499 lines
55 KiB
XML
499 lines
55 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="90713B2C5336EC46952B2BBB20D07C97">The ant genus Tetraponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropical region: taxonomic review and key to species</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C310D7FAFF8054001CD08461FDC93935" box="[151,520,1878,1905]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8054001CD08461FDC93935" blockId="61.[151,520,1878,1941]" box="[151,520,1878,1905]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<heading id="D0FD331DFF8054001CD08461FDC93935" bold="true" box="[151,520,1878,1905]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8054001CD08461FDC93935" ID-CoL="55RPD" authority="(Emery)" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[151,520,1878,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
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<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8054001CD08461FDC93935" bold="true" box="[151,520,1878,1905]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8054001CD08461FE583934" bold="true" box="[151,409,1878,1905]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Tetraponera latifrons</emphasis>
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(Emery)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C310D7FAFF8054001CD0844CFEE639D0" box="[151,295,1914,1941]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8054001CD0844CFEE639D0" blockId="61.[151,520,1878,1941]" box="[151,295,1914,1941]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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(
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<figureCitation id="133198F4FF8054001CD8844CFF3739D1" box="[159,246,1914,1940]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–34" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1938,1962]" captionTargetBox="[278,1309,1120,1914]" captionTargetId="figure-80@22.[278,1309,1120,1914]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 33–34. Tetraponera rufonigra group workers, full-face (dorsal) view of head (a) and lateral profile of body (b). 33, T. aethiops, Uganda (CASENT0794322); 34, T. latifrons, DR Congo (CASENT0217593). Images from AntWeb (www.antweb. org); photographers Matthew Prebus (33), Estella Ortega (34)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6245651" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6245651/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Figs 34</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="133198F4FF8054001D45844CFEDE39D0" box="[258,287,1914,1941]" captionStart="FIGURES 41–46" captionStartId="24.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-29@24.[157,1430,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURES 41–46. Distribution maps for Afrotropical Tetraponera. 41, T. andrei (circles), T. anthracina (triangles), T. insularis (square); 42, T. caffra (circles), T. redacta (triangles); 43, T. mocquerysi (circles), T. schulthessi (triangles); 44, T. natalensis (circles), T. setosa (triangle); 45, T. aethiops (circles), T. kosi (triangle); 46, T. latifrons (circles)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6245661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6245661/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">46</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C310D7FAFF8054031CD08489FB4A3F4E" lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8054001CD08489FD9D39B0" blockId="61.[151,1437,1983,2037]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1AA35FFF8054001CD08489FD9D39B0" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AABA260FF8054001CD08489FD9F3992" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6290219" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6290219" author="Emery, C." box="[151,606,1983,2007]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/164A7B9E2D69978E4A987E80DFD83953" page="98" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" year="1912">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8054001CD08489FD9F3992" authority="Emery, 1912: 98" authorityName="Emery" authorityPageNumber="98" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,606,1983,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons" subGenus="Pachysima">
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<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8054001CD08489FF0B3993" box="[151,202,1983,2006]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Sima</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8054001C9E8489FE893992" box="[217,328,1983,2007]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Pachysima</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8054001D108489FE6D3992" box="[343,428,1983,2007]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">latifrons</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B628E2CFF8054001DF48489FD9F3992" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3861810365" box="[435,606,1983,2007]" collectionCode="MSNG" country="Gabon" location="Imaged on AntWeb" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF8054001DF48489FD9F3992" author="Emery, C." box="[435,606,1983,2007]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="94 - 105" refId="ref65096" refString="Emery, C. (1912) Etudes sur les Myrmicinae. [I - IV.]. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 56, 94 - 105." type="journal article" year="1912">Emery, 1912: 98</bibRefCitation>
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</materialsCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54B13AD3FF8054001E2E8489FD063992" box="[617,711,1983,2007]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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(by monotypy), alate queen,
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<collectingCountry id="F31DC4E1FF8054001FB58489FBF73992" box="[1010,1078,1983,2007]" name="Gabon" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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||
(Staudinger) (MSNG) [examined].
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<location id="8ED5D2AAFF8054001C8084EBFE5139B0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A33567FF8054021CD08461FA523CC0:8ED5D2AAFF8054001C8084EBFE5139B0" box="[199,400,2013,2037]" country="Gabon" name="Imaged on AntWeb" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Imaged on AntWeb</location>
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: CASENT0904042.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8354031CD083A1FBC33EEA" blockId="62.[151,1208,151,267]" box="[151,1026,151,175]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1AA35FFF8354031CD083A1FBC33EEA" box="[151,1026,151,175]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8354031CD083A1FE383EEA" authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,505,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons" subGenus="Pachysima">
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||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031CD083A1FF0B3EEB" box="[151,202,151,174]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Sima</emphasis>
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||
(
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<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031C9E83A1FE893EEA" box="[217,328,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pachysima</emphasis>
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||
)
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||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031D1083A1FE6D3EEA" box="[343,428,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">latifrons</emphasis>
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||
Emery
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AABA260FF8354031E4483A1FD143EEA" author="Santschi, F." box="[515,725,151,175]" page="288" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1914">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF8354031E4483A1FD143EEA" author="Santschi, F." box="[515,725,151,175]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="288" refId="ref67825" refString="Santschi, F. (1914 b) XII. Fam. Formicidae. In: Schulthess, A. v., Hymenopteren aus Kamerun. Gesammelt von Herrn von Rothkirch, Oberleutnant der Schutztruppe. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1914, p. 288." type="journal article" year="1914">Santschi 1914b: 288</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
. Description of worker, male.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8354031CD08383FB793E88" blockId="62.[151,1208,151,267]" box="[151,1208,181,205]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1AA35FFF8354031CD08383FB793E88" box="[151,1208,181,205]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8354031CD08383FE7E3E88" authority="(Emery)" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[151,447,181,205]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachysima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031CD08383FEA33E88" box="[151,354,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pachysima latifrons</emphasis>
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||
(Emery)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AABA260FF8354031D8E8383FD4C3E88" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[457,653,181,205]" page="305" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1918">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF8354031D8E8383FD4C3E88" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[457,653,181,205]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="293 - 343" refId="ref69363" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1918) A study of some ant larvae, with a consideration of the origin and meaning of the social habit among insects. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 57, 293 - 343." type="journal article" year="1918">Wheeler 1918: 305</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 308. Combination in
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<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8354031F288383FC1F3E88" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1912" box="[879,990,181,205]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachysima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031F288383FC1F3E88" box="[879,990,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pachysima</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
; description of larva.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8354031CD083E3FC6C3EAE" blockId="62.[151,1208,151,267]" box="[151,941,212,236]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1AA35FFF8354031CD083E3FC6C3EAE" box="[151,941,212,236]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8354031CD083E3FE0C3EA9" ID-CoL="55RPD" authority="(Emery)" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[151,461,212,236]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031CD083E3FEAE3EA9" box="[151,367,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Tetraponera latifrons</emphasis>
|
||
(Emery)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AABA260FF8354031D9183E2FDBD3EA9" author="Ward, P. S." box="[470,636,212,236]" page="488" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" year="1990">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF8354031D9183E2FDBD3EA9" author="Ward, P. S." box="[470,636,212,236]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="449 - 489" refId="ref68955" refString="Ward, P. S. (1990) The ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): generic revision and relationship to other formicids. Systematic Entomology, 15, 449 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1990. tb 00077. x" type="journal article" year="1990">Ward 1990: 488</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Combination in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8354031F6D83E3FC673EA9" ID-CoL="63V5S" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1852" box="[810,934,213,236]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031F6D83E3FC673EA9" box="[810,934,213,236]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Tetraponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8354031CD083C5FB4A3F4E" blockId="62.[151,1208,151,267]" box="[151,1163,242,267]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8354031CD083C5FE0C3F4E" ID-CoL="55RPD" authority="(Emery)" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[151,461,243,267]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031CD083C5FEAE3F4E" box="[151,367,243,267]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Tetraponera latifrons</emphasis>
|
||
(Emery)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF8354031D9083C5FD703F4F" author="Chomicki, G. & Ward, P. S. & Renner, S." box="[471,689,242,267]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="20152200" refId="ref64252" refString="Chomicki, G., Ward, P. S. & Renner, S. (2015) Macroevolutionary assembly of ant / plant symbioses: Pseudomyrmex ants and their ant-housing plants in the Neotropics. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 282, 20152200. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2015.2200" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Chomicki
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031E0683C5FDAF3F4E" box="[577,622,243,267]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figure S1. Placement in molecular phylogeny.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C310D7FAFF8354031CD0820FFCEE3CD2" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8354031CD0820FFDD83FD9" blockId="62.[151,1437,313,1348]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031CD0820FFE673F16" bold="true" box="[151,422,313,339]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Worker measurements</emphasis>
|
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(n = 8). HW 1.57–2.20, HL 1.68–2.45, LHT 1.21–1.75, CI 0.90–0.97, FCI 0.28–0.35, REL 0.27–0.30, REL2 0.29–0.32, SI 0.50–0.52, SI3 1.61–1.74, FI 0.39–0.41, PLI 0.62–0.79, PWI 0.77–0.85, LHT/HW 0.76–0.81, CSC 1–6, MSC 27–45.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8354031C808293FCEE3CD2" blockId="62.[151,1437,313,1348]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031C808293FE593FFA" bold="true" box="[199,408,421,447]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Worker diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
. Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8354031E5C8290FD553FFA" box="[539,660,421,447]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031E5C8290FD553FFA" box="[539,660,421,447]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">T. aethiops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
except as follows: frontal carinae separated by a distance greater than one quarter of head width (FCI 0.28–0.35); profemur more robust (FI 0.39–0.41), legs shorter (LHT/HL 0.71–0.75); anteroventral petiolar tooth robust and prominent, directed posteroventrally, not followed by a second, more posterior tooth; anteroventral tooth of postpetiole well developed, spiniform, not followed posteriorly by a prominent protrusion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133198F4FF8354031D5D8103FEBC3C15" box="[282,381,565,592]" captionStart="FIGURES 33–34" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1938,1962]" captionTargetBox="[278,1309,1120,1914]" captionTargetId="figure-80@22.[278,1309,1120,1914]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 33–34. Tetraponera rufonigra group workers, full-face (dorsal) view of head (a) and lateral profile of body (b). 33, T. aethiops, Uganda (CASENT0794322); 34, T. latifrons, DR Congo (CASENT0217593). Images from AntWeb (www.antweb. org); photographers Matthew Prebus (33), Estella Ortega (34)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6245651" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6245651/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 34b</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mandibles smooth and shiny with scattered fine punctures. Standing pilosity more common (MSC 27–45), notably in the form of a dense brush of forwardly-directed hairs on the clypeus and by conspicuous hairs on the pronotum, propodeum, petiole and postpetiole.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C310D7FAFF8354031C808197FC6E3C9A" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8354031C808197FC6E3C9A" blockId="62.[151,1437,313,1348]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031C808197FE893CFE" bold="true" box="[199,328,673,699]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Comments</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8354031D118194FE0F3CFE" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[342,462,673,699]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031D118194FE0F3CFE" box="[342,462,673,699]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">T. latifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more setose, shorter-legged, and smaller (on average) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF83540318398194FB393CFE" box="[1150,1272,673,699]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF83540318398194FB393CFE" box="[1150,1272,673,699]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">T. aethiops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CE4A93FF83540319428197FAEC3CFE" box="[1285,1325,673,699]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
under the latter species for further discussion of the differences between the two.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C310D7FAFF8354031C8081DFFD573DBA" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8354031C8081DFFD573DBA" blockId="62.[151,1437,313,1348]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031C8081DFFE2D3D46" bold="true" box="[199,492,745,771]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Distribution and biology</emphasis>
|
||
. Another obligate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8354031EFA81DCFCDD3D46" box="[701,796,746,771]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Barteria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031EFA81DCFCDD3D46" box="[701,796,746,771]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Barteria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabitant,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8354031FE681DCFBDA3D46" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[929,1051,745,771]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031FE681DCFBDA3D46" box="[929,1051,745,771]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">T. latifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is broadly sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF835403190081DCFF073D62" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF835403190081DCFF073D62" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">T. aethiops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but evidently less common. At a study site in Sapoba Forest,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31DC4E1FF8354031F3E803BFC113D62" box="[889,976,781,807]" name="Nigeria" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF8354031F9C803BFBB93D62" author="Janzen, D. H." box="[987,1144,781,807]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="885 - 892" refId="ref66143" refString="Janzen, D. H. (1972) Protection of Barteria (Passifloraceae) by Pachysima ants (Pseudomyrmecinae) in a Nigerian rain forest. Ecology, 53, 885 - 892. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1934304" type="journal article" year="1972">Janzen (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that both species had similar biology, but that the colonies occurred in a ratio of about 1:100. More recent work in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31DC4E1FF83540318928007FAE13D0E" box="[1237,1312,817,843]" name="Gabon" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
has shown that the two species have differing hostplant preferences and protective behavior, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF835403182A8060FB293D2A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1133,1256,853,879]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF835403182A8060FB293D2A" box="[1133,1256,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">T. latifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring more frequently in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8354031D6A804CFE373DD6" box="[301,502,889,915]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Barteria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dewevrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031D6A804CFE373DD6" box="[301,502,889,915]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Barteria dewevrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8354031E75804CFD6A3DD6" box="[562,683,889,915]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031E75804CFD6A3DD6" box="[562,683,889,915]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">T. aethiops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being preferentially associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8354031803804CFAC93DD6" box="[1092,1288,889,915]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Passifloraceae" genus="Barteria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fistulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031803804CFAC93DD6" box="[1092,1288,889,915]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Barteria fistulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and showing a stronger reaction to leaf disturbance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF8354031E1280ABFCF33DF2" author="Kokolo, B. & Atteke, C. & Mintsa, B. A. E. & Ibrahim, B. & McKey, D. & Blatrix, R." box="[597,818,925,951]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="255 - 259" refId="ref66448" refString="Kokolo, B., Atteke, C., Mintsa, B. A. E., Ibrahim, B., McKey, D. & Blatrix, R. (2019) Congeneric mutualist ant symbionts (Tetraponera, Pseudomyrmecinae) differ in level of protection of their myrmecophyte hosts (Barteria, Passifloraceae). Journal of Tropical Ecology, 35, 255 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 026646741900021 X" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Kokolo
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031EF480A8FD2C3DF2" box="[691,749,925,951]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given differences in morphology of the workers and larvae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF8354031CAD80F7FE4F3D9E" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[234,398,961,987]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="293 - 343" refId="ref69363" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1918) A study of some ant larvae, with a consideration of the origin and meaning of the social habit among insects. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 57, 293 - 343." type="journal article" year="1918">Wheeler 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF8354031DDE80F7FD7A3D99" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[409,699,961,988]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="374 - 398" refId="ref69262" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1956) The ant larvae of the subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 49, 374 - 398. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 49.4.374" type="journal article" year="1956">Wheeler & Wheeler 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) it seems probable that there are additional biological differences between the two species yet to be discovered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C310D7FAFF8354021C80873FFA523CC0" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8354031C80873FFC493B06" blockId="62.[151,1437,313,1348]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031C80873FFE6F3A66" bold="true" box="[199,430,1033,1059]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1B1CB4FF8354031D86873FFDD93A66" box="[449,536,1033,1059]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1B1CB4FF8354031E6C873FFDBE3A66" box="[555,639,1033,1059]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1B1CB4FF8354031ED5873FFD1F3A66" box="[658,734,1033,1059]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">CASC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1B1CB4FF8354031EAA873FFCF23A66" box="[749,819,1033,1059]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/sxrc-6x8s" name="Cornell University Insect Collection" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="University or college">CUIC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1B1CB4FF8354031F04873FFC563A66" box="[835,919,1033,1059]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Museum">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1B1CB4FF8354031FE1873FFC393A66" box="[934,1016,1033,1059]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">MCZC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1B1CB4FF835403184F873FFBA13A66" box="[1032,1120,1033,1059]" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Museum">MHNG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1B1CB4FF8354031837873FFB093A66" box="[1136,1224,1033,1059]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">MNHN</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1B1CB4FF835403189E873FFAEC3A66" box="[1241,1325,1033,1059]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/1trn-7b59" name="Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 'Giacomo Doria'" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">MSNG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1B1CB4FF835403197B873FFA593A66" box="[1340,1432,1033,1059]" country="Austria" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/91g3-0mnw" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Museum">NHMW</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1B1CB4FF8354031CD0871BFF273A02" box="[151,230,1069,1095]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">PSWC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1B1CB4FF8354031CB0871BFE883A02" box="[247,329,1069,1095]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/94p5-pepz" name="Iziko Museums of Cape Town" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Museum">SAMC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1B1CB4FF8354031D1D871BFE713A02" box="[346,432,1069,1095]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B628E2CFF8354031D8F871BFC1C3A02" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3861810418" box="[456,989,1069,1095]" collectorName="Malkin, B." country="Cameroon" location="Victoria" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South-West">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031D8F871BFD843A02" bold="true" box="[456,581,1069,1095]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31DC4E1FF8354031D8F871BFD843A02" box="[456,581,1069,1095]" name="Cameroon" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031E1D871BFD0E3A02" box="[602,719,1069,1095]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CE4A93FF8354031E1D871BFD0E3A02" box="[602,719,1069,1095]" country="Cameroon" name="South-West" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Sud-Ouest</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="8ED5D2AAFF8354031EA4871BFCFC3A02" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A33567FF8054021CD08461FA523CC0:8ED5D2AAFF8354031EA4871BFCFC3A02" box="[739,829,1069,1095]" country="Cameroon" name="Victoria" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="South-West">Victoria</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="26FFE1A7FF8354031F15871BFC123A02" box="[850,979,1069,1095]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Malkin, B.</collectorName>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B628E2CFF8354031FA8871BFBE83A2E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3861810385" country="Central African Republic" elevation="350" location="Lidjombo" municipality="Mbaere" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031FA8871BFAEB3A02" bold="true" box="[1007,1322,1069,1095]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31DC4E1FF8354031FA8871BFAEB3A02" box="[1007,1322,1069,1095]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031978871BFF2F3A2E" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD11E0BFF8354031978871BFF2F3A2E" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Sangha-Mbaéré</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectorName id="26FFE1A7FF8354031CB88767FE1F3A2E" box="[255,478,1105,1131]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P.N. Dzanga-Ndoki</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF22994FF8354031DAD8767FD893A2E" box="[490,584,1105,1131]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.86" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="km" value="38.6">38.6 km</quantity>
|
||
173° S
|
||
<location id="8ED5D2AAFF8354031EE18767FCD63A2E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A33567FF8054021CD08461FA523CC0:8ED5D2AAFF8354031EE18767FCD63A2E" box="[678,791,1105,1131]" country="Central African Republic" latitude="-173.0" municipality="Mbaere" name="Lidjombo" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lidjombo</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF22994FF8354031F628767FCAC3A2E" box="[805,877,1105,1132]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="350.0">
|
||
<elevation id="00276342FF8354031F628767FCAC3A2E" box="[805,877,1105,1132]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="350.0">350 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="26FFE1A7FF8354031F3A8767FBD83A2E" box="[893,1049,1105,1131]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">van Noort, S.</collectorName>
|
||
);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B628E2CFF83540318768767FD833ACA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3861810456" country="Central African Republic" elevation="350" location="Lidjombo" municipality="Mbaere" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectorName id="26FFE1A7FF83540318768767FAD03A2E" box="[1073,1297,1105,1131]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P.N. Dzanga-Ndoki</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A079D53FF835403195A8767FEFA3ACA" location="Bayanga" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<quantity id="4CF22994FF835403195A8767FAAC3A2E" box="[1309,1389,1105,1132]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="km" value="5.9">5.9 km</quantity>
|
||
72° ENE Bayanga
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF22994FF8354031D0F8743FE513ACA" box="[328,400,1141,1167]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="410.0">
|
||
<elevation id="00276342FF8354031D0F8743FE513ACA" box="[328,400,1141,1167]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="410.0">410 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="26FFE1A7FF8354031DE78743FDEE3ACA" box="[416,559,1141,1167]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fisher, B. L.</collectorName>
|
||
);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B628E2CFF8354031E0D8743FF1B3AF6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3861810401" country="Central African Republic" elevation="350" location="Lidjombo" municipality="Mbaere" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCount="1">
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||
<collectorName id="26FFE1A7FF8354031E0D8743FCEB3ACA" box="[586,810,1141,1167]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P.N. Dzanga-Ndoki</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26FFE1A7FF8354031F718743FC753ACA" box="[822,948,1141,1167]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Mabéa Bai</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A079D53FF8354031F868743FB2B3ACA" box="[961,1258,1141,1168]" location="Bayanga" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<quantity id="4CF22994FF8354031F868743FBDE3ACA" box="[961,1055,1141,1167]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1399999999999997" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="km" value="21.4">21.4 km</quantity>
|
||
53° NE Bayanga
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF22994FF83540318B18743FAFE3ACA" box="[1270,1343,1141,1168]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="510.0">
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<elevation id="00276342FF83540318B18743FAFE3ACA" box="[1270,1343,1141,1168]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="510.0">510 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="26FFE1A7FF83540319098743FF0F3AF6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fisher, B. L.</collectorName>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B628E2CFF8354031CAF87AFFBDE3A92" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3861810349" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" location="Popokabaka" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCount="1">
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<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031CAF87AFFEA73AF6" bold="true" box="[232,358,1177,1203]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<collectingCountry id="F31DC4E1FF8354031CAF87AFFEA73AF6" box="[232,358,1177,1203]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031D3387AFFE2B3AF6" box="[372,490,1177,1203]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Haut-Uélé</emphasis>
|
||
: Niangara (c.u.); Niangara (
|
||
<collectorName id="26FFE1A7FF8354031F6F87AFFC6F3AF6" box="[808,942,1177,1203]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lang, H. O.</collectorName>
|
||
); Niangara (Lang; Chapin);
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF83540318AA87ACFA543AF6" box="[1261,1429,1177,1203]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Kasaï Oriental</emphasis>
|
||
: Kondué (Luja);
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031D0C8788FE333A92" box="[331,498,1213,1239]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Kongo Central</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="4CF22994FF8354031E47878BFD803A92" box="[512,577,1213,1240]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.207008" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="mi" value="75.0">75 mi</quantity>
|
||
W
|
||
<location id="8ED5D2AAFF8354031E2F878BFD303A92" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A33567FF8054021CD08461FA523CC0:8ED5D2AAFF8354031E2F878BFD303A92" box="[616,753,1213,1239]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Popokabaka" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Popokabaka</location>
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||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="26FFE1A7FF8354031F46878BFCBD3A92" box="[769,892,1213,1239]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Ross, E. S.</collectorName>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="26FFE1A7FF8354031FCE878BFBD43A92" box="[905,1045,1213,1239]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Leech, R. E.</collectorName>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B628E2CFF835403186C878BFDD43ABE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3861810463" country="Gabon" location="Staudinger" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCount="1">
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||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF835403186C878BFBBD3A92" bold="true" box="[1067,1148,1213,1239]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31DC4E1FF835403186C878BFBBD3A92" box="[1067,1148,1213,1239]" name="Gabon" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF83540318CC8788FA963A92" box="[1163,1367,1213,1239]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">province unknown</emphasis>
|
||
: “Gabon” (
|
||
<location id="8ED5D2AAFF8354031C9C87D7FE9A3AB9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A33567FF8054021CD08461FA523CC0:8ED5D2AAFF8354031C9C87D7FE9A3AB9" box="[219,347,1249,1276]" country="Gabon" name="Staudinger" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Staudinger</location>
|
||
); “Gabun” (c.u.)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B628E2CFF8354031E6787D7FEBB3B5A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3861810391" collectorName="Box, H. E. & Janzen, D. H." country="Nigeria" location="Sapoba For. Reserve" municipality="Benin" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Edo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031E6787D7FDB83ABE" bold="true" box="[544,633,1249,1275]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31DC4E1FF8354031E6787D7FDB83ABE" box="[544,633,1249,1275]" name="Nigeria" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031EC087D7FD753ABE" box="[647,692,1249,1275]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CE4A93FF8354031EC087D7FD753ABE" box="[647,692,1249,1275]" country="Nigeria" name="Edo" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Edo</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Ogbesse
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD11E0BFF8354031F6087D7FCAB3ABE" box="[807,874,1249,1275]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Benin</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="26FFE1A7FF8354031F3F87D7FC313ABE" box="[888,1008,1249,1275]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Box, H. E.</collectorName>
|
||
);
|
||
<location id="8ED5D2AAFF835403184287D7FB2C3ABE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A33567FF8054021CD08461FA523CC0:8ED5D2AAFF835403184287D7FB2C3ABE" box="[1029,1261,1249,1275]" country="Nigeria" municipality="Benin" name="Sapoba For. Reserve" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" stateProvince="Edo">Sapoba For. Reserve</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A079D53FF83540318BF87D7FF063B5A" location="Benin City" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<quantity id="4CF22994FF83540318BF87D7FAFF3ABE" box="[1272,1342,1249,1275]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
|
||
S Benin City
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectorName id="26FFE1A7FF8354031C918633FEAF3B5A" box="[214,366,1285,1311]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Janzen, D. H.</collectorName>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B628E2CFF8354031DCF8633FC453B06" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3861810353" collectorName="de Brazza" country="Republic of the Congo" county="Brazzaville" elevation="330" location="Pool" municipality="Brazzaville" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031DCF8633FDA63B5A" bold="true" box="[392,615,1285,1311]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31DC4E1FF8354031DCF8633FDA63B5A" box="[392,615,1285,1311]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Republic of Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031E318633FD353B5A" box="[630,756,1285,1311]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62D4FCFDFF8354031E318633FD353B5A" box="[630,756,1285,1311]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Brazzaville</collectingCounty>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD11E0BFF8354031F448633FC423B5A" box="[771,899,1285,1311]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Brazzaville</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
[as “
|
||
<collectorName id="26FFE1A7FF8354031FFB8633FBF33B5A" box="[956,1074,1284,1311]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">de Brazza</collectorName>
|
||
”] (c.u.);
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF83540318D38633FB083B5A" box="[1172,1225,1285,1311]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<location id="8ED5D2AAFF83540318D38633FB083B5A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A33567FF8054021CD08461FA523CC0:8ED5D2AAFF83540318D38633FB083B5A" box="[1172,1225,1285,1311]" country="Republic of the Congo" county="Brazzaville" municipality="Brazzaville" name="Pool" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Pool</location>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="8ED5D2AAFF835403189F8633FA593B5A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A33567FF8054021CD08461FA523CC0:8ED5D2AAFF835403189F8633FA593B5A" box="[1240,1432,1285,1311]" country="Republic of the Congo" county="Brazzaville" municipality="Brazzaville" name="Lesio-Loun Park" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Lesio-Loun Park</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF22994FF8354031CD0861FFF1F3B06" box="[151,222,1321,1347]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="330.0">
|
||
<elevation id="00276342FF8354031CD0861FFF1F3B06" box="[151,222,1321,1347]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="330.0">330 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(Braet; Sharkey); Lesio-Loun Park,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF22994FF8354031E3E861FFD013B06" box="[633,704,1321,1347]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="330.0">
|
||
<elevation id="00276342FF8354031E3E861FFD013B06" box="[633,704,1321,1347]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="330.0">330 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(Sharkey; Braet)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8354031CD086A3FE583BEA" blockId="62.[151,409,1429,1455]" box="[151,409,1429,1455]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031CD086A3FE583BEA" bold="true" box="[151,409,1429,1455]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Concluding remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8354021CD086EBFD603EBC" blockId="62.[151,1437,1501,2031]" lastBlockId="63.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
As with other ant genera centered in tropical latitudes, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8354031F2386EBFBCA3BB2" authorityName="Lund" authorityYear="1831" box="[868,1035,1501,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031F2386EBFBCA3BB2" box="[868,1035,1501,1527]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Crematogaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF835403180386EBFB133BB2" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" box="[1092,1234,1501,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF835403180386EBFB133BB2" box="[1092,1234,1501,1527]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Camponotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the species-level taxonomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8354031D778534FE78385E" box="[304,441,1538,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031D778534FE78385E" box="[304,441,1538,1563]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Tetraponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been burdened by a plethora of named but poorly characterized taxa. Although the current study has uncovered new species, it has also highlighted a considerable amount of “taxonomic inflation” due to the profligate naming of species, subspecies, and varieties by Forel, Santschi, and other workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These individuals focused on slight morphological differences, worked with small sample sizes, and had inchoate views about the nature of species. The taxonomic hypotheses in this paper are based on adherence to the biological species concept (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF8354031F0F8583FC09388A" author="Mayr, E." box="[840,968,1717,1743]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref66972" refString="Mayr, E. (1942) Systematics and the origin of species, from the viewpoint of a zoologist. Columbia University Press, New York, xiv + 344 pp." type="book" year="1942">Mayr 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF8354031F938583FB69388A" author="Coyne, J. A. & Orr, H. A." box="[980,1192,1717,1743]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref64312" refString="Coyne, J. A. & Orr, H. A. (2004) Speciation. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, xiii + 545 pp." type="book" year="2004">Coyne & Orr 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and on a recognition that species can encompass significant genetic variation and population structure. The conclusions about species boundaries should be considered provisional, however, and subject to refinement with further evidence. A key point is that when two closely similar forms show (1) overlapping geographical distributions, and (2) no diminution of their differences in sympatry, this is a compelling argument for treating them as separate species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF835403188A8473FA59391A" author="Tobias, J. A. & Seddon, N. & Spottiswoode, C. N. & Pilgrim, J. D. & Fishpool, L. D. C. & Collar, N. J." box="[1229,1432,1861,1887]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="724 - 746" refId="ref68878" refString="Tobias, J. A.; Seddon, N., Spottiswoode, C. N., Pilgrim, J. D., Fishpool, L. D. C. & Collar, N. J. (2010) Quantitative criteria for species delimitation. Ibis, 152, 724 - 746. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919 X. 2010.01051. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Tobias
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF83540319588470FA96391A" box="[1311,1367,1861,1887]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF8354031CD0845FFEEB39C6" author="Galtier" box="[151,298,1897,1923]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="657 - 663" refId="ref65933" refString="Galtier N. (2019) Delineating species in the speciation continuum: a proposal. Evolutionary Applications, 12, 657 - 663. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / eva. 12748" type="journal article" year="2019">Galtier 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Conversely, allopatric variants present a more difficult situation, and require careful assessment before being treated as heterospecific. Are such allopatric forms connected by intermediate populations—or likely to be so, under more comprehensive geographic sampling? Do they show a degree of difference comparable to that of closely related sympatric species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF8354031E5384E3FD1E39AA" author="Tobias, J. A. & Seddon, N. & Spottiswoode, C. N. & Pilgrim, J. D. & Fishpool, L. D. C. & Collar, N. J." box="[532,735,2005,2031]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="724 - 746" refId="ref68878" refString="Tobias, J. A.; Seddon, N., Spottiswoode, C. N., Pilgrim, J. D., Fishpool, L. D. C. & Collar, N. J. (2010) Quantitative criteria for species delimitation. Ibis, 152, 724 - 746. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919 X. 2010.01051. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Tobias
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8354031E2184E0FD5639AA" box="[614,663,2005,2031]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)? Such joint scrutiny of phenotypic variation and geographical distribution is a critical component of the methodology employed here. In addition, published phylogenetic studies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8254021C9A838DFE793E90" authorityName="M.R.Smith" authorityYear="1952" box="[221,440,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pseudomyrmecinae">Pseudomyrmecinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF8254021D8F838DFD063E90" author="Ward, P. S. & Downie, D. A." box="[456,711,186,213]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="310 - 335" refId="ref69203" refString="Ward, P. S. & Downie, D. A. (2005) The ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): phylogeny and evolution of big-eyed arboreal ants. Systematic Entomology, 30, 310 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2004.00281. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Ward & Downie 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9BF980FF8254021E93838DFC043E90" author="Chomicki, G. & Ward, P. S. & Renner, S." box="[724,965,186,213]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="20152200" refId="ref64252" refString="Chomicki, G., Ward, P. S. & Renner, S. (2015) Macroevolutionary assembly of ant / plant symbioses: Pseudomyrmex ants and their ant-housing plants in the Neotropics. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 282, 20152200. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2015.2200" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Chomicki
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8254021F0D838DFC423E90" box="[842,899,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and ongoing phylogenomic (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1B1CB4FF825402195F838DFA923E90" box="[1304,1363,187,213]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">UCE</collectionCode>
|
||
) work (Ward, in prep.) have provided useful insights.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8254021C808235FEC63F94" blockId="63.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Based on current understanding, the ant genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8254021EAC8235FCB53F59" box="[747,884,259,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8254021EAC8235FCB53F59" box="[747,884,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Tetraponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is represented in the Afrotropical region by 28 species in mainland Africa, and approximately 40 species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31DC4E1FF8254021F178211FC183F04" box="[848,985,295,321]" name="Madagascar" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Given the relatively high frequency of rare taxa—five of the eleven newly described species are known from just a single locality, for example—it seems almost certain that additional species await discovery. Nevertheless, the contrast between continental Africa and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31DC4E1FF8254021CD082A5FEDF3FE8" box="[151,286,403,429]" name="Madagascar" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
is likely to remain, pointing to opportunities for diversification on the island that are not present on the mainland.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB58471FF8254021C8082EDFA523CC0" blockId="63.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
This study has also improved the delimitation of specialized, myrmecophyte-inhabiting species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF825402195482EDFA5D3FB1" box="[1299,1436,475,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF825402195482EDFA5D3FB1" box="[1299,1436,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Tetraponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and their relatives. This lays the foundation for detailed comparative studies that could provide insight into the evolution of specialized ant-plant associations. Particular attention should be paid to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF82540218098115FB233C78" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[1102,1250,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="allaborans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF82540218098115FB233C78" box="[1102,1250,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">T. allaborans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group in Africa: it includes several poorly known species, related to the well-studied
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0AFFF2FF8254021FDC8171FBC93C25" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[923,1032,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetraponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penzigi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97E5863FF8254021FDC8171FBC93C25" box="[923,1032,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">T. penzigi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, that appear to have a propensity to inhabit live stems and associate with Coccoidea. Studies of their ecology and behavior should prove enlightening.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |