410 lines
47 KiB
XML
410 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document id="7D3C1334FFE6E7C5FA1503020151C65F" ID-CLB-Dataset="134452" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fe084ed-d367-4d5a-9ed0-48882760ba96" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267833" ID-ZooBank="7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629915050425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2013" docId="0385994AFF97FFCC9BFDFEDDFEE2BEA8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03724p085.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3724 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Andronymus hero Evans 1937" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="FFBCE132FFBEFFE09B6AFF91FFD5BA40" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1699144858824" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="BAA99318AEE7CFE283EEEDB22E919214">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="316146B9D0E4228E1EFD3B8353FC1390" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="7586990C7B6D47A4383E554843898DC8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="5F7AF50F041841BEEE784A05463E398D">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="53674B4861E72971591E44CE156B7036">C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="22030B364D8D967399CE33B6AC197330" type="email">m.cock@cabi.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="FAA60CDE83E572A47061748F953B9CCB">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BC4BD7927645E59838D7AB7C992A87B5">African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8643848BC5AB33DF70DB1AF1AD225021" type="email">colin.congdon@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="B947FA57135DFBCC028AC581F4E8C803">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C9C74805903508C0060CE25D12D2E579">
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<mods:date id="40AC12EB316D8ADB61A7240AAA9F4184">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9EA8777CEFE352FA50A50C3C681EE440">2013-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="5E3CA2F5D7C5E313CBD0F3BF2A011AB4">3724</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="8B5B959A7D3003388D907C09BB97406C">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="2A37A0D01D2032C529F883FFC77E6998">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="0385994AFF97FFCC9BFDFEDDFEE2BEA8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7044062" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199911017" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7044062" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFF97FFCC9BFDFEDDFEE2BEA8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385994AFF97FFCC9BFDFEDDFEE2BEA8" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF97FFC99BFDFEDDFDDABB26" box="[151,527,332,358]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF97FFC99BFDFEDDFDDABB26" blockId="41.[151,527,332,358]" box="[151,527,332,358]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<heading id="D0DB9F30FF97FFC99BFDFEDDFDDABB26" bold="true" box="[151,527,332,358]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99BFDFEDDFDDABB26" ID-CoL="66NTR" authority="Evans, 1937" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,527,332,358]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hero">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99BFDFEDDFDDABB26" bold="true" box="[151,527,332,358]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99BFDFEDDFEA7BB26" bold="true" box="[151,370,332,358]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Andronymus hero</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF97FFC99A13FEDDFDDABB26" author="Evans" box="[377,527,332,358]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF97FFC99BFDFE03FD5DB8C3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF97FFC99BFDFE03FD5DB8C3" blockId="41.[150,1437,402,643]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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This species is known from
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF97FFC99AA5FE03FD8BBBEA" box="[463,606,402,427]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
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(
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<typeStatus id="549796FEFF97FFC99907FE03FD4ABBEB" box="[621,671,402,427]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">type</typeStatus>
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locality) to western
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF97FFC998E8FE03FC32BBEB" box="[898,999,402,427]" name="Tanzania" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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and northern
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF97FFC99FE8FE03FB0EBBEB" box="[1154,1243,402,427]" name="Zambia" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF97FFC99F8FFE02FAAEBBEB" author="Larsen" box="[1253,1403,402,427]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref43974" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 pp. & 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005</bibRefCitation>
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, in prep.) discusses the colour variation in the hind wing markings of this species. Yellow tinted forms matching the
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<typeStatus id="549796FEFF97FFC99BF2FE4AFF1DBBB3" box="[152,200,475,499]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">type</typeStatus>
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are generally found in the western part of the range from
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF97FFC99812FE4BFC04BBB3" box="[888,977,474,499]" name="Senegal" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF97FFC99890FE4BFB43BBB3" box="[1018,1174,474,499]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Cote d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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, and pure white forms (
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99BCAFE6EFF27B856" box="[160,242,511,534]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">marcus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF97FFC99B91FE6FFE5DB857" author="Usher" box="[251,392,510,535]" firstAuthor="Usher" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="291 - 302" refId="ref46138" refString="Usher, M. B. (1980) The Andronymus caesar complex of species (Hesperiidae). Systematic Entomology, 5, 291 - 302. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1980. tb 00417. x" type="journal article" year="1980">Usher, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<typeStatus id="549796FEFF97FFC99AFDFE6EFE12B857" box="[407,455,511,535]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">type</typeStatus>
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locality
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF97FFC99945FE6FFD70B857" box="[559,677,510,535]" name="Cameroon" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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) are normal east of
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF97FFC998F8FE6FFC0BB857" box="[914,990,510,535]" name="Ghana" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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, whereas both forms occur together in
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF97FFC99BFDFDB3FF31B87B" box="[151,228,546,571]" name="Ghana" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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. At present these are treated as forms, possibly subspecies, of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC998C0FDB2FC29B87B" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[938,1020,546,571]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hero">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC998C0FDB2FC29B87B" box="[938,1020,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">A. hero</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, so a comparison of the early stages between the two regions may throw light on this relationship. MJWC has reared it from
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF97FFC99F1AFDD7FAD0B81F" box="[1136,1285,582,607]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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(88/206) and TCEC from western
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF97FFC99AEBFDFBFE30B8C3" box="[385,485,618,643]" name="Tanzania" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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(
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FF97FFC99A9EFDFBFDA9B8C3" box="[500,636,618,643]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="41.[151,249,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1473,1966]" captionTargetId="figure-480@41.[151,1436,1473,1966]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 46. Adult and ovum of Andronymus hero, collected on Combretum sp., Kasye Forest, Kigoma, western Tanzania, TCEC. 1, adult, emerged 15 Apr 1994; 2, ovum, 25 Mar 1994." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267932" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267932/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Figure 46.1</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF97FFCC9BFDFD3CFEE2BEA8" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF97FFC99BFDFD3CFECBB886" blockId="41.[151,1436,685,1142]" box="[151,286,685,710]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99BFDFD3CFECBB886" box="[151,286,685,710]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF97FFC99BFDFD43FE74BE4A" blockId="41.[151,1436,685,1142]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF97FFC99BFDFD43FE85B8AA" author="Vuattoux" box="[151,336,721,746]" firstAuthor="Vuattoux" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="562 - 568" refId="ref46285" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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reports rearing
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<specimenCount id="9D2AE3D5FF97FFC9996EFD40FDBEB8AA" box="[516,619,721,746]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="adult">19 adults</specimenCount>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF97FFC999FBFD40FCFFB8AA" box="[657,810,721,746]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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, of which 13 were reared from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99FFAFD40FE9CB94E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidatum">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99FFAFD40FA49B8AA" box="[1168,1436,721,746]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Combretum cuspidatum</emphasis>
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(Combretaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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on the banks of the Bandama River, and the remainder from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99F41FD64FA90B94E" authorityName="A.M.Palisot de Beauvois" authorityYear="1806" box="[1067,1349,757,782]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Anthonotha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrophylla">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99F41FD64FA90B94E" box="[1067,1349,757,782]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Anthonotha macrophylla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(3),
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99EEEFD67FED8B972" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Anthonotha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassifolia">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99EEEFD67FED8B972" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">A. crassifolia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(2) (
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99A26FC88FE6CB972" box="[332,441,793,818]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99AA2FC88FD5CB972" box="[456,649,793,818]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caesalpinioideae">Caesalpinioideae</taxonomicName>
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) and an unidentified plant (1). MJWC identified this material, and retained some voucher papered specimens, which were spread and re-examined for the current work. Of the
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<specimenCount id="9D2AE3D5FF97FFC99E0EFCACFF18B93A" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="male">three male</specimenCount>
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vouchers for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99A18FCF0FDEEB93A" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[370,571,865,890]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hero">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99A18FCF0FDEEB93A" box="[370,571,865,890]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Andronymus hero</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, one reared from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC9987AFCF0FC68B939" box="[784,957,865,890]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Anthonotha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC9987AFCF0FC46B93A" box="[784,915,865,890]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Anthonotha</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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is
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC9988EFCF3FB73B939" authority="caesar" authorityName="caesar Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[996,1190,866,889]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="caesar" subSpecies="caesar">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC9988EFCF3FB73B939" box="[996,1190,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">A. caesar caesar</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, another reared from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99BFDFC14FE95B9DD" box="[151,320,901,926]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Anthonotha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99BFDFC14FECFB9DE" box="[151,282,901,926]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Anthonotha</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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is
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99A0BFC14FD54B9DD" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[353,641,901,926]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helles">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99A0BFC14FDE3B9DE" box="[353,566,901,926]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Andronymus helles</emphasis>
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Evans
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the third, reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC998C5FC17FB84B9DE" box="[943,1105,901,926]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC998C5FC17FB84B9DE" box="[943,1105,901,926]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">C. cuspidatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is the white form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99E29FC17FA41B9DE" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[1347,1428,901,926]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hero">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99E29FC17FA41B9DE" box="[1347,1428,901,926]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">A. hero</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on these voucher specimens,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99945FC38FD0FB981" box="[559,730,937,962]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Anthonotha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99945FC38FD67B982" box="[559,690,937,962]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Anthonotha</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a new food plant record for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99F57FC3BFB2EB981" authority="caesar" authorityName="caesar Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[1085,1275,938,961]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="caesar" subSpecies="caesar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99F57FC3BFB2EB981" box="[1085,1275,938,961]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">A. caesar caesar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99E59FC3BFA40B982" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[1331,1429,937,962]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helles">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99E59FC3BFA40B982" box="[1331,1429,937,962]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">A. helles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99A0CFC5FFE6DB9A6" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[358,440,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hero">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99A0CFC5FFE6DB9A6" box="[358,440,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">A. hero</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99A96FC5CFD66B9A5" box="[508,691,973,998]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Anthonotha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99A96FC5CFDAAB9A6" box="[508,639,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Anthonotha</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be considered unconfirmed, pending re-examination of the other reared specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF97FFC99BADFB84FC99BE36" blockId="41.[151,1436,685,1142]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
MJWC has reared the western population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC999D7FB84FC51BE6E" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[701,900,1045,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hero">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC999D7FB84FC51BE6E" box="[701,900,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Andronymus hero</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC998A2FB84FAD5BE6E" box="[968,1280,1045,1070]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphanopetalum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC998A2FB84FAD5BE6E" box="[968,1280,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Combretum aphanopetalum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MJWC 321) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF97FFC99BD1FBA8FE82BE12" box="[187,343,1081,1106]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
