treatments-xml/data/03/C4/7D/03C47D45C759E735A0CACD60FE1AB836.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825407" ID-GBIF-Dataset="54629b9a-8031-4e3b-bae4-79622c6be2a2" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191913328" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5825407" approvalRequired="1" approvalRequired_for_document="1" checkinTime="1641480009623" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Weigmann, Simon, Ebert, David A. &amp; Séret, Bernard" docDate="2021" docId="03C47D45C759E735A0CACD60FE1AB836" docLanguage="en" docName="MarBiodivers.51.58.1-30.pdf" docOrigin="Marine Biodiversity 51" docTitle="Acroteriobatus leucospilus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" masterDocId="FFFD053DC74BE72DA042C952FF93BB78" masterDocTitle="Resolution of the Acroteriobatus leucospilus species complex, with a redescription of A. leucospilus (Norman, 1926) and descriptions of two new western Indian Ocean species of Acroteriobatus (Rhinopristiformes, Rhinobatidae)" masterLastPageNumber="30" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1641489698393" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Resolution of the Acroteriobatus leucospilus species complex, with a redescription of A. leucospilus (Norman, 1926) and descriptions of two new western Indian Ocean species of Acroteriobatus (Rhinopristiformes, Rhinobatidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Weigmann, Simon</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Elasmo-Lab, Elasmobranch Research Laboratory, Georg-Bonne-Str. 5 83, 22609 Hamburg, Germany &amp; Center of Natural History, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">simon.weigmann@elasmo-lab.de &amp; simon.weigmann@unihamburg.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ebert, David A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Pacific Shark Research Center, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA &amp; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa &amp; Department of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Séret, Bernard</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>IchtyoConsult, 6 bis rue du Centre, 91430, Igny, France</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Marine Biodiversity</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2021-06-21</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>51</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>30</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1007/s12526-021-01208-6</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">54629b9a-8031-4e3b-bae4-79622c6be2a2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5825445</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A2D68C03-7D2A-4F8F-82B2-A06CB6A8A2C1</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825407" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191913328" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5825407" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C47D45C759E735A0CACD60FE1AB836" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C47D45C759E735A0CACD60FE1AB836" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<subSubSection box="[136,602,1074,1098]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="18.[136,771,1074,1329]" box="[136,602,1074,1098]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName authority="(Norman, 1926)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[136,602,1074,1098]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rhinobatidae" genus="Acroteriobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinopristiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilus">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,534,1074,1098]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,420,1074,1098]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Acroteriobatus leucospilus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Norman JR" box="[434,534,1074,1097]" journalOrPublisher="Proc Zool Soc London" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="941 - 982" part="96" refId="ref23505" refString="Norman JR (1926) A synopsis of the rays of the family Rhinobatidae, with a revision of the genus Rhinobatus. Proc Zool Soc London 96 (4): 941 - 982. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1926. tb 02228. x" title="A synopsis of the rays of the family Rhinobatidae, with a revision of the genus Rhinobatus" type="journal article" year="1926">Norman,</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
1926
<emphasis bold="true" box="[593,602,1074,1097]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">)</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[136,390,1107,1130]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="18.[136,771,1074,1329]" box="[136,390,1107,1130]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">(Blue-spotted guitarfish)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[136,725,1140,1163]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="18.[136,771,1074,1329]" box="[136,725,1140,1163]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
(
<figureCitation box="[143,222,1140,1163]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[136,165,850,870]" captionTargetBox="[620,1451,845,1323]" captionTargetId="figure-263@17.[619,1452,844,1324]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 28 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, in total dorsal view. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Kevin Webb" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825504/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 28</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[236,262,1140,1163]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[136,165,1381,1401]" captionTargetBox="[614,1445,1376,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-291@17.[613,1446,1375,1851]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 29 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, in total ventral view. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Kevin Webb" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825506" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825506/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">29</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[275,301,1140,1163]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[136,165,152,172]" captionTargetBox="[621,1451,147,407]" captionTargetId="figure-161@18.[620,1452,146,408]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 30 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, SAIAB 34588, gravid female, 690 mm TL, in total dorsal view. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825508" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825508/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">30</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[315,341,1140,1163]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[136,165,475,495]" captionTargetBox="[621,1451,470,1024]" captionTargetId="figure-184@18.[620,1452,469,1025]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 31 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, underwater photograph showing the vivid live coloration. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Dennis King" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825510/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">31</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[354,380,1140,1163]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[136,165,1835,1855]" captionTargetBox="[136,791,1381,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-208@18.[138,770,1397,1819]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 32 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, head in dorsal view. Scale bar: 2 cm. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Kevin Webb" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825512" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825512/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">32</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[394,420,1140,1163]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[816,846,1835,1855]" captionTargetBox="[800,1452,1379,1827]" captionTargetId="figure-240@18.[818,1449,1398,1819]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 33 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, SAIAB 34588, gravid female, 690 mm TL, close-up of orbital and spiracular region. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825514/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">33</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[434,460,1140,1163]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[136,165,660,680]" captionTargetBox="[139,769,145,643]" captionTargetId="figure-214@19.[138,770,144,644]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 34 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, head in ventral view. Scale bar: 2 cm. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Kevin Webb" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825516" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825516/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">34</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[473,499,1140,1163]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[136,166,1835,1855]" captionTargetBox="[139,768,1399,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-246@19.[138,769,1398,1819]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 35 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, SAIAB 34588, gravid female, 690 mm TL, close-up of mouth-nasal region. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825520" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825520/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">35</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[513,539,1140,1163]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[816,846,1427,1447]" captionTargetBox="[819,1448,164,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-269@19.[818,1449,144,1410]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 36 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, SAIAB 34588, gravid female, 690 mm TL; first dorsal (a), second dorsal (b), and caudal (c) fins in lateral views. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825518/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">36</figureCitation>
, and 37, 
<tableCitation box="[637,716,1140,1163]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="21.[136,184,155,175]" captionTargetBox="[136,1452,205,1897]" captionText="Table 3 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, morphometrics and meristics Acroteriobatus Acroteriobatus Minimum Maximum Mean SD leucospilus, leucospilus, (n = 9) (n = 9) (n = 11) subadult male juvenile male syntype, BMNH syntype, BMNH 1905.6.8.12 1920.7.23.1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Table 3</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="18.[136,771,1074,1329]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[166,451,1174,1197]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rhinobatidae" genus="Acroteriobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinopristiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilus">
<emphasis box="[166,451,1174,1197]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Acroteriobatus leucospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
― 
<treatmentCitation author="Ebert DA &amp; van Hees KE" page="146" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation author="Ebert DA &amp; van Hees KE" journalOrPublisher="Afr J Mar Sci" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="141 - 156" part="37" refId="ref22411" refString="Ebert DA, van Hees KE (2015) Beyond jaws: rediscovering the ' lost sharks' of southern Africa. Afr J Mar Sci 37 (2): 141 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.2989 / 1814232 X. 2015.1048730" title="Beyond jaws: rediscovering the ' lost sharks' of southern Africa" type="journal article" year="2015">Ebert and van Hees (2015: 146)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation author="Weigmann S" box="[200,452,1207,1230]" page="920" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="2016">
<bibRefCitation author="Weigmann S" box="[200,452,1207,1230]" journalOrPublisher="J Fish Biol" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="837 - 1037" part="88" refId="ref23970" refString="Weigmann S (2016) Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. J Fish Biol 88 (3): 837 - 1037. https: // doi. org / 10. 1111 / jfb. 12874" title="Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity" type="journal article" year="2016">Weigmann (2016: 920)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation author="Seret B &amp; Last PR &amp; Naylor GJP" box="[465,705,1207,1230]" page="81" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="2016">
<bibRefCitation author="Seret B &amp; Last PR &amp; Naylor GJP" box="[465,705,1207,1230]" editor="Last PR &amp; White WT &amp; de Carvalho MR &amp; Seret B &amp; Stehmann MFW &amp; Naylor GJP" journalOrPublisher="CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="77 - 109" refId="ref23856" refString="Seret B, Last PR, Naylor GJP (2016) Guitarfishes, family Rhinobatidae. In: Last PR, White WT, de Carvalho MR, Seret B, Stehmann MFW, Naylor GJP (eds) Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp 77 - 109" title="Guitarfishes, family Rhinobatidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Rays of the world" year="2016">Séret et al. (2016: 81)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; Séret and de Carvalho (in press); Séret (in press)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[136,771,1074,1329]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith" box="[166,415,1273,1296]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis box="[166,415,1273,1296]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rhinobatus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(not Müller &amp; Henle)― 
<treatmentCitation author="Smith JLB" page="64" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1961">
<bibRefCitation author="Smith JLB" bookContentInfo="573 pp" journalOrPublisher="Central News Agency, Ltd., South Africa" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref23909" refString="Smith JLB (1961) The sea fishes of southern Africa, 4 th edn. Central News Agency, Ltd., South Africa 573 pp" title="The sea fishes of southern Africa, 4 th edn" type="book" year="1961">Smith (1961: 64</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
[in part], not pl. 3)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[816,1451,1073,1330]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Muller &amp; Henle" authorityYear="1841" box="[847,1046,1074,1097]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blochii">
<emphasis box="[847,1046,1074,1097]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rhinobatus blochii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(not Müller &amp; Henle)― 
<treatmentCitation author="Regan CT" page="242" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1908">
<bibRefCitation author="Regan CT" journalOrPublisher="Ann Natal Mus" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="241 - 255" part="1" refId="ref23667" refString="Regan CT (1908) A collection of fishes from the coasts of Natal, Zululand, and Cape Colony. Ann Natal Mus 1 (3): 241 - 255" title="A collection of fishes from the coasts of Natal, Zululand, and Cape Colony" type="journal article" year="1908">Regan (1908: 242)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part); 
<treatmentCitation author="Gilchrist JDF &amp; Thompson WW" box="[969,1323,1107,1130]" page="55" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1911">
<bibRefCitation author="Gilchrist JDF &amp; Thompson WW" box="[969,1323,1107,1130]" journalOrPublisher="Ann S Afr Mus" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="29 - 58" part="11" refId="ref22690" refString="Gilchrist JDF, Thompson WW (1911) Descriptions of fishes from the coast of Natal (part III). Ann S Afr Mus 11 (2): 29 - 58" title="Descriptions of fishes from the coast of Natal (part III)" type="journal article" year="1911">Gilchrist &amp; Thompson (1911: 55)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation author="Gilchrist JDF &amp; Thompson WW" page="284" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1916">
<bibRefCitation author="Gilchrist JDF &amp; Thompson WW" journalOrPublisher="Ann Durban Mus" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="284 - 289" part="1" refId="ref22723" refString="Gilchrist JDF, Thompson WW (1916) A catalogue of the sea fishes recorded from Natal, part I. Ann Durban Mus 1 (3): 284 - 289" title="A catalogue of the sea fishes recorded from Natal, part I" type="journal article" year="1916">Gilchrist &amp; Thompson (1916: 284)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part); 
<bibRefCitation author="Smith JLB" bookContentInfo="573 pp" box="[1162,1291,1140,1163]" journalOrPublisher="Central News Agency, Ltd., South Africa" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref23909" refString="Smith JLB (1961) The sea fishes of southern Africa, 4 th edn. Central News Agency, Ltd., South Africa 573 pp" title="The sea fishes of southern Africa, 4 th edn" type="book" year="1961">Smith (1961</bibRefCitation>
: not 64, pl. 3)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[816,1451,1073,1330]" box="[847,1353,1173,1197]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[847,1353,1173,1197]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName box="[847,1036,1174,1197]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blochi">
<emphasis box="[847,1036,1174,1197]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rhinobatus blochi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
― 
<treatmentCitation author="Barnard KH" box="[1062,1262,1174,1197]" page="61" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation author="Barnard KH" box="[1062,1262,1174,1197]" journalOrPublisher="Ann S Afr Mus" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 418" part="21" refId="ref21950" refString="Barnard KH (1925) A monograph of the marine fishes of South Africa. Part I (Amphioxus, Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii, and Teleostei - Isospondyli to Heterosomata). Ann S Afr Mus 21 (1): 1 - 418" title="A monograph of the marine fishes of South Africa. Part I (Amphioxus, Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii, and Teleostei - Isospondyli to Heterosomata)" type="journal article" year="1925">Barnard (1925: 61)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[816,1451,1073,1330]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Norman" authorityYear="1926" box="[847,1092,1207,1230]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rhinobatidae" genus="Rhinobatos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinopristiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilus">
<emphasis box="[847,1092,1207,1230]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rhinobatos leucospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
― 
<treatmentCitation author="Fowler HW" box="[1118,1327,1207,1230]" page="313" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1941">
<bibRefCitation author="Fowler HW" box="[1118,1327,1207,1230]" journalOrPublisher="Bull US Natl Mus" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 879" part="100" refId="ref22532" refString="Fowler HW (1941) Contributions to the biology of the Philippine archipelago and adjacent regions. The fishes of the groups Elasmocephalii, Holocephali, Isospondyli, and Ostariophysi obtain- ed by the United States Fisheries Steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; in 1907 to 1910, chiefly in the Philippine islands and adjacent seas. Bull US Natl Mus 100: 1 - 879" title="Contributions to the biology of the Philippine archipelago and adjacent regions. The fishes of the groups Elasmocephalii, Holocephali, Isospondyli, and Ostariophysi obtain- ed by the United States Fisheries Steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; in 1907 to 1910, chiefly in the Philippine islands and adjacent seas" type="journal article" year="1941">Fowler (1941: 313)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
and subsequent authors
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[816,1451,1073,1330]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Norman" authorityYear="1926" box="[847,1097,1273,1296]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucospilus">
<emphasis box="[847,1097,1273,1296]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rhinobatus leucospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
― 
<treatmentCitation author="Norman JR" box="[1124,1352,1273,1296]" page="966" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1926">
<bibRefCitation author="Norman JR" box="[1124,1352,1273,1296]" journalOrPublisher="Proc Zool Soc London" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="941 - 982" part="96" refId="ref23505" refString="Norman JR (1926) A synopsis of the rays of the family Rhinobatidae, with a revision of the genus Rhinobatus. Proc Zool Soc London 96 (4): 941 - 982. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1926. tb 02228. x" title="A synopsis of the rays of the family Rhinobatidae, with a revision of the genus Rhinobatus" type="journal article" year="1926">Norman (1926: 966)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation author="Barnard KH" page="1014" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="1927">
<bibRefCitation author="Barnard KH" journalOrPublisher="Ann S Afr Mus" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="419 - 1065" part="21" refId="ref21994" refString="Barnard KH (1927) A monograph of the marine fishes of South Africa. Part II (Teleostei - Discocephali to end. Appendix). Ann S Afr Mus 21 (1): 419 - 1065" title="A monograph of the marine fishes of South Africa. Part II (Teleostei - Discocephali to end. Appendix)" type="journal article" year="1927">Barnard (1927: 1014–1015)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="19.[136,771,838,961]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,231,838,862]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<typeStatus box="[136,231,838,862]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Syntypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3427235316" collectingDateMax="1905-12-08" collectingDateMin="1905-12-06" collectionCode="BMNH" country="South Africa" location="southwestern Indian Ocean" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-juvenile="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal" typeStatus="syntype">
<collectionCode box="[240,319,838,861]" collectionName="United Kingdom, London, The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">BMNH</collectionCode>
<collectingDate box="[329,455,838,861]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">1905.6.8.12</collectingDate>
, 
<specimenCount box="[469,620,838,861]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="male">subadult male</specimenCount>
, 
<quantity box="[633,723,838,861]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.16" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="416.0">416 mm</quantity>
TL, and
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3427235327" collectingDateMax="1920-01-23" collectingDateMin="1920-01-07" collectionCode="BMNH" country="South Africa" location="southwestern Indian Ocean" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal" typeStatus="syntype">
<collectionCode box="[189,272,871,894]" collectionName="United Kingdom, London, The Natural History Museum [formerly British Museum (Natural History)]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">BMNH</collectionCode>
<collectingDate box="[284,425,871,894]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">1920.7.23.1</collectingDate>
, 
<specimenCount box="[442,535,871,894]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="juvenile">juvenile</specimenCount>
<specimenCount box="[547,605,871,894]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="male">male</specimenCount>
, 
<quantity box="[621,718,871,894]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.48" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="248.0">248 mm</quantity>
TL, Durban, 
<collectingRegion box="[230,395,904,927]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[408,546,904,927]" name="South Africa" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C47D45C759E735A0CACD60FE1AB836:8EB29A88C758E73EA26DCADAFF5DB8B9" country="South Africa" name="southwestern Indian Ocean" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">southwestern Indian Ocean</location>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[136,771,1004,1326]" lastBlockId="19.[816,1452,1554,1876]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,243,1004,1028]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Non-types</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3427235306" collectingDate="2009-03-15" collectionCode="SAIAB" country="South Africa" latitude="-29.125" location="Natal" longLatPrecision="813" longitude="31.75" municipality="Tugela Bank" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="SAIAB 189087" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-juvenile="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<collectingCountry box="[249,385,1004,1027]" name="South Africa" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">South Africa</collectingCountry>
: 
<specimenCode box="[394,570,1004,1027]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
SAIAB 
<quantity box="[486,570,1004,1027]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.89087223" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="1.89087223E8">189087</quantity>
</specimenCode>
, 223 mm TL (after preservation), 
<specimenCount box="[334,421,1037,1060]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="juvenile">juvenile</specimenCount>
<specimenCount box="[432,487,1037,1060]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="male">male</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingMunicipality box="[501,646,1037,1060]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tugela Bank</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C47D45C759E735A0CACD60FE1AB836:8EB29A88C758E73EA0CACD7CFF5EBF3D" box="[136,205,1070,1093]" country="South Africa" latitude="-29.125" longLatPrecision="813" longitude="31.75" municipality="Tugela Bank" name="Natal" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">KwaZuluNatal</location>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[228,397,1070,1093]" name="South Africa" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[420,561,1070,1094]" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="7.5" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="92" value="-29.125">29° 7.5′ S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[585,719,1070,1094]" degrees="31" direction="east" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="925" value="31.75">31° 45′ E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="2009-03-15">
<collectingDate pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="2009-03-15">15 March 2009</collectingDate>
</date>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3427235302" collectingDate="1982-10-23" collectionCode="SAIAB" country="South Africa" location="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="SAIAB 34588" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCode box="[293,456,1104,1127]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
SAIAB 
<quantity box="[386,456,1104,1127]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.458869" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="3.458869E7">34588</quantity>
</specimenCode>
, 690 mm TL (after preservation), gravid 
<specimenCount box="[309,385,1137,1160]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="female">female</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[399,570,1137,1160]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[585,730,1137,1160]" name="South Africa" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, 
<date pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1982-10-23">
<collectingDate pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1982-10-23">23 October 1982</collectingDate>
</date>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3427235322" collectionCode="ORI, B" country="South Africa" location="Tugela Bank" municipality="Tugela Bank" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="SAIAB 11142" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-adult="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCode box="[322,491,1170,1193]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">SAIAB 11142</specimenCode>
(formerly 
<collectionCode box="[630,677,1170,1193]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z2jx-p0kp" name="Ocean Research Institute" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ORI</collectionCode>
<collectionCode box="[693,711,1170,1193]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B</collectionCode>
90), 
<quantity box="[136,233,1203,1226]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="960.0">960 mm</quantity>
TL (after preservation), 
<specimenCount box="[532,586,1203,1226]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
<specimenCount box="[601,677,1203,1226]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="female">female</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingMunicipality pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tugela Bank</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[219,400,1236,1259]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[421,580,1236,1259]" name="South Africa" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">South Africa</collectingCountry>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3427235304" collectionCode="ORI, B" country="South Africa" location="Tugela Bank" municipality="Tugela Bank" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="SAIAB 11143" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-adult="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCode box="[600,771,1236,1259]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">SAIAB 11143</specimenCode>
(formerly 
<collectionCode box="[250,296,1270,1293]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z2jx-p0kp" name="Ocean Research Institute" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ORI</collectionCode>
<collectionCode box="[308,326,1270,1293]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B</collectionCode>
112), 
<quantity box="[405,498,1270,1293]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="650.0">650 mm</quantity>
TL (after preservation), 
<specimenCount box="[136,194,1303,1326]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
<specimenCount box="[211,293,1303,1326]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="female">female</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingMunicipality box="[315,476,1303,1326]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tugela Bank</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[497,682,1303,1326]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[704,888,1303,1577]" name="South Africa" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">South Africa</collectingCountry>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3427235313" collectionCode="ORI, B" country="South Africa" location="Tugela Bank" municipality="Tugela Bank" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="SAIAB 11159" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-juvenile="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<specimenCode box="[905,1067,1554,1577]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">SAIAB 11159</specimenCode>
(formerly 
<collectionCode box="[1196,1242,1554,1577]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z2jx-p0kp" name="Ocean Research Institute" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ORI</collectionCode>
<collectionCode box="[1256,1274,1554,1577]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B</collectionCode>
799), 
<quantity box="[1356,1451,1554,1577]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="295.0">295 mm</quantity>
TL (after preservation), 
<specimenCount box="[1101,1188,1587,1610]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="juvenile">juvenile</specimenCount>
<specimenCount box="[1203,1279,1587,1610]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="female">female</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingMunicipality box="[1298,1448,1587,1610]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tugela Bank</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[816,988,1620,1643]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[1004,1151,1620,1643]" name="South Africa" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">South Africa</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[816,1452,1554,1876]" lastBlockId="20.[136,772,757,913]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3427235301" collectingDate="1992-05-29" collectionCode="SAIAB" country="Mozambique" latitude="-25.966667" location="Bay" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.583332" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="SAIAB 40000" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="1" specimenCount-subadult="1" stateProvince="Maputo">
<collectingCountry box="[847,988,1654,1677]" name="Mozambique" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
: 
<specimenCode box="[997,1151,1654,1677]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
SAIAB 
<quantity box="[1083,1151,1654,1677]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.000043" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="4.000043E7">40000</quantity>
</specimenCode>
, 430 mm TL (after preservation), 
<specimenCount box="[899,1005,1687,1710]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="subadult">subadult</specimenCount>
<specimenCount box="[1020,1078,1687,1710]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="male">male</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[1102,1196,1687,1710]" country="Mozambique" name="Maputo" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Maputo</collectingRegion>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C47D45C759E735A0CACD60FE1AB836:8EB29A88C758E73EA4F9CFC5FB79BDD6" box="[1211,1258,1687,1710]" country="Mozambique" latitude="-25.966667" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.583332" name="Bay" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" stateProvince="Maputo">Bay</location>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[1282,1443,1687,1710]" name="Mozambique" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[816,988,1720,1743]" degrees="25.96666717" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="1" value="-25.966667">25.96666717° S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[1002,1201,1720,1743]" degrees="32.5833320618" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="1" value="32.583332">32.5833320618° E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date box="[1214,1360,1720,1743]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1992-05-29">
<collectingDate box="[1214,1360,1720,1743]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1992-05-29">29 May 1992</collectingDate>
</date>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3427235328" collectingDate="1953-10" collectingDateMax="1997-07-12" collectingDateMin="1953-10" collectionCode="SAIAB" country="Mozambique" latitude="-26.016666" location="Inhaca Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.966667" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="SAIAB 55691, SAIAB 12829" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-juvenile="2">
<specimenCode pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
SAIAB 
<quantity box="[816,886,1753,1776]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5691445" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="5.5691445E7">55691</quantity>
</specimenCode>
, 445 mm TL (after preservation), 
<specimenCount box="[1275,1362,1753,1776]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="juvenile">juvenile</specimenCount>
<specimenCount box="[1372,1447,1753,1776]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="female">female</specimenCount>
, Moebase fishing village, 
<collectingCountry box="[1103,1249,1786,1809]" name="Mozambique" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[1264,1447,1786,1809]" degrees="17.04999923" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="1" value="-17.05">17.04999923° S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[816,1018,1820,1843]" degrees="39.7333335876" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="1" value="39.733334">39.7333335876° E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date box="[1033,1178,1820,1843]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1997-07-12">
<collectingDate box="[1033,1178,1820,1843]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1997-07-12">12 July 1997</collectingDate>
</date>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3427235303" collectingDate="1953-10" collectingDateMax="1997-07-12" collectingDateMin="1953-10" collectionCode="SAIAB" country="Mozambique" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" latitude="-26.016666" location="Inhaca Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.966667" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCode="SAIAB 55691, SAIAB 12829" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-juvenile="2">
<specimenCode box="[1191,1347,1820,1843]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
SAIAB 
<quantity box="[1279,1347,1820,1843]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2829514999999998" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="1.2829515E7">12829</quantity>
</specimenCode>
, 515 mm TL (after preservation), 
<specimenCount box="[1097,1186,1853,1876]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="juvenile">juvenile</specimenCount>
<specimenCount box="[1198,1276,1853,1876]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="female">female</specimenCount>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C47D45C759E735A0CACD60FE1AB836:8EB29A88C758E73EA549CE6FFA34BC2C" box="[1291,1447,1853,1876]" country="Mozambique" latitude="-26.016666" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="32.966667" name="Inhaca Island" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Inhaca Island</location>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[136,280,757,780]" name="Mozambique" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[294,474,757,780]" degrees="26.01666641" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" precision="1" value="-26.016666">26.01666641° S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[489,670,757,780]" degrees="32.96666717" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" precision="1" value="32.966667">32.96666717° E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1953-10">
<collectingDate pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1953-10">October 1953</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[136,772,757,913]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3427235308" collectionCode="SAIAB" country="Tanzania" latitude="-6.166667" location="Tanzania" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="39.183334" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" specimenCode="SAIAB 12162" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<collectingCountry box="[166,265,823,846]" name="Tanzania" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
: 
<specimenCode box="[274,427,823,846]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
SAIAB 
<quantity box="[359,427,823,846]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2162628999999998" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="1.2162629E7">12162</quantity>
</specimenCode>
, 629 mm TL (after preservation), 
<specimenCount box="[136,218,857,880]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="female">female</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[235,426,857,880]" name="Zanzibar Island" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Zanzibar Island</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[443,553,857,880]" name="Tanzania" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[570,765,857,880]" degrees="6.166666984" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" precision="1" value="-6.166667">6.166666984° S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[136,335,890,913]" degrees="39.1833343506" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" precision="1" value="39.183334">39.1833343506° E</geoCoordinate>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="20.[136,237,989,1013]" box="[136,237,989,1013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<heading bold="true" box="[136,237,989,1013]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" reason="2">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,237,989,1013]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[136,772,1056,1611]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
A medium-sized 
<taxonomicName box="[316,553,1056,1079]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis box="[316,471,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Acroteriobatus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
distinguished by the following combination of characters: dorsal surface smooth, without prominent thorns or tubercles, except for slightly enlarged granular denticles partially around orbital rims and rather regularly distributed along midline from nape to near first dorsal-fin origin; absent between dorsal fins and upper caudal fin. Snout semi-translucent with elongated bluish spots giving stripe-nosed appearance, numerous small bluish spots covering snout, pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and caudalfins but not central disc on a sandy brown background with darker brown spots of varying sizes covering the disc, tail, fin bases, and fins, sometimes giving the caudal peduncle a striped appearance; outer edges of pectoral- and pelvic-fin margins blue, lateral tail folds white or striped blue and brown; ventral surface white. Nasal lamellae 37–41; upper jaw tooth row count ~60–75; 187–192 post-synarcual centra; 200–205 total vertebral segments; 63–70 total pectoral skeleton radials.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="20.[136,255,1686,1710]" box="[136,255,1686,1710]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<heading bold="true" box="[136,255,1686,1710]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" reason="2">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,255,1686,1710]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[136,772,1753,1909]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
The description is based on the 
<specimenCount box="[517,668,1753,1776]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="generic" typeStatus="syntypes">two syntypes</specimenCount>
(BMNH 1905.6.8.12 and BMNH 1920.7.23.1), as well as 
<specimenCount pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="generic">nine nontype specimens</specimenCount>
. Where relevant, ratios are based on horizontal measurements unless otherwise stated. Detailed morphometric measurements and meristics are given in 
<tableCitation box="[598,677,1886,1909]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="21.[136,184,155,175]" captionTargetBox="[136,1452,205,1897]" captionText="Table 3 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, morphometrics and meristics Acroteriobatus Acroteriobatus Minimum Maximum Mean SD leucospilus, leucospilus, (n = 9) (n = 9) (n = 11) subadult male juvenile male syntype, BMNH syntype, BMNH 1905.6.8.12 1920.7.23.1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Table 3</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[816,1453,159,1909]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
External morphology (
<figureCitation box="[1049,1130,159,183]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[136,165,850,870]" captionTargetBox="[620,1451,845,1323]" captionTargetId="figure-263@17.[619,1452,844,1324]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 28 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, in total dorsal view. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Kevin Webb" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825504/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs. 28</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1143,1169,159,183]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[136,165,1381,1401]" captionTargetBox="[614,1445,1376,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-291@17.[613,1446,1375,1851]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 29 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, in total ventral view. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Kevin Webb" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825506" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825506/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">29</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1181,1207,159,183]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[136,165,152,172]" captionTargetBox="[621,1451,147,407]" captionTargetId="figure-161@18.[620,1452,146,408]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 30 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, SAIAB 34588, gravid female, 690 mm TL, in total dorsal view. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825508" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825508/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">30</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1220,1246,159,183]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[136,165,475,495]" captionTargetBox="[621,1451,470,1024]" captionTargetId="figure-184@18.[620,1452,469,1025]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 31 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, underwater photograph showing the vivid live coloration. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Dennis King" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825510/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">31</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1258,1283,159,183]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[136,165,1835,1855]" captionTargetBox="[136,791,1381,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-208@18.[138,770,1397,1819]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 32 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, head in dorsal view. Scale bar: 2 cm. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Kevin Webb" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825512" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825512/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">32</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1296,1322,159,183]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[816,846,1835,1855]" captionTargetBox="[800,1452,1379,1827]" captionTargetId="figure-240@18.[818,1449,1398,1819]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 33 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, SAIAB 34588, gravid female, 690 mm TL, close-up of orbital and spiracular region. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825514/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">33</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1335,1361,159,183]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[136,165,660,680]" captionTargetBox="[139,769,145,643]" captionTargetId="figure-214@19.[138,770,144,644]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 34 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, head in ventral view. Scale bar: 2 cm. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Kevin Webb" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825516" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825516/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">34</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1373,1399,159,183]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[136,166,1835,1855]" captionTargetBox="[139,768,1399,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-246@19.[138,769,1398,1819]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 35 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, SAIAB 34588, gravid female, 690 mm TL, close-up of mouth-nasal region. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825520" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825520/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">35</figureCitation>
, and 36)
</emphasis>
Disc wedge-shaped, narrowly angular anteriorly, snout angle before eyes moderately acute, 68.0–80.5°; anterior margin straight, outer pectoral margin broadly rounded, posterior margin convex, rear tip broadly rounded; disc length 1.15– 1.24 times its width. Pelvic fins elongate, short-based, base length 0.89–2.04 times inner margin length; pelvic-fin total length 1.44–2.12 times base length, 2.19–3.06 times width; anterior margin straight, becoming weakly convex towards broadly rounded apex, posterior margin weakly convex, free rear tip narrowly rounded. Tail elongate, slightly constricted in anterior part between pelvic-fin origin and about level pelvic-fin free rear tip, broadest somewhat anterior to first dorsal-fin origin, tapering posteriorly; very strongly depressed dorsoventrally, in cross section nearly flat below, more rounded above; tail length from anterior cloaca 1.35–1.62 times precloacal length, 1.31–1.66 timesdisc length, and 5.20– 6.03 times body width at pelvic-fin insertions; body width 2.17–2.67 times depth at pelvic-fin insertions, 2.39–3.26 at first dorsal-fin origin, 1.74–2.44 at second dorsal-fin origin. Dermal fold lateral along tail, originating about level pelvicfin free rear tip and reaching onto base of caudal fin just behind ventral origin of caudal fin; fold well developed, maximum width at interdorsal space more than half width of posterior nasal flap and more than length of longest spiracular fold (
<figureCitation box="[873,957,989,1012]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[136,165,850,870]" captionTargetBox="[620,1451,845,1323]" captionTargetId="figure-263@17.[619,1452,844,1324]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 28 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, in total dorsal view. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Kevin Webb" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825504/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs. 28</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[971,997,989,1012]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[136,165,1381,1401]" captionTargetBox="[614,1445,1376,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-291@17.[613,1446,1375,1851]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 29 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, in total ventral view. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Kevin Webb" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825506" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825506/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">29</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1011,1037,989,1012]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[136,165,152,172]" captionTargetBox="[621,1451,147,407]" captionTargetId="figure-161@18.[620,1452,146,408]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 30 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, SAIAB 34588, gravid female, 690 mm TL, in total dorsal view. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825508" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825508/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">30</figureCitation>
, and 31).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[816,1453,159,1909]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Head moderately elongate, ventral length 22.9–28.3% TL, dorsal length 24.0–29.2% TL; snout rather short, bluntly pointed, preoral length 2.22–2.76 times mouth width, 4.28– 5.08 times internarial distance, 1.09–1.54 times dorsal caudalfin margin, 2.59–3.46 times distance from nostril to margin of disc; direct preorbital snout length 2.17–2.6 times interspiracular distance, 3.3–5.36 times orbit diameter, 2.65– 3.67 times skeletal interorbital space; interorbital space weakly concave, rather narrow; eyes moderately large, slightly elevated, but not protruding, orbit diameter 1.07–2.0 times spiracle length, 0.58–1.11 times skeletal interorbital space. Spiracles relatively large, narrowly bean-shaped; two prominent and strongly compressed folds on upper posterior margin, length of inner spiracular fold 0.5–0.75 times that of outer fold; distance between bases of folds 0.25–1.0 times length of shortest fold (
<figureCitation box="[959,1045,1521,1544]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[136,165,1835,1855]" captionTargetBox="[136,791,1381,1831]" captionTargetId="figure-208@18.[138,770,1397,1819]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 32 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, head in dorsal view. Scale bar: 2 cm. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Kevin Webb" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825512" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825512/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs. 32</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation box="[1096,1122,1521,1544]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[816,846,1835,1855]" captionTargetBox="[800,1452,1379,1827]" captionTargetId="figure-240@18.[818,1449,1398,1819]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 33 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, SAIAB 34588, gravid female, 690 mm TL, close-up of orbital and spiracular region. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825514/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">33</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[816,1453,159,1909]" lastBlockId="22.[136,772,1321,1909]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Nostril moderately large, oblique, all nasal flaps well developed; anterior aperture subcircular; nostril length 1.7–3.0 times anterior aperture width, 0.75–1.13 times anterior nasalflap base length, 0.5–0.94 times distance from nostril to edge of disc, 0.81–1.31 times internarial distance. Anterior nasalflap base greatly extended, penetrating horizontally into internarial space, mesial edges barely separated (by about width of posterior nasal flap); innermost extension of flap not narrow; flap base length 1.88–2.86 times its width at process, 1.88–3.33 times anterior aperture width; minimum distance between mesial insertions of flaps 
<quantity box="[1234,1365,1885,1909]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.22275" metricValueMax="6.731" metricValueMin="1.7145" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="in" value="16.625" valueMax="26.5" valueMin="6.75">6.75–26.5 in</quantity>
greatest distance across nostrils anteriorly, 
<quantity box="[528,655,1321,1345]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5405099999999998" metricValueMax="2.413" metricValueMin="0.66802" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="in" value="6.0649999999999995" valueMax="9.5" valueMin="2.63">2.63–9.5 in</quantity>
minimum internarial distance; process of flap about twice as long as wide, narrowing distally to blunt pointed tip, and adjoining with posterolateral nasal flap and anterior aperture posterior margin. Posterolateral nasal flap well developed, lobe-like, broadest medially, length 2.0–5.5 times its width; originating just behind lateral extremityof anterior nasal aperture, extending posteromesially as a free fold almost to the level of insertion of posterior nasal flap. Posterior nasal flap well developed, lobe-like, base length 1.6–2.5 times its width, its inner edge nearly reaching innermost margin of nostril; width 0.5– 1.0 times anterior aperture width, 0.92–2.0 times posterolateral nasal-flap width (
<figureCitation box="[343,429,1720,1743]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[136,165,660,680]" captionTargetBox="[139,769,145,643]" captionTargetId="figure-214@19.[138,770,144,644]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 34 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, head in ventral view. Scale bar: 2 cm. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Kevin Webb" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825516" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825516/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs. 34</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation box="[480,506,1720,1743]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[136,166,1835,1855]" captionTargetBox="[139,768,1399,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-246@19.[138,769,1398,1819]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 35 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, SAIAB 34588, gravid female, 690 mm TL, close-up of mouth-nasal region. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825520" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825520/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">35</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="22.[136,772,1321,1909]" lastBlockId="22.[816,1452,1322,1909]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Mouth width 1.59–2.24 times nostril length, 
<quantity box="[639,771,1753,1777]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.67513" metricValueMax="1.8415" metricValueMin="1.50876" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="in" value="6.595" valueMax="7.25" valueMin="5.94">5.94–7.25 in</quantity>
precloacal length; positioned beneath posterior margin of orbit. Upper jaw slightly convex, upper lip broadly arched; lower lip not pronounced, not separated from oral groove by ridges of strongly corrugated skin; corners of mouth with several strong, short lateral grooves. Teeth arranged in quincunx, small, close-set, rhombic, broad-based with short, bluntly rounded cusp; upper and lower teeth similar in shape and size; upper and lower jaws each with ~60–75 tooth rows. Gill openings strongly wavy; length of third gill slit 
<quantity box="[1331,1451,1454,1478]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3881" metricValueMax="8.636" metricValueMin="4.1402" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="in" value="2.5149999999999997" valueMax="3.4" valueMin="1.63">1.63–3.4 in</quantity>
nostril length, 4.33–7.0 in distance between fifth gill slits; distance between first gill slits 1.31–1.46 times distance between fifth gill slits; distance between fifth gill slits 2.54–3.24 times internarial distance, 1.3–1.62 times mouth width, 0.32– 0.38 of ventral head length (
<figureCitation box="[1111,1186,1620,1643]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[136,166,1835,1855]" captionTargetBox="[139,768,1399,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-246@19.[138,769,1398,1819]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 35 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, SAIAB 34588, gravid female, 690 mm TL, close-up of mouth-nasal region. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825520" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825520/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="22.[816,1452,1322,1909]" lastBlockId="23.[136,772,159,1843]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Dorsal fins erect, relatively tall, dissimilar in size and shape; first dorsal-fin anterior margin weakly convex, curving rearwards towards rounded apex; posterior margin weakly convex near tip, then becoming weakly concave to nearly straight; second dorsal-fin anterior margin weakly convex, curving towards pointed or slightly rounded apex; posterior margin nearly straight; free rear tips rounded of both dorsal fins, almost forming right angle, not produced; first dorsal fin height subequal to second, length of first 0.79–1.15 times height, its base length 1.67–2.8 times inner margin length; second dorsal-fin length 0.84–1.21 times its height, base length 1.5–3.3 times inner margin length (
<figureCitation box="[585,701,259,282]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[816,846,1427,1447]" captionTargetBox="[819,1448,164,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-269@19.[818,1449,144,1410]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 36 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, SAIAB 34588, gravid female, 690 mm TL; first dorsal (a), second dorsal (b), and caudal (c) fins in lateral views. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825518/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 36a, b</figureCitation>
). First dorsal-fin origin well posterior to pelvic-fin free rear tips, interspace 1.04–1.99 times interdorsal distance; interdorsal space relatively short, 1.32–2.19 times second dorsal-fin height, 2.13–3.17 times base of first dorsal fin, 0.98–1.33 times tail width at origin of first dorsal fin, 1.29–1.9 times interspace between second dorsal-fin insertion and upper origin of caudal fin. Caudal fin relatively small; dorsal caudal margin weakly convex, length 1.03–1.99 times preventral margin length; ventral lobe broadly rounded; posterior margin weakly concave; fin tip acutely pointed (
<figureCitation box="[560,646,591,614]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[816,846,1427,1447]" captionTargetBox="[819,1448,164,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-269@19.[818,1449,144,1410]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 36 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, SAIAB 34588, gravid female, 690 mm TL; first dorsal (a), second dorsal (b), and caudal (c) fins in lateral views. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825518/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 36c</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="23.[136,772,159,1843]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Dermal denticles mostly minute, close-set, covering entire body and fins; surfaces mostly smooth to the touch, except for ~7 slightly enlarged granular denticles on each orbital rim and ~3–4 on the inner edge of spiracle; up to ~50 enlarged, coarse denticles rather regularly distributed along midline from nape to near first dorsal-fin origin, absent along midline between dorsal fins and upper caudal origin; enlarged denticles absent on snout tip, anterior and lateral margins of disc, pelvic fins, and bases of dorsal fins; nasal flaps and lamellae naked. Crowns of denticles mostly oval, except largest denticles with slightly erect, bluntly acute cusp, base stellate. Juveniles have proportionally larger denticles than larger specimens and the crowns of the denticles have acutely pointed cusps. The minute dermal denticles covering entire body and fins are also proportionally in juveniles, giving the skin a velvet touch. Thorns always absent. Prebranchial sensory pore patch distinct, extending to about the level of third gill slit. Postscapular sensory canal rather indistinct, strongly undulated anteriorly, terminating near pectoral-fin insertions; sensory pores minute, canal not forming a shallow groove (
<figureCitation box="[668,743,1255,1278]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[136,165,1381,1401]" captionTargetBox="[614,1445,1376,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-291@17.[613,1446,1375,1851]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 29 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, in total ventral view. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Kevin Webb" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825506" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825506/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="23.[136,772,159,1843]" lastBlockId="23.[816,1452,159,714]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Rostral cartilage broad, its shaft just slightly increasing in width posteriorly from rostral node; rostral node rounded at apex, not angular, broadly expanded, relatively short, axis at maximum node width 34.4–41.2% of length of rostral cartilage from tip; anterior fontanelle relatively broad posteriorly, tapering gradually towards rostral node, dorsolateral edges of cartilage surrounding fontanelle (rostral ridges on surface of snout) well separated posteriorly, not constricting medially; rostral cartilage 54.2–58.1% of neurocranium length, ventral edges of rostral cartilage united; nasal capsules large, with their transverse axes directed anterolaterally; width of cranium across nasal capsules 1.15–1.27 times nasobasal length (base of rostrum to occipital condyles); width of nasal capsule 1.3– 1.45 times its length; basal plate relatively broad, its minimum width 3.35–3.61 times in nasobasal length; cranial roof with small, oval-shaped fenestra, with its anterior edge located behind precerebral cavity by a distance ~1.5 times its length; anterior cartilage triangular, narrow, posteriorly wedgeshaped, without an anterior lobe extending past nasal capsules; preorbital processes well developed; postorbital processes moderately large, not bifurcate; greatest width across processes 1.78–1.97 times in nasobasal length (
<figureCitation box="[1310,1384,292,315]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[136,165,582,602]" captionTargetBox="[139,769,145,565]" captionTargetId="figure-752@20.[138,770,144,566]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 37 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, radiograph of cranium and snout in dorsal view. The radiograph was taken and kindly provided by James Maclaine and reworked by Nemo Martin" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825522" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825522/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="23.[816,1452,159,714]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Nasal lamellae 37–41. Skeletal meristics based on the 
<specimenCount pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="generic" typeStatus="syntypes">two syntypes</specimenCount>
and non-type specimens SAIAB 189087, SAIAB 34588, and SAIAB 55691: pectoral skeleton with 29–32 propterygial, 8–9 mesopterygial, 1–2 neopterygial, 22–27 metapterygial, amounting to 63–70 total radials. Total pelvic-fin radials 25–30. Total vertebral segment (synarcual and free) counts 200–205; post-synarcual centra 187–192; precaudal centra (excluding synarcual centra) 148–151; synarcual segments 13–15; monospondylous precaudal centra 39–41; diplosondylous precaudal centra 109–110; diplosondylous caudal centra 37–42. Monospondylous to diplosondylous centra transition posterior to pelvic girdle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="23.[816,925,757,781]" box="[816,925,757,781]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<heading bold="true" box="[816,925,757,781]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="2">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,925,757,781]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Coloration</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="23.[816,1452,824,1345]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis box="[816,1035,824,847]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Prior to preservation</emphasis>
: dorsal surface sandy brown with a pronounced and colorful, organized pattern of numerous small and large bluish circular spots, with a darker ring encircling a lighter bluish center, and small and large brownish spots (
<figureCitation box="[824,901,957,980]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[136,165,475,495]" captionTargetBox="[621,1451,470,1024]" captionTargetId="figure-184@18.[620,1452,469,1025]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 31 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, underwater photograph showing the vivid live coloration. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Dennis King" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825510/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
); the bluish spots cover the snout, pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and caudal fins but not the central disc; the brownish spots cover the disc, tail, fin bases, and fins, sometimes giving the caudal peduncle a striped appearance (
<figureCitation box="[1287,1367,1057,1080]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[136,165,475,495]" captionTargetBox="[621,1451,470,1024]" captionTargetId="figure-184@18.[620,1452,469,1025]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 31 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, underwater photograph showing the vivid live coloration. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Dennis King" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825510/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
); snout semi-translucent with elongated bluish spots giving it a stripe-nosed appearance (
<figureCitation box="[1087,1165,1123,1146]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[136,165,475,495]" captionTargetBox="[621,1451,470,1024]" captionTargetId="figure-184@18.[620,1452,469,1025]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 31 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, underwater photograph showing the vivid live coloration. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Dennis King" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825510/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
). Outer edges of pectoral-and pelvic-fin margins blue, lateral tail folds white or striped blue and brown (
<figureCitation box="[1017,1101,1190,1213]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[136,165,475,495]" captionTargetBox="[621,1451,470,1024]" captionTargetId="figure-184@18.[620,1452,469,1025]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 31 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, underwater photograph showing the vivid live coloration. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Dennis King" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825510/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
). Ventral surface white. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">After preservation</emphasis>
: dorsal surface similar but bluish spots less pronounced and brownish spots mostly faded and not evident (
<figureCitation box="[824,914,1289,1312]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[136,165,850,870]" captionTargetBox="[620,1451,845,1323]" captionTargetId="figure-263@17.[619,1452,844,1324]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 28 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, in total dorsal view. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Kevin Webb" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825504/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs. 28</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation box="[971,998,1289,1312]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[136,165,152,172]" captionTargetBox="[621,1451,147,407]" captionTargetId="figure-161@18.[620,1452,146,408]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 30 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, SAIAB 34588, gravid female, 690 mm TL, in total dorsal view. Photograph courtesy Marsha Englebrecht ©" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825508" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825508/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">30</figureCitation>
). Ventral surface also similar but creamy rather than white as typical for preserved specimens (
<figureCitation box="[1362,1436,1322,1345]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[136,165,1381,1401]" captionTargetBox="[614,1445,1376,1850]" captionTargetId="figure-291@17.[613,1446,1375,1851]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 29 Acroteriobatus leucospilus, BMNH 1905.6.8.12, subadult male syntype, 416 mm TL, in total ventral view. The photograph was taken and kindly provided by Kevin Webb" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825506" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825506/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="23.[816,858,1389,1413]" box="[816,858,1389,1413]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<heading bold="true" box="[816,858,1389,1413]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="2">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,858,1389,1413]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Size</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="23.[816,1452,1456,1844]" lastBlockId="24.[136,771,159,448]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
The 11 examined specimens ranged in size from 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.915" metricValueMax="9.6" metricValueMin="2.23" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="591.5" valueMax="960.0" valueMin="223.0">223 to 960 mm</quantity>
TL. 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", BMNH" box="[956,1234,1489,1512]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rhinobatidae" genus="Acroteriobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinopristiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilus">
<emphasis box="[956,1234,1489,1512]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Acroteriobatus leucospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been reported to reach 
<quantity box="[879,979,1522,1545]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="1200.0">1200 mm</quantity>
TL (
<bibRefCitation author="Compagno LJV &amp; Ebert DA &amp; Smale MJ" bookContentInfo="158 pp" box="[1030,1262,1522,1545]" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref22168" refString="Compagno LJV, Ebert DA, Smale MJ (1989) Guide to the sharks and rays of Southern Africa. New Holland Ltd., London 158 pp" title="Guide to the sharks and rays of Southern Africa. New Holland Ltd" type="book" year="1989">Compagno et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Seret B &amp; Last PR &amp; Naylor GJP" box="[1276,1444,1522,1545]" editor="Last PR &amp; White WT &amp; de Carvalho MR &amp; Seret B &amp; Stehmann MFW &amp; Naylor GJP" journalOrPublisher="CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="77 - 109" refId="ref23856" refString="Seret B, Last PR, Naylor GJP (2016) Guitarfishes, family Rhinobatidae. In: Last PR, White WT, de Carvalho MR, Seret B, Stehmann MFW, Naylor GJP (eds) Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp 77 - 109" title="Guitarfishes, family Rhinobatidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Rays of the world" year="2016">Séret et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Weigmann S" box="[816,989,1556,1579]" journalOrPublisher="J Fish Biol" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="837 - 1037" part="88" refId="ref23970" refString="Weigmann S (2016) Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. J Fish Biol 88 (3): 837 - 1037. https: // doi. org / 10. 1111 / jfb. 12874" title="Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity" type="journal article" year="2016">Weigmann 2016</bibRefCitation>
), but no voucher specimens of such size are known and the maximum size might possibly be based on the larger 
<taxonomicName authority="Weigmann &amp; Ebert &amp; Séret, 2021" authorityName="Weigmann &amp; Ebert &amp; Séret" authorityYear="2021" box="[888,1038,1622,1645]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rhinobatidae" genus="Acroteriobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinopristiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andysabini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[888,1038,1622,1645]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">A. andysabini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1048,1136,1622,1645]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
instead. The largest verified specimen is the adult female of 
<quantity box="[1150,1238,1655,1678]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="960.0">960 mm</quantity>
TL examined in the present study. The 
<quantity box="[1047,1144,1689,1712]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.16" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="416.0">416 mm</quantity>
TL male 
<typeStatus box="[1267,1356,1689,1712]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">syntype</typeStatus>
BMNH 1905.6.8.12 and the 
<quantity box="[1052,1144,1722,1745]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="430.0">430 mm</quantity>
TL non-type male SAIAB 40000 are both subadult, and the 
<quantity box="[1155,1241,1755,1778]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="690.0">690 mm</quantity>
TL non-type female SAIAB 34588 is gravid. Following 
<bibRefCitation author="Wallace JH" box="[1185,1346,1788,1811]" journalOrPublisher="Invest Rep Oceanogr Res Inst Durban" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 32" part="15" refId="ref23936" refString="Wallace JH (1967) The batoid fishes of the east coast of Southern Africa. Part I: sawfishes and guitarfishes. Invest Rep Oceanogr Res Inst Durban 15: 1 - 32" title="The batoid fishes of the east coast of Southern Africa. Part I: sawfishes and guitarfishes" type="journal article" year="1967">Wallace (1967)</bibRefCitation>
, a male of 
<quantity box="[816,905,1821,1844]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.02" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="402.0">402 mm</quantity>
TL was juvenile, oneof 
<quantity box="[1173,1261,1821,1844]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.15" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="415.0">415 mm</quantity>
TL was subadult, and specimens of more than 
<quantity box="[443,532,159,182]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.65" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="565.0">565 mm</quantity>
TL were mature, with gravid females ranging from 
<quantity box="[436,594,192,215]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.425" metricValueMax="9.209999999999999" metricValueMin="5.64" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="742.5" valueMax="921.0" valueMin="564.0">564 to 921 mm</quantity>
TL. Considering the rather small maturing size of about 
<quantity box="[561,703,225,249]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="5.65" metricValueMin="4.15" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="490.0" valueMax="565.0" valueMin="415.0">415–565 mm</quantity>
TL, a maximum size above 
<quantity box="[362,461,259,282]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="1000.0">1000 mm</quantity>
TL appears unlikely. 
<bibRefCitation author="Wallace JH" journalOrPublisher="Invest Rep Oceanogr Res Inst Durban" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 32" part="15" refId="ref23936" refString="Wallace JH (1967) The batoid fishes of the east coast of Southern Africa. Part I: sawfishes and guitarfishes. Invest Rep Oceanogr Res Inst Durban 15: 1 - 32" title="The batoid fishes of the east coast of Southern Africa. Part I: sawfishes and guitarfishes" type="journal article" year="1967">Wallace (1967)</bibRefCitation>
indicates a size of 
<quantity box="[397,470,292,315]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="93.0">93 mm</quantity>
TL and a weight of 1/ 
<quantity box="[695,735,292,315]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.8143694799999999" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="lb" value="4.0">4 lb</quantity>
for the smallest embryo seen and 
<quantity box="[464,554,325,348]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="250.0">250 mm</quantity>
TL for the smallest juvenile on record (allegedly also weighing 1/ 
<quantity box="[636,685,359,382]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.8143694799999999" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="lb" value="4.0">4 lb</quantity>
). Based on the maximum verified size of 
<quantity box="[485,572,392,415]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="960.0">960 mm</quantity>
TL, 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", BMNH" box="[625,771,392,415]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rhinobatidae" genus="Acroteriobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinopristiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilus">
<emphasis box="[625,771,392,415]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A. leucospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a medium-sized species of the genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="24.[136,260,491,515]" box="[136,260,491,515]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<heading bold="true" box="[136,260,491,515]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="2">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,260,491,515]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[136,771,558,846]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authorityName=", BMNH" box="[136,414,558,581]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rhinobatidae" genus="Acroteriobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinopristiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilus">
<emphasis box="[136,414,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Acroteriobatus leucospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
so far has been recorded from off the central Transkei coast (
<collectingRegion box="[437,690,591,614]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Eastern Cape Province</collectingRegion>
) to the northern 
<collectingRegion box="[245,536,624,647]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">KwaZulu-Natal Province</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry box="[556,711,624,647]" name="South Africa" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">South Africa</collectingCountry>
) and 
<collectingCountry box="[136,276,657,680]" name="Mozambique" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Ebert DA &amp; Wintner SP &amp; Kyne PM" box="[286,475,657,680]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 127" part="4947" refId="ref22458" refString="Ebert DA, Wintner SP, Kyne PM (2021) An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of South Africa. Zootaxa 4947 (1): 1 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4947.1.1" title="An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of South Africa" type="journal article" year="2021">Ebert et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
, based on the examined material, extended its range to 
<collectingCountry box="[450,544,691,714]" name="Tanzania" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingRegion box="[604,767,691,714]" country="Tanzania" name="Dar es Salaam" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Dar es Salaam</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[136,236,724,747]" name="Tanzania" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation box="[255,338,724,747]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[136,165,152,172]" captionTargetBox="[476,1451,147,843]" captionTargetId="figure-569@6.[475,1452,146,844]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 13 Map of the southwestern Indian Ocean depicting the catch locations of the examined specimens of all three species of the Acroteriobatus leucospilus species complex. Holotype (white star) and paratypes (white circles) of A. andysabini sp. nov., holotype (gray star) and paratypes (gray star and gray circle) of A. stehmanni sp. nov., and syntypes (black triangles) and other specimens (black squares) of A. leucospilus" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5825472/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). It is known from 
<quantity box="[570,699,724,747]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="50.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="0.0">0 to 100 m</quantity>
depth (
<bibRefCitation author="Compagno LJV &amp; Ebert DA &amp; Smale MJ" bookContentInfo="158 pp" box="[143,381,757,780]" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref22168" refString="Compagno LJV, Ebert DA, Smale MJ (1989) Guide to the sharks and rays of Southern Africa. New Holland Ltd., London 158 pp" title="Guide to the sharks and rays of Southern Africa. New Holland Ltd" type="book" year="1989">Compagno et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Seret B &amp; Last PR &amp; Naylor GJP" box="[397,571,757,780]" editor="Last PR &amp; White WT &amp; de Carvalho MR &amp; Seret B &amp; Stehmann MFW &amp; Naylor GJP" journalOrPublisher="CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="77 - 109" refId="ref23856" refString="Seret B, Last PR, Naylor GJP (2016) Guitarfishes, family Rhinobatidae. In: Last PR, White WT, de Carvalho MR, Seret B, Stehmann MFW, Naylor GJP (eds) Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp 77 - 109" title="Guitarfishes, family Rhinobatidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Rays of the world" year="2016">Séret et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Weigmann S" box="[587,762,757,780]" journalOrPublisher="J Fish Biol" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="837 - 1037" part="88" refId="ref23970" refString="Weigmann S (2016) Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. J Fish Biol 88 (3): 837 - 1037. https: // doi. org / 10. 1111 / jfb. 12874" title="Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity" type="journal article" year="2016">Weigmann 2016</bibRefCitation>
) but seems to be most abundant in depths of around 20 fathoms or 
<quantity box="[165,218,823,846]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="37.0">37 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Wallace JH" box="[232,377,823,846]" journalOrPublisher="Invest Rep Oceanogr Res Inst Durban" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 32" part="15" refId="ref23936" refString="Wallace JH (1967) The batoid fishes of the east coast of Southern Africa. Part I: sawfishes and guitarfishes. Invest Rep Oceanogr Res Inst Durban 15: 1 - 32" title="The batoid fishes of the east coast of Southern Africa. Part I: sawfishes and guitarfishes" type="journal article" year="1967">Wallace 1967</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>