treatments-xml/data/03/C0/87/03C087B0AE78FFFDFF1FF925D899F864.xml

<document id="55F67F76EEF09083B13B5097C391C2F6" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.187789" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6593e89a-9c63-4584-9a5f-f70993e32d31" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="187789" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461074088346" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Van, Rob W. M." docDate="2009" docId="03C087B0AE78FFFDFF1FF925D899F864" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02107p040.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2107" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Placospherastra antillensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FFF9FFC8AE7DFFF7FF88FFB3D87CFF96" masterDocTitle="New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae)" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1698585844262" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="EFFB066C8E30BACF567B9A288DFB9A86">New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="200827CC7DAF3F23F3C4E1A6D1B4B5E2" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="771AF71D0092FB2CB2A96FC067317E53">Van, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="FC219209FB04FFB162309245CDFFEBA4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="88D5CEA27EEAAA2DC547B61C86381914">2009</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C087B0AE78FFFDFF1FF925D899F864" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6221848" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119617436" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6221848" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C087B0AE78FFFDFF1FF925D899F864" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B0AE78FFFDFF1FF925D899F864" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<subSubSection id="C373652DAE78FFF2FF1FF925D901F945" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE78FFF2FF1FF925DA16F926" blockId="5.[151,618,1686,1747]" box="[151,618,1686,1712]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="D09E81CAAE78FFF2FF1FF925DA16F926" bold="true" box="[151,618,1686,1712]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE78FFF2FF1FF925DA16F926" bold="true" box="[151,618,1686,1712]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE78FFF2FF1FF925D9A2F926" box="[151,478,1686,1712]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospherastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE78FFF2FF1FF925D9A2F926" bold="true" box="[151,478,1686,1712]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Placospherastra antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
n. g., n. sp.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE78FFF2FF1FF90AD901F945" blockId="5.[151,618,1686,1747]" box="[151,381,1721,1747]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
(
<figureCitation id="13522A23AE78FFF2FF17F90AD894F945" box="[159,232,1721,1747]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,259,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,197,1803]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Placospherastra antillensis n. g., n. sp., SEM images of spicules (Holotype ZMA Por. 08973). A – B. Tylostyle and details of head and apex; C. Group of asters to show diversity and size differences; D. Spheraster of the surface plates (note ring-shaped ornamentation of spines between the rays); E. ‘ Diplaster’, possibly juvenile condition of the spheraster; F. Various types of microstreptasters (microamphiasters and microspirasters)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187791/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 2</figureCitation>
A–E, 3A–B)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C373652DAE78FFF0FF1FF8B5DAFAFBA4" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE78FFF2FF1FF8B5D98BF8D1" blockId="5.[151,1436,1798,1979]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE78FFF2FF1FF8B5D975F8B6" box="[151,265,1798,1824]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE78FFF2FF1FF8B5D975F8B6" bold="true" box="[151,265,1798,1824]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Holotype</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
. 
<collectionCode id="ED78AE63AE78FFF2FE90F8B5D925F8B6" box="[280,345,1798,1824]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ZMA</collectionCode>
Por. 0 8973, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE78FFF2FE78F8B5DA99F8B6" box="[496,741,1798,1824]" name="Curaçao" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Netherlands Antilles</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE78FFF2FD79F8B5DB2CF8B6" box="[753,848,1798,1824]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
, Red Slave 2, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE78FFF2FC73F8B5DC10F8B6" box="[1019,1132,1798,1824]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="55" value="12.034">12.034°N</geoCoordinate>
- 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE78FFF2FBF4F8B5DC8AF8B6" box="[1148,1270,1798,1824]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="55" value="-68.259">68.259°W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4C919B43AE78FFF2FA8AF8B5DD3EF8B6" box="[1282,1346,1798,1824]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="23.0">23 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFD71066AE78FFF2FAC6F8B5D8A8F8D1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1987-08-20">20-08- 1987</date>
, coll. G.J. Roebers #202.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE78FFF2FF4DF8E0D98FF82D" blockId="5.[151,1436,1798,1979]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE78FFF2FF4DF8E0D93AF8FB" box="[197,326,1875,1901]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="paratype">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE78FFF2FF4DF8E0D93AF8FB" bold="true" box="[197,326,1875,1901]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paratypes</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
. 
<collectionCode id="ED78AE63AE78FFF2FEDEF8E7D9E4F8F8" box="[342,408,1876,1902]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ZMA</collectionCode>
Por. 0 8974, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE78FFF2FDBCF8E7DAE7F8F8" box="[564,667,1876,1902]" name="Curaçao" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
, Blauwbaai, under rubble, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE78FFF2FC6BF8E7DC2BF8F8" box="[995,1111,1876,1902]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="55" value="12.131">12.131°N</geoCoordinate>
- 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE78FFF2FBEFF8E7DC99F8F8" box="[1127,1253,1876,1902]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="55" value="-68.987">68.987°W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4C919B43AE78FFF2FB7AF8E7DD4EF8F8" box="[1266,1330,1876,1902]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="35.0">35 m</quantity>
, 2-1989, coll. E. Meesters &amp; P. Willemsen; 
<collectionCode id="ED78AE63AE78FFF2FDB4F8C9DA02F802" box="[572,638,1914,1940]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ZMA</collectionCode>
Por. 21077, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE78FFF2FC93F8C9DBFFF802" box="[795,899,1914,1940]" name="Curaçao" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
, SeaQuarium, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE78FFF2FBBFF8C9DCD0F802" box="[1079,1196,1914,1940]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="55" value="12.081">12.081°N</geoCoordinate>
- 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE78FFF2FB34F8C9DD35F802" box="[1212,1353,1914,1940]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="-68.8919">68.8919°W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4C919B43AE78FFF2FADEF8C9DDEBF802" box="[1366,1431,1914,1940]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</quantity>
, 1991, coll. M. Kielman #S64.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF16662EAE7BFFF1FF1FF897DC0CF832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187791/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[151,1436,197,1801]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE7BFFF1FF1FF897DC0CF832" blockId="6.[151,1437,1828,1956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7BFFF1FF1FF897D965F8AA" bold="true" box="[151,281,1828,1852]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE7BFFF1FEA0F896DA23F8AA" box="[296,607,1829,1852]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospherastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7BFFF1FEA0F896DA23F8AA" box="[296,607,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Placospherastra antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
n.g., 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7BFFF1FD2AF897DA9EF8AA" bold="true" box="[674,738,1828,1852]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">n. sp.</emphasis>
, SEM images of spicules (Holotype ZMA Por. 08973). A–B. Tylostyle and details of head and apex; C. Group of asters to show diversity and size differences; D. Spheraster of the surface plates (note ring-shaped ornamentation of spines between the rays); E. ‘Diplaster’, possibly juvenile condition of the spheraster; F. Various types of microstreptasters (microamphiasters and microspirasters).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF16662EAE7AFFF0FF1FFD59DCD4FCB2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187792/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[151,1435,194,721]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE7AFFF0FF1FFD59DCD4FCB2" blockId="7.[151,1436,746,804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7AFFF0FF1FFD59D96EFC94" bold="true" box="[151,274,746,770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE7AFFF0FEA8FD59DA38FC97" box="[288,580,746,769]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospherastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7AFFF0FEA8FD59DA38FC97" box="[288,580,746,769]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Placospherastra antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
n.g., 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7AFFF0FD08FD59DAC0FC94" bold="true" box="[640,700,746,770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n. sp.</emphasis>
A. Photo of holotype ZMA Por. 08973; B. Photo of deviating Puerto Rican specimen (ZMA Por. 03347) with wide white pore grooves and seemingly branching habit.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE7AFFF0FF4DFCE5DAFAFBA4" blockId="7.[151,1437,854,2002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7AFFF0FF4DFCE5D9CBFCE6" bold="true" box="[197,439,854,880]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Additonal material</emphasis>
(not belonging to the 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE7AFFF0FD4AFCE5DA89FCE6" box="[706,757,854,880]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
series). 
<collectionCode id="ED78AE63AE7AFFF0FCD2FCE5DBE0FCE6" box="[858,924,854,880]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ZMA</collectionCode>
Por. 0 8487, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE7AFFF0FBBDFCE5DCEAFCE6" box="[1077,1174,854,880]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
, reef caves, 
<quantity id="4C919B43AE7AFFF0FAA3FCE5DDEBFCE6" box="[1323,1431,854,880]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="27.5" valueMax="43.0" valueMin="12.0">12–43 m</quantity>
, 1984, coll. D. Kobluk; 
<collectionCode id="ED78AE63AE7AFFF0FE21FCCED996FC01" box="[425,490,893,919]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ZMA</collectionCode>
Por. 13716 &amp; 14085, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE7AFFF0FD79FCCEDB2AFC01" box="[753,854,893,919]" name="Curaçao" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
, Buoy 0, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE7AFFF0FC40FCCEDC46FC01" box="[968,1082,893,919]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="55" value="12.124">12.124°N</geoCoordinate>
- 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE7AFFF0FBC2FCCEDCBFFC01" box="[1098,1219,893,919]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="55" value="-68.974">68.974°W</geoCoordinate>
, in reef caves, 01- 1999, coll. I. Wunsch; 
<collectionCode id="ED78AE63AE7AFFF0FE20FC17D996FC28" box="[424,490,932,958]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ZMA</collectionCode>
Por. 19063, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE7AFFF0FD0BFC17DA95FC28" box="[643,745,932,958]" name="Curaçao" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
, Buoy 3, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE7AFFF0FCD4FC17DBB3FC28" box="[860,975,932,958]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="55" value="12.136">12.136°N</geoCoordinate>
- 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE7AFFF0FC57FC17DC30FC28" box="[991,1100,932,958]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="555" value="-68.97">68.97°W</geoCoordinate>
, reef, 2006, coll. N. van der Hall; 
<collectionCode id="ED78AE63AE7AFFF0FF55FC79D95CFC72" box="[221,288,970,996]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ZMA</collectionCode>
Por. 0 8879, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE7AFFF0FE37FC79D989FC72" box="[447,501,970,996]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">U.S.</collectingCountry>
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE7AFFF0FE77FC79DAD3FC72" box="[511,687,970,996]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
, St. Croix, Cane Bay, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE7AFFF0FC4CFC79DC36FC72" box="[964,1098,970,996]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="5" value="17.7417">17.7417°N</geoCoordinate>
- 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE7AFFF0FBD3FC79DC91FC72" box="[1115,1261,970,996]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="5" value="-64.7392">64.7392°W</geoCoordinate>
,1990, coll. W. Gladfelter; 
<collectionCode id="ED78AE63AE7AFFF0FE97FC42D91DFB9D" box="[287,353,1009,1035]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/a65z-wv6r" name="Universiteit van Amsterdam, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ZMA</collectionCode>
Por. 0 3347, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE7AFFF0FE72FC42DAF7FB9D" box="[506,651,1009,1035]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
, off Mayaguez, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE7AFFF0FCC5FC42DBCDFB9D" box="[845,945,1009,1035]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="555" value="18.25">18.25°N</geoCoordinate>
- 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE7AFFF0FC49FC42DC41FB9D" box="[961,1085,1009,1035]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="55" value="-67.225">67.225°W</geoCoordinate>
, dredged at 
<quantity id="4C919B43AE7AFFF0FB47FC42DD47FB9D" box="[1231,1339,1009,1035]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="67.5" valueMax="75.0" valueMin="60.0">60–75 m</quantity>
, bottom muddy sand, 
<date id="FFD71066AE7AFFF0FEBCFBABD9C3FBA4" box="[308,447,1048,1074]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1963-02-21">21-02-1963</date>
, coll. J.H. Stock.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C373652DAE7AFFF0FF4DFB8DDDE1F844" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE7AFFF0FF4DFB8DDAB5FB65" blockId="7.[151,1437,854,2002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7AFFF0FF4DFB8DD92AFBCE" bold="true" box="[197,342,1086,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Description</emphasis>
. Thick encrustations with 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE7AFFF0FD04FB8CDB51FBCE" box="[652,813,1087,1112]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7AFFF0FD04FB8CDB51FBCE" box="[652,813,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Placospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like surface of elongated polygonal plates, separated by meandering ridges below which thin pore grooves are situated (
<figureCitation id="13522A23AE7AFFF0FC28FBD6DB98FBE9" box="[928,996,1125,1151]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,255,746,770]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,194,721]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Placospherastra antillensis n. g., n. sp. A. Photo of holotype ZMA Por. 08973; B. Photo of deviating Puerto Rican specimen (ZMA Por. 03347) with wide white pore grooves and seemingly branching habit." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187792/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). The system of plates and ridges is irregular and forms a maze, with few ridges entirely enclosing the plates. Size of 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE7AFFF0FB11FB3FDD7AFB30" box="[1177,1286,1164,1190]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<date id="FFD71066AE7AFFF0FA87FB3FDD4BFB30" box="[1295,1335,1164,1190]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5 x</date>
<quantity id="4C919B43AE7AFFF0FAB7FB3FDDE4FB30" box="[1343,1432,1164,1190]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
, thickness 
<quantity id="4C919B43AE7AFFF0FE83FB01D90CFB5A" box="[267,368,1202,1228]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="1.0">1–5 mm</quantity>
. Color in life orange, dark orange, brown-orange or more yellow; in alcohol pale yellow or off-white. Consistency hard, rough to the touch.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE7AFFF0FF4DFB4CDD1CF9BE" blockId="7.[151,1437,854,2002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7AFFF0FF4DFB4CD946FA8F" bold="true" box="[197,314,1279,1305]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Skeleton</emphasis>
. Distinctly zoned similar to the skeleton of 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE7AFFF0FCF2FAB3DC56FA8F" box="[890,1066,1280,1305]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7AFFF0FCF2FAB3DC56FA8F" box="[890,1066,1280,1305]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Placospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A dense ectosomal layer of spherasters forms the surface of the polygonal plates. These are surrounded by strong columns of tylostyles rising up from the bottom of the sponge supporting the plates and forming the sides of the meandering pore grooves, in which they also protrude slightly causing the sides of the grooves to be elevated. No clear separation or localization of a smaller and a larger category of tylostyles is apparent, but the tylostyles have a large size range (see below). Subdermal tissue between the columns with few spherasters, scattered ‘diplasters’ and densely distributed microspirasters forming a distinct fibrous layer devoid of heavy spiculation. At the bottom of the sponge a thin layer of spherasters lines the boundary with the substrate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE7AFFF0FF4DF986DC4FF9D9" blockId="7.[151,1437,854,2002]" box="[197,1075,1589,1615]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7AFFF0FF4DF986D957F9D9" bold="true" box="[197,299,1589,1615]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Spicules</emphasis>
. Tylostyles, spherasters, ‘diplasters’, microspirasters/amphiasters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE7AFFF0FF4DF9EFDA26F90A" blockId="7.[151,1437,854,2002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Tylostyles (
<figureCitation id="13522A23AE7AFFF0FEC6F9EFD9E8F9E0" box="[334,404,1628,1654]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,259,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,197,1803]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Placospherastra antillensis n. g., n. sp., SEM images of spicules (Holotype ZMA Por. 08973). A – B. Tylostyle and details of head and apex; C. Group of asters to show diversity and size differences; D. Spheraster of the surface plates (note ring-shaped ornamentation of spines between the rays); E. ‘ Diplaster’, possibly juvenile condition of the spheraster; F. Various types of microstreptasters (microamphiasters and microspirasters)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187791/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A–B), with prominent elongated heads, often annulated beneath the tyle, in a large size range,, 162- 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7AFFF0FEACF930D91AF90A" box="[292,358,1667,1692]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">428.6</emphasis>
-578 x 3.5- 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7AFFF0FE6FF930DA70F90A" box="[487,524,1667,1692]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">5.4</emphasis>
-8 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE7AFFF0FF4DF91ADCD6F97C" blockId="7.[151,1437,854,2002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Spherasters (
<figureCitation id="13522A23AE7AFFF0FED4F91AD9DDF955" box="[348,417,1705,1731]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,259,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,197,1803]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Placospherastra antillensis n. g., n. sp., SEM images of spicules (Holotype ZMA Por. 08973). A – B. Tylostyle and details of head and apex; C. Group of asters to show diversity and size differences; D. Spheraster of the surface plates (note ring-shaped ornamentation of spines between the rays); E. ‘ Diplaster’, possibly juvenile condition of the spheraster; F. Various types of microstreptasters (microamphiasters and microspirasters)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187791/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
D and part of C), globular, with short conical rays, in full-grown condition ornamented with little blunt spines in a ring around the base of the cones, 27- 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7AFFF0FC07F963DBBEF97F" box="[911,962,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">28.6</emphasis>
-31 µm in diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE7AFFF0FF4DF945DC6EF8C8" blockId="7.[151,1437,854,2002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Diplasters (
<figureCitation id="13522A23AE7AFFF0FEC4F945D9EDF886" box="[332,401,1782,1808]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,259,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,197,1803]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Placospherastra antillensis n. g., n. sp., SEM images of spicules (Holotype ZMA Por. 08973). A – B. Tylostyle and details of head and apex; C. Group of asters to show diversity and size differences; D. Spheraster of the surface plates (note ring-shaped ornamentation of spines between the rays); E. ‘ Diplaster’, possibly juvenile condition of the spheraster; F. Various types of microstreptasters (microamphiasters and microspirasters)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187791/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E and part of C), elongated with an often one-sided constriction in the middle, with long conical rays, with crenulated surface, 14- 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7AFFF0FDF6F8AEDACDF8A0" box="[638,689,1821,1846]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">17.8</emphasis>
-21 µm. Possibly these are juvenile forms of the spherasters, in which case, nonetheless, one would expect to find more intermediate forms.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE7AFFF0FF4DF8D8DBE2F83D" blockId="7.[151,1437,854,2002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Micramphiasters, microspirasters, and related forms (
<figureCitation id="13522A23AE7AFFF0FCCCF8D8DBF7F813" box="[836,907,1899,1925]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,259,1828,1852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1801]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,197,1803]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Placospherastra antillensis n. g., n. sp., SEM images of spicules (Holotype ZMA Por. 08973). A – B. Tylostyle and details of head and apex; C. Group of asters to show diversity and size differences; D. Spheraster of the surface plates (note ring-shaped ornamentation of spines between the rays); E. ‘ Diplaster’, possibly juvenile condition of the spheraster; F. Various types of microstreptasters (microamphiasters and microspirasters)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187791/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F and part of C), tiny, with short rhabds and composite rays, often a bit irregular in shape, 2– 4.5 µm in length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE7AFFF0FF4DF804DDE1F844" blockId="7.[151,1437,854,2002]" box="[197,1437,1975,2002]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE7AFFF0FF4DF804D95AF847" bold="true" box="[197,294,1975,2001]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ecology</emphasis>
. Usually under coral rubble and in reef caves, 
<quantity id="4C919B43AE7AFFF0FCCCF80BDBD1F844" box="[836,941,1976,2002]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="21.5" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="20.0">20–23 m</quantity>
; occasionally exposed in deeper locations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C373652DAE75FFFFFF4DFF24DAECFF69" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE75FFFFFF4DFF24DAECFF69" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFF4DFF24D930FF27" bold="true" box="[197,332,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Etymology</emphasis>
. The genus name refers to the placospongia-like aspect of the surface and to the spherasters that replace the placospongiid selenasters. The species name indicates the so far Antillean occurrence (both Lesser and Greater Antilles) of the species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C373652DAE75FFFFFF4DFEB8D9E3F8C1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE75FFFFFF4DFEB8D941FAAC" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFF4DFEB8D944FEB3" bold="true" box="[197,312,267,293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Remarks</emphasis>
. With this new genus the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFD4EFEBFDBF7FEB0" box="[710,907,268,294]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Placospongiidae</taxonomicName>
, until recently monotypical, consists now of three genera. 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFEBEFE81DA07FEDA" authority="Gray (1867a)" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[310,635,306,332]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFEBEFE81D9ABFEDD" box="[310,471,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Placospongia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFE56FE81DA65FEDA" author="Gray" box="[478,537,306,332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="37" refString="Gray, J. E (1867 a) On Placospongia, a new generic form of Spongiadae in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (1), 127 - 129." type="journal article" year="1867" yearSuffix="a">Gray</bibRefCitation>
(1867a)
</taxonomicName>
so far has six species, while 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFC59FE81DC55FEDD" box="[977,1065,306,331]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Onotoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFC59FE81DC55FEDD" box="[977,1065,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Onotoa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFBDBFE81DD45FEDA" author="Laubenfels" box="[1107,1337,306,332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1955 b) The sponges of Onotoa. Pacific Science, 9 (2), 137 - 143." type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="b">Laubenfels (1955b)</bibRefCitation>
has two species, and the new genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFE66FEEADAC5FEE4" box="[494,697,345,370]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospherastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFE66FEEADAC5FEE4" box="[494,697,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Placospherastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
so far has one species (but see below). All three genera are closely similar in outlook and skeletal structure, making membership of a single family quite obvious, but possession of selenasters, until recently considered a strong synapomorphy for the family, is now restricted to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFE9EFE7ED9C3FE70" box="[278,447,461,486]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFE9EFE7ED9C3FE70" box="[278,447,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Placospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The two other genera lack selenasters and have instead amphinolasters (genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFF1FFE47D88FFD9B" box="[151,243,500,525]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Onotoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFF1FFE47D88FFD9B" box="[151,243,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Onotoa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or globose spherasters (
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFDA5FE47DA85FD9B" box="[557,761,500,525]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospherastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFDA5FE47DA85FD9B" box="[557,761,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Placospherastra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFC8AFE40DB47FD9B" bold="true" box="[770,827,499,525]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n. g.</emphasis>
) in the same position, i.e. making up the surface armour. The new species was previously identified as an undescribed 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFC55FDA9DCFDFDA5" box="[989,1153,538,563]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFC55FDA9DCFDFDA5" box="[989,1153,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Placospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but to accommodate it within this genus would widen the defintion too far. Following the erection of 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFBE9FDF2DCC0FDCC" box="[1121,1212,577,602]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Onotoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFBE9FDF2DCC0FDCC" box="[1121,1212,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Onotoa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for placospongiid species with a replacement spicule 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE75FFFFFDB9FDDBDA1FFD14" box="[561,611,616,642]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
for the surface armour, it is proposed here to erect a separate genus for placospongiid sponges with yet another replacement spicule 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE75FFFFFCF8FD3DDBDBFD3E" box="[880,935,654,680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
. One could argue that this is unnecessary, since the lack of selenasters may be merely a loss, and the remaining spicules all occur in one or more true 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFF1FFD6FD944FD63" box="[151,312,732,757]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFF1FFD6FD944FD63" box="[151,312,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Placospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFE2AFD6FDA3FFD63" box="[418,579,732,757]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFE2AFD6FDA3FFD63" box="[418,579,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Placospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species frequently have tiny (2–3 µm diameter) spherasters lodged in the spaces among the selenasters at the surface. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFD5AFCB1DCAFFC8A" authority="Gray (1867a)" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[722,1235,770,796]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFD5AFCB1DC55FC8D" box="[722,1065,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Placospongia melobesioides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFBBAFCB1DC12FC8A" author="Gray" box="[1074,1134,770,796]" pageId="8" pageNumber="37" refString="Gray, J. E (1867 a) On Placospongia, a new generic form of Spongiadae in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (1), 127 - 129." type="journal article" year="1867" yearSuffix="a">Gray</bibRefCitation>
(1867a)
</taxonomicName>
from Borneo, 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFA0EFCB1DA50FCD5" authority="Arndt (1927)" authorityName="Arndt" authorityYear="1927" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFA0EFCB1D942FCD4" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFE18FC9ADA50FCD5" author="Arndt" box="[400,556,809,835]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" refString="Arndt, W. (1927) Kalk- und Kieselschwamme von Curacao. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 25, 133 - 158." type="journal article" year="1927">Arndt (1927)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE75FFFFFDFEFC9ADAA7FCD5" box="[630,731,809,835]" name="Curaçao" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFD60FC9ADC51FCD5" authority="Sollas (1888)" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[744,1069,809,835]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFD60FC9ADBF9FCD4" box="[744,901,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. intermedia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFC05FC9ADC51FCD5" author="Sollas" box="[909,1069,809,835]" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25 (63), 1 - 458." type="journal article" year="1888">Sollas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Caribbean end of the 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE75FFFFFF1FFCE3D888FCFC" box="[151,244,848,874]" name="Panama" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Panama</collectingCountry>
Canal, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFE09FCE3DB7CFCFC" authority="Boury-Esnault (1973)" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[385,768,848,874]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFE09FCE3D984FCFF" box="[385,504,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. cristata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFE77FCE3DB7CFCFC" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[511,768,848,874]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne de la ' Calypso' au large des cotes atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). I. 29. Spongiaires. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 49 (Supplement 10), 263 - 295." type="journal article" year="1973">Boury-Esnault (1973)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE75FFFFFCC0FCE3DBEFFCFC" box="[840,915,848,874]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, a complement of medium-sized spherasters occurs in the choanosome, looking surprisingly similar to golf balls in SEM images. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFB79FCC4D98DFC21" authority="Hanitsch, 1895" authorityName="Hanitsch" authorityYear="1895" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="decorticans">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFB79FCC4D95CFC20" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Placospongia decorticans</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFEB8FC2ED99BFC21" author="Hanitsch" box="[304,487,925,951]" pageId="8" pageNumber="37" refString="Hanitsch, R. (1895) Notes on a collection of sponges from the west coast of Portugal. Transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society, 9, 205 - 219." type="journal article" year="1895">Hanitsch, 1895</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, spherasters of 16 µm diameter apparently form an extra surface armour on the outside of the layer of selenasters, which could indicate that the surface structure in 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFBFFFC77DD71FC4B" box="[1143,1293,964,989]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospherastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFBFFFC77DD71FC4B" box="[1143,1293,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFA9CFC70DD36FC4B" bold="true" box="[1300,1354,963,989]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n. g.</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFAD1FC70DDE0FC4B" bold="true" box="[1369,1436,963,989]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n. sp.</emphasis>
is induced by loss of the selenasters and the need for a replacement structure. Of the true 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFB7CFC59DDE1FB95" box="[1268,1437,1002,1027]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFB7CFC59DDE1FB95" box="[1268,1437,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Placospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFF77FBA2D9D7FBBC" box="[255,427,1041,1066]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="decorticans">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFF77FBA2D9D7FBBC" box="[255,427,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. decorticans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFDBDFBA2DAADFBBC" box="[565,721,1041,1066]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospherastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFDBDFBA2DAADFBBC" box="[565,721,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFD52FBA3DB6DFBBC" bold="true" box="[730,785,1040,1066]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n. g.</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFCAAFBA3DB14FBBC" bold="true" box="[802,872,1040,1066]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">n. sp.</emphasis>
closest, sharing most spicule 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE75FFFFFB5FFBA2DD67FBBD" box="[1239,1307,1041,1067]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">types</typeStatus>
. The same observations apply 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFE08FB8BDA32FBC7" box="[384,590,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">mutatis mutandis</emphasis>
to differences between 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFCE5FB8BDC6DFBC7" box="[877,1041,1080,1105]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFCE5FB8BDC6DFBC7" box="[877,1041,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Placospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFBC5FB8BDCDAFBC7" box="[1101,1190,1080,1105]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Onotoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFBC5FB8BDCDAFBC7" box="[1101,1190,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Onotoa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the case for the latter genus is stronger since there are two species sharing the same surface spicule 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE75FFFFFBF3FBEDDCC1FBEE" box="[1147,1213,1118,1144]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">types</typeStatus>
. It is expected that more species lacking selenasters and having a surface armour of globose spherasters will be found to exist (see below). A further argument for keeping the new species in a genus of its own, is that the spherasters are morphologically distinct from those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFDFCFB60DB42FB7A" box="[628,830,1235,1260]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFDFCFB60DB42FB7A" box="[628,830,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFCF2FB60DC5AFB7A" box="[890,1062,1235,1260]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="decorticans">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFCF2FB60DC5AFB7A" box="[890,1062,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. decorticans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having an ornamentation of small spines encircling the conical rays. Possibly the term spheraster in this case does not cover homologous spicule forms.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE75FFFFFF4EFAF5DAACF975" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
A somewhat deviating specimen (
<figureCitation id="13522A23AE75FFFFFDD6FAF5DADAFAF6" box="[606,678,1350,1376]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,255,746,770]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,194,721]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Placospherastra antillensis n. g., n. sp. A. Photo of holotype ZMA Por. 08973; B. Photo of deviating Puerto Rican specimen (ZMA Por. 03347) with wide white pore grooves and seemingly branching habit." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187792/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B) of the new species, or possibly a representative of a second species of the new genus, is here recorded from a non-sciophilous muddy deep water habitat off the west coast of 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE75FFFFFF3FFA27D938FA38" box="[183,324,1428,1454]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
(ZMA Por. 0 3347, details listed above). The sponge is seemingly branching, with branches 
<quantity id="4C919B43AE75FFFFFA05FA27D8C7FA42" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity id="4C919B43AE75FFFFFEA7FA09D9E0FA42" box="[303,412,1466,1492]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="cm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 cm</quantity>
in diameter, but cross section of the branches showed that the centre is formed by dead bryozoan material, indicating that the sponge is encrusting. Color was given as vermillion by the original collector, in alcohol it is yellow-brown. A striking feature are the white striated grooves separating the polygonal plates, which are much wider (
<quantity id="4C919B43AE75FFFFFD00F99DDA92F9DE" box="[648,750,1582,1608]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 mm</quantity>
) than in the sciophilous specimens described above (
<figureCitation id="13522A23AE75FFFFFAE4F99DD8DAF9F9" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,255,746,770]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,194,721]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,194,722]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Placospherastra antillensis n. g., n. sp. A. Photo of holotype ZMA Por. 08973; B. Photo of deviating Puerto Rican specimen (ZMA Por. 03347) with wide white pore grooves and seemingly branching habit." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187792/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B). The spicules are generally similar to those of the sciophilous specimens, but sizes of tylostyles (up to 600 
<date id="FFD71066AE75FFFFFF1FF9CFD889F900" box="[151,245,1660,1686]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1910-10-12">x 10–12</date>
µm) and spherasters (32–40 µm) are on the upper side of the range or exceeding those of the 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE75FFFFFAB0F9CFDD16F900" box="[1336,1386,1660,1686]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
and 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE75FFFFFF1FF911D977F92A" box="[151,267,1698,1724]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
. In spite of this and in spite of the unusual live color, for the time being the specimen is treated as a somewhat extreme specimen of the new species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE75FFFFFF4EF943D9E3F8C1" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Four other species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFE54F943DAE0F89C" box="[476,668,1776,1802]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Placospongiidae</taxonomicName>
were recorded from the Central West Atlantic: 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFB73F943D984F8A6" authority="Bowerbank, 1858" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1858" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFB73F943D883F8A6" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Placospongia carinata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFE98F8A5D993F8A6" author="Bowerbank" box="[272,495,1814,1840]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1858) On the anatomy and physiology of the Spongiadae. Part I. On the spicula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 148 (2), 279 - 332." type="journal article" year="1858">Bowerbank, 1858</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFD8EF8A4DBFFF8A6" authority="Gray (1867a)" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[518,899,1814,1840]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFD8EF8A4DAAEF8A6" box="[518,722,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFD53F8A5DB64F8A6" author="Gray" box="[731,792,1814,1840]" pageId="8" pageNumber="37" refString="Gray, J. E (1867 a) On Placospongia, a new generic form of Spongiadae in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (1), 127 - 129." type="journal article" year="1867" yearSuffix="a">Gray</bibRefCitation>
(1867a)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFC18F8A4DC9EF8A6" authority="Sollas (1888)" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[912,1250,1814,1840]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFC18F8A4DC48F8A6" box="[912,1076,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. intermedia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFBB5F8A5DC9EF8A6" author="Sollas" box="[1085,1250,1814,1840]" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25 (63), 1 - 458." type="journal article" year="1888">Sollas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFA97F8A4D9E7F8C1" authority="Boury-Esnault (1973)" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFA97F8A4DDE0F8A6" box="[1311,1436,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. cristata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFF1FF88ED9E7F8C1" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[151,411,1853,1879]" pageId="8" pageNumber="36" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne de la ' Calypso' au large des cotes atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). I. 29. Spongiaires. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 49 (Supplement 10), 263 - 295." type="journal article" year="1973">Boury-Esnault (1973)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C373652DAE75FFFDFF4EF8D7DDE0FCFC" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE75FFFFFF4EF8D7DDE0F864" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFF4EF8D7D91BF8EB" box="[198,359,1892,1917]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE75FFFFFF4EF8D7D91BF8EB" box="[198,359,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Placospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE75FFFFFEE6F8D7D9B7F8E8" box="[366,459,1892,1918]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
was recorded by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFD1FF8D7DB57F8E8" author="Little" box="[663,811,1892,1918]" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" refString="Little, F. J. Jr. (1963) The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf Coast. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11 (2), 31 - 71." type="journal article" year="1963">Little (1963)</bibRefCitation>
from the Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE75FFFFFC7FF8D7DC28F8E8" box="[1015,1108,1892,1918]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFBD7F8D7DD20F8E8" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[1119,1372,1892,1918]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="8" pageNumber="38" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali (1986)</bibRefCitation>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE75FFFFFF1FF839D886F832" box="[151,250,1930,1956]" name="Jamaica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFE8FF839D9C2F832" author="Hechtel" box="[263,446,1930,1956]" pageId="8" pageNumber="37" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1976) Zoogeography of Brazilian Marine Demospongiae. Pp. 237 - 260. In: Harrison, F. W. &amp; Cowden, R. R. (Eds), Aspects of Sponge Biology. Academic Press, New York &amp; London, i - xiii, 1 - 354." type="book chapter" year="1976">Hechtel (1976)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFE43F839DB43F832" author="Coelho" box="[459,831,1930,1956]" pageId="8" pageNumber="37" refString="Coelho, E. P. &amp; Mello-Leitao, A. (1978) Placospongia carinata e sua ocorrencia em costas brasileiras. Avulso Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 29, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1978">Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitão (1978)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE75FFFFFCF2F839DC3AF832" box="[890,1094,1930,1956]" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" refString="Rua, C. P. J., Mattos, A. &amp; Sole-Cava (2006) Cryptic speciation and correspondence between spiculation and molecular markers in Placospongia. P. 197, In: Book of Abstracts 7 th International Sponge Symposium, Biodiversity, Innovation, Sustainability. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro." type="book chapter">Rua et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE75FFFFFB19F839DCA2F832" box="[1169,1246,1930,1956]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. We report here material from sciophilous habitats along the Caribbean coast of 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE75FFFFFC0BF802DB86F85D" box="[899,1018,1969,1995]" name="Colombia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, (ZMA Por. 21078, Cartagena area, Islas del Rosario, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE75FFFFFEE6F86BD9E5F864" box="[366,409,2008,2034]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Isla</collectingCountry>
Pavitos, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE75FFFFFD8FF86BDAF5F864" box="[519,649,2008,2034]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="5" value="10.2333">10.2333°N</geoCoordinate>
- 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE75FFFFFD11F86BDB7AF864" box="[665,774,2008,2034]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="555" value="-75.75">75.75°W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4C919B43AE75FFFFFC9AF86BDB2EF864" box="[786,850,2008,2034]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFD71066AE75FFFFFCD7F86BDB91F864" box="[863,1005,2008,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1990-09-30">30-IX-1990</date>
, coll. M. Kielman, #S29; ZMA Por.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE74FFFEFF1FFF2BDAD5F9B4" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
20871, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE74FFFEFF66FF2BD919FF24" box="[238,357,152,178]" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, Cartagena area, Islas del Rosario, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE74FFFEFD74FF2BDB5AFF24" box="[764,806,152,178]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Isla</collectingCountry>
Pavitos, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE74FFFEFC19FF2BDC6DFF24" box="[913,1041,152,178]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="5" value="10.2333">10.2333°N</geoCoordinate>
- 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE74FFFEFBA8FF2BDCF7FF24" box="[1056,1163,152,178]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="555" value="-75.75">75.75°W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4C919B43AE74FFFEFB1EFF2BDCBAFF24" box="[1174,1222,152,178]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFD71066AE74FFFEFB59FF2BDD21FF24" box="[1233,1373,152,178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1990-09-30">30-IX-1990</date>
, coll. M. Kielman, #S71), and from 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE74FFFEFD81FF0DDA13FF4E" box="[521,623,190,216]" name="Grenada" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Grenada</collectingCountry>
(ZMA Por. 0 7643, St. Georges, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE74FFFEFC75FF0DDC0EFF4E" box="[1021,1138,190,216]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="55" value="12.044">12.044°N</geoCoordinate>
- 
<geoCoordinate id="EE5D5061AE74FFFEFB0AFF0DDD7CFF4E" box="[1154,1280,190,216]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="55" value="-61.749">61.749°W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4C919B43AE74FFFEFA85FF0DDD42FF4E" box="[1293,1342,190,216]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFD71066AE74FFFEFAC4FF0DD8A8FF69" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1986-03-05">05-03- 1986</date>
, coll. J.J. Vermeulen #86-122). Since the specimens do not entirely conform with descriptions of the 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE74FFFEFAE1FF56DDE0FF69" box="[1385,1436,229,255]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
from Borneo, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE74FFFEFEC0FEBFD9B9FEB0" box="[328,453,268,294]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, a short combined description of the ZMA material is given here to aid future decisions about the status of the Caribbean populations: Brown encrustations, 
<quantity id="4C919B43AE74FFFEFBD5FE81DCD8FEDA" box="[1117,1188,306,332]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
in thickness, lateral expansion indefinite, at least 
<quantity id="4C919B43AE74FFFEFE7DFEEADA48FEE5" box="[501,564,345,371]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
. Surface ‘veined’ by a combination of polygonal plates and pore-bearing grooves. Skeleton: Ectosomal crust of selenasters carried by a palisade of smaller tylostyles; sides of the grooves fortified by strong bundles of larger tylostyles which traverse the body down to the substrate. Selenasters are cemented by a dense mass of microrhabds/microspirasters. Subectosomal space between the megasclere bundles with a mixture of microrhabds and amphiasters. Spicules: tylostyles in two size categories, selenasters, juvenile selenasters, amphiasters/spirasters possibly divisible in two 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE74FFFEFAD8FDA9DDE4FDA2" box="[1360,1432,538,564]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">types</typeStatus>
, acanthomicrorhabds. Large tylostyles with prominent tyles and usually bluntly rounded apices, 669- 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFAC7FDF2DDFFFDCC" box="[1359,1411,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">875.</emphasis>
3- 
<date id="FFD71066AE74FFFEFF1FFDDBD968FD14" box="[151,276,616,642]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1069-10-12">1069 x 12</date>
- 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFE95FDDBD92EFD17" box="[285,338,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">15.3</emphasis>
-20 µm; small tylostyles, not overlapping with large tylostyles, 170- 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFB15FDDBDC9EFD17" box="[1181,1250,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">263.5</emphasis>
-330 
<date id="FFD71066AE74FFFEFAABFDDBDD1FFD14" box="[1315,1379,616,642]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">x 6-7</date>
µm. Selenasters, ellipsoid-rounded, 54- 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFDB1FD3CDA11FD3E" box="[569,621,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">79.3</emphasis>
-90 
<date id="FFD71066AE74FFFEFD16FD3DDAA8FD3E" box="[670,724,654,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1937-10">x 37</date>
- 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFD55FD3CDB6DFD3E" box="[733,785,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">65.1</emphasis>
-72 µm; juvenile selenasters, bean-shaped with spines irregularly distributed, 36- 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFE5CFD06DA74FD58" box="[468,520,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">39.8</emphasis>
- 
<date id="FFD71066AE74FFFEFD98FD06DA12FD59" box="[528,622,693,719]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1948-10-18">48 x 18</date>
- 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFDFFFD06DAD7FD58" box="[631,683,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">23.2</emphasis>
-30 µm. Amphiasters, with a straight rhabd and 3–4 terminally branched rays at each end, each ray with two –three terminally branched secondary rays, with or without fine spines on rhabd and rays, size of rhabd 12- 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFD18FCB1DABFFC8D" box="[656,707,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">16.2</emphasis>
- 
<date id="FFD71066AE74FFFEFD44FCB1DB48FC8A" box="[716,820,770,796]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1919-10-03" valueMax="1919-10-04" valueMin="1919-10-03">19 x 3–4</date>
µm, of rays 6– 
<date id="FFD71066AE74FFFEFC61FCB1DB8BFC8A" box="[1001,1015,770,796]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">9</date>
x 1.5 µm; spirasters, similar in size to amphiasters, but with rays distributed along the rhabd, which is spirally curved. Acanthomicrorhabds, undulate or with faint spiral twist, 6- 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFDEBFCE3DAF6FCFF" box="[611,650,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">8.6</emphasis>
- 
<date id="FFD71066AE74FFFEFD1BFCE3DB7EFCFC" box="[659,770,848,874]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1915-10-01" valueMax="1915-10-02" valueMin="1915-10-01">15 x 1–2</date>
µm. The specimens described here are at first glance assignable to 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE74FFFEFEB3FCC4DB4BFC06" authority="Bowerbank (1858)" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1858" box="[315,823,886,912]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFEB3FCC4DA31FC06" box="[315,589,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Placospongia carinata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE74FFFEFDDDFCC5DB4BFC06" author="Bowerbank" box="[597,823,886,912]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1858) On the anatomy and physiology of the Spongiadae. Part I. On the spicula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 148 (2), 279 - 332." type="journal article" year="1858">Bowerbank (1858)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22E57CFAE74FFFEFCB7FCC5DB1EFC06" box="[831,866,886,912]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
This species was originally described from the ‘South Seas’, presumably the South Pacific Ocean, a considerable distance away from the South Caribbean. It has become customary to consider 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE74FFFEFDB4FC77DAA6FC48" box="[572,730,964,990]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Placospongia</taxonomicName>
specimens with ‘spirasters’ as members of a cosmopolitan species. However, the present specimens have the sizes of at least two spicule 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE74FFFEFBA7FC59DC11FB92" box="[1071,1133,1002,1028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">types</typeStatus>
clearly different from the 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE74FFFEFF1FFBA2D8B7FBBD" box="[151,203,1041,1067]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE74FFFEFEE5FBA2D98EFBBC" box="[365,498,1041,1066]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFEE5FBA2D98EFBBC" box="[365,498,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and this could be interpreted as evidence of specific distinctness. ‘Spirasters’ measure 35–40 µm in the 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE74FFFEFE51FB8BDA72FBC4" box="[473,526,1080,1106]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
and thus are twice as large as the amphiasters/spirasters of the Caribbean material (12–19 µm), while the acanthomicrorhabds in the 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE74FFFEFCFDFBEDDBD6FBEE" box="[885,938,1118,1144]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
measure 20 µm against 8–15 µm in our Caribbean specimens. The morphology of the spirasters/amphiasters in both are also clearly distinct, with those in South Pacific 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE74FFFEFE17FB1FDA63FB53" box="[415,543,1196,1221]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFE17FB1FDA63FB53" box="[415,543,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with robust thick rhabd and long irregularly branched rays, and those of the Cariibean specimens with thinnish rhabd and shorter rays. Possibly, these streptasters are divisible in two distinct 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE74FFFEFF7CFB4AD949FA85" box="[244,309,1273,1299]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">types</typeStatus>
, one more amphiaster-like, the other more spiraster-like, but this needs to be established in more specimens from various localities in the Caribbean. Other records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE74FFFEFC69FA93DC19FAAF" box="[993,1125,1312,1337]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFC69FA93DC19FAAF" box="[993,1125,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from various parts of the world also show discrepancies from the 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE74FFFEFD10FAF5DAB2FAF6" box="[664,718,1350,1376]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
description: for example larger (Lindgren, 1897) or less branched spirasters (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE74FFFEFE02FADEDAE2FA11" author="Green" box="[394,670,1389,1415]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" refString="Green, G. &amp; Gomez, P. (1986). Estudio taxonomico de las esponjas de la Bahia de Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia del Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 13 (3), 273 - 300." type="journal article" year="1986">Green &amp; Gómez, 1986</bibRefCitation>
), two size categories of acanthomicrorhabds (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE74FFFEFB32FADED8A6FA38" author="Vacelet" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="Vacelet, J. &amp; Vasseur, P. (1965) Spongiaires des grottes et surplombs des recifs de Tulear (Madagascar). Recueil des Travaux de la Station marine d'Endoume, 2 - 4, 71 - 123." type="book chapter" year="1965">Vacelet &amp; Vasseur, 1965</bibRefCitation>
), much smaller tylostyles (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE74FFFEFDB8FA27DABCFA38" author="Levi" box="[560,704,1428,1454]" pageId="9" pageNumber="38" refString="Levi, C. (1956) Spongiaires des cotes de Madagascar. Memoires de l'Institut scientifique de Madagascar, (A) 10, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1956">Lévi, 1956</bibRefCitation>
). This indicates in our opinion a much higher diversity of 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE74FFFEFF1FFA08D947FA42" box="[151,315,1467,1492]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFF1FFA08D947FA42" box="[151,315,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Placospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than currently recognized in specimens assigned to 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFC3BFA08DC4EFA42" box="[947,1074,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. c a r i n a t a</emphasis>
dating back from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE74FFFEFA9DFA08D921FA6D" author="Vosmaer" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="Vosmaer, G. C. J. &amp; Vernhout, J. H (1902) The Porifera of the Siboga-Expedition. I. The genus Placospongia. In: Weber, M. (Ed.), Siboga-Expeditie. Uitkomsten op zoologisch, botanisch, oceanographisch en geologisch gebied verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-lndie 1899 - 1900 aan boord H. M. ' Siboga' onder commando van Luitenant ter Zee 1 e kl. G. F. Tydeman. 9 (Monographie Via). E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="1902">Vosmaer &amp; Vernhout (1902)</bibRefCitation>
. I predict that the ‘variability’ in spicule categories and sizes is caused by the occurrence of several more species in this species complex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE74FFFDFF4EF99CDA22FE0F" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2034]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,152,1260]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE74FFFEFF4EF99CDAC4F9DE" authority="Gray (1867a)" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[198,696,1582,1608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFF4EF99CDA68F9DE" box="[198,532,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Placospongia melobesioides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE74FFFEFD94F99DDA2BF9DE" author="Gray" box="[540,599,1582,1608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="37" refString="Gray, J. E (1867 a) On Placospongia, a new generic form of Spongiadae in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (1), 127 - 129." type="journal article" year="1867" yearSuffix="a">Gray</bibRefCitation>
(1867a)
</taxonomicName>
specimens, recorded from the Central West Atlantic originated from Florida, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE74FFFEFEB5F9E6D9E3F9F9" box="[317,415,1621,1647]" name="Curaçao" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
and Campeche (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE74FFFEFDEEF9E6DB64F9F9" author="Schmidt" box="[614,792,1621,1647]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, p. iii - iv, 1 - 88." type="book chapter" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE74FFFEFCADF9E6DBCBF9F9" author="Arndt" box="[805,951,1621,1647]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Arndt, W. (1927) Kalk- und Kieselschwamme von Curacao. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 25, 133 - 158." type="journal article" year="1927">Arndt, 1927</bibRefCitation>
; de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE74FFFEFC61F9E6DCBBF9F9" author="Laubenfels" box="[1001,1223,1621,1647]" pageId="9" pageNumber="38" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936 a) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467), 30, 1 - 225." type="journal article" year="1936" yearSuffix="a">Laubenfels, 1936a</bibRefCitation>
; González-Farías, 1989), may be attributable to a separate regional species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE74FFFEFCF0F9CFDD64F900" authority="Boury-Esnault (1973)" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[888,1304,1660,1686]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFCF0F9CFDB86F903" box="[888,1018,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. cristata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE74FFFEFB8BF9CFDD64F900" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[1027,1304,1660,1686]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne de la ' Calypso' au large des cotes atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). I. 29. Spongiaires. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 49 (Supplement 10), 263 - 295." type="journal article" year="1973">Boury-Esnault (1973)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
originally described from 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE74FFFEFEC6F911D9E6F92A" box="[334,410,1698,1724]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE74FFFEFE2DF911DA21F92A" author="Rutzler" box="[421,605,1698,1724]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="Rutzler, K. (2002 a) Family Placospongiidae Gray, 1867. Pp. 196 - 200. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges, 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow." type="journal article" year="2002" yearSuffix="a">Rützler (2002a)</bibRefCitation>
suggested this to be a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE74FFFEFC70F910DCC6F92A" box="[1016,1210,1699,1724]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFC70F910DCC6F92A" box="[1016,1210,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but apart from the large geographic separation of the original locality (Borneo) and the Central West Atlantic, there is also a consistent difference in the upper size of the tylostyles (up to 1200 µm in the 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE74FFFEFBAAF943DC29F89C" box="[1058,1109,1776,1802]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
specimen against up to 900 µm in the Central West Atlantic material identified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE74FFFEFC96F8A4DB9FF8A6" box="[798,995,1815,1840]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFC96F8A4DB9FF8A6" box="[798,995,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE74FFFEFB96F8A4DCEBF8A6" box="[1054,1175,1815,1840]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE74FFFEFB96F8A4DCEBF8A6" box="[1054,1175,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). It is likely that such differences are attributable to specific distinctness. There are a few discrepancies between the descriptions of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE74FFFEFF1FF8D7D947F8E8" author="Arndt" box="[151,315,1892,1918]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Arndt, W. (1927) Kalk- und Kieselschwamme von Curacao. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 25, 133 - 158." type="journal article" year="1927">Arndt (1927)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE74FFFEFEF2F8D7DAF1F8E8" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[378,653,1892,1918]" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne de la ' Calypso' au large des cotes atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). I. 29. Spongiaires. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 49 (Supplement 10), 263 - 295." type="journal article" year="1973">Boury-Esnault (1973)</bibRefCitation>
, as Arndt denies the presence of spherasters in his specimens, whereas Boury-Esnault does not mention the presence of microspherasters. The specimens of Arndt were reexamined as they are in the collections of the Zoölogisch Museum of the University of Amsterdam (ZMA Por. 0 1816 and 0 1817, both from Spaanse Water, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE74FFFEFD7CF86BDB22F864" box="[756,862,2008,2034]" name="Curaçao" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
). They contain spherasters of 15–18 µm, of the typical ‘golf-ball’ shape, so Arndt’s specimens do conform to Boury-Esnault’s description in that respect. It is assumed that microspherasters or spheres are present in the 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE77FFFDFCEDFF0DDBE4FF4E" box="[869,920,190,216]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
material of 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFBA3FF0CDCD8FF4E" box="[1067,1188,191,216]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFBA3FF0CDCD8FF4E" box="[1067,1188,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but this needs to be demonstrated. 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFECCFF56DA7BFF68" box="[324,519,229,254]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFECCFF56DA7BFF68" box="[324,519,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also recorded from Northern 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE77FFFDFC09FF56DBB5FF69" box="[897,969,229,255]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFC50FF56DCC7FF69" author="Mothes" box="[984,1211,229,255]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" refString="Mothes, B., Campos, M. A. de, Lerner, C. B. &amp; da Silva, C. M. M. (2006) Esponjas (Porifera, Demospongiae) da plataforma continental ao largo do Estado do Amapa, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23 (3), 667 - 677." type="journal article" year="2006">
Mothes 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFBB2FF56DC11FF68" box="[1082,1133,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
), and these authors provide SEM images of the spicules, as well as measurements. It appears as if this is yet again a different form, deviating from the 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE77FFFDFE49FE81D988FEDA" box="[449,500,306,332]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFD16FE81DB1EFEDD" box="[670,866,306,331]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFD16FE81DB1EFEDD" box="[670,866,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and from 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFC55FE81DC28FEDD" box="[989,1108,306,331]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFC55FE81DC28FEDD" box="[989,1108,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. cristata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the lack of the discussed medium-sized (‘golf-ball’) spherasters. Instead, the specimen possess microspirasters similar to those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFF1FFE33D9A5FE0F" box="[151,473,384,409]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospherastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFF1FFE33D9A5FE0F" box="[151,473,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Placospherastra antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFE68FECCDA69FE0F" bold="true" box="[480,533,383,409]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">n. g.</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFD94FECCDA22FE0F" bold="true" box="[540,606,383,409]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">n. sp.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE77FFFDFF4EFE14DC6AFC8A" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,1260]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFF4EFE14DA72FE56" authority="Sollas (1888)" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[198,526,422,448]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFF4EFE14D918FE56" box="[198,356,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. intermedia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFEE6FE15DA72FE56" author="Sollas" box="[366,526,422,448]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25 (63), 1 - 458." type="journal article" year="1888">Sollas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as recorded from the Caribbean end of the 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE77FFFDFB97FE15DC00FE56" box="[1055,1148,422,448]" name="Panama" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Panama</collectingCountry>
canal by de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFA92FE15D88FFE71" author="Laubenfels" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936 b) A comparison of the shallow-water sponges near the Pacific end of the Panama Canal with those at the Caribbean end. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 83 (2993), 441 - 466." type="journal article" year="1936" yearSuffix="b">Laubenfels (1936b)</bibRefCitation>
deviates strongly from the desciption of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFD5AFE7EDB0EFE71" author="Sollas" box="[722,882,461,487]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25 (63), 1 - 458." type="journal article" year="1888">Sollas (1888)</bibRefCitation>
. Possibly this concerns a further separate as yet undescribed species of 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFE26FE47DA25FD9B" box="[430,601,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFE26FE47DA29FD9B" box="[430,597,500,525]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Placospongia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Color reported by de Laubenfels was orange (chocolate brown in the 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE77FFFDFF1FFDA9D8B6FDA2" box="[151,202,538,564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFF7AFDA9D9F2FDA5" box="[242,398,538,563]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFF7AFDA9D9F2FDA5" box="[242,398,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), selenasters were only 35– 
<date id="FFD71066AE77FFFDFD5FFDA9DA89FDA2" box="[727,757,538,564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1950-10-20">50</date>
x 20–35 µm (64 
<date id="FFD71066AE77FFFDFC4BFDA9DB8BFDA2" box="[963,1015,538,564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1958-10">x 58</date>
µm in the 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE77FFFDFBF2FDA9DCCCFDA2" box="[1146,1200,538,564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
), spherasters of 1–8 µm diameter (in fact these are probably microspherasters or spheres, whereas Sollas reports spherasters of 20 µm diameter). Other features are similar in both. Sollas’ material was from the Pacific side, whereas de Laubenfels reported his specimens from both sides of the isthmus, while his spicule data were apparently taken from the Caribbean specimens. 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFDE1FD06DB71FD58" box="[617,781,693,718]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFDE1FD06DB71FD58" box="[617,781,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also listed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFC72FD06DCF2FD59" author="Diaz" box="[1018,1166,693,719]" pageId="10" pageNumber="37" refString="Diaz, M. C. (2005) Common sponges from shallow-marine habitats from Bocas del Toro region, Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41 (3), 465 - 475." type="journal article" year="2005">Díaz (2005)</bibRefCitation>
from Bocas del Toro, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE77FFFDFF1FFD6FD886FD60" box="[151,250,732,758]" name="Panama" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Panama</collectingCountry>
, but no description was provided. Lehnert &amp; van 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFCD4FD6FDB84FD60" author="Soest" box="[860,1016,732,758]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" refString="Lehnert, H. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (1996) North Jamaican deep fore-reef sponges. Beaufortia, 46 (4), 53 - 81." type="journal article" year="1996">Soest (1996)</bibRefCitation>
incorrectly assigned the Jamaican specimen described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFE21FCB1DADAFC8A" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[425,678,770,796]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali (1986)</bibRefCitation>
as 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFD46FCB1DB37FC8D" box="[718,843,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. c a r i n a t a</emphasis>
to 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFCFCFCB1DC73FC8D" box="[884,1039,770,795]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFCFCFCB1DC73FC8D" box="[884,1039,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE77FFFDFF4EFC9ADDE0FCFC" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,1260]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
In summary the status of records of placospongiids from the Central West Atlantic is as follows: (1) 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFF48FCE3DACEFCFC" authority="Little (1963)" authorityName="Little" authorityYear="1963" box="[192,690,848,874]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFF48FCE3D9B7FCFF" box="[192,459,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Placospongia carinata</emphasis>
sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFD92FCE3DACEFCFC" author="Little" box="[538,690,848,874]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" refString="Little, F. J. Jr. (1963) The sponge fauna of the St. George's Sound, Apalache Bay, and Panama City Regions of the Florida Gulf Coast. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11 (2), 31 - 71." type="journal article" year="1963">Little (1963)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFD35FCE3DB0CFCFC" author="Hechtel" box="[701,880,848,874]" pageId="10" pageNumber="37" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1976) Zoogeography of Brazilian Marine Demospongiae. Pp. 237 - 260. In: Harrison, F. W. &amp; Cowden, R. R. (Eds), Aspects of Sponge Biology. Academic Press, New York &amp; London, i - xiii, 1 - 354." type="book chapter" year="1976">Hechtel (1976)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFCF4FCE3DC94FCFC" author="Coelho" box="[892,1256,848,874]" pageId="10" pageNumber="37" refString="Coelho, E. P. &amp; Mello-Leitao, A. (1978) Placospongia carinata e sua ocorrencia em costas brasileiras. Avulso Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 29, 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1978">Coelho &amp; Mello-Leitão (1978)</bibRefCitation>
, Pulitzer-Finali
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C373652DAE77FFFDFF4DFCC5D899F864" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE77FFFDFF4DFCC5DDE7FC06" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,1260]" box="[197,1435,886,912]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
(1986) (including citation of Lehnert &amp; van Soest, 1998), 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFCF6FCC5DC35FC06" box="[894,1097,886,912]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Rua, C. P. J., Mattos, A. &amp; Sole-Cava (2006) Cryptic speciation and correspondence between spiculation and molecular markers in Placospongia. P. 197, In: Book of Abstracts 7 th International Sponge Symposium, Biodiversity, Innovation, Sustainability. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro." type="book chapter">Rua et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
, and unpublished specimens
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE77FFFDFF4DFC2EDDE0FC48" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,1260]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
from the ZMA collection mentioned above = 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFD54FC2EDB01FC20" box="[732,893,925,950]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFD54FC2EDB01FC20" box="[732,893,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Placospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 1 (not: P. 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFB95FC2EDD17FC21" authority="Bowerbank, 1858" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1858" box="[1053,1387,925,951]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFB95FC2EDCFDFC20" box="[1053,1153,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">carinata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFB18FC2EDD1FFC21" author="Bowerbank" box="[1168,1379,925,951]" pageId="10" pageNumber="36" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1858) On the anatomy and physiology of the Spongiadae. Part I. On the spicula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 148 (2), 279 - 332." type="journal article" year="1858">Bowerbank, 1858</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(2) 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFF48FC77DB69FC48" authority="Schmidt (1870)" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[192,789,964,990]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFF48FC77DA71FC4B" box="[192,525,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Placospongia melobesioides</emphasis>
sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFDD4FC77DB69FC48" author="Schmidt" box="[604,789,964,990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, p. iii - iv, 1 - 88." type="book chapter" year="1870">Schmidt (1870)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFCA8FC77DBC1FC48" author="Arndt" box="[800,957,964,990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="36" refString="Arndt, W. (1927) Kalk- und Kieselschwamme von Curacao. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 25, 133 - 158." type="journal article" year="1927">Arndt (1927)</bibRefCitation>
, de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFC62FC77DCADFC48" author="Laubenfels" box="[1002,1233,964,990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936 a) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467), 30, 1 - 225." type="journal article" year="1936" yearSuffix="a">Laubenfels (1936a)</bibRefCitation>
, González-Farías
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE77FFFDFF4DFC59DC1AFB92" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,1260]" box="[197,1126,1002,1028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
(1989) =? 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFEB7FC59DAC2FB92" authority="Boury-Esnault (1973)" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[319,702,1002,1028]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFEB7FC59D9CAFB95" box="[319,438,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. cristata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFE35FC59DAC2FB92" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[445,702,1002,1028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="36" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne de la ' Calypso' au large des cotes atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). I. 29. Spongiaires. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 49 (Supplement 10), 263 - 295." type="journal article" year="1973">Boury-Esnault (1973)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(not: 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFC8BFC59DC2DFB92" authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[771,1105,1002,1028]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFC8BFC59DBBAFB95" box="[771,966,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFC45FC59DC2DFB92" author="Gray" box="[973,1105,1002,1028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="37" refString="Gray, J. E (1867 a) On Placospongia, a new generic form of Spongiadae in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (1), 127 - 129." type="journal article" year="1867" yearSuffix="a">Gray, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
a)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE77FFFDFF1FFBA2DC43FBBD" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,1260]" box="[151,1087,1041,1067]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
(3) 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFF48FBA2DAB6FBBD" authority="Boury-Esnault (1973)" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[192,714,1041,1067]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cristata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFF48FBA2D9BFFBBC" box="[192,451,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Placospongia cristata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFE42FBA2DAB6FBBD" author="Boury-Esnault" box="[458,714,1041,1067]" pageId="10" pageNumber="36" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne de la ' Calypso' au large des cotes atlantiques de l'Amerique du Sud (1961 - 1962). I. 29. Spongiaires. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 49 (Supplement 10), 263 - 295." type="journal article" year="1973">Boury-Esnault (1973)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
= valid species, see also above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE77FFFDFF1FFB8BDDE7FBC4" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,1260]" box="[151,1435,1080,1106]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
(4) 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFF48FB8BDB30FBC4" authority="Mothes et al. (2006)" authorityName="Mothes et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[192,844,1080,1106]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFF48FB8BDA73FBC7" box="[192,527,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Placospongia melobesioides</emphasis>
sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFDD7FB8BDB30FBC4" box="[607,844,1080,1106]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" refString="Mothes, B., Campos, M. A. de, Lerner, C. B. &amp; da Silva, C. M. M. (2006) Esponjas (Porifera, Demospongiae) da plataforma continental ao largo do Estado do Amapa, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23 (3), 667 - 677." type="journal article">Mothes et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFCE4FB8BDC71FBC7" box="[876,1037,1080,1105]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFCE4FB8BDC71FBC7" box="[876,1037,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Placospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 2 (not: 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFB1AFB8BDDE7FBC4" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" box="[1170,1435,1080,1106]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="melobesioides">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFB1AFB8BDD28FBC7" box="[1170,1364,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFAD4FB8BDDE4FBC4" author="Gray" box="[1372,1432,1080,1106]" pageId="10" pageNumber="37" refString="Gray, J. E (1867 a) On Placospongia, a new generic form of Spongiadae in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (1), 127 - 129." type="journal article" year="1867" yearSuffix="a">Gray</bibRefCitation>
,
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE77FFFDFF4DFBEDD96AFBEE" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,1260]" box="[197,278,1118,1144]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1867a)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE77FFFDFF1FFB36DDE0FB09" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,1260]" box="[151,1436,1157,1183]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
(5) 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFF4AFB36D98CFB08" box="[194,496,1157,1182]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFF4AFB36D98CFB08" box="[194,496,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Placospongia intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sensu de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFDEFFB36DB2FFB09" author="Laubenfels" box="[615,851,1157,1183]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936 b) A comparison of the shallow-water sponges near the Pacific end of the Panama Canal with those at the Caribbean end. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 83 (2993), 441 - 466." type="journal article" year="1936" yearSuffix="b">Laubenfels (1936b)</bibRefCitation>
= 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFCFCFB36DC64FB08" box="[884,1048,1157,1182]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFCFCFB36DC64FB08" box="[884,1048,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Placospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 3 (not: 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFB2BFB36DDE0FB09" authority="Sollas" authorityName="Sollas" box="[1187,1436,1157,1183]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFB2BFB36DD3EFB08" box="[1187,1346,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. intermedia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFAC4FB36DDE4FB09" author="Sollas" box="[1356,1432,1157,1183]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25 (63), 1 - 458." type="journal article" year="1888">Sollas</bibRefCitation>
,
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE77FFFDFF4DFB1FD975FB50" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,1260]" box="[197,265,1196,1222]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1888)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE77FFFDFF1FFB61DB30FB7A" blockId="10.[151,1437,152,1260]" box="[151,844,1234,1260]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
(6) 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFF48FB60DA7EFB7A" box="[192,514,1235,1260]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospherastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antillensis">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFF48FB60DA7EFB7A" box="[192,514,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Placospherastra antillensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFD81FB61DA42FB7A" bold="true" box="[521,574,1234,1260]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">n. g.</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFDC4FB61DAF3FB7A" bold="true" box="[588,655,1234,1260]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">n. sp.</emphasis>
= valid species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE77FFFDFF4EFA93DB00FA38" blockId="10.[151,1436,1312,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Scott &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFEA2FA93D9ADFAAC" box="[298,465,1312,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" refString="Nichols, S. A. &amp; Barnes, P. A. G. (2005) A molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the marine sponge genus Placospongia (Phylum Porifera) indicate low dispersal capabilities and widespread crypsis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 323, 1 - 15." type="journal article">Barnes (2005)</bibRefCitation>
performed sequence analysis of a world-wide set of 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFBCCFA93DC99FAAF" box="[1092,1253,1312,1337]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFBCCFA93DC99FAAF" box="[1092,1253,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Placospongia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens, not further identified to species. Their conclusions were that more genetic differentiation is found than would be expected if there were only two or three cosmopolitan ‘species’. Our critical comparison of spicule sizes and 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE77FFFDFF1FFA27D8A9FA38" box="[151,213,1428,1454]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">types</typeStatus>
appear to support the conclusions of the genetic research.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE77FFFDFF4EFA09D88FF975" blockId="10.[151,1436,1312,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Several hadromerid species possessing tylostyles and spherasters occur in the Central West Atlantic. For completeness sake we present an overview to demonstrate they are not conspecific with our new species. 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFF1FF9BBD90CF9B7" box="[151,368,1544,1569]" class="Demospongiae" family="Hemiasterellidae" genus="Paratimea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="galaxa">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFF1FF9BBD90CF9B7" box="[151,368,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Paratimea galaxa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFE15F9BBDAF5F9B4" author="Laubenfels" box="[413,649,1544,1570]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936 a) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467), 30, 1 - 225." type="journal article" year="1936" yearSuffix="a">Laubenfels (1936a)</bibRefCitation>
from Florida differs in lacking the surface plates and possessing tornotes in addition to the tylostyles and the spherasters. 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFCA4F99CDC59F9DE" box="[812,1061,1583,1608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Columnitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="squamata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFCA4F99CDC59F9DE" box="[812,1061,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Columnitis squamata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, also from Florida, as described by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFF34F9E6D908F9F9" author="Schmidt" box="[188,372,1621,1647]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, p. iii - iv, 1 - 88." type="book chapter" year="1870">Schmidt (1870)</bibRefCitation>
reminds of our new species in having polygonal surface ornamentation, but redescription by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFF35F9CFD986F900" author="Sara" box="[189,506,1660,1686]" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Sara, M. &amp; Bavestrello, G. (1996) West Indies genera Columnitis, Tectitethya and Nucleotethya new genus, with description of new species (Porifera, Tethyidae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 59 (2), 370 - 392." type="journal article" year="1996">Sarà &amp; Bavestrello (1996)</bibRefCitation>
, made it clear that this is a tethyid genus and species (after previously having been assigned to the synonymy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFDBFF910DA02F92A" box="[567,638,1699,1724]" class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Timea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFDBFF910DA02F92A" box="[567,638,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Timea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFD5BF911DBCDF92A" author="Laubenfels" box="[723,945,1698,1724]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936 a) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467), 30, 1 - 225." type="journal article" year="1936" yearSuffix="a">Laubenfels, 1936a</bibRefCitation>
) showing little in common with our new species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD636A6AE77FFFDFF4EF943D899F864" blockId="10.[151,1436,1312,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The definition of the new genus resembles that given by de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFC12F943DCFDF89C" author="Laubenfels" box="[922,1153,1776,1802]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936 a) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper N ° 467), 30, 1 - 225." type="journal article" year="1936" yearSuffix="a">Laubenfels (1936a)</bibRefCitation>
for the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFAB9F943DDE8F89F" box="[1329,1428,1776,1801]" class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Kotimea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tethyida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFAB9F943DDE8F89F" box="[1329,1428,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Kotimea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE77FFFDFF5AF8A5D979F8A6" box="[210,261,1814,1840]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
species 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFEE0F8A4DAD5F8A6" authority="Carter" authorityName="Carter" box="[360,681,1814,1840]" class="Demospongiae" family="Hymedesmiidae" genus="Hymedesmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="moorei">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFEE0F8A4DA25F8A6" box="[360,601,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hymedesmia moorei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFDE8F8A5DAD5F8A6" author="Carter" box="[608,681,1814,1840]" pageId="10" pageNumber="37" refString="Carter, H. J. (1880) Report on specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 6, 35 - 61, 129 - 156." type="journal article" year="1880">Carter</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(1880, from the Gulf of Mannaar, 
<collectingCountry id="F37E7636AE77FFFDFBCAF8A5DCFFF8A6" box="[1090,1155,1814,1840]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
). The precise affinity of Carter’s species with tylostyles and spherasters remains undecided because the 
<typeStatus id="54D28804AE77FFFDFBB0F88EDC17F8C1" box="[1080,1131,1853,1879]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
material is lost. There are no indications in Carter’s description that the surface would have had armoured placospongiid plates. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFACEF8D7D889F832" author="Rutzler" pageId="10" pageNumber="39" refString="Rutzler, K. (2002 b) Family Timeidae Topsent, 1928. Pp. 266 - 267. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges, 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow." type="journal article" year="2002" yearSuffix="b">Rützler (2002b)</bibRefCitation>
assigned 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFEE4F838D9ACF832" box="[364,464,1931,1956]" class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Kotimea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tethyida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFEE4F838D9ACF832" box="[364,464,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Kotimea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the synonymy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFD41F838DBBCF832" authority="Gray (1867b)" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[713,960,1930,1956]" class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Timea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFD41F838DB6CF832" box="[713,784,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Timea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFC92F839DB29F832" author="Gray" box="[794,853,1930,1956]" pageId="10" pageNumber="37" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867 b) Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558." type="journal article" year="1867" yearSuffix="b">Gray</bibRefCitation>
(1867b)
</taxonomicName>
. A second species assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFAB8F838DDE8F832" box="[1328,1428,1931,1956]" class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Kotimea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tethyida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFAB8F838DDE8F832" box="[1328,1428,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Kotimea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFF1FF802DA07F85D" authority="Carter (1879)" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,635,1969,1995]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Hymeraphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="spiniglobata">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFF1FF802D9B1F85C" box="[151,461,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hymeraphia spiniglobata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFE5EF802DA07F85D" author="Carter" box="[470,635,1969,1995]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="10" pageNumber="36" refString="Carter, H. J. (1879 b) Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 3, 284 - 304, 343 - 360." type="journal article" year="1879">Carter (1879)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is a 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFD3EF802DB34F85C" box="[694,840,1969,1994]" class="Demospongiae" family="Spirastrellidae" genus="Diplastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFD3EF802DB34F85C" box="[694,840,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diplastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFC2CF802DC21F85C" box="[932,1117,1969,1994]" class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Kotimea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tethyida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tethya">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFC2CF802DC21F85C" box="[932,1117,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Kotimea tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B57AE77FFFDFB02F802DD16F85D" author="Laubenfels" box="[1162,1386,1969,1995]" pageId="10" pageNumber="38" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1954) Occurrence of sponges in an aquarium. Pacific Science, 8, 337 - 340." type="journal article" year="1954">Laubenfels (1954)</bibRefCitation>
is a 
<taxonomicName id="4C694D25AE77FFFDFF1FF86BD8A1F867" box="[151,221,2008,2033]" class="Demospongiae" family="Timeidae" genus="Timea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91DEAB4AE77FFFDFF1FF86BD8A1F867" box="[151,221,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Timea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>