400 lines
45 KiB
XML
400 lines
45 KiB
XML
<document id="4108E7E7BC67564FBCD3E8DB10261149" ID-CLB-Dataset="134452" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fe084ed-d367-4d5a-9ed0-48882760ba96" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267833" ID-ZooBank="7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629915050425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2013" docId="0385994AFF89FFD89BFDFB01FA8ABC35" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03724p085.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3724 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Fresna nyassae Hewitson 1878" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="FFBCE132FFBEFFE09B6AFF91FFD5BA40" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="56" updateTime="1699144858824" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="BF73056AFBDDF1F7733231F583DA28FA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="AF28769328E9310AD11D1F042EA41CB6">
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<mods:title id="30F0F6A32FE00A859DB3945F9F5F0E78">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="4F1AB44B48C57089DB7EE9C150746642" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="9BC4AC1889DF0AD92D631B3A8FD6B11A">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A744772DBB2A25787B8267DD9663C0BC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="BD10FFB18B0275AFA0DC25D25A9C417A">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="14967ACE359F90185DFB25976FFC7800">C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0AE37E2E8A3AEA7067F598AE71549CE6" type="email">m.cock@cabi.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="584719CEF31E7E463E12B83A7CD67611">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="AA01E5832354B2212A4752C08238BD7E">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="65F1EA1FD5AAD793033D7D85E84CDF66">African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="7F50F53D57544A1EB40FC87F16A2011E" type="email">colin.congdon@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="CF514FACB035D22A72D061B04AFDFF71">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="3C5EB52B41380CBD40F64A956F7E285C">
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<mods:date id="92800CC21867FCC87AD604DACFE45740">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="21D781AFE8FEA452B55822C65EBAE05F">2013-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="5E988DBC9A466C267F5CCAADBC8BFB7C" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F6E1B19F8B8804213E03CA5308C5F9ED">3724</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="0F26417B4D7FA3484753919372F390CF">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="91EC10F68AEB875398CD375662368372">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="0385994AFF89FFD89BFDFB01FA8ABC35" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7044082" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199911026" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7044082" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFF89FFD89BFDFB01FA8ABC35" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385994AFF89FFD89BFDFB01FA8ABC35" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF89FFD79BFDFB01FDCCBEEA" box="[151,537,1168,1194]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF89FFD79BFDFB01FDCCBEEA" blockId="55.[151,537,1168,1194]" box="[151,537,1168,1194]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<heading id="D0DB9F30FF89FFD79BFDFB01FDCCBEEA" bold="true" box="[151,537,1168,1194]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD79BFDFB01FDCCBEEA" ID-CoL="6JNT8" authority="Hewitson, 1878" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1878" box="[151,537,1168,1194]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Fresna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nyassae">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79BFDFB01FDCCBEEA" bold="true" box="[151,537,1168,1194]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79BFDFB01FE87BEEA" bold="true" box="[151,338,1168,1194]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fresna nyassae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79A30FB01FDCCBEEA" author="Hewitson" box="[346,537,1168,1194]" firstAuthor="Hewitson" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="340 - 348" refId="ref43180" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1878) Descriptions of twenty new species of Hesperidae from his own collection. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1 (5), 340 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937808682339" type="journal article" year="1878">Hewitson, 1878</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF89FFD79BFDFB46FDEFBFAB" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF89FFD79BFDFB46FDEFBFAB" blockId="55.[151,1436,1238,1515]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79BFDFB46FEE4BEAF" author="Evans" box="[151,305,1238,1263]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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treated this species as having four forms:
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79845FB47FCBCBEAF" box="[815,873,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">plata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD7981FFB46FBD1BEAF" author="Evans" box="[885,1028,1238,1263]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF89FFD79F38FB47FB7CBEAF" box="[1106,1193,1238,1263]" name="Uganda" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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and western
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF89FFD79E21FB46FA4DBEAF" box="[1355,1432,1239,1263]" name="Kenya" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD79BFDFB6AFE7BBF53" authority="Hewitson, 1878" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1878" box="[151,430,1274,1299]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Fresna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nyassae">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79BFDFB6AFF25BF52" box="[151,240,1275,1298]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">nyassae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79B90FB6BFE7BBF53" author="Hewitson" box="[250,430,1274,1299]" firstAuthor="Hewitson" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="340 - 348" refId="ref43180" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1878) Descriptions of twenty new species of Hesperidae from his own collection. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1 (5), 340 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937808682339" type="journal article" year="1878">Hewitson, 1878</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79AB1FB6BFD8CBF53" box="[475,601,1274,1299]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">roncilgonis</emphasis>
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Plötz, 1882 (in Plötz 1882–1883)) from
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF89FFD79F53FB6BFB58BF53" box="[1081,1165,1274,1299]" name="Nigeria" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF89FFD79FDCFB6BFA98BF53" box="[1206,1357,1274,1299]" name="Mozambique" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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;
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79E36FB6AFA49BF52" box="[1372,1436,1275,1298]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">joppa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79BFDFA8EFEF7BF77" author="Evans" box="[151,290,1310,1335]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref42161" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF89FFD79A0CFA8FFE62BF77" box="[358,439,1310,1335]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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across West Africa (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD799CAFA8FFCE5BF77" author="Larsen" box="[672,816,1310,1335]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref43974" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 pp. & 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
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) to
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF89FFD79831FA8EFC71BF77" box="[859,932,1311,1335]" name="Kenya" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF89FFD798B1FA8FFB96BF77" box="[987,1091,1310,1335]" name="Tanzania" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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; and
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79F15FAB1FB03BF77" box="[1151,1238,1312,1335]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">ennuari</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79FB7FA8FFA8BBF77" author="Riley" box="[1245,1374,1310,1335]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="234 - 259" refId="ref45216" refString="Riley, N. D. (1921) Notes on the Rhopalocera of the Dollman collection. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1921, 234 - 259, plates 4 - 7. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1921. tb 02808. x" type="journal article" year="1921">Riley, 1921</bibRefCitation>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF89FFD79BFDFAD3FF37BF1B" box="[151,226,1346,1371]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Congo</collectingCountry>
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to southern
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF89FFD79A05FAD3FE60BF1B" box="[367,437,1346,1371]" name="Sudan" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF89FFD79AB0FAD3FDA7BF1B" box="[474,626,1346,1371]" name="Mozambique" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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. The consistency of these forms and the degree of geographical overlap suggests the possibility that more than one species is involved and that further study is needed (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79FA2FAF7FA8EBF3F" author="Larsen" box="[1224,1371,1382,1407]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref43974" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 pp. & 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). Life history information should contribute to this and so it would be important to link food plant and biology information to named forms. Because this is the only species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD79804FA21FC69BF87" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[878,956,1456,1479]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Fresna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79804FA21FC69BF87" box="[878,956,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fresna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for which observations of the early stages are available, we present details here.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FF89FFD89BFDF98BFA8ABC35" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF89FFD79BFDF98BFECBBC73" blockId="55.[151,1436,1562,2019]" box="[151,286,1562,1587]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79BFDF98BFECBBC73" box="[151,286,1562,1587]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFF89FFD79BADF9AEFC8DBC82" blockId="55.[151,1436,1562,2019]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79BADF9AEFE54BC17" author="Vuattoux" box="[199,385,1598,1623]" firstAuthor="Vuattoux" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="562 - 568" refId="ref46285" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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reports that he reared this species twice from the exotic
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD79F65F9AFFAABBC17" box="[1039,1406,1598,1623]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Paullinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinnata">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79F65F9AFFB03BC17" box="[1039,1238,1598,1623]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Paullinia pinnata</emphasis>
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(Sapindaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF89FFD79BFDF9F3FEFABC3B" box="[151,303,1634,1659]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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. However, as discussed under
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD799E8F9F2FD22BC3B" box="[642,759,1634,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Fresna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="netopha">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD799E8F9F2FD22BC3B" box="[642,759,1634,1659]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">F. netopha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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above, a voucher specimen reared from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD79FD1F9F2FAFEBC3A" box="[1211,1323,1635,1658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Paullinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinnata">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79FD1F9F2FAFEBC3A" box="[1211,1323,1635,1658]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. pinnata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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proved to be
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD79BD1F919FEE6BCDF" box="[187,307,1670,1695]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Fresna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="netopha">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79BD1F919FEE6BCDF" box="[187,307,1670,1695]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">F. netopha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and it seems likely that Vuattoux actually reared
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD79816F919FC26BCDF" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1878" box="[892,1011,1672,1695]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Fresna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nyassae">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79816F919FC26BCDF" box="[892,1011,1672,1695]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">F. nyassae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD79F56F917FAF4BCDF" box="[1084,1313,1670,1695]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Afrormosia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxifolia">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79F56F917FAF4BCDF" box="[1084,1313,1670,1695]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Afrormosia laxifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79BFDF93BFE92BC83" author="Larsen's" box="[151,327,1706,1731]" firstAuthor="Larsen's" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref43974" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 pp. & 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen’s (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observations this record should be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD799BEF93BFC84BC82" box="[724,849,1706,1731]" form="joppa" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="form">
|
||
form
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD7987BF93AFC84BC82" box="[785,849,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">joppa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF89FFD79BADF95EFC43BD13" blockId="55.[151,1436,1562,2019]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79BADF95EFE58BCA7" author="Le Pelley" box="[199,397,1742,1767]" firstAuthor="Le Pelley" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref44149" refString="Le Pelley, R. H. (1959) Agricultural insects of East Africa. Nairobi, Kenya; East Africa High Commission, 307 pp." type="book" year="1959">Le Pelley (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD79AB8F95FFD98BCA6" box="[466,589,1742,1767]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Albizia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79AB8F95FFDF4BCA7" box="[466,545,1742,1767]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Albizia</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD7990AF95FFD18BCA7" box="[608,717,1742,1767]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD799B7F95FFCADBCA7" box="[733,888,1742,1767]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mimosoideae">Mimosoideae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as the food plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD79FE8F941FAAEBCA7" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[1154,1403,1742,1767]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Fresna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nyassae" subSpecies="plata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79FE8F941FAAEBCA7" box="[1154,1403,1742,1767]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fresna nyassae plata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF89FFD79BFDF963FF24BD4B" box="[151,241,1778,1803]" name="Uganda" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but does not give a source.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79937F963FCEBBD4B" author="Sevastopulo, D. G." bookContentInfo="34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." box="[605,830,1778,1803]" editor="Sevastopulo, D. G." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="131 - 132" part="34" refId="ref45556" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." title="Hesperiidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" year="1975">Sevastopulo (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD798ECF963FC00BD4B" box="[902,981,1778,1803]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Albizia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD798ECF963FC00BD4B" box="[902,981,1778,1803]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Albizia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the food plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD79F8EF962FA8ABD4A" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1878" box="[1252,1375,1779,1802]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Fresna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nyassae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79F8EF962FA8ABD4A" box="[1252,1375,1779,1802]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">F. nyassae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Sevastopulo’s rearing may well be the original source of this record, which is repeated in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79FE4F887FA96BD6F" author="Kielland" box="[1166,1347,1814,1839]" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref43661" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79E3AF886FF31BD13" author="Larsen" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79B85F8ABFE01BD13" author="Ackery" box="[239,468,1850,1875]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref41160" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Ackery
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79A23F8AAFEACBD13" box="[329,377,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79A8AF8ABFD63BD13" author="Heath" box="[480,694,1850,1875]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heath" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref42672" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79940F8AAFD8EBD13" box="[554,603,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD7999BF8AAFC47BD13" author="Larsen" box="[753,914,1850,1875]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref43974" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 pp. & 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF89FFD89BADF8CFFEFABB5B" blockId="55.[151,1436,1562,2019]" lastBlockId="56.[151,1436,151,501]" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79BADF8CFFEBEBD37" author="Trimen" box="[199,363,1886,1911]" firstAuthor="Trimen" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="123 - 143" refId="ref46049" refString="Trimen, R. (1893) On some new or imperfectly known species of butterflies from South Africa. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1893, 123 - 143, plate 8. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1893. tb 02060. x" type="journal article" year="1893">Trimen (1893)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redescribes what he treats as
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD799D6F8CFFCEEBD37" box="[700,827,1886,1911]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">roncilgonis</emphasis>
|
||
, but is actually
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD7989BF8F1FB9DBD37" box="[1009,1096,1888,1911]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">ennuari</emphasis>
|
||
, and includes a description of the caterpillar and pupa from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF89FFD79A8DF813FDABBDDB" box="[487,638,1922,1947]" name="Mozambique" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with the food plant an unidentified small tree.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF89FFD79FF2F813FAF2BDDB" author="Riley" box="[1176,1319,1922,1947]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="234 - 259" refId="ref45216" refString="Riley, N. D. (1921) Notes on the Rhopalocera of the Dollman collection. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1921, 234 - 259, plates 4 - 7. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1921. tb 02808. x" type="journal article" year="1921">Riley (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
notes that in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF89FFD79BDEF837FED9BDFF" box="[180,268,1958,1983]" name="Zambia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, H.C. Dollman obtained both typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD799D9F839FCD9BDFF" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1878" box="[691,780,1960,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Fresna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nyassae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD799D9F839FCD9BDFF" box="[691,780,1960,1983]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">nyassae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a paler form, which Riley described as
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79F97F839FA81BDFF" box="[1277,1364,1960,1983]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">ennuari</emphasis>
|
||
based on material which Dollman considered to be a separate species. Dollman (unpublished) reared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF89FFD79F8EF85BFAA9BDA2" box="[1252,1404,1994,2019]" form="ennuari" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="form">
|
||
form
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF89FFD79E4FF85AFAA9BDA2" box="[1317,1404,1995,2018]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">ennuari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF86FFD89BFDFF06FF39BAF0" box="[151,236,151,176]" name="Zambia" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
on a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF86FFD89A41FF06FE46BAF0" box="[299,403,151,176]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
tree which he identified in the local language as ‘mutowo’, but did not paint the caterpillar. ‘Mutowo’ is the same species from which Dollman (unpublished) reared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF86FFD89894FF2DFAD1BA95" box="[1022,1284,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="philander">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89894FF2DFAD1BA95" box="[1022,1284,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Andronymus philander</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above), which we have tentatively associated with the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF86FFD89990FF4EFCA0BAB8" box="[762,885,223,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Isoberlinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89990FF4EFCA0BAB8" box="[762,885,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Isoberlinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF86FFD898ECFF4EFC26BAB8" box="[902,1011,223,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF86FFD89F6AFF4EFB11BAB8" box="[1024,1220,223,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caesalpinioideae">Caesalpinioideae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which is close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF86FFD89BFDFE95FEFDBB5D" authorityName="Pellegrin" authorityYear="1943" box="[151,296,260,285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Julbernardia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89BFDFE95FEFDBB5D" box="[151,296,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Julbernardia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF86FFD89BADFEB9FB28BBB3" blockId="56.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
R. Paré reared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF86FFD89A12FEB8FE25BB00" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1878" box="[376,496,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Fresna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nyassae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89A12FEB8FE25BB00" box="[376,496,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">F. nyassae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF86FFD89956FEB6FC92BB00" box="[572,839,295,320]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Julbernardia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="globiflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89956FEB6FC92BB00" box="[572,839,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Julbernardia globiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF86FFD89830FEB6FC12BB00" box="[858,967,295,320]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF86FFD898BFFEB6FB4FBB00" box="[981,1178,295,320]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caesalpinioideae">Caesalpinioideae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF86FFD89FC5FEB6FA49BB00" author="Pringle" box="[1199,1436,295,320]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pringle" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref45070" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89E61FEB8FAEABB00" box="[1291,1343,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
include a brief description of the ovum and caterpillar as do
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF86FFD8981BFEDDFBA6BB25" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[881,1139,332,357]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD898B7FEDCFBC6BB25" box="[989,1043,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who also include Paré’s photographs of the mature caterpillar, pupa and adult female. The location of the original rearing is presumably
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF86FFD89BFDFE05FEDABBED" box="[151,271,404,429]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
since although neither
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF86FFD89949FE05FCDABBED" author="Pringle" box="[547,783,404,429]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pringle" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref45070" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89914FE04FD67BBED" box="[638,690,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
or
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF86FFD89856FE05FBEDBBED" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[828,1080,404,429]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD898CDFE04FC09BBED" box="[935,988,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
specify the locality,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF86FFD89E5AFE05FF34BB90" author="Woodhall, S." bookContentInfo="440 pp." journalOrPublisher="Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref47013" refString="Woodhall, S. (2005) Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa, 440 pp." title="Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa" type="book" year="2005">Woodhall (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gives the food plant as “unknown in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF86FFD899D8FE26FC9FBB90" box="[690,842,439,464]" name="South Africa" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF86FFD89836FE26FBBFBB90" box="[860,1130,439,464]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Julbernardia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="globiflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89836FE26FBBFBB90" box="[860,1130,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Julbernardia globiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF86FFD89FF3FE26FAC2BB90" box="[1177,1303,439,464]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
”. R. Paré’s photograph of an adult female in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF86FFD89966FE4DFD28BBB5" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[524,765,476,501]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD8991EFE4CFD71BBB5" box="[628,676,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
shows that this material is also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF86FFD89F08FE4DFB23BBB4" box="[1122,1270,476,501]" form="ennuari" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="form">
|
||
form
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89FF5FE4CFB23BBB4" box="[1183,1270,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">ennuari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF86FFD89BFDFDB5FEF2B87D" blockId="56.[151,1435,548,645]" box="[151,295,548,573]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89BFDFDB5FEF2B87D" box="[151,295,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF86FFD89BFDFDD6FA93B8C5" blockId="56.[151,1435,548,645]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Dollman (unpublished) describes the caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF86FFD899B4FDD6FCA6B81F" box="[734,883,583,608]" form="ennuari" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="form">
|
||
form
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89876FDD9FCA6B81F" box="[796,883,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">ennuari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
making leaf shelters ‘of the simple
|
||
<typeStatus id="549796FEFF86FFD89E6DFDD6FAE3B820" box="[1287,1334,583,608]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
|
||
—that of the lightly stitched up leaf, forming a very loose cylinder—the larva being of course on the dorsal surface’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF86FFD89BFDFD25FF0FB88B" blockId="56.[151,1333,692,752]" box="[151,218,692,715]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89BFDFD25FF0FB88B" box="[151,218,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Ovum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF86FFD89BFDFD46FAE0B8B0" blockId="56.[151,1333,692,752]" box="[151,1333,727,752]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
The ovum is rose pink and is laid on new growth (R. Paré in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF86FFD8982BFD46FBC5B8B0" author="Pringle" box="[833,1040,727,752]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pringle" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref45070" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD898F3FD48FC1FB8B0" box="[921,970,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF86FFD89F2CFD46FAFDB8B0" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[1094,1320,727,752]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89FC7FD48FB0AB8B0" box="[1197,1247,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF86FFD89BFDFC8EFEC0B978" blockId="56.[151,1436,799,1221]" box="[151,277,799,824]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89BFDFC8EFEC0B978" box="[151,277,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF86FFD89BFDFCD5FC2BBE85" blockId="56.[151,1436,799,1221]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
According to R. Paré (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF86FFD89AD1FCD5FD44B91D" author="Pringle" box="[443,657,836,861]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pringle" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref45070" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD8997EFCD4FD92B91D" box="[532,583,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) ‘the first instar larva is bright scarlet with a black head while later instars are whitish in colour with a brown head. The final instar is smooth and white with a discrete black dorsal longitudinal stripe on each segment except the first two and the last. The headshield is reddish brown with symmetrical orange markings’. R. Paré’s photograph of the final instar caterpillar in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF86FFD89F33FC3EFA9BB988" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[1113,1358,943,968]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89FA8FC20FB26B988" box="[1218,1267,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
shows that in addition, there is a narrow black dorsal plate on T1; a black spot laterally on each of A3–A8; three dark triangular marks on the anal plate; and the head is wider nearer the base, indent at vertex; the orange markings comprise the face apart from dark markings: all sutures; the adfrontals, clypeus and frons; a straight line close to and parallel to the epicranial suture; a black spot on the epicranium level with the top of the adfrontals, and another below this; diffusely darker between this last spot and the adfrontals.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF86FFD898C8FBF5FB8DBE3D" author="Trimen's" box="[930,1112,1124,1149]" firstAuthor="Trimen's" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="123 - 143" refId="ref46049" refString="Trimen, R. (1893) On some new or imperfectly known species of butterflies from South Africa. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1893, 123 - 143, plate 8. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1893. tb 02060. x" type="journal article" year="1893">Trimen’s (1893)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description of the caterpillar is similar, except he mentions only one reddish brown spot on the face, and describes the anal plate as ‘semicircular, green, divided into five triangular portions by four white lines’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF86FFD89BFDFB64FF07BF4C" blockId="56.[151,1436,1269,1509]" box="[151,210,1269,1292]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89BFDFB64FF07BF4C" box="[151,210,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF86FFD89BFDFA89FDA4BFA5" blockId="56.[151,1436,1269,1509]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
R. Paré’s photograph in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFF86FFD89ADCFA86FD67BF70" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[438,690,1303,1328]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD8994BFA88FD83BF70" box="[545,598,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
shows the pupa to be smooth with no projections apart from a slightly protuberant T1 spiracle. It is brown, paler ventrally; a short, pale longitudinal mark on the anterior margin of segments A3–4; covered with a light dusting of white waxy powder, which also lines the interior of the leaf shelter. An emerged pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF86FFD89AB4FA15FDA6BFDC" box="[478,627,1412,1437]" form="ennuari" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="form">
|
||
form
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89976FA14FDA6BFDC" box="[540,627,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">ennuari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Dollman collection in the Dry Early Stages Collection of The Natural History Museum, London, is similar, but instead of pale dorsal markings it has a weak dorsal line on the thorax and at the anterior margin of A2–3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF86FFD89BFDF984FEC7BC6C" blockId="56.[151,1436,1557,1653]" box="[151,274,1557,1580]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89BFDF984FEC7BC6C" box="[151,274,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFF86FFD89BFDF9A6FA8ABC35" blockId="56.[151,1436,1557,1653]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Life history information is still rather scanty to draw conclusions, but the fact that H.C. Dollman found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFF86FFD89E7EF9A8FAB8BC10" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1878" box="[1300,1389,1593,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Fresna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nyassae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89E7EF9A8FAB8BC10" box="[1300,1389,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">nyassae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD89BFDF9CCFF3BBC34" box="[151,238,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">ennuari</emphasis>
|
||
together in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFF86FFD89A1EF9CDFE1CBC35" box="[372,457,1628,1653]" name="Zambia" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
but only reared
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFF86FFD899EBF9CCFD0DBC34" box="[641,728,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">ennuari</emphasis>
|
||
does support his view that these may be separate species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |