146 lines
17 KiB
XML
146 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="256D3917070FC7B87662213B52063F97" ID-CLB-Dataset="134452" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fe084ed-d367-4d5a-9ed0-48882760ba96" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267833" ID-ZooBank="7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629915050425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2013" docId="0385994AFF92FFCD9BFDF9CAFC18BBB5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03724p085.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3724 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Andronymus marina Evans 1937" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="FFBCE132FFBEFFE09B6AFF91FFD5BA40" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1699144858824" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="595DF9D23CA72E7C8DEF4F6A4DE4A89A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A5335C66272601658F9AF3691CD0C5E9">
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<mods:title id="026E4120BC122F32E9BB86E311CEFDA4">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="5693FC14AB3DC29AE6B7C8982D7AA0DA" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="F1AC65D02601268DFA7526F450F1010E">
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<mods:roleTerm id="14CC9C290BBD5BB7632D7F5F612CF3BC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="5019CCDBFF3683D41BCB26143DFD9F8C">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2F371A0001AF67A3F93904A1DD2C732B">C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="FA08E69E31DCA488CF517F86AF7371F0" type="email">m.cock@cabi.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="47239FD13601FF3EA552BD7FB24896D2" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A1E4CA5DA234E5946B15A1BD72D90C3B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D9094631F917C6B9C1EB1B8268505EB4">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6421D1BE9F4A65D11C99E77D8853B399">African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E5EF9E2EA05107DAF952A457C1F65A4D" type="email">colin.congdon@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6B45C65BE014DC00EF4761685570AFA1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="77F36C1C0469E4A3D2927304D31A7A5E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="AE31B5172E2156604141A89A8CCAE90B">
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<mods:date id="153DFC7B0623BC2C15A2589115F368E4">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E49EBBD34D66333D5D380723069A12BC">2013-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="06655A9F43AFCA4257F2B2A419B9A8C3">3724</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="CB99B21454D183A29198E23D625FB8F9">1</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="E2078757512996A38F443B192E1A49B2">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="A330DD5978640A63D9D2273A601DA92E">journal article</mods:classification>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="0385994AFF92FFCD9BFDF9CAFC18BBB5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268124" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199911019" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5268124" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFF92FFCD9BFDF9CAFC18BBB5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385994AFF92FFCD9BFDF9CAFC18BBB5" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF92FFCC9BFDF9CAFCBBBD42" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF92FFCC9BFDF9CAFDE5BC35" blockId="44.[151,560,1627,1653]" box="[151,560,1627,1653]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<heading id="D0DB9F30FF92FFCC9BFDF9CAFDE5BC35" bold="true" box="[151,560,1627,1653]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF92FFCC9BFDF9CAFDE5BC35" ID-CoL="66NV8" authority="Evans, 1937" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,560,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marina">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF92FFCC9BFDF9CAFDE5BC35" bold="true" box="[151,560,1627,1653]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF92FFCC9BFDF9CAFE46BC35" bold="true" box="[151,403,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Andronymus marina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF92FFCC9AF0F9CAFDE5BC35" author="Evans" box="[410,560,1627,1653]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF92FFCC9BFDF930FCBBBD42" blockId="44.[151,1436,1697,1794]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<collectingCounty id="62F250D0FF92FFCC9BFDF930FF1CBCFA" box="[151,201,1697,1722]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">This</collectingCounty>
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species is restricted to
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF92FFCC9A8BF930FDEDBCFA" box="[481,568,1697,1722]" name="Uganda" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF92FFCC991DF930FD0BBCFA" box="[631,734,1697,1722]" name="Tanzania" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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, where it is rare in the forests of
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BF7B226FF92FFCC9F18F930FB1BBCFA" box="[1138,1230,1697,1722]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Mpanda</collectingMunicipality>
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and
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<collectingRegion id="49E8E6BEFF92FFCC9E66F930FABCBCFA" box="[1292,1385,1697,1722]" country="Tanzania" name="Kigoma" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Kigoma</collectingRegion>
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, but relatively common in Minziro. TCEC has reared this species several times from
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<location id="8EF37E87FF92FFCC9F5AF954FB03BC9E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFF92FFCD9BFDF9CAFC18BBB5:8EF37E87FF92FFCC9F5AF954FB03BC9E" box="[1072,1238,1733,1758]" country="Uganda" county="This" municipality="Mpanda" name="Minziro forest" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" stateProvince="Kigoma">Minziro forest</location>
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, in north-western
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF92FFCC9BF2F978FF28BD42" box="[152,253,1769,1794]" name="Tanzania" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingDate id="EFD6F774FF92FFCC9A66F978FD9BBD42" box="[268,590,1769,1794]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<date id="FF920E9CFF92FFCC9A66F978FE0DBD42" box="[268,472,1769,1794]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="1994-04" valueMax="1994-06-31" valueMin="1994-04-00">Apr and Jun 1994</date>
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,
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<date id="FF920E9CFF92FFCC9A89F97BFD9BBD42" box="[483,590,1769,1794]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="1994-12">Dec 1994</date>
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</collectingDate>
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–
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<collectingDate id="EFD6F774FF92FFCC9937F978FCB7BD42" box="[605,866,1769,1794]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<date id="FF920E9CFF92FFCC9937F978FD17BD42" box="[605,706,1769,1794]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="1995-01">Jan 1995</date>
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and
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<date id="FF920E9CFF92FFCC9992F97BFCB7BD42" box="[760,866,1769,1794]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="1997-06">Jun 1997</date>
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</collectingDate>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF92FFCD9BFDF8C4FC18BBB5" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF92FFCC9BFDF8C4FEC2BD2E" blockId="44.[151,1437,1877,2010]" box="[151,279,1877,1902]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF92FFCC9BFDF8C4FEC2BD2E" box="[151,279,1877,1902]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Life history</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF92FFCD9BFDF8E8FC18BBB5" blockId="44.[151,1437,1877,2010]" lastBlockId="45.[150,1436,151,501]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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The food plant is
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF92FFCC9A08F8E8FDF0BDD1" box="[354,549,1913,1938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Baikiaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insignis">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF92FFCC9A08F8E8FDF0BDD1" box="[354,549,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Baikiaea insignis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF92FFCC9925F8EBFD63BDD1" box="[591,694,1914,1937]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Baikiaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eminii">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF92FFCC9925F8EBFD63BDD1" box="[591,694,1914,1937]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">B. eminii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF92FFCC99A5F8E8FCE9BDD2" box="[719,828,1913,1938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF92FFCC9822F8E8FBD8BDD2" box="[840,1037,1913,1938]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caesalpinioideae">Caesalpinioideae</taxonomicName>
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). The ova (
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FF92FFCC9FE7F8E8FAC4BDD2" box="[1165,1297,1913,1938]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="45.[151,249,1401,1423]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,879,1384]" captionTargetId="figure-362@45.[151,1436,879,1384]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 50. Early stages of Andronymus marina, collected on Baikiaea eminii, Minziro Forest, Kagera, Tanzania, TCEC. 1, stage 1 leaf shelter, 6 Apr 1994; 2, ovum, dorsal view, 4 Dec 1994." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267942" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267942/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figure 50.1</figureCitation>
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) are laid on tender young foliage of saplings in deep shade in the forest. The newly emerged caterpillars cut and roll a portion of a leaf in which to hide (
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FF92FFCC9AA6F850FD85BD9A" box="[460,592,1985,2010]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="45.[151,249,1401,1423]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,879,1384]" captionTargetId="figure-362@45.[151,1436,879,1384]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 50. Early stages of Andronymus marina, collected on Baikiaea eminii, Minziro Forest, Kagera, Tanzania, TCEC. 1, stage 1 leaf shelter, 6 Apr 1994; 2, ovum, dorsal view, 4 Dec 1994." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267942" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267942/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figure 50.2</figureCitation>
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). They develop very quickly, a necessary adaptation if they are to pupate before the leaves of the food plant harden and cease to be nutritious. The large larvae seem to eat continuously, and develop at a phenomenal rate. The leaves of the sapling food plant are very large and soft, and fall in folds, and so the larger larvae do not need to make shelters. They pupate among the leaves, not in shelters. Both the caterpillars (
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FF93FFCD9BF5FE95FEDBBB5D" box="[159,270,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="45.[151,249,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1512,1842]" captionTargetId="figure-366@45.[151,1436,1512,1842]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 51. Final instar caterpillar of Andronymus marina, collected on Baikiaea eminii, Minziro Forest, Kagera, Tanzania, 13 Apr 1994, TCEC. 1, dorsal view; 2, dorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267944" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267944/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figure 51</figureCitation>
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) and the pupae (
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FF93FFCD9AADFE95FDE3BB5D" box="[455,566,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="46.[151,249,1182,1204]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1161]" captionTargetId="figure-383@46.[151,1436,193,1161]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 52. Pupae of Andronymus marina, collected on Baikiaea eminii, Minziro Forest, Kagera, Tanzania, photographed 13 Apr 1994, TCEC. 1, dorsal view; 2, lateral view. Emerged pupae in ABRI are 25–27mm long." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267946/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figure 52</figureCitation>
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) are astonishingly brightly marked, with distinctive rows of black marks on a pale or yellow background, not seen on other members of the genus, or indeed any other Afrotropical
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF93FFCD9E7CFEB6FA49BB00" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[1302,1436,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
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so far, and can only be compared with some of the brightly coloured
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF93FFCD98D4FEDDFB93BB25" baseAuthorityName="Cock" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[958,1094,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Coeliadinae">Coeliadinae</taxonomicName>
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, particular
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9FA3FEDDFA4EBB25" box="[1225,1435,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Pyrrochalcia iphis</emphasis>
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(Drury), where warning colouring of a distasteful species is thought to be involved (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF93FFCD9F56FEFEFB68BBC8" author="Cock" box="[1084,1213,367,392]" firstAuthor="Cock" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 63" refId="ref41529" refString="Cock, M. J. W. (2010) Observations on the biology of Afro - tropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 1. Introduction and Coeliadinae. Zootaxa, 2547, 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="2010">Cock 2010</bibRefCitation>
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). We have traced no observations that
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF93FFCD9A31FE05FE21BBEB" box="[347,500,404,429]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Baikiaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9A31FE05FE6ABBED" box="[347,447,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Baikiaea</emphasis>
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spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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are toxic or distasteful, so it seems unlikely that
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF93FFCD9F7FFE05FB50BBEC" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[1045,1157,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marina">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD9F7FFE05FB50BBEC" box="[1045,1157,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">A. marina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is sequestering toxins. If this is the case, the brightly coloured early stages of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF93FFCD986EFE29FCA2BB8F" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[772,887,440,463]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marina">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF93FFCD986EFE29FCA2BB8F" box="[772,887,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">A. marina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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could reflect synthesised toxins, or it could be mimicking some other unknown distasteful organism in the environment.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |