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<mods:title id="BC42894EC829A179CA734B095206C3DD">Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal</mods:title>
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<heading id="D09E81CF5B69A845FF75F8E8FF7AF8EC" bold="true" box="[151,239,1861,1887]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="513" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B69A845FF75F8E8FF7AF8EC" ID-CoL="63KV4" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,239,1861,1887]" class="Aves" family="Cracticidae" genus="Peltops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B69A845FF75F8E8FF7AF8EC" bold="true" box="[151,239,1861,1887]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="513">Peltops</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BD636A35B69A844FF75F821FCC0FE46" blockId="12.[151,1436,1932,2029]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,1149]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="514" pageId="12" pageNumber="513">
The distinctively black, red and white species of New Guinean
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B69A845FCBEF821FC25F816" box="[860,944,1932,1957]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="513">Peltops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been placed variously with Old World muscicapid flycatchers (
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B69A845FE44F81DFDDDF87A" box="[422,584,1968,1993]" class="Aves" family="Muscicapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Muscicapidae</taxonomicName>
), Australasian monarchs (
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) or Australasian robins (
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B69A845FAF1F81DFA00F87A" authorityName="Mathews" authorityYear="1920" box="[1299,1429,1968,1993]" class="Aves" family="Petroicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Petroicidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B69A845FF7CF879FEB5F85E" author="Mayr, E." box="[158,288,2004,2029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="513" refId="ref18185" refString="Mayr, E. (1941) List of New Guinea Birds. American Museum of Natural History, New York, 260 pp." type="book" year="1941">Mayr 1941</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B69A845FECEF879FDB2F85E" author="Rand, A. &amp; Gilliard, E. T." box="[300,551,2004,2029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="513" refId="ref18830" refString="Rand, A. L &amp; Gilliard, E. T. (1967) Handbook of New Guinea Birds. Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson, London, 611 pp." type="book" year="1967">Rand &amp; Gilliard 1967</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B69A845FDD6F879FD48F85E" author="Wolters, H. E." box="[564,733,2004,2029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="513" pagination="401 - 452" refId="ref20204" refString="Wolters, H. E. (1980 b) Die Vogelarten der Erde. Eine systematische Liste mit Verbreitungsangaben sowie deutschen und englischen Namen. Lief. 6. Paul Parey, Hamburg &amp; Berlin, pp. 401 - 452." type="book chapter" year="1980">Wolters 1980b</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B69A845FD13F879FC15F85E" author="Mayr, E." box="[753,896,2004,2029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="513" pagination="526 - 529" refId="ref18272" refString="Mayr, E. (1986) Genera incertae sedis. In: Mayr, E. &amp; Cottrell, G. W. (Eds.), Check-list of Birds of the World, A Continuation of the Work of James L. Peters. Vol. 11. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 526 - 529." type="book chapter" year="1986">Mayr (1986)</bibRefCitation>
treated the genus as
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B69A845FB8DF878FA9FF85E" box="[1135,1290,2004,2029]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="513">incertae sedis</emphasis>
. DNA-DNA hybridization (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FEDCFF3AFDC0FF03" author="Sibley, C. G. &amp; Ahlquist, J. E." box="[318,597,151,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" pagination="181 - 183" refId="ref19686" refString="Sibley, C. G. &amp; Ahlquist, J. E. (1984) The relationships of the Papuan genus Peltops. Emu, 84, 181 - 183. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / mu 9840181" type="journal article" year="1984">Sibley &amp; Ahlquist 1984</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FD86FF3AFD0AFF03" author="Sibley, C. G. &amp; Ahlquist, J. E." box="[612,671,151,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref19731" refString="Sibley, C. G. &amp; Ahlquist, J. E. (1985) The phylogeny and classification of the Australo-Papuan passerine birds. Emu, 85, 1 - 14. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / mu 9850001" type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
, 1990), nevertheless, grouped
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FBE2FF3AFBC1FF03" box="[1024,1108,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">Peltops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among the Australo-Papuan butcherbirds and woodswallows (
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FDF1FF11FD1AFF66" authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1825" box="[531,655,188,213]" class="Aves" family="Artamidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Artamidae</taxonomicName>
), a position widely accepted since (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FBC7FF11FABCFF66" author="Beehler, B. M. &amp; Finch, B. W." box="[1061,1321,188,213]" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" refId="ref15493" refString="Beehler, B. M. &amp; Finch, B. W. (1985) Species-checklist of the Birds of New Guinea. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union Monograph 1. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, Moonee Ponds, 127 pp." type="book" year="1985">Beehler &amp; Finch 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FAD4FF11FEADFF4B" author="Sibley, C. E. &amp; Monroe, B. L. Jr." pageId="13" pageNumber="514" refId="ref19862" refString="Sibley, C. E. &amp; Monroe, B. L. Jr. (1990) Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1111 pp." type="book" year="1990">Sibley &amp; Monroe 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FEA8FF72FDE5FF4B" author="Schodde, R. &amp; Mason, I. J." box="[330,624,223,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" refId="ref19607" refString="Schodde, R. &amp; Mason, I. J. (1999) The Directory of Australian Birds Passerines. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 551 pp." type="book" year="1999">Schodde &amp; Mason 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FD60FF72FCA8FF4B" author="Dickinson, E. C." box="[642,829,223,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" refId="ref16665" refString="Dickinson, E. C. (Ed.) (2003) The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 3 rd Edition. Christopher Helm, London, 1039 pp." type="book" year="2003">Dickinson 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FCADFF72FBE1FF4B" author="Russell, E. M. &amp; Rowley, I. C. R." box="[847,1140,223,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" pagination="308 - 342" refId="ref18977" refString="Russell, E. M. &amp; Rowley, I. C. R. (2009) Family Cracticidae (butcherbirds). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. &amp; Christie, D. (Eds.), Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp. 308 - 342." type="book chapter" year="2009">Russell &amp; Rowley 2009</bibRefCitation>
). Its species are sallying insectivores with flycatcher habits, but both structural morphology and the consensus of multi-locus DNA sequencing (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FEC8FE8AFDB9FEF3" author="Norman, J. A. &amp; Ericson, P. G. &amp; Jonsson, K. A. &amp; Fjelds a, J. &amp; Christidis, L." box="[298,556,295,320]" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" pagination="488 - 497" refId="ref18462" refString="Norman, J. A., Ericson, P. G. P, Jonsson, K. A., Fjelds a, J. &amp; Christidis, L. (2009 b) A multi-gene phylogeny reveals novel relationships for aberrant genera of Australo-Papuan core Corvoidea and polyphyly of the Pachycephalidae and Psophodidae (Aves: Passeriformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, 488 - 497. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.03.019" type="journal article" year="2009">
Norman
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FE74FE84FE5BFEF3" box="[406,462,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">et al</emphasis>
. 2009b
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FDDCFE85FCBBFEF3" author="Jonsson, K. A. &amp; Bowie, R. C. K. &amp; Nylander, J. A. A. &amp; Christidis, L. &amp; Norman, J. A. &amp; Fjeldsa, J." box="[574,814,295,320]" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" pagination="1767 - 1781" refId="ref17767" refString="Jonsson, K. A., Bowie, R. C. K., Nylander, J. A. A., Christidis, L., Norman, J. A. &amp; Fjeldsa, J. (2010) Biogeographical history of cuckoo-shrikes (Aves: Passeriformes): transoceanic colonization of Africa from Australo-Papua. Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1767 - 1781. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2010.02328. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Jønsson
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FD47FE84FD4BFEF3" box="[677,734,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FCA2FE8AFCEFFEF3" author="Jonsson, K. A. &amp; Fabre, P. - H. &amp; Ricklefs, R. E. &amp; Fjelds a, J." box="[832,890,295,320]" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" pagination="2328 - 2333" refId="ref17856" refString="Jonsson, K. A., Fabre, P. - H., Ricklefs, R. E. &amp; Fjelds a, J. (2011) Major global radiation of corvoid birds originated in the proto- Papuan archipelago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 108, 2328 - 2333. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1018956108" type="journal article" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FC6FFE85FBE6FEF3" author="Kearns, A. M. &amp; Joseph, L. &amp; Cook, L. G." box="[909,1139,295,320]" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" pagination="941 - 952" refId="ref17929" refString="Kearns, A. M., Joseph, L. &amp; Cook, L. G. (2013) A multilocus coalescent analysis of the speciation history of the Australo- Papuan butcherbirds and their allies. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66, 941 - 952. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.11.020" type="journal article" year="2013">
Kearns
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FC08FE84FBB7FEF3" box="[1002,1058,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FB67FE8AFA00FEF3" author="Aggerbeck, M. &amp; Fjelds a, J. &amp; Christidis, L. &amp; Fabre, P. - H. &amp; Jonsson, K. A." box="[1157,1429,295,320]" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" pagination="272 - 285" refId="ref15184" refString="Aggerbeck, M., Fjelds a, J., Christidis, L., Fabre, P. - H. &amp; Jonsson, K. A. (2014) Resolving deep lineage divergences in core corvoid passerine birds supports a proto-Papuan island origin. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 70, 272 - 285. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.09.027" type="journal article" year="2014">
Aggerbeck
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FAEFFE84FAD3FEF3" box="[1293,1350,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
) corroborate placement in the artamid complex. Like butcherbirds and woodswallows, they have spiny, doubled zygomatic processes, a heavily ossified nasal cavity and a narrow bony palate: nares are amphirhinal, the anterior palate pseudo-desmognathous and the palatine shelf constricted with elongated trans-palatine processes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FAD8FE39FE17FE63" author="Schodde, R. &amp; Mason, I. J." pageId="13" pageNumber="514" refId="ref19607" refString="Schodde, R. &amp; Mason, I. J. (1999) The Directory of Australian Birds Passerines. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 551 pp." type="book" year="1999">Schodde &amp; Mason 1999: 533</bibRefCitation>
). Monarchs also have well-ossified nasal cavities, but the palate does not reach the pseudodesmognathous condition, and zygomatic processes are single.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A35B68A844FF25FDADFE41FBCE" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">
Less clear is the position of
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FDE2FE52FDC1FDAB" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1829" box="[512,596,511,536]" class="Aves" family="Cracticidae" genus="Peltops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FDE2FE52FDC1FDAB" box="[512,596,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">Peltops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within the artamid complex. The multi-locus phylogenies of
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FAE0FDADFF67FD8E" author="Norman, J. A. &amp; Ericson, P. G. &amp; Jonsson, K. A. &amp; Fjelds a, J. &amp; Christidis, L." pageId="13" pageNumber="514" pagination="488 - 497" refId="ref18462" refString="Norman, J. A., Ericson, P. G. P, Jonsson, K. A., Fjelds a, J. &amp; Christidis, L. (2009 b) A multi-gene phylogeny reveals novel relationships for aberrant genera of Australo-Papuan core Corvoidea and polyphyly of the Pachycephalidae and Psophodidae (Aves: Passeriformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, 488 - 497. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.03.019" type="journal article" year="2009">
Norman
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FA86FDACFA00FDAB" box="[1380,1429,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">et al</emphasis>
. (2009b)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FEE1FD89FE6EFD8E" author="Jonsson, K. A. &amp; Bowie, R. C. K. &amp; Nylander, J. A. A. &amp; Christidis, L. &amp; Norman, J. A. &amp; Fjeldsa, J." box="[259,507,548,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" pagination="1767 - 1781" refId="ref17767" refString="Jonsson, K. A., Bowie, R. C. K., Nylander, J. A. A., Christidis, L., Norman, J. A. &amp; Fjeldsa, J. (2010) Biogeographical history of cuckoo-shrikes (Aves: Passeriformes): transoceanic colonization of Africa from Australo-Papua. Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1767 - 1781. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2010.02328. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Jønsson
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FE85FD88FE08FD8E" box="[359,413,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">et al</emphasis>
. (2010)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FDD9FD89FCA0FD8E" author="Jonsson, K. A. &amp; Fabre, P. - H. &amp; Ricklefs, R. E. &amp; Fjelds a, J." box="[571,821,548,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" pagination="2328 - 2333" refId="ref17856" refString="Jonsson, K. A., Fabre, P. - H., Ricklefs, R. E. &amp; Fjelds a, J. (2011) Major global radiation of corvoid birds originated in the proto- Papuan archipelago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 108, 2328 - 2333. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1018956108" type="journal article" year="2011">
Jønsson
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FD42FD88FD43FD8E" box="[672,726,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">et al</emphasis>
. (2011)
</bibRefCitation>
, each based on a wide range of corvoid genera, all recovered woodswallows, butcherbirds and
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FD7AFDEAFD79FDD3" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1829" box="[664,748,583,608]" class="Aves" family="Cracticidae" genus="Peltops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FD7AFDEAFD79FDD3" box="[664,748,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">Peltops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as three equidistant lineages in one monophyletic cluster. Divergence within the cluster is deep, dating to the late Oligocene according to
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B68A844FBF3FDC1FB6EFD36" author="Jonsson, K. A. &amp; Fabre, P. - H. &amp; Ricklefs, R. E. &amp; Fjelds a, J." box="[1041,1275,620,645]" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" pagination="2328 - 2333" refId="ref17856" refString="Jonsson, K. A., Fabre, P. - H., Ricklefs, R. E. &amp; Fjelds a, J. (2011) Major global radiation of corvoid birds originated in the proto- Papuan archipelago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 108, 2328 - 2333. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1018956108" type="journal article" year="2011">
Jønsson
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FB92FDC0FB34FD36" box="[1136,1185,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">et al</emphasis>
. (2011)
</bibRefCitation>
. Aggerbeck
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FA6AFDC0FF21FD1B" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">et al.</emphasis>
s (2014) review of the corvoid radiation using markers from 22 genes corroborated the monophyly of the cluster, but found
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FE81FD19FE22FD7E" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1829" box="[355,439,692,717]" class="Aves" family="Cracticidae" genus="Peltops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FE81FD19FE22FD7E" box="[355,439,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">Peltops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be sister to a woodswallow-butcherbird lineage, with comprehensive support. Kearns
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FF75FD74FF5AFD43" box="[151,207,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">et al.</emphasis>
s (2013) more focused phylogeny of the artamid cluster instead found
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FC06FD7AFBADFD43" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1829" box="[996,1080,727,752]" class="Aves" family="Cracticidae" genus="Peltops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FC06FD7AFBADFD43" box="[996,1080,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">Peltops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sister to the butcherbirds alone, and recovered the cluster as paraphyletic with respect to the Asian ioras (
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FC37FD51FBFFFCA6" authorityName="G.R.Gray" authorityYear="1869" box="[981,1130,764,789]" class="Aves" family="Aegithinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Aegithinidae</taxonomicName>
) and African bush-shrikes, wattle-eyes, batises and vangas (
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FDFBFCB2FD51FC8B" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1824" box="[537,708,799,824]" class="Aves" family="Malaconotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Malaconotidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FD36FCB2FCFAFC8B" box="[724,879,799,824]" class="Aves" family="Platysteiridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Platysteiridae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FC62FCB2FC7BFC8B" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1831" box="[896,1006,799,824]" class="Aves" family="Vangidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Vangidae</taxonomicName>
). Support for paraphyly and a sister relationship between the woodswallows (
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FD8DFCE9FD5BFCE8" box="[623,718,836,859]" class="Aves" family="Artamidae" genus="Artamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FD8DFCE9FD5BFCE8" box="[623,718,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">Artamus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and Asian ioras (
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FC46FCE9FBADFCEE" authorityName="G.R.Gray" authorityYear="1869" box="[932,1080,836,861]" class="Aves" family="Aegithinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Aegithinidae</taxonomicName>
) was nevertheless weak and at variance with the more broadly based and better supported phylogeny of Aggerbeck
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FBAFFCC4FBEBFC33" box="[1101,1150,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">et al</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FB74FCCAFB24FC33" box="[1174,1201,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">l.c</emphasis>
.). Irrespective of the relationships of
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FEAEFC21FE3EFC10" box="[332,427,908,931]" class="Aves" family="Artamidae" genus="Artamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FEAEFC21FE3EFC10" box="[332,427,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">Artamus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is clear from all molecular phylogenies that
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FC22FC21FB81FC16" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1829" box="[960,1044,908,933]" class="Aves" family="Cracticidae" genus="Peltops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FC22FC21FB81FC16" box="[960,1044,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">Peltops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a deeply diverged lineage in the complex. That and the consensus of morphological, zoogeographic and DNA sequence data lead us to treat
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FAAAFC02FA09FC7B" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1829" box="[1352,1436,943,968]" class="Aves" family="Cracticidae" genus="Peltops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FAAAFC02FA09FC7B" box="[1352,1436,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">Peltops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as one of three subfamilies in one family for which the senior name is
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FC37FC79FB7EFC5E" authority="Vigors, 1825" authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1825" box="[981,1259,980,1005]" class="Aves" family="Artamidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Artamidae Vigors, 1825</taxonomicName>
. The two other subfamilies are Artaminae and
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FE1BFC5AFC78FBA3" authority="Chenu &amp; des Murs 1853" authorityName="Chenu &amp; des Murs" authorityYear="1853" box="[505,1005,1015,1040]" class="Aves" family="Artamidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cracticinae">Cracticinae Chenu &amp; des Murs 1853 (1836)</taxonomicName>
, the bracketed date indicating priority according to Article 40.2.1 and recommendation 40A of the Code. Because
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B68A844FC14FBB1FBDFFB86" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1829" box="[1014,1098,1052,1077]" class="Aves" family="Cracticidae" genus="Peltops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B68A844FC14FBB1FBDFFB86" box="[1014,1098,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="514">Peltops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been assigned formal family-group status, we do so here, noting that its depth of divergence and position may be found to qualify it for family ranking in the future.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>