(88/206) and TCEC has reared the eastern population from succulent young leaves of an unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99A4FFBCCFE1ABE35" box="[293,463,1117,1142]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99A4FFBCCFE7DBE36" box="[293,424,1117,1142]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Combretum</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kasye Forest,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E8E6BEFF97FFC9991DFBCCFD01BE36" box="[631,724,1117,1142]" country="Tanzania" name="Kigoma" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kigoma</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF97FFC999B5FBCCFC92BE36" box="[735,839,1117,1142]" name="Tanzania" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF97FFC99BFDFB34FEF2BEFE" blockId="41.[151,1436,1189,1286]" box="[151,295,1189,1214]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99BFDFB34FEF2BEFE" box="[151,295,1189,1214]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF97FFC99BFDFB58FADBBF46" blockId="41.[151,1436,1189,1286]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
The final instar caterpillar of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF97FFC99962FB58FD4BBEA2" box="[520,670,1225,1250]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
collection made a simple shelter by rolling one edge of a leaf under, with feeding to the midrib basal to this. The shelter was held open in position with two strands of silk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF97FFC99BFDFAA7FF0FBF0D" blockId="41.[151,1436,1334,1430]" box="[151,218,1334,1357]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99BFDFAA7FF0FBF0D" box="[151,218,1334,1357]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Ovum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF97FFC99BFDFAC8FDD4BFD6" blockId="41.[151,1436,1334,1430]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
The ovum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FF97FFC99A71FAC8FE77BF32" box="[283,418,1369,1394]" captionStart="FIGURE 46" captionStartId="41.[151,249,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1473,1966]" captionTargetId="figure-480@41.[151,1436,1473,1966]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 46. Adult and ovum of Andronymus hero, collected on Combretum sp., Kasye Forest, Kigoma, western Tanzania, TCEC. 1, adult, emerged 15 Apr 1994; 2, ovum, 25 Mar 1994." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267932" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267932/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Figure 46.2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC999FFFACBFD2ABF31" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[661,767,1370,1393]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC999FFFACBFD2ABF31" box="[661,767,1370,1393]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">A. caesar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. One observed in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF97FFC998B8FAC8FBBFBF32" box="[978,1130,1369,1394]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
was laid on the leaf upper surface,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF97FFC99B9CFAECFEE8BFD6" box="[246,317,1405,1430]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="10.0">10mm</quantity>
|
||
from the leaf tip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FF97FFC99BFDF82FFCC5BDB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267932" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267932" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267932/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" startId="41.[151,249,1982,2004]" targetBox="[151,1436,1473,1966]" targetPageId="41">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF97FFC99BFDF82FFCC5BDB2" blockId="41.[151,1436,1982,2034]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99BFDF82FFEF7BD94" bold="true" box="[151,290,1982,2004]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">FIGURE 46.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult and ovum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99A93F82FFD7BBD94" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[505,686,1982,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hero">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99A93F82FFD7BBD94" box="[505,686,1982,2004]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Andronymus hero</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF97FFC99828F82FFC35BD94" box="[834,992,1982,2004]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99828F82FFC6CBD94" box="[834,953,1982,2004]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Combretum</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kasye Forest, Kigoma, western Tanzania, TCEC.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC99B8EF84DFF25BDB2" bold="true" box="[228,240,2012,2034]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">1</emphasis>
|
||
, adult, emerged 15 Apr 1994;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF97FFC9994DF84DFDE6BDB2" bold="true" box="[551,563,2012,2034]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">2</emphasis>
|
||
, ovum, 25 Mar 1994.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FF94FFCA9BFDFDC5FE86B8E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267936" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267936" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267936/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" startId="42.[151,249,596,618]" targetBox="[151,1436,183,575]" targetPageId="42">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF94FFCA9BFDFDC5FE86B8E8" blockId="42.[151,1436,596,680]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF94FFCA9BFDFDC5FEF5B82A" bold="true" box="[151,288,596,618]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 47.</emphasis>
|
||
Final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF94FFCA9944FDC5FD37B82A" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[558,738,596,618]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hero">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF94FFCA9944FDC5FD37B82A" box="[558,738,596,618]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Andronymus hero</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
western population, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF94FFCA9F57FDC5FF39B8C9" authority=", Foret de Yapo" authorityName="Foret de Yapo" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphanopetalum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF94FFCA9F57FDC5FA8DB82A" box="[1085,1368,596,618]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Combretum aphanopetalum</emphasis>
|
||
, Fôret de Yapo
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Côte d’Ivoire, 4 Dec 1988; photographed 6 Dec; pupated 9 Dec; 26mm; 88/206. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head anterolateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FF94FFCA9BFDF833FDD3BDB5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267938" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267938/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" startId="42.[151,249,1954,1976]" targetBox="[151,1436,724,1939]" targetPageId="42">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF94FFCA9BFDF833FDD3BDB5" blockId="42.[151,1436,1954,2037]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF94FFCA9BFDF833FEF5BDF8" bold="true" box="[151,288,1954,1976]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 48.</emphasis>
|
||
Final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF94FFCA9943F833FD09BDF8" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[553,732,1954,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hero">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF94FFCA9943F833FD09BDF8" box="[553,732,1954,1976]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Andronymus hero</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eastern population, collected 25 Mar 1994 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF94FFCA9FDCF833FA87BDF8" box="[1206,1362,1954,1976]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF94FFCA9FDCF833FAF9BDF8" box="[1206,1324,1954,1976]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Combretum</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kasye Forest, Kigoma, western Tanzania; photographed 2 Apr 1994; TCEC. 1, dorsal view with head in anterofrontal view; 2, dorsal view with head in dorsolateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FF95FFCB9BFDF93EFECABD62" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267940" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267940" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267940/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" startId="43.[151,249,1711,1733]" targetBox="[151,1436,285,1649]" targetPageId="43">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF95FFCB9BFDF93EFECABD62" blockId="43.[151,1436,1711,1826]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF95FFCB9BFDF93EFECABC85" bold="true" box="[151,287,1711,1733]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 49.</emphasis>
|
||
Pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF95FFCB9A12F93EFDFCBC85" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[376,553,1711,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hero">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF95FFCB9A12F93EFDFCBC85" box="[376,553,1711,1733]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Andronymus hero</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF95FFCB995CF93EFD96BC85" bold="true" box="[566,579,1711,1733]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">1</emphasis>
|
||
, western population, collected as caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF95FFCB9F49F93EFF1BBCA4" authority=", Foret de Yapo" authorityName="Foret de Yapo" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphanopetalum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF95FFCB9F49F93EFAE9BC85" box="[1059,1340,1711,1733]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Combretum aphanopetalum</emphasis>
|
||
, Fôret de Yapo
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Côte d’Ivoire, 4. Dec 1988; pupated 9 Dec; photographed 13 Dec; eclosed 26–27 Dec; 26mm; 88/206; dorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF95FFCB9BFDF97CFF71BD43" bold="true" box="[151,164,1773,1795]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">2</emphasis>
|
||
, eastern population, collected 25 Mar 1994 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF95FFCB9915F97CFCCEBD43" box="[639,795,1773,1795]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF95FFCB9915F97CFD23BD43" box="[639,758,1773,1795]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Combretum</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kasye Forest, Kigoma, western Tanzania; photographed 2 Apr 1994; TCEC.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF92FFCC9BFDFF06FEC0BAF0" blockId="44.[151,1436,151,392]" box="[151,277,151,176]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF92FFCC9BFDFF06FEC0BAF0" box="[151,277,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF92FFCC9BFDFF2DFEC1BBC8" blockId="44.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
The mature caterpillar from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF92FFCC9AB1FF2DFDA6BA95" box="[475,627,188,213]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
(88/206) measured
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF92FFCC9830FF2DFC70BA95" box="[858,933,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="26.0">26mm</quantity>
|
||
; head widest at base, indent at vertex, 2.8 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF92FFCC9BFDFF4EFF33BAB8" box="[151,230,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.9mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high; marked in yellow and black on shades of brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FF92FFCC98DBFF4EFBF1BAB8" box="[945,1060,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="42.[151,249,596,618]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,575]" captionTargetId="figure-100@42.[151,1436,183,575]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 47. Final instar caterpillar of Andronymus hero western population, collected on Combretum aphanopetalum, Fôret de Yapo, Côte d’Ivoire, 4 Dec 1988; photographed 6 Dec; pupated 9 Dec; 26mm; 88/206. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head anterolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267936" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267936/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figure 47</figureCitation>
|
||
); body greenish white with waxy bloom especially on A7–8; subdorsal markings on A2–7 appear to be due to patches of transparent cuticle with no wax bloom: A2, A7 two small spots (<<
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF92FFCC9937FEB6FD42BB00" box="[605,663,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="1.0">1mm</quantity>
|
||
) with scattered adjacent dots; A3–6 three adjacent spots of about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FF92FFCC9E13FEB6FF10BB23" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, with scattered adjacent dots; scattered dots dorsolaterally on A3–7; one of two caterpillars had a faint darker dorsal line.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF92FFCC9BADFE26FEEDB820" blockId="44.[151,1436,439,608]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
The final instar of the material from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF92FFCC991AFE26FD01BB90" box="[624,724,439,464]" name="Tanzania" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FF92FFCC998CFE26FC82BB90" box="[742,855,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="42.[151,249,1954,1976]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,724,1939]" captionTargetId="figure-103@42.[151,1436,724,1939]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 48. Final instar caterpillar of Andronymus hero eastern population, collected 25 Mar 1994 on Combretum sp., Kasye Forest, Kigoma, western Tanzania; photographed 2 Apr 1994; TCEC. 1, dorsal view with head in anterofrontal view; 2, dorsal view with head in dorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267938/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figure 48</figureCitation>
|
||
) is clearly very similar, but the head markings are paler yellow or white; the brown lateral line from vertex laterally on head is simple in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF92FFCC9FF0FE4DFAE4BBB5" box="[1178,1329,476,501]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
material, but has a branch running from near the apex to the ventral posterior margin; the subdorsal markings are variably arranged around 1–3 spots on each segment. More material would need to be examined to see if these differences are consistent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF92FFCC9BFDFD00FF07B8E8" blockId="44.[151,1436,657,1040]" box="[151,210,657,680]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF92FFCC9BFDFD00FF07B8E8" box="[151,210,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF92FFCC9BFDFD25FA9ABE4F" blockId="44.[151,1436,657,1040]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
The
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF92FFCC9BA1FD25FEB7B88D" box="[203,354,692,717]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
pupa is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FF92FFCC995EFD25FD6CB88D" box="[564,697,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="43.[151,249,1711,1733]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,285,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-77@43.[151,1436,285,1649]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 49. Pupa of Andronymus hero. 1, western population, collected as caterpillar on Combretum aphanopetalum, Fôret de Yapo, Côte d’Ivoire, 4. Dec 1988; pupated 9 Dec; photographed 13 Dec; eclosed 26–27 Dec; 26mm; 88/206; dorsolateral view; 2, eastern population, collected 25 Mar 1994 on Combretum sp., Kasye Forest, Kigoma, western Tanzania; photographed 2 Apr 1994; TCEC." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267940" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267940/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figure 49.1</figureCitation>
|
||
, and that from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF92FFCC980DFD25FC1EB88D" box="[871,971,692,717]" name="Tanzania" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
in
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FF92FFCC9898FD25FBACB88D" box="[1010,1145,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="43.[151,249,1711,1733]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,285,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-77@43.[151,1436,285,1649]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 49. Pupa of Andronymus hero. 1, western population, collected as caterpillar on Combretum aphanopetalum, Fôret de Yapo, Côte d’Ivoire, 4. Dec 1988; pupated 9 Dec; photographed 13 Dec; eclosed 26–27 Dec; 26mm; 88/206; dorsolateral view; 2, eastern population, collected 25 Mar 1994 on Combretum sp., Kasye Forest, Kigoma, western Tanzania; photographed 2 Apr 1994; TCEC." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267940" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267940/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figure 49.2</figureCitation>
|
||
. The shelters are similar, and resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF92FFCC9AF3FD49FDD6B8B0" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[409,515,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF92FFCC9AF3FD49FDD6B8B0" box="[409,515,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">A. caesar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The markings of both are similar, and resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF92FFCC9FCEFD49FADBB8B0" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[1188,1294,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF92FFCC9FCEFD49FADBB8B0" box="[1188,1294,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">A. caesar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We do not know whether the striking difference in ground colour is significant—green in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF92FFCC9F24FD6DFB3FB955" box="[1102,1258,764,789]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
and orange in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF92FFCC9BFDFC8EFF28B978" box="[151,253,799,824]" name="Tanzania" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
—although it is beyond the differences we expect during normal development, more material would be needed to assess the constancy of this character. It should be borne in mind that the exposed pupae of many butterflies, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF92FFCC9AE5FCF6FDCBB9C0" box="[399,542,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Papilionidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF92FFCC9947FCF6FD5DB9C0" box="[557,648,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF92FFCC99ADFCF6FCB4B9C0" box="[711,865,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, can be dimorphic or polymorphic in colour and pattern, and this has been associated with the colour of their background and exposure to light, based on the pioneering work of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF92FFCC9A11FC3EFDF5B988" author="Poulton" box="[379,544,943,968]" firstAuthor="Poulton" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="311 - 441" refId="ref44938" refString="Poulton, E. B. (1887) An enquiry into the cause and extent of a special colour - relation between certain exposed lepidopterous pupae and the surfaces which immediately surround them. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B, 178, 311 - 441. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1887.0014" type="journal article" year="1887">Poulton (1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF92FFCC9947FC3EFDBCB988" author="Poulton" box="[557,617,943,968]" firstAuthor="Poulton" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="293 - 487" refId="ref45003" refString="Poulton, E. B. (1892) Further experiments upon the colour relations between certain lepidopterous larvae, pupae, cocoons and imagines and their surroundings. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Series B, 1892, 293 - 487. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1892. tb 02973. x" type="journal article" year="1892">1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), revisited by recent workers (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF92FFCC9891FC3EFB11B988" author="Hazel" box="[1019,1220,943,968]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hazel" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="41 - 44" refId="ref42604" refString="Hazel, W. N., Ante, S. & Stringfellow, B. (1998) The evolution of environmentally-cued pupal colour in swallowtail butterflies: natural selection for pupation site and pupal colour. Ecological Entomology, 23 (1), 41 - 44. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2311.1998.00092. x" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Hazel
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF92FFCC9F2FFC20FBACB988" box="[1093,1145,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF92FFCC9FBBFC3EFA44B988" author="Stefanescu" box="[1233,1425,943,968]" firstAuthor="Stefanescu" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="25 - 36" refId="ref45748" refString="Stefanescu, C. (2004) Seasonal change in pupation behaviour and pupal mortality in a swallowtail butterfly. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 27 (2), 25 - 36." type="journal article" year="2004">Stefanescu 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We are not aware of any work in this respect on the pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF92FFCC9820FC45FC06B9AD" box="[842,979,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it would only apply to the relatively few species whose pupae are formed in exposed situations, as is the case with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF92FFCC9F69FC66FB82BE50" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1885" box="[1027,1111,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF92FFCC9F69FC66FB82BE50" box="[1027,1111,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Acleros</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF92FFCC9FE4FC66FA9ABE4F" box="[1166,1359,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF92FFCC9FE4FC66FACFBE50" box="[1166,1306,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Andronymus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF92FFCC9BFDFBD1FEC7BE17" blockId="44.[151,1436,1088,1256]" box="[151,274,1088,1111]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF92FFCC9BFDFBD1FEC7BE17" box="[151,274,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF92FFCC9BFDFBF5FEE2BEA8" blockId="44.[151,1436,1088,1256]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
The early stages of the two populations are very similar, but the differences are inadequate to strongly support any hypotheses concerning relatedness. If the differences noted are consistent, this would support at least separate subspecies. The early stages are also similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF92FFCC9874FB3DFC5CBE84" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[798,905,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caesar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF92FFCC9874FB3DFC5CBE84" box="[798,905,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">A. caesar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF92FFCC9F35FB3DFB05BE84" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[1119,1232,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF92FFCC9F35FB3DFB05BE84" box="[1119,1232,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">A. marina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
treated below are very different.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |