[329,404,426,450]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6F56ABFFE00D19C7CDF8A889DAF8C3" box="[207,232,1787,1973]" isContinuationCaption="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[207,232,1918,1973]" targetBox="[260,666,147,1973]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE00D19C7CDF8A889DAF8C3" blockId="6.[207,232,1787,1973]" box="[207,232,1787,1973]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Table
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C7CDF8BA89DAF8CD" bold="true" box="[207,232,1895,1913]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2.</emphasis>
|
||
Continued
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE00D19C606F8B48BA8FC5E" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<table id="F910F483FFE0F2E0C606FF458BA8F814" box="[260,666,147,1973]" gridcols="18" gridrows="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<tr id="35200461FFE0F2E0C606FF458809F814" box="[260,315,147,1973]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-7="1" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C606F9F08809F814" box="[260,315,1574,1973]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
Analysis
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C606F900882FF957" bold="true" box="[260,285,1750,1782]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">No</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C606F953882FF904" bold="true" box="[260,285,1669,1701]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">No</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C606F9E7882FF990" bold="true" box="[260,285,1580,1617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">No.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C620F9068809F958" bold="true" box="[290,315,1744,1785]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">taxa</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C620F9AC8809F910" bold="true" box="[290,315,1658,1713]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Litop</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C620F9A38809F9D8" bold="true" box="[290,315,1653,1657]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C620F9FC8809F9F7" bold="true" box="[290,315,1578,1622]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">char</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C620F9F08809F98B" bold="true" box="[290,315,1574,1578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">.</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C606FA558809F9A9" box="[260,315,1411,1544]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C606FA69882FFA50" bold="true" box="[260,285,1471,1521]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Char</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C606FA6D882FFA1E" bold="true" box="[260,285,1467,1471]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C606FA5C882FFA17" bold="true" box="[260,285,1418,1462]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54ABB881FFE00D19C606FA5C882FFA17" box="[260,285,1418,1462]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C606FBB18809FAC4" box="[260,315,1127,1381]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">Litoptern families</th>
|
||
<th id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C606FC808809FBB3" box="[260,315,854,1042]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">Other families</th>
|
||
<th id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C606FDB88809FD67" box="[260,315,622,710]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="14" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">Orders</th>
|
||
<th id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C606FF458809FD80" box="[260,315,147,545]" gridcol="17" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C606FE55882FFE1F" bold="true" box="[260,285,387,446]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Focus</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C606FEBC882FFEDF" bold="true" box="[260,285,362,382]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">of</emphasis>
|
||
the analysis
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35200461FFE0F2E0C64CFF458855F814" box="[334,359,147,1973]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-17="1" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C64CFA558855F9A9" box="[334,359,1411,1544]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFA258855F9A4" bold="true" box="[334,359,1523,1541]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFA178855FA73" bold="true" box="[334,359,1473,1490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFA558855FA02" bold="true" box="[334,359,1411,1443]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">PC</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C64CFADA8855FAC4" box="[334,359,1292,1381]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFA9E8855FAC4" bold="true" box="[334,359,1352,1381]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ad</emphasis>
|
||
An
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C64CFB1B8855FB4F" box="[334,359,1229,1262]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFB1B8855FB4C" bold="true" box="[334,359,1229,1261]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ma</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C64CFB408855FB0E" box="[334,359,1174,1199]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFB408855FB0E" bold="true" box="[334,359,1174,1199]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pe</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C64CFBB18855FBD6" box="[334,359,1127,1143]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFBBF8855FBD7" bold="true" box="[334,359,1129,1142]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C64CFBE68855FBE8" box="[334,359,1072,1097]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFBE68855FBE8" bold="true" box="[334,359,1072,1097]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Di</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C64CFBD48855FBB3" box="[334,359,1026,1042]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFBD48855FBAA" bold="true" box="[334,359,1026,1035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">I</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C64CFC1C8855FC7F" box="[334,359,970,990]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFC1C8855FC7A" bold="true" box="[334,359,970,987]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">K</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C64CFC588855FC0B" box="[334,359,910,938]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFC588855FC0B" bold="true" box="[334,359,910,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mi</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C64CFC808855FCD1" box="[334,359,854,880]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFC808855FCD1" bold="true" box="[334,359,854,880]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nt</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C64CFCCA8855FC96" box="[334,359,796,823]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFCCA8855FC96" bold="true" box="[334,359,796,823]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Po</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C64CFD328855FD5F" box="[334,359,740,766]" gridcol="13" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFD328855FD5F" bold="true" box="[334,359,740,766]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">As</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C64CFD718855FD67" box="[334,359,679,710]" gridcol="14" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFD718855FD67" bold="true" box="[334,359,679,710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nu</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C64CFDB88855FD28" box="[334,359,622,649]" gridcol="15" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">Py</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C64CFDE98855FDF1" box="[334,359,575,592]" gridcol="16" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C64CFDE98855FDEE" bold="true" box="[334,359,575,591]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">X</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35200461FFE0F2E0C679FF458886F814" box="[379,436,147,1973]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C679F9F08886F814" box="[379,436,1574,1973]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
Püschel et
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C67FF8E988A4F8F3" box="[381,406,1855,1874]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">al</emphasis>
|
||
. 21 21 43 (2023)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C679FA558886F9A9" box="[379,436,1411,1544]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X X X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C679FA998886FAC4" box="[379,436,1359,1381]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<superScript id="7C65AB6BFFE00D19C679FA9988B8FAF4" attach="right" box="[379,394,1359,1365]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Xc</superScript>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C679FB1B8886FB4F" box="[379,436,1229,1262]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C679FF458886FD80" box="[379,436,147,545]" gridcol="17" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
Affinities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C67FFEE588A4FE0F" box="[381,406,307,430]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Micrauchenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C67FFEE588A4FE0F" box="[381,406,307,430]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Micrauchenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C67FFF0388A4FE8F" box="[381,406,213,302]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">saladensis</emphasis>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C699FEBF8886FDAD" box="[411,436,361,524]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35200461FFE0F2E0C6BEFF4588E7F814" box="[444,469,147,1973]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEF9F088E7F814" box="[444,469,1574,1973]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">This study 38 15 703</th>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFA5588E7F9A9" box="[444,469,1411,1544]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFA9988E7FAC4" box="[444,469,1359,1381]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFADA88E7FA88" box="[444,469,1292,1321]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFB1B88E7FB4F" box="[444,469,1229,1262]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFB4088E7FB0E" box="[444,469,1174,1199]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFBB188E7FBD6" box="[444,469,1127,1143]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFBE688E7FBE8" box="[444,469,1072,1097]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFBD488E7FBB3" box="[444,469,1026,1042]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFC1C88E7FC7F" box="[444,469,970,990]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFC5888E7FC0B" box="[444,469,910,938]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFC8088E7FCD1" box="[444,469,854,880]" gridcol="11" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFCCA88E7FC96" box="[444,469,796,823]" gridcol="12" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFD3288E7FD5F" box="[444,469,740,766]" gridcol="13" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFD7188E7FD67" box="[444,469,679,710]" gridcol="14" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFDB888E7FD28" box="[444,469,622,649]" gridcol="15" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFDE988E7FDF1" box="[444,469,575,592]" gridcol="16" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">X</td>
|
||
<td id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6BEFF4588E7FD80" box="[444,469,147,545]" gridcol="17" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
Interfamilial affinities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C6BEFF0388E7FE9B" box="[444,469,213,314]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35200461FFE0F2E0C6F2FF458BA8F814" box="[496,666,147,1973]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<th id="76F16D1DFFE0F2E0C6F2FF458BA8F814" box="[496,666,147,1973]" colspan="18" colspanRight="17" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" textDirection="bu">
|
||
<subScript id="17940466FFE00D19C6F2F8678B37F810" attach="right" box="[496,517,1926,1973]" fontSize="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">aThree</subScript>
|
||
families assumed to be monophyletic:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C6F3FA3F8B37F9C5" box="[497,517,1513,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(probably including proterotheriids and the anisolambdids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C6F3FC618B37FB8A" authorityName=", Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" box="[497,517,951,1067]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Paranisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C6F3FC618B37FB8A" box="[497,517,951,1067]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paranisolambda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C6F3FCB18B37FC15" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" box="[497,517,871,948]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Paranisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prodromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C6F3FCB18B37FC15" box="[497,517,871,948]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">prodromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C6F3FCD68B37FCFE" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[497,517,768,863]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C6F3FCD68B37FCFE" box="[497,517,768,863]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C6F3FD0C8B37FD5D" box="[497,517,730,764]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">amel</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C6F3FDA28B37FD73" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[497,517,628,722]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C6F3FDA28B37FD73" box="[497,517,628,722]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C6F3FDE18B37FDD1" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[497,517,567,624]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fissidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C6F3FDE18B37FDD1" box="[497,517,567,624]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">fissidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C6F3FE798B37FE0A" box="[497,517,364,527]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C6F3FE798B37FDAE" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[497,517,431,527]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Protheosodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<subScript id="17940466FFE00D19C6F3FE798B37FDAE" attach="right" box="[497,517,431,527]" fontSize="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Protheosodon</subScript>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C6F3FEBA8B37FE0A" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[497,517,364,427]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Protheosodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coniferus">coniferus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C6F3FF0D8B37FEFD" box="[497,517,219,348]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(probably including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C504F9658B28F8BD" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1902" box="[518,538,1715,1820]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Cramauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C504F9658B28F8BD" box="[518,538,1715,1820]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cramauchenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C504F9A48B28F911" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1902" box="[518,538,1650,1712]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Cramauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="normalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C504F9A48B28F911" box="[518,538,1650,1712]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">normalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and later macraucheniids), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C504FAFF8B28FA24" box="[518,538,1321,1413]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(probably including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C504FBE38B28FB2D" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[518,538,1077,1164]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proadiantus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C504FBE38B28FB2D" box="[518,538,1077,1164]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Proadiantus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C504FC168B28FBB0" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[518,538,960,1041]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Tricoelodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE00D19C504FC168B28FBB0" box="[518,538,960,1041]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tricoelodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<subScript id="17940466FFE00D19C518F8798B02F80E" attach="right" box="[538,560,1929,1973]" fontSize="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">bOnly</subScript>
|
||
included characters of the lower dentition.
|
||
<subScript id="17940466FFE00D19C532F8668B68F82D" attach="both" box="[560,602,1784,1973]" fontSize="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">cIncluded as an outgroup. dThis refers</subScript>
|
||
to the phylogeny of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C544F9998B68F96B" box="[582,602,1615,1738]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
included in Schmidt (2013).
|
||
<subScript id="17940466FFE00D19C558F8678B42F810" attach="both" box="[602,624,1937,1973]" fontSize="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">eThis</subScript>
|
||
refers to the phylogeny of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE00D19C55EF99D8B42F96D" box="[604,624,1611,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
included in Schmidt (2013).
|
||
<subScript id="17940466FFE00D19C572F8648BA8F820" attach="both" box="[624,666,1845,1973]" fontSize="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">fMolecular study. gStudy with</subScript>
|
||
important methodological problems, which raise questions about their conclusions. This was shown in a reply study.
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6F56ABFFE10D17C773F8EF8AB2F81B" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" targetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE10D18C773F8EF8CADF863" blockId="7.[113,1439,1849,1986]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE10D18C773F8EF89FBF8F0" bold="true" box="[113,201,1849,1873]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera. A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets. In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used. In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEE0D17C79EFE1F8A65FEC5" blockId="8.[126,779,144,1641]" lastBlockId="8.[825,1475,144,575]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Macraucheniids are distinguished from the two other families,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C77DFE3F89CEFDA0" box="[127,252,489,513]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C63EFE3F88D5FDA0" box="[316,487,489,513]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Among other differences, macraucheniids lack the trilobed m3, which is characteristic of adianthids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C7FFFDF188DCFD9E" author="Cifelli and Soria" box="[253,494,551,575]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref41068" refString="Cifelli RL, Soria MF. Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 1983 a; 2771: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">Cifelli and Soria 1983a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Also, macraucheniids are functional tridactyls,unlike proterotheriids that show reduced(or lost) lateral digits II and IV (Soria 2001). However, the origin of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C782FD538802FD3C" box="[128,304,645,669]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Palaeogene and the affinities of the family within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C7C4FD738801FD1C" box="[198,307,677,701]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||
are still contentious topics. The oldest uncontroversial members of the family are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C500FD12898DFD5A" authority="Ameghino 1894 a" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1894" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Coniopternium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C500FD128BA4FD7A" box="[514,662,708,731]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Coniopternium</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C59FFD12898DFD5A" author="Ameghino" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="501 - 660" refId="ref39196" refString="Ameghino F. Sur les oiseaux fossiles de Patagonie et la faune mammalogique des couches a Pyrotherium. Boletin del Instituto Geografico Argentino 1894 a; 15: 501 - 660." type="journal article" year="1894" yearSuffix="a">Ameghino 1894a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C7C9FD358B22FD5A" authority="Ameghino 1902 a" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1902" box="[203,528,739,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Cramauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C7C9FD358868FD5A" box="[203,346,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cramauchenia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C662FD358B22FD5A" author="Ameghino" box="[352,528,739,763]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="71 - 138" refId="ref39328" refString="Ameghino F. Premiere contribution a la connaissance de la faune mammalogique des couches a Colpodon. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba 1902 a; 17: 71 - 138." type="journal article" year="1902" yearSuffix="a">Ameghino 1902a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C54AFD328815FCBA" authority="Cifelli and Soria 1983 b" authorityName="Cifelli and Soria" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Pternoconius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C54AFD328BF7FD5A" box="[584,709,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pternoconius</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C5C8FD358815FCBA" author="Cifelli and Soria" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="141 - 53" refId="ref41096" refString="Cifelli RL, Soria MF. Notes on Deseadan Macraucheniidae. Ameghiniana 1983 b; 20: 141 - 53." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="b">Cifelli and Soria 1983b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all with a first appearance datum (FAD) in the Deseadean SALMA (Late Oligocene;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C51BFCF48BCBFC9B" author="Dozo and Vera" box="[537,761,802,826]" firstAuthor="Dozo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1818 - 26" refId="ref41729" refString="Dozo MT, Vera B. First skull and associated postcranial bones of Macraucheniidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) from the Deseadan SALMA (Late Oligocene) of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut, Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2010; 30: 1818 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2010.521534" type="journal article" year="2010">Dozo and Vera 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These genera show dental and/or postcranial anatomical features that link them closely to later macraucheniids, like the presence of a mesolophid or cristid that connects the cristid obliqua with the entoconid [=entolophid (Soria and Hoffstetter 1985)] in all or some of the lower molars. Before the Oligocene,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C592FC6989C5FC57" authority="Roth, 1899" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C592FC698A38FC76" box="[656,778,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polymorphis</emphasis>
|
||
Roth, 1899
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Late Eocene of Patagonia has been proposed as the earliest member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C6D3FC2B8BB3FBB4" box="[465,641,1021,1045]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Soria 1982, Cifelli 1983a), revalidating a previous proposal of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C59FFBCB89E5FBF5" author="Ameghino" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 541" refId="ref39426" refString="Ameghino F. Recherches de morphologic phylogenetique sur les molaires superieures des ongules. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 1904 b; 3: 1 - 541." type="journal article" year="1904" yearSuffix="b">Ameghino (1904b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Cifelli (1983a) even considered it as a member of a different subfamily,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C65BFB8D88CBFBD2" box="[345,505,1115,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Polymorphinae">Polymorphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C55BFB8D8A3BFBD2" box="[601,777,1115,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEE0D17C789FBAD89EEFB32" box="[139,220,1147,1171]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Previously,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C671FBAD8B23FB32" box="[371,529,1147,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Polymorphinae">Polymorphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also considered a distinct family of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C663FB4C8A37FB13" authority="(Odreman Rivas 1969)" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[353,773,1178,1202]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae (Odreman Rivas 1969)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Key features for associating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C6AFFB6F8B15FB70" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[429,551,1209,1233]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C6AFFB6F8B15FB70" box="[429,551,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polymorphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with macraucheniids are related to similarities in the upper molars, in particular, the presence of an oblique crest that connects the protocone with the metacone (Soria 1982;
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEE0D17C698FAC188D1FA8E" box="[410,483,1303,1327]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1770,1794]" captionTargetBox="[194,1378,147,1740]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[191,1381,144,1743]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Right upper molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, M3 of Polymorphis ligatus (holotype, MLP 12-2169). B, M3 of Polymorphis? (AMNH-VP 29481). C, M2? of Polyacrodon lanciformis Roth, 1899 [MLP 12-2170 (mirrored)]. D, P1–M3 of Cramauchenia normalis (MLP 85-VII-3-38a). E, P1–M3 of Theosodon garretorum (FMNH P 13175). F, P5–M3 of Proectocion precisus (holotype; MACN A 10679). G, P2– M3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus [cast of MLP 61-IV-11-65 (P2–P4 mirrored)]. H, M3 of Proectocion argentinus (holotype; MACN A 10673). I, M1 of Lambdaconus suinus [MNHN.F.DES162 (mirrored)]. J, P1–M3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MLP 12-304). K, P4–M3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A 52-198; P4 was mirrored). L, M1–M3 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (AMNH-VP 111963, M1 (cast of MNRJ specimen); cast of MNRJ 1470V, M2 (holotype; mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1472V, M3 (mirrored). M, M1–M3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of DGM 304M, M1; cast of DGM 310M, M2–M3). N, P4–M3 ofAnisolambda sp. (MLP 59-II-28-68, P4-P5 (mirrored); MLP 59-II-24-453, M1; MNHN.F.CAS 486, M2 (mirrored); MNHN.F.CAS488, M3 (mirrored). O, P5? of Wainka tshotshe (holotype; AMNH VP-28505 (mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. Taxa with two prehypocristae are numbered from buccal (phyc1) to lingual (phyc2). When there are two cristae originating from the same cusp, they are numbered. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
; see also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C54AFAC18BC2FA8E" box="[584,752,1303,1327]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C54AFAC18BF0FA8E" box="[584,706,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polymorphis</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Supporting information, File S2). In contrast, the lower molars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C799FA808876FACC" box="[155,324,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C799FA808827FACF" box="[155,277,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polymorphis</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show important differences with Deseadean SALMA macraucheniids, such as the complete absence of a mesolophid. The proposal of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C6B9FA438B07FA0C" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[443,565,1429,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C6B9FA438B07FA0C" box="[443,565,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polymorphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a macraucheniid found support in a phylogenetic analysis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C528FA628B90FA6D" author="Cifelli" box="[554,674,1460,1484]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEE0D17C5ADFA628BCBFA6D" box="[687,761,1460,1484]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
), and since then most recent studies have considered this taxon as the earliest member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C68BFA258B0BF9AA" box="[393,569,1523,1547]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
without any further testing (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C605F9C488D2F98B" author="Dozo and Vera" box="[263,480,1554,1578]" firstAuthor="Dozo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1818 - 26" refId="ref41729" refString="Dozo MT, Vera B. First skull and associated postcranial bones of Macraucheniidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) from the Deseadan SALMA (Late Oligocene) of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut, Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2010; 30: 1818 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2010.521534" type="journal article" year="2010">Dozo and Vera 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Croft
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C52FF9C58B6DF98B" box="[557,607,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEE0D17C5A9F9C48BCBF98B" box="[683,761,1554,1578]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C783F9E78820F9E8" author="Cifelli" box="[129,274,1585,1609]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C692F9E78B72F9E8" box="[400,576,1585,1609]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C79CF98788CAF9C8" authority="(Macrauchenioidea)" baseAuthorityName="Macrauchenioidea" box="[158,504,1617,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae (Macrauchenioidea)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and both families closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C4A7FF468D7FFF09" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[933,1101,144,168]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C35FFF468DCAFF09" box="[1117,1272,144,168]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Lopholipterna">Lopholipterna</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEE0D17C207FF468C61FF09" box="[1285,1363,144,168]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEE0D17C261FF468C83FF09" box="[1379,1457,144,168]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Most additional phylogenetic studies with macraucheniids in the taxon sampling have either focused on testing relationships within the family (e.g., Püschel
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C383FF398D80FEA7" box="[1153,1202,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023) or determining the interordinal relationships within Placentalia (e.g., O’Leary
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C291FED88CF1FE84" box="[1427,1475,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C47AFEFB8D31FEE5" author="Buckley" box="[888,1027,300,325]" firstAuthor="Buckley" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref40554" refString="Buckley M. Ancient collagen reveals evolutionary history of the endemic South American ' ungulates'. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2015; 282: 20142671. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2014.2671" type="journal volume" year="2015">Buckley 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) instead of the interfamilial affinities (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEE0D17C28BFEFB8A74FEC5" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEE0D17C457FEBD8DC3FD9E" blockId="8.[825,1475,144,575]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Considering the Late Eocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C39EFEBD8C24FE22" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[1180,1302,363,387]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C39EFEBD8C24FE22" box="[1180,1302,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polymorphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the first occurrence of the family and the Pliocene to Late Pleistocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C43BFE7C8AF1FE63" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[825,963,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Macrauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C43BFE7C8AF1FE63" box="[825,963,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Macrauchenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C4D7FE7C8D7AFE63" author="Bond" box="[981,1096,426,450]" firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="177 - 205" refId="ref40196" refString="Bond M. Quaternary native ungulates of southern South America. A synthesis. In: Rabassa J, Salemme M, (eds), Quaternary of South America and Antarctic Peninsula. Vol. 12. Rotterdam: CRC Press, 1999, 177 - 205." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bond 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Prado
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C39AFE7D8DFAFE63" box="[1176,1224,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015) and the probably Late Pleistocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C4E5FE1F8C9AFE40" authority="(Cartelle and Lessa 1988)" baseAuthorityName="Cartelle and Lessa" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[999,1448,457,481]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Xenorhinotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C4E5FE1F8DABFE40" box="[999,1177,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Xenorhinotherium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C3AAFE1F8CAFFE40" author="Cartelle and Lessa" box="[1192,1437,457,481]" firstAuthor="Cartelle" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="3 - 26" refId="ref40717" refString="Cartelle C, Lessa G. Descricao de um genero e especie de Macraucheniidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) do Pleistoceno final do Brasil. Paula- Coutiana 1988; 3: 3 - 26." type="journal article" year="1988">Cartelle and Lessa 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the last occurrences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C329FE3F8DEFFDA0" box="[1067,1245,489,513]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the temporal interval for this family would be around 39.00–~0.11 Mya (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEE0D17C26FFDDE8C88FD81" box="[1389,1466,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting information,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEE0D17C33AFDF18DA2FD9E" box="[1080,1168,551,575]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
, File S2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFEE0D17C4D7FD898C14FDD8" box="[981,1318,607,633]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEE0D17C4D7FD898C14FDD8" blockId="8.[822,1475,607,1641]" box="[981,1318,607,633]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C4D7FD898C14FDD8" box="[981,1318,607,633]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C4D7FD898D5EFDD8" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[981,1132,607,633]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEE0D17C379FDB68DEBFDD8" box="[1147,1241,607,633]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1770,1794]" captionTargetBox="[194,1378,147,1740]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[191,1381,144,1743]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Right upper molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, M3 of Polymorphis ligatus (holotype, MLP 12-2169). B, M3 of Polymorphis? (AMNH-VP 29481). C, M2? of Polyacrodon lanciformis Roth, 1899 [MLP 12-2170 (mirrored)]. D, P1–M3 of Cramauchenia normalis (MLP 85-VII-3-38a). E, P1–M3 of Theosodon garretorum (FMNH P 13175). F, P5–M3 of Proectocion precisus (holotype; MACN A 10679). G, P2– M3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus [cast of MLP 61-IV-11-65 (P2–P4 mirrored)]. H, M3 of Proectocion argentinus (holotype; MACN A 10673). I, M1 of Lambdaconus suinus [MNHN.F.DES162 (mirrored)]. J, P1–M3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MLP 12-304). K, P4–M3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A 52-198; P4 was mirrored). L, M1–M3 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (AMNH-VP 111963, M1 (cast of MNRJ specimen); cast of MNRJ 1470V, M2 (holotype; mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1472V, M3 (mirrored). M, M1–M3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of DGM 304M, M1; cast of DGM 310M, M2–M3). N, P4–M3 ofAnisolambda sp. (MLP 59-II-28-68, P4-P5 (mirrored); MLP 59-II-24-453, M1; MNHN.F.CAS 486, M2 (mirrored); MNHN.F.CAS488, M3 (mirrored). O, P5? of Wainka tshotshe (holotype; AMNH VP-28505 (mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. Taxa with two prehypocristae are numbered from buccal (phyc1) to lingual (phyc2). When there are two cristae originating from the same cusp, they are numbered. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 4J–K</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEE0D17C3E6FD898C2EFDD8" box="[1252,1308,607,633]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[190,1383,148,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[187,1386,145,1751]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Right lower molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, p1–p4 of Polymorphis lechei [holotype; MLP 12-2168 (mirrored)]. B, p1–m3 of Cramauchenia normalis [MNHN.F.COL181 (mirrored)]. C, m3 of Cramauchenia normalis (AMNH-VP 29753). D, p1–m3 of Theosodon lydekkeri [MACN A 24-90 (mirrored)]. E, m2–m3 of Proectocion sp. (MLP 59-II-28-107). F, p5–m3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus (MACN A 52-203, p5–m2 (holotype); cast of FMNH P14696, m3). G, p2–m3 of Proadiantus excavatus (MACN A 52-214). H, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A-52-199, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m2; MNHN.F.DES159, m3). I, p1–m3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MACN A 9180-82, p2–m3; YPM PU 15799, p1). J, m1–m3 of Anisolambda fissidens (MACN A 10668; holotype).K, m2–m3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of MNRJ 1496V, m2 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1859V, m3 (mirrored). L, m2 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (MNRJ 1482V). M, p1–m3 of Sparnotheriodon epsilonoides (MACN 18225; holotype). N, O, m3 of Wainka tshotshe? [AMNH VP-29101 (mirrored)]. Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled.More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations:end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; mlph, mesolophid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid.Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5H–I</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFEE0D15C43BFD5388D5FB50" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEE0D17C43BFD538C0EFA0D" blockId="8.[822,1475,607,1641]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
With 28 currently accepted genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C3A6FD538C7EFD3C" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1188,1356,645,669]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most diverse family of litopterns (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEE0D17C365FD738D81FD1C" box="[1127,1203,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting information,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEE0D17C43BFD128AA6FD7D" box="[825,916,708,732]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
), being particularly diverse during the Neogene alongside macraucheniids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEE0D17C327FD358DA6FD5A" box="[1061,1172,739,763]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2B–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Soria (2001) presented a major revision of this family, so to avoid unnecessary repetition, only the most important taxonomical aspects and the main advances since his revision are discussed here.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C3F2FC978CAAFCF8" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1264,1432,833,857]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was named by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C4A7FCB78D53FCD8" author="Ameghino" box="[933,1121,865,889]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref39043" refString="Ameghino F. Enumeracion sistematica de las especies de mamiferos fosiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos Eocenos de la Patagonia Austral y depositados en el Museo de La Plata. Boletin del Museo de La Plata 1887; 1: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1887">Ameghino (1887)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
with the description of the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C438FC568D4DFC39" authority="Ameghino, 1883" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1883" box="[826,1151,896,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Proterotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C438FC568AFCFC39" box="[826,974,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proterotherium</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C4D6FC568D4DFC39" author="Ameghino" box="[980,1151,896,920]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="257 - 306" refId="ref39005" refString="Ameghino F. Sobre una nueva coleccion de mamiferos fosiles recogidos por el profesor Scalabrini en las barrancas del Parana. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba 1883; 5: 257 - 306." type="journal article" year="1883">Ameghino, 1883</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C38EFC568C8EFC39" authority="Ameghino, 1887" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[1164,1468,896,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Thoatherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C38EFC568C39FC39" box="[1164,1291,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Thoatherium</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C213FC568C8EFC39" author="Ameghino" box="[1297,1468,896,920]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref39043" refString="Ameghino F. Enumeracion sistematica de las especies de mamiferos fosiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos Eocenos de la Patagonia Austral y depositados en el Museo de La Plata. Boletin del Museo de La Plata 1887; 1: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1887">Ameghino, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C43BFC498D59FC16" authority="Ameghino, 1887" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[825,1131,927,951]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Diadiaphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C43BFC498AF2FC16" box="[825,960,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diadiaphorus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C4C1FC498D59FC16" author="Ameghino" box="[963,1131,927,951]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref39043" refString="Ameghino F. Enumeracion sistematica de las especies de mamiferos fosiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos Eocenos de la Patagonia Austral y depositados en el Museo de La Plata. Boletin del Museo de La Plata 1887; 1: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1887">Ameghino, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C39FFC498C8EFC16" authority="Ameghino, 1887" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[1181,1468,927,951]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Licaphrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C39FFC498C3DFC16" box="[1181,1295,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Licaphrium</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C216FC498C8EFC16" author="Ameghino" box="[1300,1468,927,951]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref39043" refString="Ameghino F. Enumeracion sistematica de las especies de mamiferos fosiles coleccionados por Carlos Ameghino en los terrenos Eocenos de la Patagonia Austral y depositados en el Museo de La Plata. Boletin del Museo de La Plata 1887; 1: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1887">Ameghino, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Simpson (1945) subdivided this family into two subfamilies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C43BFC088AE5FC57" box="[825,983,990,1014]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Polymorphinae">Polymorphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C308FC088D86FC57" box="[1034,1204,990,1014]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proterotheriinae">Proterotheriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the former including taxa mostly from the Palaeocene and Eocene (Peligran to Mustersan SALMAs) and the later the taxa from the Late Oligocene onwards (Deseadean SALMA). Although this classification was followed by other authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C358FB8A8DD5FBD2" author="Lavocat" box="[1114,1255,1115,1139]" firstAuthor="Lavocat" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="31 - 59" refId="ref43823" refString="Lavocat R. Litopterna. Traite de Paleontologie 1958; 6: 31 - 59." type="journal article" year="1958">Lavocat 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Paula Couto 1979), Simpson (1948) did not employ this subfamilial division and only used the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C304FB4C8D82FB13" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1030,1200,1178,1202]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, without giving any explanation for this omission. Later, Odreman-Rivas (1969) modified the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C4C9FB0F8D5BFB50" box="[971,1129,1241,1265]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Polymorphinae">Polymorphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Simpson’s (1945) proposal, keeping
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C493FB2E8DBAFAB1" authority="Roth, 1899" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[913,1160,1272,1296]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C493FB2E8D39FAB1" box="[913,1035,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polymorphis</emphasis>
|
||
Roth, 1899
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C201FB2E8A99FA8E" authority="Roth, 1899" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polyacrodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ligatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C201FB2E8CF0FAB1" box="[1283,1474,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polyacrodon ligatus</emphasis>
|
||
Roth, 1899
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C4D5FAC18DE1FA8E" authority="Roth, 1899" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[983,1235,1303,1327]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Heteroglyphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C4D5FAC18D6EFA8E" box="[983,1116,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Heteroglyphis</emphasis>
|
||
Roth, 1899
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and excluding the rest of the taxa such as the now considered anisolambdids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C274FAE18AE5FACF" authority="Simpson, 1935" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1935" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Wainka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C274FAE18CF0FAEE" box="[1398,1474,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Wainka</emphasis>
|
||
Simpson, 1935
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C310FA808C7FFACF" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1042,1357,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C310FA808DA1FACF" box="[1042,1171,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C39CFA808C7FFACF" author="Ameghino" box="[1182,1357,1366,1390]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C43BFAA38DAAFA2C" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[825,1176,1397,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Ricardolydekkeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C43BFAA38ADBFA2C" box="[825,1001,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ricardolydekkeria</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C4ECFAA38DAAFA2C" author="Ameghino" box="[1006,1176,1397,1421]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C3C8FAA38A5FFA0C" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Josepholeidya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C3C8FAA38C7EFA2C" box="[1226,1356,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Josepholeidya</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C250FAA38A5FFA0C" author="Ameghino" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the didolodontid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C35EFA438C04FA0C" authority="Berg, 1899" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1899" box="[1116,1334,1429,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Xesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEE0D17C35EFA438DF3FA0C" box="[1116,1217,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Xesmodon</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEE0D17C3C5FA438C04FA0C" author="Berg" box="[1223,1334,1429,1453]" firstAuthor="Berg" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="77 - 80" refId="ref39765" refString="Berg C. Substitucion de nombres genericos. III. Comunicaciones del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 1899; 1: 77 - 80." type="journal article" year="1899">Berg, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEE0D15C457FA62886AFD3C" blockId="8.[822,1475,607,1641]" lastBlockId="10.[126,779,144,1265]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Cifelli(1983a)subdividedthefamilyProterotheriidaeintotwo subfamilies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C4BAFA058D6DFA4A" box="[952,1119,1491,1515]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anisolambdinae">Anisolambdinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C39AFA058C70FA4A" box="[1176,1346,1491,1515]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proterotheriinae">Proterotheriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the former subfamily including mostly anisolambdids (see
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C219FA258CF0F9AA" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[1307,1474,1523,1547]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
section for more details), and the latter similar to the original definition of Simpson (1945). In addition, Cifelli (1983a) excluded the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C4CFF9878D59F9C8" box="[973,1131,1617,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Polymorphinae">Polymorphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C3AEF9878C64F9C8" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1196,1366,1617,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, placing it insteadwithinthefamilyMacraucheniidae (seeMacraucheniidae section for more details). Soria (2001) later removed the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C7C4FF19885FFF46" box="[198,365,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anisolambdinae">Anisolambdinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C6A8FF198B66FF46" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[426,596,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, elevating its rank as a distinct family (see
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C680FF388B1BFEA7" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[386,553,238,262]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
section for more details), which leaves the concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C6E0FEDB8BB8FE84" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[482,650,269,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
very similar to the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C63DFEFB88D5FEE4" box="[319,487,301,325]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proterotheriinae">Proterotheriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Simpson (1945), although with numerous new additions to the family since then (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C7B4FEBD885CFE22" author="Corona" box="[182,366,363,387]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Corona" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref41392" refString="Corona A, Badin AC, Perea D et al. A new genus and species and additional reports of the South American native ungulates Proterotheriidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) in the Late Miocene of Uruguay. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2020; 102: 102646. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2020.102646" type="journal volume" year="2020">
|
||
Corona
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C60BFEBA8805FE22" box="[265,311,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C67AFEBD8B7EFE22" author="McGrath" box="[376,588,363,387]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="McGrath" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="159 - 88" refId="ref44350" refString="McGrath AJ, Anaya F, Croft DA. New proterotheriids from the Middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia, and body size and diversity trends in proterotheriid and macraucheniid litopterns (Mammalia). Ameghiniana 2020 a; 57: 159 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.5710 / amgh. 03.03.2020.3268" type="journal article" year="2020" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
McGrath
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C6D9FEBA8B3BFE22" box="[475,521,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Supporting information,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEC0D15C7D6FE5D881FFE02" box="[212,301,395,419]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Important additions to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C52EFE5D8BE6FE02" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[556,724,395,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
were the bunodont
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C61FFE7C8BEBFE63" authority="McKenna, 1956" authorityName="McKenna" authorityYear="1956" box="[285,729,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Megadolodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molariformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C61FFE7C8B17FE63" box="[285,549,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Megadolodus molariformis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C52DFE7C8BEBFE63" author="McKenna" box="[559,729,426,450]" firstAuthor="McKenna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="736 - 43" refId="ref44469" refString="McKenna MC. Survival of primitive notoungulates and condylarths into the Miocene of Colombia. American Journal of Science 1956; 254: 736 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. 254.12.736" type="journal article" year="1956">McKenna, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C783FE1F8BBBFE40" authority="Hoffstetter & Soria, 1986" authorityName="Hoffstetter & Soria" authorityYear="1986" box="[129,649,457,481]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Neodolodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colombianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C783FE1F8847FE40" box="[129,373,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Neodolodus colombianus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C67FFE1F8BBBFE40" author="Hoffstetter & Soria" box="[381,649,457,481]" firstAuthor="Hoffstetter" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1619 - 22" refId="ref43229" refString="Hoffstetter R, Soria MF. Neolodus colombianus gen. et sp. nov., un noveau Condylarthre (Mammalia) dans le Miocene de Colombie. Comptes Rendus de la Academie de Sciences, Paris 1986; 303: 1619 - 22." type="journal article" year="1986">Hoffstetter & Soria, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C59EFE1F89DEFDA0" author="Cifelli and Diaz" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="222 - 31" refId="ref41021" refString="Cifelli RL, Diaz JG. New remains of Prothoatherium columbianus (Litopterna, Mammalia) from the Miocene of Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1989; 9: 222 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02 724634.1989. 10011756" type="journal article" year="1989">Cifelli and Diaz 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C7F8FE3F8B39FDA0" author="Cifelli and Villarroel" box="[250,523,489,513]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="265 - 88" refId="ref41117" refString="Cifelli RL, Villarroel C. Paleobiology and affinities of Megadolodus. In: Kay RF, Madden RH, Cifelli RL, Flynn JJ (eds), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997, 265 - 88." type="book chapter" year="1997">Cifelli and Villarroel 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C51BFE3F8BCAFDA0" author="McGrath" box="[537,760,489,513]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="McGrath" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="717 - 38" refId="ref44408" refString="McGrath AJ, Flynn JJ, Wyss AR. Proterotheriids and macraucheniids (Litopterna: Mammalia) from the Pampa Castillo Fauna, Chile (early Miocene, Santacrucian SALMA) and a new phylogeny of Proterotheriidae. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2020 b; 18: 717 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2019.1662500" type="journal article" year="2020" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
McGrath
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C582FE3F8B80FDA0" box="[640,690,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which were previously considered didolodontids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C5A6FDDE8987FD9E" author="McKenna" firstAuthor="McKenna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="736 - 43" refId="ref44469" refString="McKenna MC. Survival of primitive notoungulates and condylarths into the Miocene of Colombia. American Journal of Science 1956; 254: 736 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. 254.12.736" type="journal article" year="1956">McKenna 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C7C0FDF188EBFD9E" author="Hoffstetter and Soria" box="[194,473,551,575]" firstAuthor="Hoffstetter" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1619 - 22" refId="ref43229" refString="Hoffstetter R, Soria MF. Neolodus colombianus gen. et sp. nov., un noveau Condylarthre (Mammalia) dans le Miocene de Colombie. Comptes Rendus de la Academie de Sciences, Paris 1986; 303: 1619 - 22." type="journal article" year="1986">Hoffstetter and Soria 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Including both taxa within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C783FD9189DCFDFE" box="[129,238,583,607]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||
has phylogenetic support, but their affinities within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C781FDB08819FDDF" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[131,299,614,638]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and even other litoptern families are unclear (Carrillo
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C7E2FD50883DFD3C" box="[224,271,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEE0D17C783F9098AB2F81B" blockId="8.[129,1459,1759,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEE0D17C3E2F92D8C01F8B2" box="[1248,1331,1787,1811]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot. Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C4F4F8E58DA3F8EA" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[1014,1169,1843,1867]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C3BCF8E58CA2F8EA" box="[1214,1424,1843,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the subfamilies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C616F899889DF8C6" box="[276,431,1871,1895]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anisolambdinae">Anisolambdinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C6DEF8998B9CF8C6" box="[476,686,1871,1895]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sparnotheriodontinae">Sparnotheriodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C42FF8998AF8F8C6" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[813,970,1871,1895]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEE0D17C6D5F8BD8B59F823" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[471,619,1899,1923]" class="Mammalia" family="Carodniidae" genus="Carodnia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Xenungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Carodnia Zone</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6F56ABFFEF0D15C773F93B8D1DF81B" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[113,178,1773,1797]" targetBox="[220,1352,145,1745]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEF0D16C773F93B8C5AF80C" blockId="9.[113,1431,1773,1966]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEF0D16C773F93B89FBF8A4" bold="true" box="[113,201,1773,1797]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Dental nomenclature used in the text and the characters. A, right upper molar in occlusal view. B–D, right lower molars in occlusal view. The main cusps of the molars are highlighted in bold. The molars represent structures sometimes present in SANUs and with relevance in the character scoring of this study. The molars do not represent any particular SANU. Molars in A and B were partially based on drawings from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEF0D16C7A6F8978811F8F8" author="Gelfo" box="[164,291,1857,1881]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref42195" refString="Gelfo JN. Los Didolodontidae (Mammalia: Ungulatomorpha) del Terciario Sudamericano. Sistematica, Origen y Evolucion. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata. 2006." type="book" year="2006">Gelfo (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Abbreviations upper molar: ecg, buccal cingulum or ectocingulum; es, entostyle; hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mt, metastyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; pcg, precingulum; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; ppc, preparacrista (or paracrista); pplc, preparaconular crista; pprc, preprotocrista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; ps, parastyle; pscg, postcingulum; pshyc, posthypocrista; psmc, postmetacrista (or metacrista); psmlc, postmetaconular
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEC0D15C79EFD7389ACFC57" blockId="10.[126,779,144,1265]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C79EFD738876FD1C" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[156,324,677,701]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been included by some authors as part of suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C640FD1288E4FD7D" box="[322,470,708,732]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Lopholipterna">Lopholipterna</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cifelli 1983a, Soria 2001;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEC0D15C783FD3589E0FD5A" box="[129,210,739,763]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), which also includes the families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C55BFD358BE4FD5A" box="[601,726,739,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C783FCD58801FCBA" box="[129,307,771,795]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a hypothesis that later found phylogenetic support (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C7E1FCF4886FFC9B" author="Cifelli" box="[227,349,802,826]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEC0D15C66EFCF4888AFC9B" box="[364,440,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Since then, most phylogenetic studies that included proterotheriids have focused either on resolving the affinities within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C694FCB78B0CFCD8" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[406,574,865,889]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C57BFCB789F2FC39" author="McGrath" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="McGrath" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="717 - 38" refId="ref44408" refString="McGrath AJ, Flynn JJ, Wyss AR. Proterotheriids and macraucheniids (Litopterna: Mammalia) from the Pampa Castillo Fauna, Chile (early Miocene, Santacrucian SALMA) and a new phylogeny of Proterotheriidae. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2020 b; 18: 717 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2019.1662500" type="journal article" year="2020" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
McGrath
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C5DEFCB78A38FCD8" box="[732,778,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or phylogenies studying interordinal relationships between SANUs (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C64EFC498B2AFC16" author="MacPhee" box="[332,536,927,951]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="MacPhee" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 183" refId="ref44179" refString="MacPhee RDE, Hernandez del Pino S, Kramarz A et al. Cranial morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Trigonostylops wortmani, an Eocene South American Native Ungulate. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021; 449: 1 - 183." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
MacPhee
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C6B0FC7688D2FC16" box="[434,480,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) instead of phylogenies examining the interfamilial affinities of proterotheriids (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEC0D15C5D3FC6989BCFC57" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEC0D15C79EFC2B88D5FB50" blockId="10.[126,779,144,1265]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Following Soria’s (2001) concept of the family, the earliest proterotheriid is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C639FBCB8BF9FB94" authority="Ameghino, 1897" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[315,715,1053,1077]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Lambdaconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C639FBCB8B3FFB95" box="[315,525,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lambdaconus suinus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C51BFBCB8BF9FB94" author="Ameghino" box="[537,715,1053,1077]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="406 - 521" refId="ref39261" refString="Ameghino F. Mammiferes cretaces de l'Argentine (Deuxieme contribution a la connaissance de la fauna mammalogique de couches a Pyrotherium). Boletin del Instituto Geografico Argentino 1897; 18: 406 - 521." type="journal article" year="1897">Ameghino, 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from different localities from the Sarmiento Formation,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D4C8C1FFEC0D15C5B6FBEA8A34FBF5" box="[692,774,1084,1108]" country="Argentina" name="Chubut" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chubut</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C783FB8D89DBFBD2" box="[129,233,1115,1139]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the last is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C687FB8D8A3BFBD2" authority="Frenguelli, 1921" authorityName="Frenguelli" authorityYear="1921" box="[389,777,1115,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Neolicaphrium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="recents">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C687FB8D8B6FFBD2" box="[389,605,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Neolicaphrium recents</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C560FB8D8A3BFBD2" author="Frenguelli" box="[610,777,1115,1139]" firstAuthor="Frenguelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="7 - 23" refId="ref41980" refString="Frenguelli J. Sobre un proteroterido del Pampeano superior de Cordoba. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de la Republica Argentina en Cordoba 1921; 7: 7 - 23." type="journal article" year="1921">Frenguelli, 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Late Pleistocene from different localities in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C59CFBAD8A34FB32" box="[670,774,1147,1171]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C783FB4C898CFB13" box="[129,190,1178,1202]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C7FAFB4C8863FB13" box="[248,337,1178,1202]" name="Uruguay" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C660FB4C8B08FB13" author="Gaudioso" box="[354,570,1178,1202]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gaudioso" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="23 - 9" refId="ref42056" refString="Gaudioso PJ, Gasparini GM, Herbst R et al. First record of the Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Mammalia, Litopterna) in the Pleistocene of Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 2017; 57: 23 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / 0031 - 1049.2017. 57.03" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Gaudioso
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C6CCFB4D88CDFB13" box="[462,511,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), giving a temporal interval of around 29.3–~0.11 Mya to this family (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEC0D15C5B1FB6F8A33FB70" box="[691,769,1209,1233]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting information,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEC0D15C67DFB0F88EBFB50" box="[383,473,1241,1265]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFEC0D15C62AFAC68B50FA8A" box="[296,610,1296,1323]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEC0D15C62AFAC68B50FA8A" blockId="10.[129,779,1296,1735]" box="[296,610,1296,1323]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C62AFAC68B50FA8A" box="[296,610,1296,1323]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C62AFAC688AEFA8B" box="[296,412,1296,1322]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEC0D15C6A9FAC78B20FA8B" box="[427,530,1296,1322]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1770,1794]" captionTargetBox="[194,1378,147,1740]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[191,1381,144,1743]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Right upper molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, M3 of Polymorphis ligatus (holotype, MLP 12-2169). B, M3 of Polymorphis? (AMNH-VP 29481). C, M2? of Polyacrodon lanciformis Roth, 1899 [MLP 12-2170 (mirrored)]. D, P1–M3 of Cramauchenia normalis (MLP 85-VII-3-38a). E, P1–M3 of Theosodon garretorum (FMNH P 13175). F, P5–M3 of Proectocion precisus (holotype; MACN A 10679). G, P2– M3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus [cast of MLP 61-IV-11-65 (P2–P4 mirrored)]. H, M3 of Proectocion argentinus (holotype; MACN A 10673). I, M1 of Lambdaconus suinus [MNHN.F.DES162 (mirrored)]. J, P1–M3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MLP 12-304). K, P4–M3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A 52-198; P4 was mirrored). L, M1–M3 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (AMNH-VP 111963, M1 (cast of MNRJ specimen); cast of MNRJ 1470V, M2 (holotype; mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1472V, M3 (mirrored). M, M1–M3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of DGM 304M, M1; cast of DGM 310M, M2–M3). N, P4–M3 ofAnisolambda sp. (MLP 59-II-28-68, P4-P5 (mirrored); MLP 59-II-24-453, M1; MNHN.F.CAS 486, M2 (mirrored); MNHN.F.CAS488, M3 (mirrored). O, P5? of Wainka tshotshe (holotype; AMNH VP-28505 (mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. Taxa with two prehypocristae are numbered from buccal (phyc1) to lingual (phyc2). When there are two cristae originating from the same cusp, they are numbered. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 4F–H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEC0D15C519FAC78B6AFA8A" box="[539,600,1297,1323]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[190,1383,148,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[187,1386,145,1751]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Right lower molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, p1–p4 of Polymorphis lechei [holotype; MLP 12-2168 (mirrored)]. B, p1–m3 of Cramauchenia normalis [MNHN.F.COL181 (mirrored)]. C, m3 of Cramauchenia normalis (AMNH-VP 29753). D, p1–m3 of Theosodon lydekkeri [MACN A 24-90 (mirrored)]. E, m2–m3 of Proectocion sp. (MLP 59-II-28-107). F, p5–m3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus (MACN A 52-203, p5–m2 (holotype); cast of FMNH P14696, m3). G, p2–m3 of Proadiantus excavatus (MACN A 52-214). H, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A-52-199, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m2; MNHN.F.DES159, m3). I, p1–m3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MACN A 9180-82, p2–m3; YPM PU 15799, p1). J, m1–m3 of Anisolambda fissidens (MACN A 10668; holotype).K, m2–m3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of MNRJ 1496V, m2 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1859V, m3 (mirrored). L, m2 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (MNRJ 1482V). M, p1–m3 of Sparnotheriodon epsilonoides (MACN 18225; holotype). N, O, m3 of Wainka tshotshe? [AMNH VP-29101 (mirrored)]. Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled.More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations:end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; mlph, mesolophid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid.Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5E–G</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFEC0D13C783FAE189D8FE40" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEC0D15C783FAE18C3EFEC2" blockId="10.[129,779,1296,1735]" lastBlockId="10.[823,1476,144,1735]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C783FAE189CCFAEE" box="[129,254,1335,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
currently includes six genera, being considerably less diverse than proterotheriids and macraucheniids during the Neogene (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEC0D15C7EFFAA38817FA2C" box="[237,293,1397,1421]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting information,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEC0D15C533FAA38BB9FA2C" box="[561,651,1397,1421]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C59DFAA38823FA0C" author="Cifelli and Soria" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref41068" refString="Cifelli RL, Soria MF. Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 1983 a; 2771: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">Cifelli and Soria (1983a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a detailed revision of this family, so to avoid unnecessary repetition, only the most relevant taxonomic aspects are discussed here, along with the main advances since their revision. Known as the pygmy litopterns because of their reduced size, the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C67DF9C488CEF98B" box="[383,508,1554,1578]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was named by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C59FF9C489E7F9E8" author="Ameghino" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="129 - 67" refId="ref39125" refString="Ameghino F. Caracteres diagnosticos de cincuenta especies nuevas de mamiferos fosiles argentinos. Revista Argentina de Historia Natural 1891 a; 1: 129 - 67." type="journal article" year="1891" yearSuffix="a">Ameghino (1891a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to place the Early Miocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C541F9E78804F9C8" authority="Ameghino 1891 a" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1891" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Adianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bucatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C541F9E78A38F9E8" box="[579,778,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Adianthus bucatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C783F9878804F9C8" author="Ameghino" box="[129,310,1617,1641]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="129 - 67" refId="ref39125" refString="Ameghino F. Caracteres diagnosticos de cincuenta especies nuevas de mamiferos fosiles argentinos. Revista Argentina de Historia Natural 1891 a; 1: 129 - 67." type="journal article" year="1891" yearSuffix="a">Ameghino 1891a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Santa Cruz Formation,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C5A6F9878A3BF9C8" box="[676,777,1617,1641]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C789F9A68847F929" author="Cifelli and Soria" box="[139,373,1648,1672]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref41068" refString="Cifelli RL, Soria MF. Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 1983 a; 2771: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">Cifelli and Soria 1983a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Among other distinct anatomical features, adianthids present a trilobed m3 and enamel fossettes in the P4–M3 formed by hypertrophied conular cristae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C5C8F9798AD0FF09" author="Cifelli and Soria" box="[714,994,144,1735]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref41068" refString="Cifelli RL, Soria MF. Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 1983 a; 2771: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">Cifelli and Soria 1983a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Following new fossil discoveries,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C254FF468AB1FF66" author="Ameghino" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 568" refId="ref39456" refString="Ameghino F. Les formations sedimentaires du cretace superieur et du tertiaire de Patagonie avec un parallele entre leurs faunes mammalogiques et celles de l'ancien continent. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 1906; 15: 1 - 568." type="journal article" year="1906">Ameghino (1906)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
added three additional genera to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C23FFF798C8DFF66" box="[1341,1471,175,199]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C43BFF198D54FF46" authority="Ameghino, 1897" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[825,1126,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proadiantus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C43BFF198A82FF46" box="[825,944,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Proadiantus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C4BAFF198D54FF46" author="Ameghino" box="[952,1126,207,231]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="406 - 521" refId="ref39261" refString="Ameghino F. Mammiferes cretaces de l'Argentine (Deuxieme contribution a la connaissance de la fauna mammalogique de couches a Pyrotherium). Boletin del Instituto Geografico Argentino 1897; 18: 406 - 521." type="journal article" year="1897">Ameghino, 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C39FFF198CF0FF46" authority="Ameghino, 1897" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[1181,1474,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Tricoelodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C39FFF198C3EFF46" box="[1181,1292,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Tricoelodus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C217FF198CF0FF46" author="Ameghino" box="[1301,1474,207,231]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="406 - 521" refId="ref39261" refString="Ameghino F. Mammiferes cretaces de l'Argentine (Deuxieme contribution a la connaissance de la fauna mammalogique de couches a Pyrotherium). Boletin del Instituto Geografico Argentino 1897; 18: 406 - 521." type="journal article" year="1897">Ameghino, 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Sarmiento Formation (Woodburne
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C20CFF398C0DFEA7" box="[1294,1343,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014a), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C439FEDB8D47FE84" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[827,1141,269,293]" class="Mammalia" genus="Pseudadiantus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C439FEDB8AFAFE84" box="[827,968,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pseudadiantus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C4C9FEDB8D47FE84" author="Ameghino" box="[971,1141,269,293]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The last was later excluded from the family and formally synonymized with the notopithecine interatheriid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C4BCFE9A8D08FEC5" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[958,1082,332,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Interatheriidae" genus="Antepithecus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C4BCFE9A8D08FEC5" box="[958,1082,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Antepithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Simpson (1967).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEC0D15C457FEBD8D30FBB4" blockId="10.[823,1476,144,1735]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C457FEBD8ADDFE22" author="Bordas" box="[853,1007,363,387]" firstAuthor="Bordas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="413 - 33" refId="ref40435" refString="Bordas AF. Diagnosis sobre algunos mamiferos de las capas con Colpodon, del valle del rio Chubut (Republica Argentina). Physis 1939; 14: 413 - 33." type="journal article" year="1939">Bordas (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
added
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C33CFEBD8C6CFE22" authority="Bordas, 1936" authorityName="Bordas" authorityYear="1936" box="[1086,1374,363,387]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proheptaconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C33CFEBD8DFEFE22" box="[1086,1228,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Proheptaconus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C3D7FEBD8C6CFE22" author="Bordas" box="[1237,1374,363,387]" firstAuthor="Bordas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="110 - 2" refId="ref40403" refString="Bordas AF. Un nuevo mamifero del Colpodon de Gaiman (Proheptaconus trelewense, gen. et sp. nov.). Physis 1936; 12: 110 - 2." type="journal article" year="1936">Bordas, 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Colhue-Huapi Member of the Sarmiento Formation (Soria 1981) to what he considered the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C3F9FE7C8C48FE63" box="[1275,1402,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Adianthinae">Adianthinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a subfamily of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C4A0FE1F8D66FE40" box="[930,1108,457,481]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was followed by other authors (Patterson 1940, Simpson and Minoprio 1949). However, Simpson
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C49CFDDF8AE1FD81" box="[926,979,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1962) later restored the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C242FDDE8C8DFD81" box="[1344,1471,520,544]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but now including a new taxon,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C398FDF18AEAFDFE" authority="Simpson & Minoprio, 1949" authorityName="Simpson & Minoprio" authorityYear="1949" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Adiantoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C398FDF18C72FD9E" box="[1178,1344,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Adiantoides leali</emphasis>
|
||
Simpson & Minoprio, 1949
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Divisadero Largo Formation,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C25FFD918CF0FDFE" box="[1373,1474,583,607]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(age uncertain;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C4DDFDB08D9CFDDF" author="Cerdeno" box="[991,1198,614,638]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Cerdeno" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="574 - 7" refId="ref40752" refString="Cerdeno E, Lopez GM, Reguero MA. Biostratigraphic considerations of the Divisaderan faunal assemblage. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2008; 28: 574 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2008) 28 (574: bcotdf) 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Cerdeño
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C343FDB18D5EFDDF" box="[1089,1132,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C3BEFDB08C0BFDDF" author="Lopez" box="[1212,1337,614,638]" firstAuthor="Lopez" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="410 - 20" refId="ref44025" refString="Lopez GM. Dividaderan: Land Mammal Age or local fauna? In: Madden RH, Carlini AA, Vucetich MG, Kay RF (eds), The paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 410 - 20." type="book chapter" year="2010">López 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Woodburne
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C43BFD508A51FD3C" box="[825,867,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014a).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C4C7FD538DEEFD3C" author="Bond and Vucetich" box="[965,1244,645,669]" firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="107 - 17" refId="ref40299" refString="Bond M, Vucetich MG. Indalecia grandensis gen. et sp. nov. del Eoceno temprano del noroeste argentino, tipo de una nueva subfamilia de los Adianthidae. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 1983; 38: 107 - 17." type="journal article" year="1983">Bond and Vucetich (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
added to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C247FD538CF0FD3C" box="[1349,1474,645,669]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C439FD738DC5FD1C" authority="Bond & Vucetich, 1983" authorityName="Bond & Vucetich" authorityYear="1983" box="[827,1271,677,701]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Indalecia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C439FD738D32FD1C" box="[827,1024,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Indalecia grandensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C306FD738DC5FD1C" author="Bond & Vucetich" box="[1028,1271,677,701]" firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="107 - 17" refId="ref40299" refString="Bond M, Vucetich MG. Indalecia grandensis gen. et sp. nov. del Eoceno temprano del noroeste argentino, tipo de una nueva subfamilia de los Adianthidae. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 1983; 38: 107 - 17." type="journal article" year="1983">Bond & Vucetich, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Lumbrera Formation,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C4BBFD128D2CFD7D" box="[953,1054,708,732]" name="Argentina" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Early Eocene;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C3D0FD128C83FD7D" author="Fernicola" box="[1234,1457,708,732]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fernicola" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="621 - 33" refId="ref41787" refString="Fernicola JC, Zimicz AN, Chornogubsky L et al. The Early Eocene Climatic Optimum at the lower section of the Lumbrera Formation (Ypresian, Salta Province, northwestern Argentina): origin and early diversification of the Cingulata. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2021; 28: 621 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10914 - 021 - 09545 - w" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Fernicola
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C23CFD138C41FD7D" box="[1342,1395,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), based on unique shared anatomical features with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C24CFD358A53FCBA" authorityName="Simpson & Minoprio" authorityYear="1949" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Adiantoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C24CFD358A53FCBA" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Adiantoides leali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as the absence of a postprotocrista connecting the protocone with the metaconule and a strong parastyle in M1– M2. These features are not present in other adianthids, so they grouped them in the new subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C3B6FCB78C00FCD8" box="[1204,1330,865,889]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Indaleciinae">Indaleciinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, keeping both species tentatively within the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C3CAFC568C75FC39" box="[1224,1351,896,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was later followed with doubts by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C376FC498C45FC16" author="Cifelli and Soria" box="[1140,1399,927,951]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref41068" refString="Cifelli RL, Soria MF. Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 1983 a; 2771: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">Cifelli and Soria (1983a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In the same work,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C4B2FC698D9FFC76" author="Cifelli and Soria" box="[944,1197,959,983]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref41068" refString="Cifelli RL, Soria MF. Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 1983 a; 2771: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">Cifelli and Soria (1983a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
added the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C258FC698D3EFC57" authority="Cifelli & Soria, 1983" authorityName="Cifelli & Soria" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Thadanius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C258FC698CF3FC76" box="[1370,1473,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Thadanius</emphasis>
|
||
Cifelli & Soria, 1983
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from La Salla-Luribay Basin,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEC0D15C23BFC088CB3FC57" box="[1337,1409,990,1014]" name="Bolivia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C47DFC2B8ACCFBB4" box="[895,1022,1021,1045]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEC0D13C457FBCB887DFF66" blockId="10.[823,1476,144,1735]" lastBlockId="12.[128,778,144,481]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Cifelli (1983a) revisited the members of the family, and included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C48EFBEB8DF0FBF5" authority="Ameghino 1904 b" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1904" box="[908,1218,1084,1108]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proectocion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEC0D15C48EFBEB8AC9FBF5" box="[908,1019,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Proectocion</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C30AFBEA8DF0FBF5" author="Ameghino" box="[1032,1218,1084,1108]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 541" refId="ref39426" refString="Ameghino F. Recherches de morphologic phylogenetique sur les molaires superieures des ongules. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 1904 b; 3: 1 - 541." type="journal article" year="1904" yearSuffix="b">Ameghino 1904b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[previously considered a didolodontid by Simpson (1948)] as the earliest member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C43BFBAD8A84FB32" box="[825,950,1147,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on dental similarities. In addition, he proposed a new superfamily called Macrauchenioidea, to group adianthids and macraucheniids based on dental similarities, such as an absent paraconid and the presence of a paralophid in the lower molars (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEC0D15C31AFB2E8D57FAB1" box="[1048,1125,1272,1296]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Soria (1984a), based on dental similarities with ‘amilnedwarsids’, elevated the rank of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C481FAE18ACDFAEE" box="[899,1023,1335,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Indaleciinae">Indaleciinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C399FAE18C2BFAEE" baseAuthorityName="Bond & Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[1179,1305,1335,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Indaleciidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and later Soria (1989b) classified them as a family of the order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C248FA808CF0FACC" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[1354,1474,1366,1389]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see sections of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C4E3FAA38D95FA2C" box="[993,1191,1397,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Amilnedwardsiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amilnedwardsiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C246FAA08C8CFA2C" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[1348,1470,1398,1421]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C4E2FA438D50FA0C" baseAuthorityName="Bond & Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[992,1122,1429,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Indaleciidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C374FA438DC1FA0C" box="[1142,1267,1429,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also been considered by some authors as part of the suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C22CFA628CF0FA6D" box="[1326,1474,1460,1484]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Lopholipterna">Lopholipterna</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cifelli 1983a, Soria 2001), which includes the families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C43BFA258ADBF9AA" box="[825,1001,1523,1547]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C31DFA258DF5F9AA" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1055,1223,1523,1547]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEC0D15C3D8FA258C1AF9AA" box="[1242,1320,1523,1547]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), a hypothesis that later found phylogenetic support (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C3C4F9C48C0DF98B" author="Cifelli" box="[1222,1343,1554,1578]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEC0D15C24EF9C48CA4F98B" box="[1356,1430,1554,1578]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the same study, Macrauchenioidea also found support, but only when indaleciids are excluded (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEC0D15C38AF9878C31F9C8" author="Cifelli" box="[1160,1283,1617,1641]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Strikingly, there has been not a single study examining the phylogenetic relationships within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEC0D15C4BCF9598D09F906" box="[958,1083,1679,1703]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
using modern phylogenetic methods, and most recent phylogenetic studies have included adianthids as outgroups for phylogenies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C6C3FF468B43FF09" box="[449,625,144,168]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C5A8FF4689D5FF66" author="Forasiepi" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Forasiepi" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref41925" refString="Forasiepi AM, MacPhee RDE, Hernandez del Pino S et al. Exceptional skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: anatomy, systematics, and paleobiological implications. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2016; 404: 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Forasiepi
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C783FF66899DFF66" box="[129,175,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEA0D13C7F6FF79880DFF66" box="[244,319,175,199]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEC0D15C780F8E48D1DF81B" blockId="10.[129,1430,1842,1978]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">crista; pspc, postparacrista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Abbreviations lower molar: co, cristid obliqua; encd, entocristid; end, entoconid; dbgd, distobuccal cingulid; dlgd, distolingual cingulid; hlph, hypolophid; hycd, hypocristid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; mbgd, mesiobuccal cingulid; med, metaconid; mlgd, mesiolingual cingulid; mlph, mesolophid; msd, mesoconid; pacd, paracristid; pad, paraconid; peld, preentoconulid; pmcd, premetacristid; prcd, protocristid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; pscd, postcristid (or postentocristid); pseld, postentoconulid; psgd, postcingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6F56ABFFED0D13C773F93C8A36F81A" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[113,178,1770,1794]" targetBox="[194,1378,147,1740]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFED0D14C773F93C8CBAF80A" blockId="11.[113,1453,1770,1963]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C773F93C89FBF8A2" bold="true" box="[113,201,1770,1795]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Right upper molars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C6A3F93D8B34F8A2" box="[417,518,1771,1795]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||
in occlusal view. A, M3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C402F93D8A83F8A2" authorityName="Püschel & Shelley & Williamson & Perini & Wible & Brusatte" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Roth" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[768,945,1771,1795]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ligatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C402F93D8A83F8A2" box="[768,945,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polymorphis ligatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(holotype, MLP 12-2169). B, M3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C20DF93D8CB2F8A2" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[1295,1408,1771,1795]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C20DF93D8CB2F8A2" box="[1295,1408,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polymorphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
? (AMNH-VP 29481). C, M2? of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C6A3F8D18BD5F8BE" authority="Roth, 1899" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[417,743,1799,1823]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polyacrodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lanciformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C6A3F8D18B4AF8BE" box="[417,632,1799,1823]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polyacrodon lanciformis</emphasis>
|
||
Roth, 1899
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[MLP 12-2170 (mirrored)]. D, P1–M3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C379F8D18C66F8BE" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1902" box="[1147,1364,1799,1823]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Cramauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="normalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C379F8D18C66F8BE" box="[1147,1364,1799,1823]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cramauchenia normalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MLP 85-VII-3-38a). E, P1–M3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C67FF8F58B74F89B" authorityName="Scott" authorityYear="1910" box="[381,582,1827,1851]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Theosodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="garretorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C67FF8F58B74F89B" box="[381,582,1827,1851]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Theosodon garretorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(FMNH P 13175). F, P5–M3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C483F8F58D01F89B" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1904" box="[897,1075,1827,1850]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proectocion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="precisus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C483F8F58D01F89B" box="[897,1075,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Proectocion precisus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(holotype; MACN A 10679). G, P2– M3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C7B2F8E988BEF8F6" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[176,396,1855,1879]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Tricoelodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspidatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C7B2F8E988BEF8F6" box="[176,396,1855,1879]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tricoelodus bicuspidatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[cast of MLP 61-IV-11-65 (P2–P4 mirrored)]. H, M3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C4A7F8E98D5CF8F7" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1904" box="[933,1134,1855,1878]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proectocion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argentinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C4A7F8E98D5CF8F7" box="[933,1134,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Proectocion argentinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(holotype; MACN A 10673). I, M1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C7B2F88D8859F8D3" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[176,363,1883,1907]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Lambdaconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C7B2F88D8859F8D3" box="[176,363,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lambdaconus suinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[MNHN.F.DES162 (mirrored)]. J, P1–M3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C421F88D8D3AF8D2" baseAuthorityName="Ameghino" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[803,1032,1883,1907]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Diadiaphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="majusculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C421F88D8D3AF8D2" box="[803,1032,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diadiaphorus majusculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MLP 12-304). K, P4–M3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C227F88D899BF82F" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Lambdaconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C227F88D899BF82F" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lambdaconus suinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MACN A 52-198; P4 was mirrored). L, M1–M3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C59FF8A18AA2F82F" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[669,912,1911,1935]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C59FF8A18AA2F82F" box="[669,912,1911,1935]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Victorlemoinea prototypica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH-VP 111963, M1 (cast of MNRJ specimen); cast of MNRJ 1470V, M2 (holotype; mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1472V, M3 (mirrored). M, M1–M3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFED0D14C307F8458DCCF80A" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" box="[1029,1278,1939,1963]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Paranisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prodromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFED0D14C307F8458DCCF80A" box="[1029,1278,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paranisolambda prodromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(cast of DGM
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEA0D13C79EFF1989D8FE40" blockId="12.[128,778,144,481]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
If we follow Cifelli (1983a) and consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C539FF198B9EFF47" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1904" box="[571,684,207,230]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proectocion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C539FF198B9EFF47" box="[571,684,207,230]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Proectocion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Barranca south of Lago Colhue-Huapi of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEA0D13C540FF388B9BFEA7" box="[578,681,238,262]" name="Argentina" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Middle Eocene;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C7D9FED888EEFE84" author="Kramarz and Bond" box="[219,476,269,293]" firstAuthor="Kramarz" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="203 - 211" refId="ref43514" refString="Kramarz, A., Bond, M. On the status of Isolophodon Roth, 1903 (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) and other little-known Paleogene astrapotheres from central Patagonia. Geobios 2013; 46 (3), 203 - 211." type="journal article" year="2013">Kramarz and Bond 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Woodburne
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C56FFED88BA5FE84" box="[621,663,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014a) as the earliest member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C671FEFB88C0FEE4" box="[371,498,301,325]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and considering
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C5A6FEFB89F3FEC5" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1991" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Adianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="godoyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C5A6FEFB89F3FEC5" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Adianthus godoyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Río Frías Formation at Alto Río Cisnes,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEA0D13C5D2FE9A8A3BFEC5" box="[720,777,332,356]" name="Chile" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
as the last member of this family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C6E5FEBD8B50FE22" author="Cifelli" box="[487,610,363,387]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="119 - 25" refId="ref40949" refString="Cifelli RLA. New adianthid litoptern (Mammalia) from the Miocene of Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 1991; 64: 119 - 25." type="journal article" year="1991">Cifelli 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C56DFEBD8830FE02" author="de la Cruz and Cortes" firstAuthor="de la Cruz" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 70" refId="ref41584" refString="de la Cruz R, Cortes J. Geologia del area oriental de la Hoja Puerto Cisnes, Region Aysen del Gral. Carlos Ibanez del Campo. Serie Geologia Basica 2011; 127: 1 - 70." type="journal article" year="2011">de la Cruz and Cortés 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C68AFE5D8B35FE02" box="[392,519,395,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Adianthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
encompasses a temporal interval of 42–14.8 Mya (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEA0D13C6A1FE7C88C0FE63" box="[419,498,426,450]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting information,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEA0D13C783FE1F89EEFE40" box="[129,220,457,481]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFEA0D13C61EFDD78B5FFDBA" box="[284,621,513,539]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEA0D13C61EFDD78B5FFDBA" blockId="12.[127,780,513,1641]" box="[284,621,513,539]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C61EFDD78B5FFDBA" box="[284,621,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C61EFDD788DBFDBA" box="[284,489,513,539]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEA0D13C6FAFDD48B0FFDBA" box="[504,573,513,539]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1770,1794]" captionTargetBox="[194,1378,147,1740]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[191,1381,144,1743]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Right upper molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, M3 of Polymorphis ligatus (holotype, MLP 12-2169). B, M3 of Polymorphis? (AMNH-VP 29481). C, M2? of Polyacrodon lanciformis Roth, 1899 [MLP 12-2170 (mirrored)]. D, P1–M3 of Cramauchenia normalis (MLP 85-VII-3-38a). E, P1–M3 of Theosodon garretorum (FMNH P 13175). F, P5–M3 of Proectocion precisus (holotype; MACN A 10679). G, P2– M3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus [cast of MLP 61-IV-11-65 (P2–P4 mirrored)]. H, M3 of Proectocion argentinus (holotype; MACN A 10673). I, M1 of Lambdaconus suinus [MNHN.F.DES162 (mirrored)]. J, P1–M3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MLP 12-304). K, P4–M3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A 52-198; P4 was mirrored). L, M1–M3 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (AMNH-VP 111963, M1 (cast of MNRJ specimen); cast of MNRJ 1470V, M2 (holotype; mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1472V, M3 (mirrored). M, M1–M3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of DGM 304M, M1; cast of DGM 310M, M2–M3). N, P4–M3 ofAnisolambda sp. (MLP 59-II-28-68, P4-P5 (mirrored); MLP 59-II-24-453, M1; MNHN.F.CAS 486, M2 (mirrored); MNHN.F.CAS488, M3 (mirrored). O, P5? of Wainka tshotshe (holotype; AMNH VP-28505 (mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. Taxa with two prehypocristae are numbered from buccal (phyc1) to lingual (phyc2). When there are two cristae originating from the same cusp, they are numbered. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 4L</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEA0D13C545FDD78B51FDBA" box="[583,611,513,539]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[190,1383,148,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[187,1386,145,1751]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Right lower molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, p1–p4 of Polymorphis lechei [holotype; MLP 12-2168 (mirrored)]. B, p1–m3 of Cramauchenia normalis [MNHN.F.COL181 (mirrored)]. C, m3 of Cramauchenia normalis (AMNH-VP 29753). D, p1–m3 of Theosodon lydekkeri [MACN A 24-90 (mirrored)]. E, m2–m3 of Proectocion sp. (MLP 59-II-28-107). F, p5–m3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus (MACN A 52-203, p5–m2 (holotype); cast of FMNH P14696, m3). G, p2–m3 of Proadiantus excavatus (MACN A 52-214). H, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A-52-199, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m2; MNHN.F.DES159, m3). I, p1–m3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MACN A 9180-82, p2–m3; YPM PU 15799, p1). J, m1–m3 of Anisolambda fissidens (MACN A 10668; holotype).K, m2–m3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of MNRJ 1496V, m2 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1859V, m3 (mirrored). L, m2 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (MNRJ 1482V). M, p1–m3 of Sparnotheriodon epsilonoides (MACN 18225; holotype). N, O, m3 of Wainka tshotshe? [AMNH VP-29101 (mirrored)]. Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled.More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations:end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; mlph, mesolophid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid.Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5L</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFEA0D11C783FDF18B0BFC57" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEA0D13C783FDF188E9FB70" blockId="12.[127,780,513,1641]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C783FDF18851FD9E" box="[129,355,551,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
currently has five accepted genera, all with a fossil record exclusively in the Palaeogene (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEA0D13C54DFD918BBAFDFE" box="[591,648,583,607]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting information,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEA0D13C609FDB0885BFDDF" box="[267,361,614,638]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C6FBFDB08BE9FDDF" box="[505,731,614,638]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was initially proposed by Soria (1980a) to include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C56AFD5388AAFD1C" authority="Soria, 1980 a" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1980" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Sparnotheriodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="epsilonoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C56AFD5389C6FD1C" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sparnotheriodon epsilonoides</emphasis>
|
||
Soria, 1980a
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cañadón Vaca Member, Sarmiento Formation,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEA0D13C683FD1288DBFD7D" box="[385,489,708,732]" name="Argentina" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which was classified as
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C783FD328836FD5A" box="[129,260,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
within the order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C6CBFD358B68FD5A" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[457,602,739,763]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notoungulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The family was later removed from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C658FCD588DAFCBA" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[346,488,771,795]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notoungulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
and incorporated into the order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C7BDFCF4881CFC9B" box="[191,302,802,826]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being expanded by Soria (1980b) adding the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C7D2FC978850FCF8" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[208,354,833,857]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C7D2FC978850FCF8" box="[208,354,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C6A3FC978A36FCF8" authority="Simpson et al. 1962" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1962" box="[417,772,833,857]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Phoradiadus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C6A3FC978B2FFCF8" box="[417,541,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phoradiadus</emphasis>
|
||
Simpson
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C58DFC948BF6FCF8" box="[655,708,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1962
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C783FCB78821FCD8" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[129,275,865,889]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C783FCB78821FCD8" box="[129,275,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was previously considered an early macraucheniid (Simpson 1945, 1948), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C6B0FC568B1CFC39" box="[434,558,896,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Phoradiadus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C6B0FC568B1CFC39" box="[434,558,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phoradiadus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was previously considered with doubts as a proterotheriid (Simpson
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C58EFC768B8CFC16" box="[652,702,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1962). Soria’s (1980b) proposal was based on shared similarities in the upper and lower molars, such as the presence of a lophoid metaconule and a closed trigon basin in M2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C56AFC2B8BD6FBB4" box="[616,740,1021,1045]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Phoradiadus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C56AFC2B8BD6FBB4" box="[616,740,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phoradiadus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes one species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C65AFBCB8B7EFB94" authorityName="Simpson, Minoprio y Patterson" authorityYear="1962" box="[344,588,1053,1077]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Phoradiadus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divortiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C65AFBCB8B7EFB94" box="[344,588,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phoradiadus divortiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from Divisadero Largo Formation,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D4C8C1FFEA0D13C638FBEA88AEFBF5" box="[314,412,1084,1108]" country="Argentina" name="Mendoza" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mendoza</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEA0D13C6A7FBEA8B38FBF5" box="[421,522,1084,1108]" name="Argentina" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(age uncertain;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C5B2FBEA89D5FBD2" author="Cerdeno" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Cerdeno" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="574 - 7" refId="ref40752" refString="Cerdeno E, Lopez GM, Reguero MA. Biostratigraphic considerations of the Divisaderan faunal assemblage. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2008; 28: 574 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2008) 28 (574: bcotdf) 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Cerdeño
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C783FB8A899AFBD2" box="[129,168,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C7F3FB8D8858FBD2" author="Lopez" box="[241,362,1115,1139]" firstAuthor="Lopez" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="410 - 20" refId="ref44025" refString="Lopez GM. Dividaderan: Land Mammal Age or local fauna? In: Madden RH, Carlini AA, Vucetich MG, Kay RF (eds), The paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 410 - 20." type="book chapter" year="2010">López 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Woodburne
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C6F6FB8A8B2EFBD2" box="[500,540,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014a). An interesting feature of the teeth of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C680FBAD8B56FB32" box="[386,612,1147,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is that they possess vertical Hunter–Schreger bands, a feature unknown in any other litoptern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C624FB6F88F8FB70" author="Bond" box="[294,458,1209,1233]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="163 - 76" refId="ref40344" refString="Bond M, Reguero MA, Vizcaino SF et al. A new ' South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2006; 258: 163 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. sp. 2006.258.01.12" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Bond
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C661FB6C88A0FB70" box="[355,402,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEA0D13C79EFB0F8D68FE22" blockId="12.[127,780,513,1641]" lastBlockId="12.[824,1478,144,1641]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Simpson (1948) tentatively accepted three Patagonian species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C64CFB2E88D2FAB1" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[334,480,1272,1296]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C64CFB2E88D2FAB1" box="[334,480,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C6F7FB2E881DFA8E" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labyrinthica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C6F7FB2E8A3BFAB1" box="[501,777,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea labyrinthica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C783FAC1881DFA8E" author="Ameghino" box="[129,303,1303,1327]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C63DFAC18A36FA8E" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[319,772,1303,1327]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C63DFAC18B79FA8E" box="[319,587,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea emarginata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C557FAC18A36FA8E" author="Ameghino" box="[597,772,1303,1327]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C7AFFAE18B62FAEE" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[173,592,1335,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C7AFFAE188ADFAEE" box="[173,415,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea longidens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C6A7FAE18B62FAEE" author="Ameghino" box="[421,592,1335,1359]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as they were represented only by isolated teeth, the first two being represented by upper teeth, and the last by lower teeth. This means that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C783FA4389C5FA0C" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[129,247,1429,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C783FA4389C5FA0C" box="[129,247,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. longidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could correspond to teeth from the lower dentition of either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C611FA638891FA6D" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[275,419,1460,1484]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labyrinthica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C611FA638891FA6D" box="[275,419,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. labyrinthica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C6C8FA638B66FA6D" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[458,596,1461,1484]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C6C8FA638B66FA6D" box="[458,596,1461,1484]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. emarginata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in particular the mandibular fragment with m1–m2 of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54ABB881FFEA0D13C54BFA058B97FA4A" box="[585,677,1491,1515]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(MACN A-10670), as the allegedly associated premolars of this specimen seem to correspond to an isotemnid notoungulate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C5D3F9C489D9F9E8" author="Bond" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="163 - 76" refId="ref40344" refString="Bond M, Reguero MA, Vizcaino SF et al. A new ' South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2006; 258: 163 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. sp. 2006.258.01.12" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Bond
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C783F9E48983F9E8" box="[129,177,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<location id="8ECF50F8FFEA0D13C600F9E4882AF9E8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B9B735FFE00D17C4BFFC858DC3FD9E:8ECF50F8FFEA0D13C600F9E4882AF9E8" box="[258,280,1586,1609]" country="Brazil" county="Itaborai" municipality="In" name="In" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">In</location>
|
||
the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C688F9E78BD5F9E8" authority=", Bond et al. (2006)" authorityName="Bond" authorityYear="2006" box="[394,743,1585,1609]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C688F9E78B28F9E8" box="[394,538,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C525F9E78BD5F9E8" author="Bond" box="[551,743,1585,1609]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="163 - 76" refId="ref40344" refString="Bond M, Reguero MA, Vizcaino SF et al. A new ' South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2006; 258: 163 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. sp. 2006.258.01.12" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Bond
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C564F9E48BA4F9E8" box="[614,662,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C607F98788A4F9C8" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[261,406,1617,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labyrinthica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C607F98788A4F9C8" box="[261,406,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. labyrinthica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their list of formally recognized sparnotheriodontid species, and more recently some authors have mentioned only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C311FF668D92FF66" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1043,1184,175,199]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labyrinthica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C311FF668D92FF66" box="[1043,1184,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. labyrinthica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the
|
||
<location id="8ECF50F8FFEA0D13C3EFFF798C67FF66" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B9B735FFE00D17C4BFFC858DC3FD9E:8ECF50F8FFEA0D13C3EFFF798C67FF66" box="[1261,1365,175,199]" country="Brazil" county="Itaborai" municipality="In" name="Riochican" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Riochican</location>
|
||
and
|
||
<location id="8ECF50F8FFEA0D13C287FF668A98FF46" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B9B735FFE00D17C4BFFC858DC3FD9E:8ECF50F8FFEA0D13C287FF668A98FF46" country="Brazil" county="Itaborai" municipality="In" name="Vacan Patagonian" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vacan Patagonian</location>
|
||
faunas, omitting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C35CFF198DD4FF47" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1118,1254,207,230]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emarginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C35CFF198DD4FF47" box="[1118,1254,207,230]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. emarginata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C21AFF198CB9FF46" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1304,1419,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C21AFF198CB9FF46" box="[1304,1419,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. longidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., Reguero
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C497FF398AF6FEA7" box="[917,964,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014, Gelfo 2016,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C381FF388C1AFEA7" author="Gelfo" box="[1155,1320,238,262]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="274 - 92" refId="ref42638" refString="Gelfo JN, Goin FJ, Bauza N et al. The fossil record of Antarctic land mammals: commented review and hypotheses for future research. Advances in Polar Science 2019; 30: 274 - 92." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Gelfo
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C3C0FF398DC2FEA7" box="[1218,1264,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which can be interpreted as implicitly synonymizing them with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C232FED88C8EFE84" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1328,1468,269,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labyrinthica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C232FED88C8EFE84" box="[1328,1468,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. labyrinthica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BCB9C59FFEA0D13C43BFEFB8A7DFEE5" box="[825,847,301,324]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">In</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
addition, there is one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C346FEFB8C1AFEE4" box="[1092,1320,301,325]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C346FEFB8DE4FEE4" box="[1092,1238,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62CE7EAFFFEA0D13C26EFEFB8C8CFEE4" box="[1388,1470,301,325]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Itaboraí</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEA0D13C43BFE9A8A44FEC5" box="[825,886,332,356]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C47DFE9A8C76FEC5" authority="Paula Couto, 1952" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[895,1348,332,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C47DFE9A8DB6FEC5" box="[895,1156,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Victorlemoinea prototypica</emphasis>
|
||
Paula Couto, 1952
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also known mostly from dental material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEA0D13C457FE5D8D43FC57" blockId="12.[824,1478,144,1641]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Cifelli (1983b) indirectly assigned some tarsals (i.e., calcaneum and astragalus) to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C342FE7D8DF8FE63" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[1088,1226,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C342FE7D8DF8FE63" box="[1088,1226,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. prototypica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on their relative size and abundance. These tarsals were large and scarce, so considering linear regressions with the dentition (m2 area), he argued it could only correspond to either the sparnotheriodontid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C438FDFE8AE3FD9E" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[826,977,552,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C438FDFE8AE3FD9E" box="[826,977,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. prototypica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or the didolodontid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C3E1FDFE8C8FFD9E" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[1251,1469,551,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Lamegoia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conodonta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C3E1FDFE8C8FFD9E" box="[1251,1469,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lamegoia conodonta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Considering the similarities of the tarsals assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C2ADFD918A9AFDDF" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C2ADFD918A9AFDDF" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. prototypica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and others indirectly assigned to didolodontids, such as presenting a medial malleolar facet of the astragalus extending onto the neck and the presence of a dorsal beak on the distal end of the calcaneum,Cifelli (1983a) grouped
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C3E2FD128CF0FD7D" box="[1248,1474,708,732]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C466FD358D3AFD5A" box="[868,1032,739,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
under the superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C3F7FD358C94FD5A" box="[1269,1446,739,763]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Didolodontoidea">Didolodontoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C4A2FCD58D19FCBA" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1881" box="[928,1067,771,795]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Condylarthra</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEA0D13C33EFCD58DBAFCBA" box="[1084,1160,771,795]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). This hypothesis found some phylogenetic support (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C328FCF48D94FC9B" author="Cifelli" box="[1066,1190,802,826]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C3B7FCF48C61FC9B" author="Bergqvist" box="[1205,1363,802,826]" firstAuthor="Bergqvist" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref39790" refString="Bergqvist LP. Reasociacao de pos-cranio as especies de ungulados da Bacia de S. J. Itaborai (Paleoceno), Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e Filogenia dos ' Condylarthra', e ungulados Sul-Americanos com base no poscranio. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1996." type="book" year="1996">Bergqvist 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFEA0D13C266FCF48C83FC9B" box="[1380,1457,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
), and has been followed by some authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C215FC978C83FCF8" author="Bergqvist" box="[1303,1457,833,857]" firstAuthor="Bergqvist" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="107 - 33" refId="ref39850" refString="Bergqvist LP. Postcranial skeleton of the Upper Paleocene of Itaborai Basin, Brazil. In: Sargis EJ, Dagosto M, (eds), Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederik S. Szalay. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 2008, 107 - 33." type="book chapter" year="2008">Bergqvist 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, other authors have questioned the indirect anatomical assignment of these tarsals to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C364FC578DDFFC39" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[1126,1261,897,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C364FC578DDFFC39" box="[1126,1261,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">V. prototypica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C22AFC568A98FC16" author="Hoffstetter and Soria" firstAuthor="Hoffstetter" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1619 - 22" refId="ref43229" refString="Hoffstetter R, Soria MF. Neolodus colombianus gen. et sp. nov., un noveau Condylarthre (Mammalia) dans le Miocene de Colombie. Comptes Rendus de la Academie de Sciences, Paris 1986; 303: 1619 - 22." type="journal article" year="1986">Hoffstetter and Soria 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Soria 2001,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C337FC768DF0FC16" author="Lorente" box="[1077,1218,927,951]" firstAuthor="Lorente" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref44083" refString="Lorente M. Desarrollo de Modelos de Asociacion y Clasificaciones de Restos Postcraneanos Aislados de Ungulados Nativos del Paleoceno- Eoceno de America del Sur. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina, 2015." type="book" year="2015">Lorente 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and even suggested an affinity of these tarsals with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C35AFC698C43FC76" authority="(Soria 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1112,1393,959,983]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notoungulata (Soria 2001)</taxonomicName>
|
||
or with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C438FC088D5EFC57" authority="(Lorente 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Lorente" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[826,1132,990,1014]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrapotheria" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">
|
||
Astrapotheria (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C4D4FC088D52FC57" author="Lorente" box="[982,1120,990,1014]" firstAuthor="Lorente" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref44083" refString="Lorente M. Desarrollo de Modelos de Asociacion y Clasificaciones de Restos Postcraneanos Aislados de Ungulados Nativos del Paleoceno- Eoceno de America del Sur. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina, 2015." type="book" year="2015">Lorente 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEA0D13C457FC288CA6FACC" blockId="12.[824,1478,144,1641]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Among the different litoptern families, Soria (2001) considered that sparnotheriodontids were more closely related to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C479FBEA8D10FBF5" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[891,1058,1084,1108]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to overall dental similarities between both families, and also considering an isolated M1 (MNRJ
|
||
<date id="FFAE20E3FFEA0D13C287FB8D8A7CFB32" bridgedPair="-" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1479-05">1479- V</date>
|
||
) from Itaboraí showing an intermediate anatomy between sparnotheriodontids and anisolambdids. Therefore, he created the suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C4C0FB6F8D70FB70" box="[962,1090,1209,1233]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Eolitopterna">Eolitopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||
to include both families (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFEA0D13C248FB6F8CA4FB70" box="[1354,1430,1209,1233]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). In addition, Soria (2001) tentatively added
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C3CFFB0F8A9CFAB1" authority="Roth, 1899" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Heteroglyphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dewoletzky">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C3CFFB0F8CF2FB50" box="[1229,1472,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Heteroglyphis dewoletzky</emphasis>
|
||
Roth, 1899
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C4D3FB2E8D81FAB1" box="[977,1203,1272,1296]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
without any detailed anatomical justification; this species is known from a broken upper molar probably from Cerro del Humo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEA0D13C3BDFAE18C15FAEE" box="[1215,1319,1335,1359]" name="Argentina" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
. This taxon was previously referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C31AFA808DF2FACF" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1048,1216,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Simpson (1948).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEA0D13C457FAA08CF0F9C8" blockId="12.[824,1478,144,1641]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
More recently, one genus and two new species from the Eocene La Meseta and Submeseta formations,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFEA0D13C21FFA438CBBFA0C" box="[1309,1417,1429,1453]" name="Antarctica" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, have been added to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C369FA628C7DFA6D" box="[1131,1359,1460,1484]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C25DFA628DB3FA4A" authority="Bond et al. 2006" authorityName="Bond" authorityYear="2006" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Notiolofos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arquinotiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C25DFA628A8DFA4A" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Notiolofos arquinotiensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C4C9FA058DB3FA4A" author="Bond" box="[971,1153,1491,1515]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="163 - 76" refId="ref40344" refString="Bond M, Reguero MA, Vizcaino SF et al. A new ' South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2006; 258: 163 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. sp. 2006.258.01.12" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Bond
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C30CFA028D71FA4A" box="[1038,1091,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C3BFFA058D7EF9AA" authority="Gelfo, Lopez & Santillana, 2017" authorityName="Gelfo, Lopez & Santillana" authorityYear="2017" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Notiolofos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regueroi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C3BFFA058C4AFA4A" box="[1213,1400,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Notiolofos regueroi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C286FA058D7EF9AA" author="Gelfo, Lopez & Santillana" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="445 - 55" refId="ref42591" refString="Gelfo JN, Lopez GM, Santillana SN. Eocene ungulate mammals from West Antarctica: implications from their fossil record and a new species. Antarctic Science 2017; 29: 445 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0954102017000244" type="journal article" year="2017">Gelfo, López & Santillana, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They are differentiated mainly by their size and represented by isolated teeth (the latter species only by a m3;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFEA0D13C4CCF9E78D44F9E8" author="Gelfo" box="[974,1142,1585,1609]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="274 - 92" refId="ref42638" refString="Gelfo JN, Goin FJ, Bauza N et al. The fossil record of Antarctic land mammals: commented review and hypotheses for future research. Advances in Polar Science 2019; 30: 274 - 92." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Gelfo
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C30FF9E48D0FF9E8" box="[1037,1085,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C38FF9E78C4EF9E8" box="[1165,1404,1585,1609]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Notiolofos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arquinotiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C38FF9E78C4EF9E8" box="[1165,1404,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Notiolofos arquinotiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is particularly interesting as it is the most abundant land mammal in
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEA0D13C780F9098CA0F8C6" blockId="12.[129,1473,1759,1979]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
304M, M1; cast of DGM 310M, M2–M3). N, P4–M3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C598F9098A03F956" box="[666,817,1759,1783]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C598F9098A20F956" box="[666,786,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MLP 59-II-28-68, P4-P5 (mirrored); MLP 59-II-24-453, M1; MNHN.F.CAS 486, M2 (mirrored); MNHN.F.CAS488, M3 (mirrored). O, P5? of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEA0D13C48CF92D8D13F8B2" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1935" box="[910,1057,1787,1811]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Wainka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshotshe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEA0D13C48CF92D8D13F8B2" box="[910,1057,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Wainka tshotshe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="54ABB881FFEA0D13C32FF92D8DBBF8B2" box="[1069,1161,1787,1811]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
; AMNH VP-28505 (mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. Taxa with two prehypocristae are numbered from buccal (phyc1) to lingual (phyc2). When there are two cristae originating from the same cusp, they are numbered. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEA0D13C783F8BD8A36F81A" blockId="12.[129,1473,1759,1979]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Scale bars equal
|
||
<quantity id="4CE8ABC6FFEA0D13C5D2F8758A32F81A" box="[720,768,1955,1979]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6F56ABFFEB0D11C773F92588DFF81B" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[113,178,1779,1803]" targetBox="[190,1383,148,1748]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEB0D12C773F9258CA0F8AA" blockId="13.[113,1456,1779,1971]" box="[113,1426,1779,1803]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C773F92589FBF8AA" bold="true" box="[113,201,1779,1803]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Right lower molars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C69CF9258B31F8AA" box="[414,515,1779,1803]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||
in occlusal view. A, p1–p4 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C41BF9258A8DF8AA" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[793,959,1779,1803]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lechei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C41BF9258A8DF8AA" box="[793,959,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Polymorphis lechei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[holotype; MLP 12-2168 (mirrored)]. B, p1–m3
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFEB0D12C773F8D98CA7F812" blockId="13.[113,1456,1779,1971]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C78BF8D98853F886" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1902" box="[137,353,1807,1831]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Cramauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="normalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C78BF8D98853F886" box="[137,353,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Cramauchenia normalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[MNHN.F.COL181 (mirrored)]. C, m3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C5FCF8D98AE4F886" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1902" box="[766,982,1807,1831]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Cramauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="normalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C5FCF8D98AE4F886" box="[766,982,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Cramauchenia normalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH-VP 29753). D, p1–m3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C221F8D989F0F8E2" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Theosodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lydekkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C221F8D989F0F8E2" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Theosodon lydekkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[MACN A 24-90 (mirrored)]. E, m2–m3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C568F8FA8BC2F8E2" box="[618,752,1836,1859]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proectocion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C568F8FA8BE3F8E2" box="[618,721,1836,1859]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Proectocion</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MLP 59-II-28-107). F, p5–m3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C33BF8FD8C27F8E2" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[1081,1301,1835,1859]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Tricoelodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspidatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C33BF8FD8C27F8E2" box="[1081,1301,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Tricoelodus bicuspidatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MACN A 52-203, p5–m2 (holotype); cast of FMNH P14696, m3). G, p2–m3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C412F8918AE8F8FE" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[784,986,1863,1887]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Proadiantus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="excavatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C412F8918AE8F8FE" box="[784,986,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Proadiantus excavatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MACN A 52-214). H, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C78BF8B58877F8DA" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[137,325,1891,1915]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Lambdaconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C78BF8B58877F8DA" box="[137,325,1891,1915]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Lambdaconus suinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MACN A-52-199, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m2; MNHN.F.DES159, m3). I, p1–m3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C364F8B58C79F8DA" baseAuthorityName="Ameghino" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1126,1355,1891,1915]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Diadiaphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="majusculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C364F8B58C79F8DA" box="[1126,1355,1891,1915]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diadiaphorus majusculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MACN A 9180-82, p2–m3; YPM PU 15799, p1). J, m1–m3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C574F8A98A09F836" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[630,827,1919,1943]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fissidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C574F8A98A09F836" box="[630,827,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Anisolambda fissidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MACN A 10668; holotype). K, m2–m3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C3DDF8A989E0F812" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Paranisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prodromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C3DDF8A989E0F812" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Paranisolambda prodromus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(cast of MNRJ 1496V, m2 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1859V, m3 (mirrored). L, m2 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFEB0D12C4FFF84D8DC3F812" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[1021,1265,1947,1971]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFEB0D12C4FFF84D8DC3F812" box="[1021,1265,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Victorlemoinea prototypica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MNRJ 1482V).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C783FF4688D9FD9E" blockId="14.[128,779,144,1014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
the Palaeogene of the La Meseta and Submeseta formations, presenting a continuous fossil record of at least 10 Mya [44–34 Mya (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C7BDFF1988B1FF46" author="Douglas" box="[191,387,207,231]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Douglas" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="6582 - 7" refId="ref41674" refString="Douglas PMJ, Affek HP, Ivany LC et al. Pronounced zonal heterogeneity in Eocene southern high-latitude sea surface temperatures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2014; 111: 6582 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1321441111" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Douglas
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C618FF198878FF46" box="[282,330,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C68DFF198B5BFF46" author="Amenabar" box="[399,617,207,231]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Amenabar" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="351 - 66" refId="ref39524" refString="Amenabar CR, Montes M, Nozal F et al. Dinoflagellate cysts of the La Meseta Formation (Middle to Late Eocene), Antarctic Peninsula: implications for biostratigraphy, palaeoceanography and palaeoenvironment. Geological Magazine 2020; 157: 351 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756819000591" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Amenábar
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C502FF198B02FF46" box="[512,560,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but see Gelfo (2016) for a different age interpretation], which has been interpreted as a case of morphological stasis (Gelfo 2016). The presence of the sparnotheriodontid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C6D6FEFB8B05FEE4" box="[468,567,301,325]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Notiolofos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C6D6FEFB8B05FEE4" box="[468,567,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Notiolofos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C55FFEFB8BF5FEE4" box="[605,711,301,325]" name="Antarctica" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
raises important biogeographic questions, as no other litoptern lineage seems to have crossed to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C6C7FEBD8B03FE22" box="[453,561,363,387]" name="Antarctica" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and among SANUs excluding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C7EEFE5D887DFE02" box="[236,335,395,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Notiolofos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C7EEFE5D887DFE02" box="[236,335,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Notiolofos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, only the astrapothere
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C544FE5D8876FE63" authority="(Bond et al. 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Bond" baseAuthorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" genus="Antarctodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrapotheria" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sobrali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C544FE5D8A3BFE02" box="[582,777,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Antarctodon sobrali</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C789FE7C880BFE63" author="Bond" box="[139,313,426,450]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bond" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref40245" refString="Bond M, Kramarz A, Macphee RD, Reguero M. A new astrapothere (Mammalia, Meridiungulata) from La Meseta Formation, Seymour (Marambio) Island, and a reassessment of previous records of Antarctic astrapotheres. American Museum Novitates, 2011 (3718), 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Bond
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C7CEFE7D89CCFE63" box="[204,254,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found thus far on this continent. However, as the preservation of mammals is allochthonous in the marine sediments of La Meseta and Submeseta formations a sampling issue cannot be disregarded for explaining the absence of other SANUs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C636FDF188E8FD9E" author="Gelfo" box="[308,474,551,575]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="274 - 92" refId="ref42638" refString="Gelfo JN, Goin FJ, Bauza N et al. The fossil record of Antarctic land mammals: commented review and hypotheses for future research. Advances in Polar Science 2019; 30: 274 - 92." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Gelfo
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C671FDFE88A9FD9E" box="[371,411,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C79EFD91880BFCF8" blockId="14.[128,779,144,1014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Apart from early phylogenetic studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C525FD918BACFDFE" author="Cifelli" box="[551,670,583,607]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C5AAFD918987FDDF" author="Bergqvist" firstAuthor="Bergqvist" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref39790" refString="Bergqvist LP. Reasociacao de pos-cranio as especies de ungulados da Bacia de S. J. Itaborai (Paleoceno), Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e Filogenia dos ' Condylarthra', e ungulados Sul-Americanos com base no poscranio. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1996." type="book" year="1996">Bergqvist 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C7C1FDB088C7FDDF" author="Bonaparte and Morales" box="[195,501,614,638]" firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref40092" refString="Bonaparte JF, Morales J. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geologicos 1997; 53: 263 - 74." type="journal article" year="1997">Bonaparte and Morales 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE80D11C507FDB08B46FDDF" box="[517,628,614,638]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
), most recent phylogenetic studies have included one sparnotheriodontid species among a wide sample of different SANUs (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C5D2FD7389C3FD7D" author="Gelfo" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="329 - 35" refId="ref42504" refString="Gelfo JN, Lopez GM, Bond M. A new Xenungulata (Mammalia) from the Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Paleontology 2008; 82: 329 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 06 - 099.1" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Gelfo
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C783FD138986FD7D" box="[129,180,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C601FD128860FD7D" box="[259,338,708,732]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
), instead of testing their interfamilial relationships. In terms of the phylogenetic relationships within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C783FCD58857FCBA" box="[129,357,771,795]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there is currently only one phylogenetic study that used a small taxon and character sample (Reguero
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C5FAFCF589ABFCF8" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C7DCFC97881AFCF8" box="[222,296,833,857]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C79EFCB78B0BFC57" blockId="14.[128,779,144,1014]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The earliest accepted member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C509FCB78BDFFCD8" box="[523,749,865,889]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is probably the Early Eocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C68CFC578B26FC39" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[398,532,897,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C68CFC578B26FC39" box="[398,532,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">V. prototypica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with records in Itaboraí,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C782FC49898FFC16" box="[128,189,927,951]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the last could be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C6ACFC498B23FC16" box="[430,529,927,951]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Notiolofos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C6ACFC498B23FC16" box="[430,529,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Notiolofos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C551FC498B8DFC16" box="[595,703,927,951]" name="Antarctica" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, giving a temporal interval of 56.0–34.0 Mya to this family (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE80D11C5B4FC698A33FC76" box="[694,769,959,983]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting information,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C67DFC0888E5FC57" box="[383,471,990,1014]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
, File S2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C605FBC38BB1FB91" box="[263,643,1045,1072]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFE80D11C605FBC38892FB8E" box="[263,416,1045,1071]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C605FBC38892FB8E" blockId="14.[129,779,1045,1766]" box="[263,416,1045,1071]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C605FBC38892FB8E" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[263,416,1045,1071]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFE80D11C6A6FBC08BB1FB91" box="[420,643,1046,1072]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C6A6FBC08BB1FB91" blockId="14.[129,779,1045,1766]" box="[420,643,1046,1072]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE80D11C6ACFBC08B2CFB91" box="[430,542,1046,1072]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1770,1794]" captionTargetBox="[194,1378,147,1740]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[191,1381,144,1743]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. Right upper molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, M3 of Polymorphis ligatus (holotype, MLP 12-2169). B, M3 of Polymorphis? (AMNH-VP 29481). C, M2? of Polyacrodon lanciformis Roth, 1899 [MLP 12-2170 (mirrored)]. D, P1–M3 of Cramauchenia normalis (MLP 85-VII-3-38a). E, P1–M3 of Theosodon garretorum (FMNH P 13175). F, P5–M3 of Proectocion precisus (holotype; MACN A 10679). G, P2– M3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus [cast of MLP 61-IV-11-65 (P2–P4 mirrored)]. H, M3 of Proectocion argentinus (holotype; MACN A 10673). I, M1 of Lambdaconus suinus [MNHN.F.DES162 (mirrored)]. J, P1–M3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MLP 12-304). K, P4–M3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A 52-198; P4 was mirrored). L, M1–M3 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (AMNH-VP 111963, M1 (cast of MNRJ specimen); cast of MNRJ 1470V, M2 (holotype; mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1472V, M3 (mirrored). M, M1–M3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of DGM 304M, M1; cast of DGM 310M, M2–M3). N, P4–M3 ofAnisolambda sp. (MLP 59-II-28-68, P4-P5 (mirrored); MLP 59-II-24-453, M1; MNHN.F.CAS 486, M2 (mirrored); MNHN.F.CAS488, M3 (mirrored). O, P5? of Wainka tshotshe (holotype; AMNH VP-28505 (mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. Taxa with two prehypocristae are numbered from buccal (phyc1) to lingual (phyc2). When there are two cristae originating from the same cusp, they are numbered. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs 4M–O</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE80D11C525FBC08B4BFB8E" box="[551,633,1046,1072]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[113,178,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[190,1383,148,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-6@13.[187,1386,145,1751]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Right lower molars of Litopterna in occlusal view.A, p1–p4 of Polymorphis lechei [holotype; MLP 12-2168 (mirrored)]. B, p1–m3 of Cramauchenia normalis [MNHN.F.COL181 (mirrored)]. C, m3 of Cramauchenia normalis (AMNH-VP 29753). D, p1–m3 of Theosodon lydekkeri [MACN A 24-90 (mirrored)]. E, m2–m3 of Proectocion sp. (MLP 59-II-28-107). F, p5–m3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus (MACN A 52-203, p5–m2 (holotype); cast of FMNH P14696, m3). G, p2–m3 of Proadiantus excavatus (MACN A 52-214). H, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A-52-199, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m2; MNHN.F.DES159, m3). I, p1–m3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MACN A 9180-82, p2–m3; YPM PU 15799, p1). J, m1–m3 of Anisolambda fissidens (MACN A 10668; holotype).K, m2–m3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of MNRJ 1496V, m2 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1859V, m3 (mirrored). L, m2 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (MNRJ 1482V). M, p1–m3 of Sparnotheriodon epsilonoides (MACN 18225; holotype). N, O, m3 of Wainka tshotshe? [AMNH VP-29101 (mirrored)]. Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled.More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations:end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; mlph, mesolophid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid.Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5J–K, N</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFE80D11C783FBEA8ACFF947" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C783FBEA8DCFFDFE" blockId="14.[129,779,1045,1766]" lastBlockId="14.[825,1475,144,1766]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C783FBEA881CFBF5" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[129,302,1084,1108]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently represented by eight genera with mostly a Palaeogene distribution (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE80D11C53CFB8D8B4CFBD2" box="[574,638,1115,1139]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting information,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C614FBAD884FFB32" box="[278,381,1147,1171]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C524FBAD8BE1FB32" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[550,723,1147,1171]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was proposed by Soria (2001), who elevated the rank of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C7F4FB6F8897FB70" box="[246,421,1209,1233]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anisolambdinae">Anisolambdinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This subfamily was previously proposed by Cifelli (1983a) to group what he considered early members of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C6C4FB2E8B47FAB1" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[454,629,1272,1296]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with records in the Early Eocene such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C6C7FAC18B78FA8E" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[453,586,1303,1327]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C6C7FAC18B78FA8E" box="[453,586,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, distinctive from proterotheriids with more derived features (subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C783FA808801FACF" box="[129,307,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proterotheriinae">Proterotheriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C641FA8088A4FACF" box="[323,406,1366,1390]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C6B6FA808B53FACF" box="[436,609,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anisolambdinae">Anisolambdinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
stands out for the presence of a strong paralophid ending in a large and distinct paraconid.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C62CFA4388E9FA0C" box="[302,475,1429,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anisolambdinae">Anisolambdinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(currently
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C550FA438A30FA0C" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[594,770,1429,1453]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C7BAFA628855FA6D" box="[184,359,1460,1484]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proterotheriinae">Proterotheriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(currently
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C6F2FA628B90FA6D" baseAuthorityName="Odreman Rivas" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[496,674,1460,1484]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) share a molarized penultimate premolar or P4 (P
|
||
<quantity id="4CE8ABC6FFE80D11C537FA058B6FFA4A" box="[565,605,1491,1515]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
Cifelli (1983a); see Material and methods section for tooth position criteria) with a well-developed metacone and mesostyle present, among other features. To a certain extent, Cifelli’s (1983a) proposal was similar to previous arrangements (Simpson 1945, 1948). However, Simpson (1945, 1948) included anisolambdids in the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C545F9598BDEF906" box="[583,748,1679,1703]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Polymorphinae">Polymorphinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a subfamily that also included the Late Eocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C570F9798BC2F966" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[626,752,1711,1735]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Polymorphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C570F9798BC2F966" box="[626,752,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Polymorphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a taxon later included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C674F9188B1EF947" box="[374,556,1742,1766]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cifelli 1983a, Soria 2001). In addition, Cifelli (1983a) renamed an anisolambdid from the Early Eocene of Itaboraí,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C3B4FF798DC7FF66" box="[1206,1269,175,199]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C21CFF798D0FFF46" authority="Cifelli 1983 a" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Paranisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prodromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C21CFF798A97FF46" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paranisolambda prodromus</emphasis>
|
||
Cifelli 1983a
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(previously known as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C23FFF198D47FEA7" authority="Paula Couto, 1952" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prodromus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C23FFF198A97FEA7" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anisolambda prodromus</emphasis>
|
||
Paula Couto, 1952
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), based on some dental differences with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C4B6FEDB8D0BFE84" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[948,1081,269,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C4B6FEDB8D0BFE84" box="[948,1081,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as the absence of a postcristid in m3. Based on previous observations (Simpson 1948, Paula Couto 1952) and comparisons with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C3CFFE9A8AA2FE22" authority=", Cifelli (1983 a)" authorityName=", Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Paranisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C3CFFE9A8C43FEC5" box="[1229,1393,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paranisolambda</emphasis>
|
||
, Cifelli (1983a)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
synonymized the anisolambdids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C20AFEBD8CBDFE22" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1288,1423,363,387]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Josepholeidya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C20AFEBD8CBDFE22" box="[1288,1423,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Josepholeidya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C43BFE5D8ADDFE02" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[825,1007,395,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Ricardolydekkeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C43BFE5D8ADDFE02" box="[825,1007,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ricardolydekkeria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, taxa based on isolated upper teeth, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C43BFE7C8A8CFE63" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[825,958,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C43BFE7C8A8CFE63" box="[825,958,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was based only on lower dentition. In addition, Cifelli (1983a) included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C3CDFE1F8C4CFE40" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1935" box="[1231,1406,457,481]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Wainka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshotshe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C3CDFE1F8C4CFE40" box="[1231,1406,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Wainka tshotshe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cerro Redondo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C4EFFE3F8D6AFDA0" box="[1005,1112,489,513]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C214FE3F8CF0FDA0" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[1302,1474,489,513]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anisolambdidae">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on an m3 with an overall structure very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C43BFDF18A8CFD9E" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[825,958,551,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C43BFDF18A8CFD9E" box="[825,958,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C4CFFDF18D46FD9E" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1935" box="[973,1140,551,575]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Wainka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshotshe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C4CFFDF18D46FD9E" box="[973,1140,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Wainka tshotshe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was previously assigned tentatively to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C496FD918DCAFDFE" authority="(Simpson 1948)" baseAuthorityName="Simpson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[916,1272,583,607]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae (Simpson 1948)</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C457FDB08AA9FB13" blockId="14.[825,1475,144,1766]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Apart from elevating the rank of this subfamily to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C439FD538D5DFD3C" authority=", Soria (2001)" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[827,1135,645,669]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae, Soria (2001)</taxonomicName>
|
||
mostly followed Cifelli’s (1983a) interpretations. However, Soria (2001) removed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C25FFD738CF0FD1C" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1899" box="[1373,1474,677,701]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Xesmodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C25FFD738CF0FD1C" box="[1373,1474,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Xesmodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C46BFD128ADCFD7D" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1899" box="[873,1006,708,732]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Heteroglyphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C46BFD128ADCFD7D" box="[873,1006,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Heteroglyphis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the family, tentatively placing them in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C43BFD358AEFFD5A" box="[825,989,739,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C30FFD358DC3FD5A" box="[1037,1265,739,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively, as they showed important differences in their dentition compared to other anisolambdids. He also added
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C3B1FCF48CF0FC9B" authority="Soria, 2001" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[1203,1474,802,826]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Lambdaconops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C3B1FCF48C75FC9B" box="[1203,1351,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Lambdaconops</emphasis>
|
||
Soria, 2001
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C456FC978AC9FCF8" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[852,1019,833,857]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to close dental similarities with the Late Oligocene (Deseadan SALMA) anisolambdid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C23CFCB78D70FC39" authority="Ameghino, 1897" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Protheosodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coniferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C23CFCB78ABDFC39" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Protheosodon coniferus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C494FC568D70FC39" author="Ameghino" box="[918,1090,896,920]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="406 - 521" refId="ref39261" refString="Ameghino F. Mammiferes cretaces de l'Argentine (Deuxieme contribution a la connaissance de la fauna mammalogique de couches a Pyrotherium). Boletin del Instituto Geografico Argentino 1897; 18: 406 - 521." type="journal article" year="1897">Ameghino, 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the latter being the only member of this family with associated tarsal remains (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C3F5FC498CB0FC16" author="Loomis" box="[1271,1410,927,951]" firstAuthor="Loomis" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref44004" refString="Loomis FB. The Deseado Formation of Patagonia. Amherst, MA: The Trustees of Amherst College, 1914." type="book" year="1914">Loomis 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The validity of the different species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C3A3FC698C10FC76" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[1185,1314,959,983]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Anisolambda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C3A3FC698C10FC76" box="[1185,1314,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anisolambda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not evaluated by Soria (2001). In addition, Soria (2001) erected the suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C475FC2B8AC8FBB4" box="[887,1018,1021,1045]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Eolitopterna">Eolitopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||
, to include the families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C3ECFC2B8CA7FBB4" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[1262,1429,1021,1045]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C438FBCB8D2EFB94" box="[826,1052,1053,1077]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to overall dental similarities between both families (more details in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C387FBEA8C55FBF5" box="[1157,1383,1084,1108]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
section;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C43BFB8D8AB1FBD2" box="[825,899,1115,1139]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Most recent authors have followed Soria’s (2001) taxonomic proposal for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C30AFBAD8D9DFB32" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[1032,1199,1147,1171]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C3F2FBAD8C57FB32" author="Gelfo" box="[1264,1381,1147,1171]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref42195" refString="Gelfo JN. Los Didolodontidae (Mammalia: Ungulatomorpha) del Terciario Sudamericano. Sistematica, Origen y Evolucion. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata. 2006." type="book" year="2006">Gelfo 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Croft
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C2B3FBAD8A60FB13" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C457FB6F8DA3F98B" blockId="14.[825,1475,144,1766]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Early studies examining the interfamilial relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C43BFB0F8A94FB50" box="[825,934,1241,1265]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||
assumed a monophyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C3C3FB0F8C5BFB50" baseAuthorityName="Simpson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[1217,1385,1241,1265]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
that included anisolambdids, without testing this hypothesis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C281FB2E8A5FFA8E" author="Cifelli" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C47AFACE8D93FA8E" author="Bonaparte and Morales" box="[888,1185,1303,1327]" firstAuthor="Bonaparte" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref40092" refString="Bonaparte JF, Morales J. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geologicos 1997; 53: 263 - 74." type="journal article" year="1997">Bonaparte and Morales 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE80D11C3ACFAC18C2BFA8E" box="[1198,1305,1303,1327]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 1C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). More recently, in phylogenetic studies evaluating phylogenetic affinities within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C438FA808AD0FACF" baseAuthorityName="Simpson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[826,994,1366,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
including some anisolambdids as outgroups, anisolambdids were recovered nested within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C218FAA38CF0FA2C" baseAuthorityName="Simpson" baseAuthorityYear="1948" box="[1306,1474,1397,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Proterotheriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C46DFA438D77FA0C" author="McGrath" box="[879,1093,1429,1453]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="McGrath" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="717 - 38" refId="ref44408" refString="McGrath AJ, Flynn JJ, Wyss AR. Proterotheriids and macraucheniids (Litopterna: Mammalia) from the Pampa Castillo Fauna, Chile (early Miocene, Santacrucian SALMA) and a new phylogeny of Proterotheriidae. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2020 b; 18: 717 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2019.1662500" type="journal article" year="2020" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
McGrath
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C4D0FA438D32FA0C" box="[978,1024,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C352FA438DA8FA0C" box="[1104,1178,1429,1453]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). However, as not all families of litopterns were included in these analyses, the interfamilial affinities of anisolambdids remain to be tested. In addition, to this date there has been no study examining the phylogenetic relationships within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C4E6F9C48DBFF98B" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[996,1165,1554,1578]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C457F9E78ACFF947" blockId="14.[825,1475,144,1766]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The earliest accepted member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C3ADF9E78C64F9E8" authorityName=", Soria" authorityYear="2001" box="[1199,1366,1585,1609]" family="Anisolambdidae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Anisolambdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C274F9E78AB4F9C8" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1935" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Wainka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshotshe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C274F9E78AB4F9C8" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Wainka tshotshe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cerro Redondo,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D4C8C1FFE80D11C36CF9878DF2F9C8" box="[1134,1216,1617,1641]" country="Argentina" name="Chubut" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chubut</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C3CAF9878C02F9C8" box="[1224,1328,1617,1641]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the last is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C43BF9A68D2BF929" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[825,1049,1648,1672]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Protheosodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coniferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C43BF9A68D2BF929" box="[825,1049,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Protheosodon coniferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cabeza Blanca,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D4C8C1FFE80D11C3F9F9A68C7FF929" box="[1275,1357,1648,1672]" country="Argentina" name="Chubut" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Chubut</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFE80D11C255F9A68C8DF929" box="[1367,1471,1648,1672]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
, giving a temporal interval of 62.5–26.0 Mya for this family (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFE80D11C29EF9598A64F966" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting information,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFE80D11C361F9798D8FF966" box="[1123,1213,1711,1735]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
; Woodburne
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C24BF9798C4AF966" box="[1353,1400,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014a,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFE80D11C43BF9188ADFF947" author="Krause" box="[825,1005,1742,1766]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Krause" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="886 - 903" refId="ref43716" refString="Krause JM, Clyde WC, Ibanez-Mejia M et al. New age constraints for Early Paleogene strata of central Patagonia, Argentina: implications for the timing of South American Land Mammal Ages. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2017; 129: 886 - 903. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / b 31561.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Krause
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C484F9198A86F947" box="[902,948,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C783F8E58CA3F8C6" blockId="14.[129,1463,1843,1979]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
M, p1–m3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C603F8E58B3AF8EA" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1980" box="[257,520,1843,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" genus="Sparnotheriodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="epsilonoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C603F8E58B3AF8EA" box="[257,520,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sparnotheriodon epsilonoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MACN 18225;
|
||
<typeStatus id="54ABB881FFE80D11C5AEF8E58A35F8EA" box="[684,775,1843,1867]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
). N, O, m3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFE80D11C48BF8E58D2EF8EA" authorityName="Simpson" authorityYear="1935" box="[905,1052,1843,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Wainka" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tshotshe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFE80D11C48BF8E58D2EF8EA" box="[905,1052,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Wainka tshotshe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
? [AMNH VP-29101 (mirrored)]. Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFE80D11C783F8BD88DFF81B" blockId="14.[129,1463,1843,1979]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; mlph, mesolophid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid. Scale bars equal
|
||
<quantity id="4CE8ABC6FFE80D11C6BBF87588DAF81B" box="[441,488,1955,1979]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |