217 lines
20 KiB
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217 lines
20 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734" ID-GBIF-Dataset="48671e75-dd24-4e6d-8514-b0546ffd3fe3" ID-PMC="PMC4816990" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-60-49" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFC26762742EFFBDFFAD0867FFB3FFBB" ID-PubMed="27081344" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576336" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1314-2003-60-49" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys 60" ModsDocTitle="Vernonieae (Asteraceae) of southern Africa: A generic disposition of the species and a study of their pollen" checkinTime="1455253102424" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Robinson, Harold, Skvarla, John J. & Funk, Vicki A." docDate="2016" docId="8621AB5E566F20C37240F690CF164B6E" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 60: 49-126" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 60" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734" docTitle="Bothriocline Oliv. ex Benth." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FFC26762742EFFBDFFAD0867FFB3FFBB" lastPageNumber="59" masterDocId="FFC26762742EFFBDFFAD0867FFB3FFBB" masterDocTitle="Vernonieae (Asteraceae) of southern Africa: A generic disposition of the species and a study of their pollen" masterLastPageNumber="126" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="57" updateTime="1668141640099" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Vernonieae (Asteraceae) of southern Africa: A generic disposition of the species and a study of their pollen</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Robinson, Harold</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Skvarla, John J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Funk, Vicki A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>60</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>49</mods:start>
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<mods:end>126</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-60-49</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFC26762742EFFBDFFAD0867FFB3FFBB</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576336</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127870771" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8621AB5E566F20C37240F690CF164B6E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8621AB5E566F20C37240F690CF164B6E" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
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<taxonomicName LSID="8621AB5E-566F-20C3-7240-F690CF164B6E" authority="Oliv. ex Benth." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Bothriocline Oliv. ex Benth.</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Photographs of Baccharoides, Bothriocline, and Vernonia potamophila. Baccharoides adoensis (Sch. Bip. ex Walp.) H. Rob. A Habit B Close up of flowering head: note that the corollas are narrowed near the apex and have an lengthened throat that is much longer than the short lobes and the involucral bracts have a differentiated margin that is often pale or reddish; Bothriocline laxa N. E. Br. C Immature heads; Vernonia potamophila Klatt. D Image of herbarium specimen (PRE). See Appendix C for citation details." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77473" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Figures 1C</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Illustrations: A Baccharoides adoensis (Sch. Bip. ex Walp.) H. Rob. B Bothriocline aggregata Hutch., note: this taxon is not found in southern Africa C Ethulia conyzoides L. f., note: lack of pappus; and D Gymnanthemum koekemoerae H. Rob. & V. Funk, note: broad involucral bracts without a high midrib. See Appendix C for citation details." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77474" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">; 2B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of acetolyzed pollen of echinolophate Bothriocline and Cyanthillium and sublophate-lophate Distephanus. A-C Bothriocline schimperi Oliv. & Hiern ex Benth. A Equatorial view, note incipient colpus of 3 connected lacunae centered on pore B Near polar view C Fractured grain D-F Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. D Equatorial view E Lateral view with apertures on sides F Lateral view G-I Distephanus angustifolia (DC.) H Rob. & B. Kahn. G Polar view H Equatorial view I Lateral view. (A-C, F. Meyer 8159; D-F, Evans 344; G-I, Sidley 2211)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77476" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
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; 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="58" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="58" start="start">Bothriocline</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hooker’s">Hooker's</normalizedToken>
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Icon. Pl. 12: 30, t. 1133. 1873. - Type:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline schimperi" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schimperi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Bothriocline schimperi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Oliv. & Hiern ex Benth.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Volkensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Volkensia" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Volkensia</taxonomicName>
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O. Hoffm., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 20: 219. 1894; Engl. & Prantl,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Natürl">Natuerl</normalizedToken>
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. Pflanzenfam. iv. 5: 387. 1893. - Type:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Volkensia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Volkensia argentea" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Volkensia argentea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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O. Hoffm.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="58" type="resources">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Resources.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
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Many species are keyed in
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<bibRefCitation author="Jeffrey, C" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="195 - 277" publicationUrl="10.2307/4113734" refId="B18" refString="Jeffrey, C, 1988. The Vernonieae in East Tropical Africa. Notes on Compositae: V. Kew Bulletin 43 (2): 195 - 277, DOI: 10.2307/4113734" title="The Vernonieae in East Tropical Africa. Notes on Compositae: V." url="10.2307/4113734" volume="43" year="1988">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jeffrey’s">Jeffrey's</normalizedToken>
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(1988)
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</bibRefCitation>
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treatment of
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<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" rank="tribe" tribe="Vernonieae">Vernonieae</taxonomicName>
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in East Africa and in
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<bibRefCitation author="Wild, H" journalOrPublisher="Kirkia" pageId="53" pageNumber="102" pagination="339 - 384" refId="B59" refString="Wild, H, Pope, GV, 1977. The compositae of the Flora Zambesiaca area. Vernonieae (excluding Vernonia Schreb.). Kirkia 10: 339 - 384" title="The compositae of the Flora Zambesiaca area. Vernonieae (excluding Vernonia Schreb.)." volume="10" year="1977">Wild and Pope (1977)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Wild, H" journalOrPublisher="Kirkia" pageId="52" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 23" refId="B57" refString="Wild, H, 1978a. New and interesting Vernonia species from the Flora Zambesiaca area. Kirkia 11: 1 - 23" title="New and interesting Vernonia species from the Flora Zambesiaca area." volume="11" year="1978 a">Wild (1978a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Wild, H" journalOrPublisher="Kirkia" pageId="52" pageNumber="101" pagination="31 - 127" refId="B58" refString="Wild, H, 1978b. The Compositae of the flora Zambesiaca area - Vernonieae (Vernonia). Kirkia 11: 31 - 127" title="The Compositae of the flora Zambesiaca area - Vernonieae (Vernonia)." volume="11" year="1978 b">1978b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" type="descriptions">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Descriptions.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
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Perennial herbs (up to 1 m) to subshrubs, branching sparse, stems erect with a solid pith and long-armed T-shaped hairs with short 2-celled stalks. Leaves
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<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="59" start="start">alternate</pageBreakToken>
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, opposite or whorled, sessile to short petiolate, blade narrow to ovate or elliptical, pinnately veined, often paler or tomentose to sericeous below. Inflorescence laxly to densely corymbiform or thyrsiform cymes; heads pedunculate. Involucres campanulate, bracts ca. 50-60, gradate in 3-4 series, cuspidate at apex, with distinct pale or reddish lateral margins, nearly glabrous to pilosulous outside; receptacle convex, epaleaceous, with glabrous reticulum. Florets 3-100 or more in a head; corollas purplish, funnelform, basal tube slender with small stipitate glands, throat shorter than 1 mm, lobes, linear-lanceolate, with glandular dots and often with stiff subapical hairs; anther thecae blunt at base with few sterile cells; apical appendages ovate-oblong, with thin cell walls; style base with minimal annuliform node; sweeping hairs acicular, mostly restricted to branches. Achenes prismatic, short and broad with 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–6(–">-6(-</normalizedToken>
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9) ribs, setuliferous with sparse short setulae scarcely split at tips, often densely covered with idioblasts and with scattered subquadrate raphids. Pappus of few or no short easily deciduous bristles narrowed at base, without obvious shorter ourter series or outer pappus a rim or collar. Chromosome number n = 9, 10, 18-20 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Jones, SB" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="79 - 84" publicationUrl="10.2307/2484281" refId="B21" refString="Jones, SB, 1979. Chromosomes of the Vernonieae (Compositae). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 106: 79 - 84, DOI: 10.2307/2484281" title="Chromosomes of the Vernonieae (Compositae)." url="10.2307/2484281" volume="106" year="1979">Jones 1979</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Jones, SB" editor="Loeve, A" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="119 - 128" publicationUrl="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1219710?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents" refId="B22" refString="Jones, SB, 1982. . In: Loeve, A, Ed., IOPB Chromosome number reports LXXIV. Taxon 31: 119 - 128, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1219710?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents" url="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1219710?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents" volume="31" volumeTitle="IOPB Chromosome number reports LXXIV." year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
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). Pollen grains ca. 47
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in diam, lophate to rarely sublophate, finely echinate, pores in triplet of connected colpar lacunae, perforated tectum usually restricted to muri (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of acetolyzed pollen of echinolophate Bothriocline and Cyanthillium and sublophate-lophate Distephanus. A-C Bothriocline schimperi Oliv. & Hiern ex Benth. A Equatorial view, note incipient colpus of 3 connected lacunae centered on pore B Near polar view C Fractured grain D-F Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. D Equatorial view E Lateral view with apertures on sides F Lateral view G-I Distephanus angustifolia (DC.) H Rob. & B. Kahn. G Polar view H Equatorial view I Lateral view. (A-C, F. Meyer 8159; D-F, Evans 344; G-I, Sidley 2211)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77476" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
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4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="974375" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6734.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77476" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Figure 4.</emphasis>
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Scanning electron micrographs of acetolyzed pollen of echinolophate
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Bothriocline</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Blume" authorityYear="1826" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cyanthillium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyanthillium" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Cyanthillium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and sublophate-lophate
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Distephanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Distephanus" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Distephanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline schimperi" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schimperi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Bothriocline schimperi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Oliv. & Hiern ex Benth.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">A</emphasis>
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Equatorial view, note incipient colpus of 3 connected lacunae centered on pore
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">B</emphasis>
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Near polar view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">C</emphasis>
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Fractured grain
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cyanthillium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyanthillium cinereum" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cinereum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Cyanthillium cinereum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(L.) H. Rob.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">D</emphasis>
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Equatorial view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">E</emphasis>
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Lateral view with apertures on sides
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">F</emphasis>
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Lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="G–I">G-I</normalizedToken>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Distephanus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Distephanus angustifolia" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolia">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Distephanus angustifolia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(DC.)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">H</emphasis>
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Rob. & B. Kahn.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">G</emphasis>
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Polar view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">H</emphasis>
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Equatorial view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">I</emphasis>
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Lateral view. (A-C,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">F. Meyer 8159</emphasis>
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; D-F,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Evans 344</emphasis>
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; G-I,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Sidley 2211</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="59">
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Notable secondary metabolites include 5-alkylcoumarins and sesquiterpene glaucolides/hirsutanolides [
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<bibRefCitation author="Bohlmann, F" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="3 - 43" publicationUrl="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" refId="B5" refString="Bohlmann, F, Jakupovic, J, 1990. Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 4: 3 - 43, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" title="Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae)." url="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" volume="4" year="1990">Bohlmann and Jakupovic 1990</bibRefCitation>
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, as
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline laxa" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Bothriocline laxa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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N.E. Br.,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Bothriocline" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bothriocline longipes" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longipes">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Bothriocline longipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Oliv. & Hiern) N.E. Br.], and
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<taxonomicName genus="Volkesia" lsidName="Volkesia ripensis" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" rank="species" species="ripensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Volkesia ripensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Hutch. and 5-alkylcoumarins (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bohlmann, F" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="50" pageNumber="99" pagination="3 - 43" publicationUrl="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" refId="B5" refString="Bohlmann, F, Jakupovic, J, 1990. Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 4: 3 - 43, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" title="Progress in the chemistry of the Vernonieae (Compositae)." url="10.1007/978-3-7091-6928-5_2" volume="4" year="1990">Bohlmann and Jakupovic 1990</bibRefCitation>
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||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Moore" authorityYear="1908" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Erlangea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erlangea fusca" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fusca">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Erlangea fusca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
S. Moore,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="S. Moore" authorityYear="1914" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Erlangea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Erlangea rogersii" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rogersii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="59">Erlangea rogersii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
S. Moore).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |