662 lines
83 KiB
XML
662 lines
83 KiB
XML
<document id="47C1DD6B81E95FF2767F24B1676F1ED5" ID-DOI="10.1080/002229300750022394" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5279344" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1630026032669" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Burridge, Christopher P." docDate="2000" docId="039C87B4C405FFFCFFB0E3AFFE43B3EC" docLanguage="en" docName="JNatHist.34.11.2173-2185.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 34 (11)" docSource="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300750022394" docStyle="DocumentStyle:B6EF65DE5B4D2965D4D236BA736D172F.2:JNatHist.2000-2002.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="B6EF65DE5B4D2965D4D236BA736D172F" docStyleName="JNatHist.2000-2002.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Aplodactylidae Günther 1859" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="2182" masterDocId="FFA5FFCCC400FFF7FFECE20CFFE0B616" masterDocTitle="Molecular phylogeny of the Aplodactylidae (Perciformes: Cirrhitoidea), a group of Southern Hemisphere marine ® shes" masterLastPageNumber="2185" masterPageNumber="2173" pageNumber="2176" updateTime="1730297606589" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="39F9BDE597E7F3B88148B1CE8C0BF100">Molecular phylogeny of the Aplodactylidae (Perciformes: Cirrhitoidea), a group of Southern Hemisphere marine ® shes</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="8E49B800D9B4ADD81FE83542CA1AD9EF" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D8BBA51A40C203DF70F231DB05D37CE8">Burridge, Christopher P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8E4132FCA34D86416A8A87682432AD16">School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252 - 05, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2871E43DCE77082BE91B96A9ACDA4118" type="email">Chris.Burridge@utas.edu.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="28B579820AD382C893E8F7F3078979C0">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="707CE6A18DC13D87A3007C6404AB5744">
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<mods:date id="33B224C6F20E5843EA573A2E563CAD69">2000</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="754C3E7CE5FA7225FF6EABBCAEBB14A5">2000-11-30</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="431E8DF1E45732518B69997BD2B5C806" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="AA9C55D298D82C6D211C97BE68CB3CD0">34</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C5DE6569AD30F38D89057BB3CA75E524">11</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="E96E53CF6D9F7CA0AACF611E3FAD3603">2173</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="7C0CD5D109DA32C46C1EE2BBC2A2BFC6">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300750022394</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="80CD7A8AEBB2391788B9750E0022F9EF">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E064C945DC0E86558073D2AE52E089A4" type="DOI">10.1080/002229300750022394</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C7920D9D9FB306CBAF5AEEF109DB7BD1" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039C87B4C405FFFCFFB0E3AFFE43B3EC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039C87B4C405FFFCFFB0E3AFFE43B3EC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039C87B4C405FFFCFFB0E3AFFE43B3EC" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="2182" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">
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<subSubSection id="C32F6529C405FFF2FFB0E3AFFF4CB7AD" box="[92,172,419,443]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C405FFF2FFB0E3AFFF4CB7AD" blockId="5.[92,172,419,443]" box="[92,172,419,443]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">
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<heading id="D0C281CEC405FFF2FFB0E3AFFF4CB7AD" box="[92,172,419,443]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C405FFF2FFB0E3AFFF4CB7AD" ID-CoL="6KR" ID-ENA="82890" authority="(Günther 1859)" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1859" box="[92,172,419,443]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FFB0E3AFFF4CB7AD" bold="true" box="[92,172,419,443]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">Results</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F6529C405FFF2FF68E3CFFD1AB7ED" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C405FFF2FF68E3CFFD1AB7ED" blockId="5.[92,1047,451,1686]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">
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<materialsCitation id="3B5D3CFFC405FFF2FF68E3CFFD1AB7ED" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176" specimenCount="1">
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DNA sequences analysed were deposited in GenBank (
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,
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<accessionNumber id="9466AB41C405FFF2FC76E3CFFBEDB7CD" box="[922,1037,451,475]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AF092140" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">AF092140</accessionNumber>
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,
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<accessionNumber id="9466AB41C405FFF2FFB0E3EFFF2FB7ED" box="[92,207,483,507]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AF092155" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">AF092155</accessionNumber>
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±
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<accessionNumber id="9466AB41C405FFF2FF33E3EFFEB2B7ED" box="[223,338,483,507]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AF092157" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">AF092157</accessionNumber>
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,
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<accessionNumber id="9466AB41C405FFF2FE8AE3EFFE3AB7ED" box="[358,474,483,507]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AF092167" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">AF092167</accessionNumber>
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,
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<accessionNumber id="9466AB41C405FFF2FE03E3EFFD82B7ED" box="[495,610,483,507]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AF133060" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">AF133060</accessionNumber>
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±
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<accessionNumber id="9466AB41C405FFF2FD9DE3EFFD07B7ED" box="[625,743,483,507]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AF133069" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">AF133069</accessionNumber>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32F6529C405FFFDFCE9E3EFFE78B44C" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="2181" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C405FFF2FCE9E3EFFC6AB52F" blockId="5.[92,1047,451,1686]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">
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||
The mitochondrial partial cytochrome
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FEFAE008FEC1B40D" box="[278,289,516,539]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">c</emphasis>
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||
oxidase subunit I and cytochrome
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||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FD56E00FFD27B40D" box="[698,711,515,539]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">b</emphasis>
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||
sequences analysed were 499 and 402 bp in length, respectively (fi gure 1). Among the aplodactylids 164 characters were variable, and 82 of these were phylogenetically informative. Transition nucleotide substitutions were observed at 153 sites, while TVs were observed at 25. Only six of the variable sites were not third codon positions. Length mutations were absent. This pattern of sequence evolution, also observed for the outgroup taxa, indicates that orthologous protein-coding sequences were obtained. The cytochrome
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||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FFB0E0EEFF89B4EC" box="[92,105,738,762]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">b</emphasis>
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||
region was approximately 1.2 times more variable than the cytochrome oxidase I region, but both fragments contributed similar amounts of variation to the study due to the larger number of cytochrome oxidase I characters analysed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C405FFF2FF68E14DFC86B2AE" blockId="5.[92,1047,451,1686]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">
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||
The partition homogeneity test indicated phylogenetic congruence between cytochrome oxidase I and cytochrome
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||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FDF8E16DFDC1B56F" box="[532,545,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">b</emphasis>
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||
sequences, both for all characters (
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||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FC5DE16EFC23B56F" box="[945,963,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">P</emphasis>
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||
5 0.36) and only third codon positions (
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<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FE25E18EFE3BB58F" box="[457,475,898,921]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">P</emphasis>
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5 0.65), allowing the combination of genes during phylogenetic analyses. Tree length-frequenc y distributions were signi fi cantly skewed for all taxa (
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<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FEE0E1CEFEF9B5CF" box="[268,281,962,985]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">g</emphasis>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE015065C405FFF2FEF5E1CDFEB7B5C3" box="[281,343,961,985]" degrees="1" direction="west" minutes="5" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176" precision="925" value="-1.0833334">1 5 Õ</geoCoordinate>
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0.60,
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<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FE4FE1CEFE55B5CF" box="[419,437,962,985]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">P</emphasis>
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<subScript id="17B134E7C405FFF2FE5BE1C4FE2CB5CE" attach="left" box="[439,460,968,984]" fontSize="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176"><</subScript>
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0.01) and the aplodactylids alone (
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<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FC7DE1CEFC7EB5CF" box="[913,926,962,985]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">g</emphasis>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE015065C405FFF2FC73E1CDFC3DB5C3" box="[927,989,961,985]" degrees="1" direction="west" minutes="5" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176" precision="925" value="-1.0833334">1 5 Õ</geoCoordinate>
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1.09,
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||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FFB0E1EEFF8EB5EF" box="[92,110,994,1017]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">P</emphasis>
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<subScript id="17B134E7C405FFF2FF83E1E4FF64B5EE" attach="left" box="[111,132,1000,1016]" fontSize="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176"><</subScript>
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||
0.01), suggesting the presence of phylogenetic signal. Visual inspection did not reveal any nucleotide substitution saturation among the aplodactylids, evidenced by the linear accumulation of transitions relative to transversions (fi gure 2). The TI:TV observed during comparisons between the aplodactylids and each of the three outgroups were signi fi cantly lower than that observed during comparisons among the aplodactylids (fi gure 2,
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<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FE73E68DFE51B28E" box="[415,433,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">P</emphasis>
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||
<subScript id="17B134E7C405FFF2FE5FE68BFE28B281" attach="left" box="[435,456,1159,1175]" fontSize="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176"><</subScript>
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||
0.001, df 5 3, one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD
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<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FFB0E6ADFF58B2AE" box="[92,184,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">post hoc</emphasis>
|
||
tests), indicating substitution saturation during the former.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C405FFF2FF68E6CCFDD1B361" blockId="5.[92,1047,451,1686]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C405FFF2FF68E6CCFECFB2CE" author="KIMURA, M." box="[132,303,1216,1240]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176" pagination="120" refId="ref5011" refString="KIMURA, M., 1980, A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences, Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 111 ± 120." type="journal article" year="1980">Kimura (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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two-parameter genetic distances among the aplodactylids ranged from 6.1 to 12.4% sequence divergence (
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<tableCitation id="C6B70319C405FFF2FDF1E6ECFD88B2EE" box="[541,616,1248,1272]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[92,149,979,1001]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 2. Genetic distances for mitochondrial DNA partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b sequences when combined. Values are Kimura (1980) two-parameter percentage sequence divergences, obtained when using the optimum expected transition±transversion nucleotide substitution ratio of 3.0 from maximum likelihood analysis (figure 3)." pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">table 2</tableCitation>
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). Distances between the aplodactylids and the three cirrhitoid outgroups, and among these outgroups, ranged from 18.3 to 23.1% (
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<tableCitation id="C6B70319C405FFF2FF39E713FEC3B321" box="[213,291,1311,1335]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[92,149,979,1001]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 2. Genetic distances for mitochondrial DNA partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b sequences when combined. Values are Kimura (1980) two-parameter percentage sequence divergences, obtained when using the optimum expected transition±transversion nucleotide substitution ratio of 3.0 from maximum likelihood analysis (figure 3)." pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">table 2</tableCitation>
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). The levels of intraspeci fi c variation were not assessed, but are typically less than 1.0% for mitochondrial protein-coding genes in other cirrhitoids (Burridge, 2000; Burridge, unpublished).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C405FFFEFF68E773FF0DB020" blockId="5.[92,1047,451,1686]" lastBlockId="9.[92,1047,1471,1687]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="2180" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">
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Neighbour-joining and unweighted maximum parsimony analyses clustered the aplodactylids as monophyletic, with high bootstrap support (fi gure 3A).
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<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C405FFF2FC6BE793FF5EB3C1" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1839" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arctidens">
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<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FC6BE793FF5EB3C1" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">Aplodactylus arctidens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C405FFF2FF10E7B3FE69B3C1" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[252,393,1471,1495]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
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<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FF10E7B3FE69B3C1" box="[252,393,1471,1495]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">A. punctatus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
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were clustered together, with
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C405FFF2FD0AE7B3FC89B3C1" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1987" box="[742,873,1471,1495]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="westralis">
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<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FD0AE7B3FC89B3C1" box="[742,873,1471,1495]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">A. westralis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
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as sister taxon to this clade.
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C405FFF2FF1DE7D3FE0AB3E1" baseAuthorityName="GuEnther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[241,490,1503,1527]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lophodon">
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<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FF1DE7D3FE0AB3E1" box="[241,490,1503,1527]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">Aplodactylus lophodon</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
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and then
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C405FFF2FDB6E7D3FD02B3E1" baseAuthorityName="Ogilby" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[602,738,1503,1527]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="etheridgii">
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||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C405FFF2FDB6E7D3FD02B3E1" box="[602,738,1503,1527]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2176">A. etheridgii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were successively removed. These relationships received moderate to high bootstrap support from neighbourjoining analysis, but low to moderate support (50±70%) from unweighted parsimony analysis. Increased weighting of TVs during parsimony analysis, according to the optimum TI:TV of 3.0 from maximum likelihood analysis, produced the same topology as unweighted analysis, with similar bootstrap values (not shown). Monophyl y of the aplodactylids was also supporte d by parsimony analysis restricted to transversion substitutions, but the inferred relationships among these taxa were not well supported due to the small number of informative character-state changes (not shown).
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<caption id="DF4A662AC406FFF1FC10E478FB76B34B" box="[1020,1174,129,1668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2177" startId="6.[1020,1042,1652,1668]" targetBox="[41,993,216,1581]" targetPageId="6">
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||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C406FFF1FC10E478FB76B34B" blockId="6.[1020,1174,129,1668]" box="[1020,1174,129,1668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="2177">
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FIG. 1. Mitochondrial DNA partial cytochrome
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C406FFF1FC10E662FBF2B26E" box="[1020,1042,1134,1144]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2177">c</emphasis>
|
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oxidase subunit I (A) and cytochrome
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C406FFF1FC10E0B9FBF2B4D7" box="[1020,1042,693,705]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2177">b</emphasis>
|
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(B) sequences obtained from species of
|
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<emphasis id="B941EAB0C406FFF1FC10E28EFBF2B715" box="[1020,1042,130,259]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2177">Aplodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
(Aplodactylidae), and the outgroups from other cirrhitoid families,
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C406FFF1FBFAE0C7FBCCB557" box="[1046,1068,715,833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2177">Chironemus</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C406FFF1FBFAE048FBCCB4AD" box="[1046,1068,580,699]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2177">marmoratus</emphasis>
|
||
(Chironemidae),
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C406FFF1FBFAE2E5FBCCB76C" box="[1046,1068,233,378]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2177">Cheilodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C406FFF1FBFAE28EFBCCB6CF" box="[1046,1068,130,217]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2177">fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Cheilodactylidae) and
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C406FFF1FBDDE6F5FBA7B344" box="[1073,1095,1273,1362]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2177">Cirrhitus</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C406FFF1FBDDE69FFBA7B2E6" box="[1073,1095,1171,1264]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2177">splendens</emphasis>
|
||
(Cirrhitidae). Sequences are recorded in the 5 ¾ to3 ¾ direction for the light strand. Identity with the reference taxon
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C406FFF1FBA7E784FB81B38F" box="[1099,1121,1416,1433]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2177">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C406FFF1FBA7E711FB81B360" box="[1099,1121,1309,1398]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="2177">arctidens</emphasis>
|
||
is indicated by`. ’. Sequences are arranged into codons, with the corresponding amino acids observed for the reference taxon listed above. Variation in the amino acid encoded is indicated by`* ’. Numbers indicate the homologous position in the human mitochondrial genome.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4A662AC407FFF0FBEEE18AFBF8B4D3" box="[1026,1048,703,918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="2178" startId="7.[1026,1048,902,918]" targetBox="[102,998,141,1497]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C407FFF0FBEEE18AFBF8B4D3" blockId="7.[1026,1048,703,918]" box="[1026,1048,703,918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="2178">F IG. 1. (Continued).</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4A662AC408FFFFFBF6E185FBD0B4DE" box="[1050,1072,706,921]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2179" startId="8.[1050,1072,905,921]" targetBox="[98,1024,132,1502]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C408FFFFFBF6E185FBD0B4DE" blockId="8.[1050,1072,706,921]" box="[1050,1072,706,921]" pageId="8" pageNumber="2179">
|
||
FIG. 1. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C408FFFFFBF6E0DFFBD0B52E" box="[1050,1072,723,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="2179">Continued</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4A662AC409FFFEFFB0E0DDFCDBB5B7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5279346" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5279346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5279346/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" startId="9.[92,108,721,742]" targetBox="[283,856,129,694]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C409FFFEFFB0E0DDFCDBB5B7" blockId="9.[92,1047,721,929]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">
|
||
FIG. 2. The pattern of observed transition and transversion nucleotide substitution accumulation at third codon positions for mitochondrial DNA partial cytochrome
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFC59E0E0FC5FB517" box="[949,959,748,769]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">c</emphasis>
|
||
oxidase subunit I and cytochrome
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFE52E10AFE2AB50A" box="[446,458,774,796]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">b</emphasis>
|
||
sequences when combined. Squares represent pairwise comparisons among aplodactylids. Diamonds, circles and triangles represent comparisons of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C409FFFEFECCE137FD0CB547" authorityName="GuEnther" authorityYear="1860" box="[288,748,827,849]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Chironemidae" genus="Chironemus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFECCE137FDCBB547" box="[288,555,827,849]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">Chironemus marmoratus</emphasis>
|
||
(Chironemidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C409FFFEFCE3E137FEB7B57D" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1803" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cheilodactylidae" genus="Cheilodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFCE3E137FBF7B547" box="[783,1047,827,849]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">Cheilodactylus fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Cheilodactylidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C409FFFEFE70E15AFD12B57D" baseAuthorityName="Ogilby" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[412,754,854,876]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cirrhitidae" genus="Cirrhitus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="splendens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFE70E15AFD83B57A" box="[412,611,854,876]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">Cirrhitus splendens</emphasis>
|
||
(Cirrhitidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
against the aplodactylids, respectively. The mean observed transition±transversion nucleotide substitution ratio and its standard deviation are listed for each set of comparisons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4A662AC409FFFEFFB0E1DFFE88B245" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" startId="9.[92,149,979,1001]" targetBox="[92,1037,1138,1399]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C409FFFEFFB0E1DFFE88B245" blockId="9.[92,1048,979,1107]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">
|
||
Table 2. Genetic distances for mitochondrial DNA partial cytochrome
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFCBCE1D8FCBAB5FF" box="[848,858,980,1001]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">c</emphasis>
|
||
oxidase subunit I and cytochrome
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFEBFE1E1FEBFB215" box="[339,351,1005,1027]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">b</emphasis>
|
||
sequences when combined. Values are
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C409FFFEFD0FE1E1FC9CB215" author="KIMURA, M." box="[739,892,1005,1027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" pagination="120" refId="ref5011" refString="KIMURA, M., 1980, A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences, Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 111 ± 120." type="journal article" year="1980">Kimura (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
two-parameter percentage sequence divergences, obtained when using the optimum expected transition±transversion nucleotide substitution ratio of 3.0 from maximum likelihood analysis (fi gure 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C409FFFEFDF0E67EFBEDB361" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">
|
||
<table id="F935C402C4090008FFB0E67EFBEDB361" box="[92,1037,1138,1399]" gridcols="9" gridrows="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">
|
||
<tr id="350534E0C4090008FFB0E67EFBEDB29E" box="[92,1037,1138,1160]" gridrow="0" isHeader="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76D45D9CC4090008FDE0E67EFDD7B29E" box="[524,567,1138,1160]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">1</th>
|
||
<th id="76D45D9CC4090008FDB0E67EFD67B29E" box="[604,647,1138,1160]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">2</th>
|
||
<th id="76D45D9CC4090008FD40E67EFD37B29E" box="[684,727,1138,1160]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">3</th>
|
||
<th id="76D45D9CC4090008FD17E67EFCC6B29E" box="[763,806,1138,1160]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">4</th>
|
||
<th id="76D45D9CC4090008FCA7E67EFC96B29E" box="[843,886,1138,1160]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">5</th>
|
||
<th id="76D45D9CC4090008FC76E67EFC25B29E" box="[922,965,1138,1160]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">6</th>
|
||
<th id="76D45D9CC4090008FC0EE67EFBEDB29E" box="[994,1037,1138,1160]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">7</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350534E0C4090008FFB0E6A4FBEDB2A8" box="[92,1037,1192,1214]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76D45D9CC4090008FFB0E6A4FF88B2A8" box="[92,104,1192,1214]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">1</th>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FF93E6A4FE96B2A8" box="[127,374,1192,1214]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C409FFFEFF93E6A4FE83B2A8" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1839" box="[127,355,1192,1214]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arctidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFF93E6A4FE83B2A8" box="[127,355,1192,1214]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">Aplodactylus arctidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350534E0C4090008FFB0E6CEFBEDB2CE" box="[92,1037,1218,1240]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76D45D9CC4090008FFB0E6CEFF88B2CE" box="[92,104,1218,1240]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">2</th>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FF93E6CEFE96B2CE" box="[127,374,1218,1240]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C409FFFEFF93E6CEFE89B2CE" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[127,361,1218,1240]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFF93E6CEFE89B2CE" box="[127,361,1218,1240]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">Aplodactylus punctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FDE0E6CEFDD7B2CE" box="[524,567,1218,1240]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">6.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350534E0C4090008FFB0E6D1FBEDB2E5" box="[92,1037,1245,1267]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76D45D9CC4090008FFB0E6D1FF88B2E5" box="[92,104,1245,1267]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">3</th>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FF93E6D1FE96B2E5" box="[127,374,1245,1267]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C409FFFEFF93E6D1FEBFB2E5" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1987" box="[127,351,1245,1267]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="westralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFF93E6D1FEBFB2E5" box="[127,351,1245,1267]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">Aplodactylus westralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FDE0E6D1FDD7B2E5" box="[524,567,1245,1267]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">7.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FDB0E6D1FD67B2E5" box="[604,647,1245,1267]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">7.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350534E0C4090008FFB0E6FBFBEDB31B" box="[92,1037,1271,1293]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76D45D9CC4090008FFB0E6FBFF88B31B" box="[92,104,1271,1293]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">4</th>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FF93E6FBFE96B31B" box="[127,374,1271,1293]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C409FFFEFF93E6FBFE86B31B" baseAuthorityName="Ogilby" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[127,358,1271,1293]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="etheridgii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFF93E6FBFE86B31B" box="[127,358,1271,1293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">Aplodactylus etheridgii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FDE0E6FBFDD7B31B" box="[524,567,1271,1293]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">10.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FDB0E6FBFD67B31B" box="[604,647,1271,1293]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">10.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FD40E6FBFD37B31B" box="[684,727,1271,1293]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">10.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350534E0C4090008FFB0E71EFBEDB33E" box="[92,1037,1298,1320]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76D45D9CC4090008FFB0E71EFF88B33E" box="[92,104,1298,1320]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">5</th>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FF93E71EFE96B33E" box="[127,374,1298,1320]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C409FFFEFF93E71EFE83B33E" baseAuthorityName="GuEnther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[127,355,1298,1320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lophodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFF93E71EFE83B33E" box="[127,355,1298,1320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">Aplodactylus lophodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FDE0E71EFDD7B33E" box="[524,567,1298,1320]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">11.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FDB0E71EFD67B33E" box="[604,647,1298,1320]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">11.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FD40E71EFD37B33E" box="[684,727,1298,1320]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">12.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FD17E71EFCC6B33E" box="[763,806,1298,1320]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">11.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350534E0C4090008FFB0E720FBEDB354" box="[92,1037,1324,1346]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76D45D9CC4090008FFB0E720FF88B354" box="[92,104,1324,1346]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">6</th>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FF93E720FE96B354" box="[127,374,1324,1346]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C409FFFEFF93E720FE96B354" authorityName="GuEnther" authorityYear="1860" box="[127,374,1324,1346]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Chironemidae" genus="Chironemus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFF93E720FE96B354" box="[127,374,1324,1346]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">Chironemus marmoratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FDE0E720FDD7B354" box="[524,567,1324,1346]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">20.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FDB0E720FD67B354" box="[604,647,1324,1346]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">18.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FD40E720FD37B354" box="[684,727,1324,1346]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">18.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FD17E720FCC6B354" box="[763,806,1324,1346]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">19.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FCA7E720FC96B354" box="[843,886,1324,1346]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">19.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350534E0C4090008FFB0E74BFBEDB34B" box="[92,1037,1351,1373]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="76D45D9CC4090008FFB0E74BFF88B34B" box="[92,104,1351,1373]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">7</th>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FF93E74BFE96B34B" box="[127,374,1351,1373]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C409FFFEFF93E74BFE91B34B" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1803" box="[127,369,1351,1373]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cheilodactylidae" genus="Cheilodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFF93E74BFE91B34B" box="[127,369,1351,1373]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">Cheilodactylus fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FDE0E74BFDD7B34B" box="[524,567,1351,1373]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">21.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FDB0E74BFD67B34B" box="[604,647,1351,1373]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">21.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FD40E74BFD37B34B" box="[684,727,1351,1373]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">20.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FD17E74BFCC6B34B" box="[763,806,1351,1373]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">22.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FCA7E74BFC96B34B" box="[843,886,1351,1373]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">20.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FC76E74BFC25B34B" box="[922,965,1351,1373]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">21.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350534E0C4090008FFB0E76DFBEDB361" box="[92,1037,1377,1399]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">
|
||
<th id="76D45D9CC4090008FFB0E76DFF88B361" box="[92,104,1377,1399]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">8</th>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FF93E76DFE96B361" box="[127,374,1377,1399]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C409FFFEFF93E76DFEDFB361" baseAuthorityName="Ogilby" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[127,319,1377,1399]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cirrhitidae" genus="Cirrhitus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="splendens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFF93E76DFEDFB361" box="[127,319,1377,1399]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">Cirrhitus splendens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FDE0E76DFDD7B361" box="[524,567,1377,1399]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">22.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FDB0E76DFD67B361" box="[604,647,1377,1399]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">20.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FD40E76DFD37B361" box="[684,727,1377,1399]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">21.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FD17E76DFCC6B361" box="[763,806,1377,1399]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">23.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FCA7E76DFC96B361" box="[843,886,1377,1399]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">22.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FC76E76DFC25B361" box="[922,965,1377,1399]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">23.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76D45D9CC4090008FC0EE76DFBEDB361" box="[994,1037,1377,1399]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">22.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C409FFFDFF68E433FDABB7AC" blockId="9.[92,1047,1471,1687]" lastBlockId="10.[92,1047,132,603]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="2181" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">
|
||
The maximum likelihood topology differed from the neighbour-joining and unweighted maximum parsimony topology in root placement among the aplodactylids (fi gure 3B). The root was placed on the branch leading to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C409FFFEFCB8E472FC3EB080" baseAuthorityName="GuEnther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[852,990,1662,1686]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lophodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C409FFFEFCB8E472FC3EB080" box="[852,990,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2180">A. lophodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFFB0E288FF05B68A" baseAuthorityName="Ogilby" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[92,229,132,156]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="etheridgii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFFB0E288FF05B68A" box="[92,229,132,156]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">A. etheridgii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, rather than that leading to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFDC4E288FD4CB68A" baseAuthorityName="GuEnther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[552,684,132,156]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lophodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFDC4E288FD4CB68A" box="[552,684,132,156]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">A. lophodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
alone. Enforcing the maximum likelihood topology during parsimony analysis produced a tree only one step longer than the most parsimonious unconstrained topology. Neither topology was signi fi cantly superior according to the Templeton (
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFDA4E2E8FDBAB6ED" box="[584,602,228,251]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">P</emphasis>
|
||
5 0.86) or Kishino and Hasegawa (
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFC06E2E8FC1CB6ED" box="[1002,1020,228,251]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">P</emphasis>
|
||
5 0.75) tests. Choosing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFEA3E30FFD80B70D" authorityName="GuEnther" authorityYear="1860" box="[335,608,259,283]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Chironemidae" genus="Chironemus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFEA3E30FFD80B70D" box="[335,608,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Chironemus marmoratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFD6AE30FFC70B70D" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1803" box="[646,912,259,283]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cheilodactylidae" genus="Cheilodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFD6AE30FFC70B70D" box="[646,912,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Cheilodactylus fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the most basal outgroup had no effect on the inferred relationships among aplodactylids or the levels of bootstrap support from any method of analysis. Removing one or two outgroup taxa occasionally altered aplodactylid relationships inferred by a given method of analysis, but only in such a manner as observed for different methods of analysis when all outgroups were analysed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C40AFFFDFF68E3CFFE78B44C" blockId="10.[92,1047,132,603]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">
|
||
The two-cluster and branch-length tests did not reveal signi fi cant nucleotide substitution rate heterogeneity for third codon positions at the 5% level, when nodes and branches were analysed individually. Signi fi cant rate heterogeneity was also not observed when nodes were analysed simultaneously by the two-cluster test (
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFF86E049FF97B44F" box="[106,119,581,601]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">x</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFF9BE04FFF61B44D" bold="true" box="[119,129,579,603]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">2</emphasis>
|
||
5 8.03, df 5 6,
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFEC6E04FFEDCB44C" box="[298,316,579,602]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">P</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="17B134E7C40AFFFDFED1E045FEB2B44F" attach="left" box="[317,338,585,601]" fontSize="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">></subScript>
|
||
0.10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32F6529C40AFFFCFFB0E08EFE43B3EC" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="2182" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C40AFFFDFFB0E08EFF30B48C" blockId="10.[92,1047,642,1144]" box="[92,208,642,666]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFFB0E08EFF30B48C" bold="true" box="[92,208,642,666]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C40AFFFDFF68E0AFFD9DB26E" blockId="10.[92,1047,642,1144]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">
|
||
Two topologies were recovered from phylogenetic analysis of aplodactylid and outgroup mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I and cytochrome
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFC66E0CEFC77B4CC" box="[906,919,706,730]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">b</emphasis>
|
||
sequences. These varied in the placement of the root among the aplodactylids, and neither was signi fi cantly superior. The
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227632C40AFFFDFE44E10EFDAAB50F" box="[424,586,769,793]" name="New Zealand" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
and south-eastern Australian species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFFB0E12DFEB8B52F" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1839" box="[92,344,801,825]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arctidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFFB0E12DFEB8B52F" box="[92,344,801,825]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Aplodactylus arctidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the South American species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFD36E12DFC87B52F" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[730,871,801,825]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFD36E12DFC87B52F" box="[730,871,801,825]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">A. punctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were placed as sister taxa, in a monophyletic clade with the south-west Australian species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFFB0E16DFF3CB56F" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1987" box="[92,220,865,889]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="westralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFFB0E16DFF3CB56F" box="[92,220,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">A. westralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The inconsistency in root placement influenced the relationships among the remaining aplodactylids,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFE43E18DFDD6B58F" baseAuthorityName="GuEnther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[431,566,897,921]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lophodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFE43E18DFDD6B58F" box="[431,566,897,921]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">A. lophodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227632C40AFFFDFD0DE18DFCAAB58F" box="[737,842,897,921]" name="Australia" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFC66E18DFBF7B58F" baseAuthorityName="Ogilby" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[906,1047,897,921]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="etheridgii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFC66E18DFBF7B58F" box="[906,1047,897,921]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">A. etheridgii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227632C40AFFFDFEE1E1AEFE4AB5AF" box="[269,426,929,953]" name="New Zealand" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
and several south-west Paci fi c islands. These species were either clustered as sister taxa, or were successively removed from the other three aplodactylids with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFE64E1EDFDF3B5EF" baseAuthorityName="GuEnther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[392,531,993,1017]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lophodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFE64E1EDFDF3B5EF" box="[392,531,993,1017]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">A. lophodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
basal. Bootstrap support for aplodactylid monophyly and the inferred relationships were moderate to high. There was no evidence of nucleotide substitution saturation among the aplodactylids, although saturation was present during comparisons with the outgroups. This may explain the variability in root placement (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40AFFFDFE0CE66CFD8BB26E" author="SMITH, A. B." box="[480,619,1120,1144]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" pagination="292" refId="ref5546" refString="SMITH, A. B., 1994, Rooting molecular trees: problems and strategies, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 51, 279 ± 292." type="journal article" year="1994">Smith, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C40AFFFDFFB0E6ADFF2FB2AE" blockId="10.[92,1047,1185,1686]" box="[92,207,1185,1208]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFFB0E6ADFF2FB2AE" box="[92,207,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Taxonomy</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C40AFFFDFF68E6CCFE68B060" blockId="10.[92,1047,1185,1686]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFEE0E6CCFE8FB2CE" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1862" box="[268,367,1216,1240]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Crinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFEE0E6CCFE8FB2CE" box="[268,367,1216,1240]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Crinodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, monotypic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFDD0E6CCFD26B2CE" baseAuthorityName="GuEnther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[572,710,1216,1240]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lophodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFDD0E6CCFD26B2CE" box="[572,710,1216,1240]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">C. lophodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is only distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFFB0E6ECFF0AB2EE" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[92,234,1248,1272]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFFB0E6ECFF0AB2EE" box="[92,234,1248,1272]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Aplodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by larger scales and the absence of vomerine teeth, and has been relegated to the synonomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFE43E70CFDDDB30E" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[431,573,1280,1304]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFE43E70CFDDDB30E" box="[431,573,1280,1304]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Aplodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40AFFFDFD86E70CFCF1B30E" author="RUSSELL, B. C." box="[618,785,1280,1304]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" pagination="2171" refId="ref5476" refString="RUSSELL, B. C., 2000, Review of the southern temperate ® sh family Aplodactylidae (Pisces: Perciformes), Journal of Natural History, 34, 2157 ± 2171." type="journal article" year="2000">Russell (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Genetic data provides support for this revision.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFE64E713FDBAB321" baseAuthorityName="GuEnther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[392,602,1311,1335]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Crinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lophodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFE64E713FDBAB321" box="[392,602,1311,1335]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Crinodus lophodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not appear su ffi ciently divergent from species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFEF5E733FE47B341" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[281,423,1343,1367]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFEF5E733FE47B341" box="[281,423,1343,1367]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Aplodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be given distinct generic status; it is only slightly more divergent from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFEA3E753FE3CB361" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[335,476,1375,1399]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFEA3E753FE3CB361" box="[335,476,1375,1399]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">A. punctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFE00E753FD92B361" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1839" box="[492,626,1375,1399]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arctidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFE00E753FD92B361" box="[492,626,1375,1399]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">A. arctidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFD40E753FCCEB361" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1987" box="[684,814,1375,1399]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="westralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFD40E753FCCEB361" box="[684,814,1375,1399]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">A. westralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFC60E753FBF7B361" baseAuthorityName="Ogilby" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[908,1047,1375,1399]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="etheridgii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFC60E753FBF7B361" box="[908,1047,1375,1399]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">A. etheridgii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6B70319C40AFFFDFF8AE773FF51B381" box="[102,177,1407,1431]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="9.[92,149,979,1001]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 2. Genetic distances for mitochondrial DNA partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b sequences when combined. Values are Kimura (1980) two-parameter percentage sequence divergences, obtained when using the optimum expected transition±transversion nucleotide substitution ratio of 3.0 from maximum likelihood analysis (figure 3)." pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). The placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFE4AE773FDCEB381" baseAuthorityName="GuEnther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[422,558,1407,1431]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Crinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lophodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFE4AE773FDCEB381" box="[422,558,1407,1431]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">C. lophodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also uncertain, as two topologies were recovered and neither was signi fi cantly superior. If
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFD59E793FCDCB3A1" baseAuthorityName="GuEnther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[693,828,1439,1463]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Crinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lophodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFD59E793FCDCB3A1" box="[693,828,1439,1463]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">C. lophodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the sister taxon to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFF96E7B3FEE8B3C1" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[122,264,1471,1495]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFF96E7B3FEE8B3C1" box="[122,264,1471,1495]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Aplodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(fi gure 3A), retention of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFDC8E7B3FD67B3C1" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1862" box="[548,647,1471,1495]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Crinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFDC8E7B3FD67B3C1" box="[548,647,1471,1495]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Crinodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the generic level could be argued despite the limited molecular and morphological divergence. However, if
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFC7EE7D3FBF5B3E1" baseAuthorityName="GuEnther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[914,1045,1503,1527]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Crinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lophodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFC7EE7D3FBF5B3E1" box="[914,1045,1503,1527]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">C. lophodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFF62E7F3FEF8B001" baseAuthorityName="Ogilby" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[142,280,1535,1559]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="etheridgii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFF62E7F3FEF8B001" box="[142,280,1535,1559]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">A. etheridgii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are sister taxa (fi gure 3B), then
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFD6AE7F3FCF4B001" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[646,788,1535,1559]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFD6AE7F3FCF4B001" box="[646,788,1535,1559]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Aplodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is paraphyletic. Given the absence of marked genetic distinction, and the possibility that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFC87E413FC19B021" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[875,1017,1567,1591]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFC87E413FC19B021" box="[875,1017,1567,1591]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Aplodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is paraphyletic,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40AFFFDFEECE433FE5EB041" author="RUSSELL, B. C." box="[256,446,1599,1623]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" pagination="2171" refId="ref5476" refString="RUSSELL, B. C., 2000, Review of the southern temperate ® sh family Aplodactylidae (Pisces: Perciformes), Journal of Natural History, 34, 2157 ± 2171." type="journal article" year="2000">Russell’s (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
scheme in which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFD47E433FCEEB041" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1862" box="[683,782,1599,1623]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Crinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFD47E433FCEEB041" box="[683,782,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Crinodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40AFFFDFFB0E453FF0AB061" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[92,234,1631,1655]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40AFFFDFFB0E453FF0AB061" box="[92,234,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">Aplodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is supported.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C40AFFFCFF68E473FC70B72E" blockId="10.[92,1047,1185,1686]" lastBlockId="11.[92,1047,132,312]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="2182" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181">
|
||
Most aplodactylids recognized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40AFFFDFDFDE472FD58B080" author="RUSSELL, B. C." box="[529,696,1662,1686]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2181" pagination="2171" refId="ref5476" refString="RUSSELL, B. C., 2000, Review of the southern temperate ® sh family Aplodactylidae (Pisces: Perciformes), Journal of Natural History, 34, 2157 ± 2171." type="journal article" year="2000">Russell (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have widespread distributions and encompass several previously described species. While
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFD15E288FC7DB68A" author="RUSSELL, B. C." box="[761,925,132,156]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="2171" refId="ref5476" refString="RUSSELL, B. C., 2000, Review of the southern temperate ® sh family Aplodactylidae (Pisces: Perciformes), Journal of Natural History, 34, 2157 ± 2171." type="journal article" year="2000">Russell (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
has examined many specimens throughout the range of each taxon he recognized, the possibility exists that speciation has occurred in some of these without the development of readily apparent distinguishing features. While genetic studies often identify such instances of cryptic speciation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFE2DE30DFD98B70F" author="KNOWLTON, N." box="[449,632,257,281]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="216" refId="ref5125" refString="KNOWLTON, N., 1993, Sibling species in the sea, Annual Reviews in Ecology and Systematics, 24, 189 ± 216." type="journal article" year="1993">Knowlton, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this study has not been su ffi ciently intensive to examine the status of species recognized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFD0FE32CFC6BB72E" author="RUSSELL, B. C." box="[739,907,288,312]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="2171" refId="ref5476" refString="RUSSELL, B. C., 2000, Review of the southern temperate ® sh family Aplodactylidae (Pisces: Perciformes), Journal of Natural History, 34, 2157 ± 2171." type="journal article" year="2000">Russell (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C40BFFFCFFB0E353FF1BB761" blockId="11.[92,1047,351,1530]" box="[92,251,351,375]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFFB0E353FF1BB761" box="[92,251,351,375]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">Zoogeography</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C40BFFFCFF68E372FC74B444" blockId="11.[92,1047,351,1530]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">
|
||
The recovered phylogenies suggest that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFD79E372FCA2B780" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1859" box="[661,834,382,406]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Aplodactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
originated in the vicinity of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227632C40BFFFCFF33E392FEA8B7A0" box="[223,328,414,438]" name="Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227632C40BFFFCFE66E392FDC7B7A0" box="[394,551,414,438]" name="New Zealand" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with the majority of radiation occurring prior to this family achieving representation in South America. This is evidenced by the basal positions of the Australian,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227632C40BFFFCFDF0E3D1FD59B7E2" box="[540,697,476,500]" name="New Zealand" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
and south-west Paci fi c island aplodactylids relative to the South American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFDB1E3F7FD09B405" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[605,745,507,531]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFDB1E3F7FD09B405" box="[605,745,507,531]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">A. punctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(fi gure 3). An Australian±
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227632C40BFFFCFFB0E017FF16B424" box="[92,246,538,562]" name="New Zealand" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
origin and subsequent movement east has also been proposed for the cheilodactylid genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFEBAE036FE11B444" authorityName="J.Richardson" authorityYear="1839" box="[342,497,570,594]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cheilodactylidae" genus="Nemadactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFEBAE036FE11B444" box="[342,497,570,594]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">Nemadactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFDC3E036FC6FB444" authority="(Burridge, 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Burridge" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[559,911,570,594]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cheilodactylidae" genus="Acantholatris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFDC3E036FD23B444" box="[559,707,570,594]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">Acantholatris</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFD34E036FC61B444" author="BURRIDGE, C. P." box="[728,897,570,594]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="109" refId="ref4375" refString="BURRIDGE, C. P., 1999, Molecular phylogeny of Nemadactylus and Acantholatris (Perciformes: Cirrhitoidea), with implications for taxonomy and biogeography, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 13, 93 ± 109." type="journal article" year="1999">Burridge, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C40BFFFCFF68E055FCE1B272" blockId="11.[92,1047,351,1530]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">
|
||
Mitochondrial third codon position molecular clock calibrations of 2.3% and 3.3% sequence divergence per million years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFDF9E074FD07B486" author="MARTIN, A. P. & NAYLOR, G. J. P. & PALUMBI, S. R." box="[533,743,632,656]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="155" refId="ref5271" refString="MARTIN, A. P., NAYLOR, G. J. P. and PALUMBI, S. R., 1992, Rates of mitochondrial DNA evolution in sharks are slow compared with mammals, Nature, 357, 153 ± 155." type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Martin
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFD81E075FD7DB486" box="[621,669,632,656]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFD14E074FBEAB486" author="BERMINGHAM, E. & MCCAFFERTY, S. S. & MARTIN, A. P." box="[760,1034,632,656]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="128" refId="ref4309" refString="BERMINGHAM, E., MCCAFFERTY, S. S. and MARTIN, A. P., 1997, Fish biogeography and molecular clocks: perspectives from the Panamanian Isthmus, in T. D. Kocher and C. A. Stepien (eds) Molecular Systematics of Fishes (San Diego: Academic Press), pp. 113 ± 128." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Bermingham
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFC7CE075FC20B486" box="[912,960,632,656]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggest that the aplodactylids shared a common ancestor 12.8±18.5 million years ago (Mya). Similarly, the disjunct trans-Paci fi c species pair
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFD21E0BAFCB1B4D8" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1839" box="[717,849,694,718]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arctidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFD21E0BAFCB1B4D8" box="[717,849,694,718]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">A. arctidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFC61E0BAFBF7B4D8" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[909,1047,694,718]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFC61E0BAFBF7B4D8" box="[909,1047,694,718]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">A. punctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diverged 6.2±9.0 Mya. While estimates of divergence time from molecular clock calibrations should be treated cautiously given the number of untested assumptions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFF8AE118FF07B53A" author="RAND, D. M." box="[102,231,788,812]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="131" refId="ref5443" refString="RAND, D. M., 1994, Thermal habit, metabolic rate and the evolution of mitochondrial DNA, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 125 ± 131." type="journal article" year="1994">Rand, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), these values appreciably post-date the isolation of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227632C40BFFFCFCD8E118FC7BB53A" box="[820,923,788,812]" name="Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and South America from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227632C40BFFFCFF10E13FFE91B55D" box="[252,369,819,843]" name="Antarctica" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
during the fragmentatio n of Gondwana (40±30 Mya;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFC2FE138FF3EB57D" author="LAWVER, L. A. & GAHAGAN, L. M. & COFFIN, M. F." pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="30" refId="ref5231" refString="LAWVER, L. A., GAHAGAN, L. M. and COFFIN, M. F., 1992, The development of paleoseaways around Antarctica, Antarctic Research Series, 56, 7 ± 30." type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Lawver
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFFB0E158FF6EB57D" box="[92,142,851,875]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, the presence of conspeci fi c populations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227632C40BFFFCFC96E15FFC01B57D" box="[890,993,851,875]" name="Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227632C40BFFFCFFB0E17FFF14B59C" box="[92,244,882,906]" name="New Zealand" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFEEFE17EFE67B59C" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1839" box="[259,391,882,906]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arctidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFEEFE17EFE67B59C" box="[259,391,882,906]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">A. arctidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but their sister species in South America (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFC97E17EFBE5B59C" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[891,1029,882,906]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFC97E17EFBE5B59C" box="[891,1029,882,906]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">A. punctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), also argues against a distribution based entirely on vicariance accompanying Gondwana fragmentation, as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3227632C40BFFFCFE56E1BDFDB6B5DE" box="[442,598,944,968]" name="New Zealand" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
was the fi rst of these land masses to become isolated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFEF1E1DCFE0CB5F1" author="LAWVER, L. A. & GAHAGAN, L. M. & COFFIN, M. F." box="[285,492,975,999]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="30" refId="ref5231" refString="LAWVER, L. A., GAHAGAN, L. M. and COFFIN, M. F., 1992, The development of paleoseaways around Antarctica, Antarctic Research Series, 56, 7 ± 30." type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Lawver
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFE9AE1DCFE43B5F1" box="[374,419,975,999]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, the disjunct transoceani c distribution of aplodactylids is best explained by chance dispersal. Chance dispersal rather than Gondwanan vicariance was also inferred for the similarly distributed diadromous species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFF5FE622FDDCB250" authority="(Jenyns 1842)" baseAuthorityName="Jenyns" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[179,572,1070,1094]" class="Actinopteri" family="Galaxiidae" genus="Galaxias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galaxiiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFF5FE622FE6DB250" box="[179,397,1070,1094]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">Galaxias maculatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Jenyns 1842)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on intraspeci fi c relationships and levels of molecular divergence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFE2DE641FD0EB272" author="WATERS, J. M. & BURRIDGE, C. P." box="[449,750,1100,1124]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="12" refId="ref5787" refString="WATERS, J. M. and BURRIDGE, C. P., 1999, Extreme intraspeci ® c mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in Galaxias maculatus (Osteichthys: Galaxiidae), one of the world's most widespread freshwater ® sh, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 11, 1 ± 12." type="journal article" year="1999">Waters and Burridge, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8A36A2C40BFFFCFF68E660FE43B3EC" blockId="11.[92,1047,351,1530]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">
|
||
Chance dispersal of aplodactylids across the Paci fi c was most likely undertaken during their larval phase, as juveniles and adults are restricted to nearshore habitats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFF8BE6A6FE2DB2D4" author="HUTCHINS, B. & SWAINSTON, R." box="[103,461,1194,1218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" refId="ref4984" refString="HUTCHINS, B. and SWAINSTON, R., 1986, Sea Fishes of Southern Australia (Perth: Swainston Publishing), 180 pp." type="book" year="1986">Hutchins and Swainston, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFE0DE6A6FD9CB2D4" author="STEPIEN, C. A." box="[481,636,1194,1218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" refId="ref5576" refString="STEPIEN, C. A., 1990, Population structure, diets and biogeographic relationships of a rocky" type="book" year="1990">Stepien, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFD7CE6A6FCB3B2D4" author="COLE, R. G. & CREESE, R. G. & GRAVE, R. V. & IRVING, P. & JACKSON, B. R." box="[656,851,1194,1218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="218" refId="ref4448" refString="COLE, R. G., CREESE, R. G., GRAVE, R. V., IRVING, P. and JACKSON, B. R., 1992, Abundance and patterns of subtidal benthic invertebrates and ® shes at the Kermadec Islands, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 82, 207 ± 218." type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Cole
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFD3CE6A7FCECB2D4" box="[720,780,1194,1218]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFC8BE6A6FBE4B2D4" author="FRANCIS, M. P." box="[871,1028,1194,1218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" refId="ref4746" refString="FRANCIS, M. P., 1996, Coastal Fishes of New Zealand. An Identi W cation Guide (Auckland: Reed Publishing), 72 pp." type="book" year="1996">Francis, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although little is known of aplodactylid larval dispersal capabilities (B. Bruce, personal communication), high dispersal capabilities have been suggested for other cirrhitoid larvae. The cheilodactylids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFDEBE705FC04B336" authority="Bloch and Schneider 1801" authorityName="Bloch and Schneider" authorityYear="1801" box="[519,996,1288,1312]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cheilodactylidae" genus="Nemadactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macropterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFDEBE705FD53B336" box="[519,691,1289,1312]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">N. macropterus</emphasis>
|
||
Bloch and Schneider 1801
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFFB0E72BFE36B329" authority="Carmichael 1818" authorityName="Carmichael" authorityYear="1818" box="[92,470,1319,1343]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cheilodactylidae" genus="Acantholatris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monodactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFFB0E72BFEF3B329" box="[92,275,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">A. monodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
Carmichael 1818
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess a 9±12-month offshore pelagic larval phase (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFF8AE74AFF1EB348" author="ANNALA, J. H." box="[102,254,1350,1374]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="12" refId="ref4270" refString="ANNALA, J. H., 1987, The biology and ® shery of tarakihi, Nemadactylus macropterus, in New Zealand waters, New Zealand Fisheries Research Division Occasional Publications, 51, 1 ± 12." type="journal article" year="1987">Annala, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFEFCE74AFE12B348" author="ANDREW, T. G. & HECHT, T. & HEEMSTRA, P. C. & LUTJEHARMS, J. R. E." box="[272,498,1350,1374]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="43" refId="ref4204" refString="ANDREW, T. G., HECHT, T., HEEMSTRA, P. C. and LUTJEHARMS, J. R. E., 1995, Fishes of the Tristan da Cunha group and Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean, Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, 63, 1 ± 43." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Andrew
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFE98E74BFE4DB348" box="[372,429,1350,1374]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and molecular genetic studies on members of these genera suggest geneflow across distances in excess of
|
||
<quantity id="4CCD9B47C40BFFFCFCCFE769FC60B36B" box="[803,896,1381,1405]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" unit="km" value="1000.0">1000 km</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFC74E769FF3EB38B" author="ELLIOTT, N. G. & WARD, R. D." pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="67" refId="ref4509" refString="ELLIOTT, N. G. and WARD, R. D., 1994, Enzyme variation in jackass morwong, Nemadactylus macropterus (Schneider, 1801) (Teleostei: Cheilodactylidae), from Australian and New Zealand waters, Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 45, 51 ± 67." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFC74E769FC3FB36B" authority="Burridge, 2000" authorityName="Burridge" authorityYear="2000" box="[920,991,1381,1405]" genus="Elliott" pageId="11" pageNumber="2184" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Elliott</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Ward, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFF03E789FE5EB38B" author="GREWE, P. M. & SMOLENSKI, A. J. & WARD, R. D." box="[239,446,1413,1437]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="1109" refId="ref4828" refString="GREWE, P. M., SMOLENSKI, A. J. and WARD, R. D., 1994, Mitochondrial DNA diversity in jackass morwong (Nemadactylus macropterus, Teleostei) from Australian and New Zealand waters, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 51, 1101 ± 1109." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Grewe
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFEAEE789FE93B38B" box="[322,371,1413,1437]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFE23E789FD98B38B" author="BURRIDGE, C. P." box="[463,632,1413,1437]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="109" refId="ref4375" refString="BURRIDGE, C. P., 1999, Molecular phylogeny of Nemadactylus and Acantholatris (Perciformes: Cirrhitoidea), with implications for taxonomy and biogeography, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 13, 93 ± 109." type="journal article" year="1999">Burridge, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Particularly relevant is the species pair
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFF7AE7A8FE94B3AA" authority="Kner 1865" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1865" box="[150,372,1444,1468]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cheilodactylidae" genus="Acantholatris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gayi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFF7AE7A8FF0BB3AA" box="[150,235,1444,1468]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">A. gayi</emphasis>
|
||
Kner 1865
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFE54E7A8FD62B3AA" box="[440,642,1444,1468]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cheilodactylidae" genus="Nemadactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFE54E7A8FDB3B3AA" box="[440,595,1444,1468]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">Nemadactylus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are similar in distribution to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFF6DE7CFFEEEB3CD" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1839" box="[129,270,1475,1499]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arctidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFF6DE7CFFEEEB3CD" box="[129,270,1475,1499]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">A. arctidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C354D21C40BFFFCFEB8E7CFFE07B3CD" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[340,487,1475,1499]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Aplodactylidae" genus="Aplodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFEB8E7CFFE07B3CD" box="[340,487,1475,1499]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">A. punctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and exhibit negligible cytochrome
|
||
<emphasis id="B941EAB0C40BFFFCFC7AE7CFFC43B3CD" box="[918,931,1475,1499]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182">b</emphasis>
|
||
sequence divergence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B53C40BFFFCFF0BE7EEFE70B3EC" author="BURRIDGE, C. P." box="[231,400,1506,1530]" pageId="11" pageNumber="2182" pagination="109" refId="ref4375" refString="BURRIDGE, C. P., 1999, Molecular phylogeny of Nemadactylus and Acantholatris (Perciformes: Cirrhitoidea), with implications for taxonomy and biogeography, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 13, 93 ± 109." type="journal article" year="1999">Burridge, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |