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<document ID-DOI="10.1038/s41467-019-11690-z" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0bf63512-9d52-45d8-9256-45fd2e094799" ID-PMC="PMC6736962" ID-PubMed="31506444" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3405402" approvalRequired="2" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="1" checkinTime="1568219048000" checkinUser="admin" docAuthor="de Santana, C. David, Crampton, William G. R., Dillman, Casey B., Frederico, Renata G., Sabaj, Mark H., Covain, Raphaël, Ready, Jonathan, Zuanon, Jansen, de Oliveira, Renildo R., Mendes-Júnior, Raimundo N., Bastos, Douglas A., Teixeira, Tulio F., Mol, Jan, Ohara, Willian, Castro, Natália Castro e, Peixoto, Luiz A., Nagamachi, Cleusa, Sousa, Leandro, Montag, Luciano F. A., Ribeiro, Frank, Waddell, Joseph C., Piorsky, Nivaldo M., Vari, Richard P. &amp; Wosiacki, Wolmar B." docDate="2019" docId="8C37211CFFAEFFF2F417E096C773FA74" docLanguage="en" docName="natureCommunications.s41467-019-11690-z.pdf" docOrigin="Nature Communications 10 (4000)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11690-z" docTitle="Electrophorus voltai de Santana &amp; Crampton &amp; Dillman &amp; Frederico &amp; Sabaj &amp; Covain &amp; Ready &amp; Zuanon &amp; de Oliveira &amp; Mendes-Júnior &amp; Bastos &amp; Teixeira &amp; Mol &amp; Ohara &amp; Castro &amp; Peixoto &amp; Nagamachi &amp; Sousa &amp; Montag &amp; Ribeiro &amp; Waddell &amp; Piorsky &amp; Vari &amp; Wosiacki 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="700E5964FFABFFF7F77AE241C367FFE1" masterDocTitle="Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator" masterLastPageNumber="10" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1668137185623" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>de Santana, C. David</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Crampton, William G. R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Dillman, Casey B.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Frederico, Renata G.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Sabaj, Mark H.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Covain, Raphaël</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ready, Jonathan</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zuanon, Jansen</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>de Oliveira, Renildo R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mendes-Júnior, Raimundo N.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bastos, Douglas A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Teixeira, Tulio F.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mol, Jan</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ohara, Willian</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Castro, Natália Castro e</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Peixoto, Luiz A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Nagamachi, Cleusa</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Sousa, Leandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Montag, Luciano F. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ribeiro, Frank</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Waddell, Joseph C.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Piorsky, Nivaldo M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Vari, Richard P.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wosiacki, Wolmar B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Nature Communications</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2019-09-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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<mods:number>4000</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11690-z</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1038/s41467-019-11690-z</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">0bf63512-9d52-45d8-9256-45fd2e094799</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC6736962</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="PubMed">31506444</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3405402</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4442094" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176584527" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4442094" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8C37211CFFAEFFF2F417E096C773FA74" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C37211CFFAEFFF2F417E096C773FA74" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="5.[810,1472,727,1430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName authority="de Santana &amp; Crampton &amp; Dillman &amp; Frederico &amp; Sabaj &amp; Covain &amp; Ready &amp; Zuanon &amp; de Oliveira &amp; Mendes-Júnior &amp; Bastos &amp; Teixeira &amp; Mol &amp; Ohara &amp; Castro &amp; Peixoto &amp; Nagamachi &amp; Sousa &amp; Montag &amp; Ribeiro &amp; Waddell &amp; Piorsky &amp; Vari &amp; Wosiacki, 2019" authorityName="de Santana &amp; Crampton &amp; Dillman &amp; Frederico &amp; Sabaj &amp; Covain &amp; Ready &amp; Zuanon &amp; de Oliveira &amp; Mendes-Júnior &amp; Bastos &amp; Teixeira &amp; Mol &amp; Ohara &amp; Castro &amp; Peixoto &amp; Nagamachi &amp; Sousa &amp; Montag &amp; Ribeiro &amp; Waddell &amp; Piorsky &amp; Vari &amp; Wosiacki" authorityYear="2019" box="[877,1077,727,748]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Electrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="voltai" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis box="[877,1077,727,748]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Electrophorus voltai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1091,1171,727,748]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
de Santana, Wosiacki, Crampton, Sabaj, Dillman, Castro e Castro, Bastos and Vari
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="5.[810,1472,727,1430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3016621310" collectionCode="MPEG" country="Brazil" county="Para" location="Ipitinga River" municipality="Almerim" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="MPEG 15529, 1290" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[835,938,794,815]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<typeStatus box="[835,934,794,815]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCode box="[960,1113,794,816]" collectionCode="MPEG" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MPEG 15529</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode box="[1139,1187,794,815]" collectionCode="MPEG" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1290</specimenCode>
mm TL;
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8C37211CFFAEFFF2F417E096C773FA74:0141C6D1FFAEFFF2F25AE15BC6DCFCD1" box="[1312,1467,794,816]" country="Brazil" county="Para" municipality="Almerim" name="Ipitinga River" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ipitinga River</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality box="[810,903,822,844]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Almerim</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCounty box="[914,961,822,844]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pará</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingCountry box="[974,1035,822,844]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="5.[810,1472,727,1430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3016621312" box="[835,1134,850,872]" collectionCode="ANSP" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="ANSP 197583" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[835,943,850,871]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<typeStatus box="[835,939,850,871]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCode box="[952,1096,850,872]" collectionCode="ANSP" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ANSP 197583</specimenCode>
(4)
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3016621311" box="[1148,1315,850,872]" collectionCode="INPA" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="INPA 50453" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode box="[1148,1275,850,872]" collectionCode="INPA" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rm88-499z" name="Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">INPA 50453</specimenCode>
(8)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3016621304" box="[1328,1472,850,871]" collectionCode="MPEG" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="MPEG 24793" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode box="[1328,1467,850,871]" collectionCode="MPEG" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MPEG 24793</specimenCode>
,
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3016621308" box="[810,982,877,899]" collectionCode="MPEG" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="MPEG 30365-71" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode box="[810,982,877,899]" collectionCode="MPEG" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MPEG 30365-71</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3016621305" box="[994,1196,878,900]" collectionCode="MZUSP" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="MZUSP 116410" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode box="[994,1157,878,900]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MZUSP 116410</specimenCode>
(2)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3016621307" box="[1209,1372,878,900]" collectionCode="MZUSP" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="MZUSP 116421" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode box="[1209,1372,878,900]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MZUSP 116421</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
(5).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="5.[810,1472,727,1430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[835,953,906,927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Etymology:</emphasis>
In honor of Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (17451827).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="5.[810,1472,727,1430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[835,945,961,983]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Eight nucleotides in COI: A(25), C(29), C(50), C (86), C(140), A(230), A(338), and C(545). Ventral outline of head ovoid, widest anterior to branchial opening (
<figureCitation box="[1341,1416,1017,1039]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,1147,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-712@2.[663,890,1477,1738]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2 Key morphological features to recognize the three species of Electrophorus. Top, radiographs of lateral view of the anterior portion of body (skull and pectoral girdle highlighted red). The cleithrum lies between the fifth and sixth vertebrae (v) in Electrophorus electricus (a) and E. voltai (b) versus first and second vertebrae in E. varii (c). Bottom, illustrations of ventral view of the head, showing key features listed in Diagnoses. a top: National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 403765, 300 mm TL, Cuyuni River, Guyana; bottom: NMNH 225576, 1000 mm TL, Corantijn River, Suriname. b top: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazônia, INPA 39009, 450 mm TL, Teles Pires River, Brazil; bottom: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, ANSP 197583 (t3539), 1280 mm TL, Xingu River, Brazil. c top: NMNH 306677, 450 mm TL, Lago Janauari, Amazon River, Brazil; bottom: NMNH 196634, 1220 mm TL, Amazon River, Brazil" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443213/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2b</figureCitation>
) and lateral-line pores 112146 (versus U-shaped,
<figureCitation box="[1282,1353,1045,1067]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,1147,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-712@2.[663,890,1477,1738]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2 Key morphological features to recognize the three species of Electrophorus. Top, radiographs of lateral view of the anterior portion of body (skull and pectoral girdle highlighted red). The cleithrum lies between the fifth and sixth vertebrae (v) in Electrophorus electricus (a) and E. voltai (b) versus first and second vertebrae in E. varii (c). Bottom, illustrations of ventral view of the head, showing key features listed in Diagnoses. a top: National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 403765, 300 mm TL, Cuyuni River, Guyana; bottom: NMNH 225576, 1000 mm TL, Corantijn River, Suriname. b top: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazônia, INPA 39009, 450 mm TL, Teles Pires River, Brazil; bottom: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, ANSP 197583 (t3539), 1280 mm TL, Xingu River, Brazil. c top: NMNH 306677, 450 mm TL, Lago Janauari, Amazon River, Brazil; bottom: NMNH 196634, 1220 mm TL, Amazon River, Brazil" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443213/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
,
<quantity box="[1368,1471,1044,1067]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4003" metricValueMax="2.5654" metricValueMin="2.2352" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="94.5" valueMax="101.0" valueMin="88.0">88101 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[810,932,1073,1095]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="electricus">
<emphasis box="[810,824,1074,1095]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[842,932,1073,1094]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">electricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Distinguished by skull depressed, cleithrum lies between vertebrae 5 and 6; and head wide (versus skull deep, cleithrum lies between vertebrae 1 and 2,
<figureCitation box="[1278,1354,1129,1151]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,1147,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-712@2.[663,890,1477,1738]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2 Key morphological features to recognize the three species of Electrophorus. Top, radiographs of lateral view of the anterior portion of body (skull and pectoral girdle highlighted red). The cleithrum lies between the fifth and sixth vertebrae (v) in Electrophorus electricus (a) and E. voltai (b) versus first and second vertebrae in E. varii (c). Bottom, illustrations of ventral view of the head, showing key features listed in Diagnoses. a top: National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 403765, 300 mm TL, Cuyuni River, Guyana; bottom: NMNH 225576, 1000 mm TL, Corantijn River, Suriname. b top: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazônia, INPA 39009, 450 mm TL, Teles Pires River, Brazil; bottom: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, ANSP 197583 (t3539), 1280 mm TL, Xingu River, Brazil. c top: NMNH 306677, 450 mm TL, Lago Janauari, Amazon River, Brazil; bottom: NMNH 196634, 1220 mm TL, Amazon River, Brazil" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443213/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2b</figureCitation>
, and head narrow in
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Santana &amp; Crampton &amp; Dillman &amp; Frederico &amp; Sabaj &amp; Covain &amp; Ready &amp; Zuanon &amp; de Oliveira &amp; Mendes-Júnior &amp; Bastos &amp; Teixeira &amp; Mol &amp; Ohara &amp; Castro &amp; Peixoto &amp; Nagamachi &amp; Sousa &amp; Montag &amp; Ribeiro &amp; Waddell &amp; Piorsky &amp; Vari &amp; Wosiacki" authorityYear="2019" box="[929,1007,1157,1178]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Electrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varii">
<emphasis box="[929,943,1157,1178]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[961,1007,1157,1178]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">varii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and distance between medial margins of contralateral dentaries at transverse through last two ventral pores 23 times longer in
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Santana &amp; Crampton &amp; Dillman &amp; Frederico &amp; Sabaj &amp; Covain &amp; Ready &amp; Zuanon &amp; de Oliveira &amp; Mendes-Júnior &amp; Bastos &amp; Teixeira &amp; Mol &amp; Ohara &amp; Castro &amp; Peixoto &amp; Nagamachi &amp; Sousa &amp; Montag &amp; Ribeiro &amp; Waddell &amp; Piorsky &amp; Vari &amp; Wosiacki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1082,1166,1212,1234]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Electrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="voltai">
<emphasis box="[1082,1096,1213,1234]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[1110,1166,1212,1233]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">voltai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Santana &amp; Crampton &amp; Dillman &amp; Frederico &amp; Sabaj &amp; Covain &amp; Ready &amp; Zuanon &amp; de Oliveira &amp; Mendes-Júnior &amp; Bastos &amp; Teixeira &amp; Mol &amp; Ohara &amp; Castro &amp; Peixoto &amp; Nagamachi &amp; Sousa &amp; Montag &amp; Ribeiro &amp; Waddell &amp; Piorsky &amp; Vari &amp; Wosiacki" authorityYear="2019" box="[1257,1330,1213,1234]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Electrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varii">
<emphasis box="[1257,1271,1213,1234]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[1284,1330,1213,1234]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">varii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation box="[1345,1441,1212,1234]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,1147,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-712@2.[663,890,1477,1738]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2 Key morphological features to recognize the three species of Electrophorus. Top, radiographs of lateral view of the anterior portion of body (skull and pectoral girdle highlighted red). The cleithrum lies between the fifth and sixth vertebrae (v) in Electrophorus electricus (a) and E. voltai (b) versus first and second vertebrae in E. varii (c). Bottom, illustrations of ventral view of the head, showing key features listed in Diagnoses. a top: National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 403765, 300 mm TL, Cuyuni River, Guyana; bottom: NMNH 225576, 1000 mm TL, Corantijn River, Suriname. b top: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazônia, INPA 39009, 450 mm TL, Teles Pires River, Brazil; bottom: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, ANSP 197583 (t3539), 1280 mm TL, Xingu River, Brazil. c top: NMNH 306677, 450 mm TL, Lago Janauari, Amazon River, Brazil; bottom: NMNH 196634, 1220 mm TL, Amazon River, Brazil" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443213/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2b, c</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="5.[810,1472,727,1430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[835,965,1240,1262]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description:</emphasis>
As for
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[1044,1161,1240,1262]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="electricus">
<emphasis box="[1044,1058,1241,1262]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis box="[1071,1161,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">electricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except as noted in Diagnosis. Species illustrated in
<figureCitation box="[1028,1094,1268,1290]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,1147,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-712@2.[663,890,1477,1738]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2 Key morphological features to recognize the three species of Electrophorus. Top, radiographs of lateral view of the anterior portion of body (skull and pectoral girdle highlighted red). The cleithrum lies between the fifth and sixth vertebrae (v) in Electrophorus electricus (a) and E. voltai (b) versus first and second vertebrae in E. varii (c). Bottom, illustrations of ventral view of the head, showing key features listed in Diagnoses. a top: National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 403765, 300 mm TL, Cuyuni River, Guyana; bottom: NMNH 225576, 1000 mm TL, Corantijn River, Suriname. b top: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazônia, INPA 39009, 450 mm TL, Teles Pires River, Brazil; bottom: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, ANSP 197583 (t3539), 1280 mm TL, Xingu River, Brazil. c top: NMNH 306677, 450 mm TL, Lago Janauari, Amazon River, Brazil; bottom: NMNH 196634, 1220 mm TL, Amazon River, Brazil" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443213/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[1108,1120,1268,1289]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[116,146,895,914]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,139,839]" captionTargetId="figure-677@3.[162,1426,145,825]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Electrophorus tree of life and time of species diversification. Time-calibrated genealogy of Electrophorus based on a maximum clade credibility (MCC) species tree derived from *BEAST2.4 analyses of 10 genes (colored lines) and 94 specimens of Electrophorus (relaxed molecular clock and uncorrelated lognormal model implemented). Purple bars represent 95% highest posterior density distributions for the estimated divergence time of each major node. Voltage measurements made by us are reported below E. electricus (National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 225670, 520 mm TL, Corantijn River, Suriname), E. voltai (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, MPEG 15529; holotype, 1290 mm TL), and E. varii (MPEG 25422; holotype, 1000 mm TL)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443215" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443215/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</figureCitation>
, and 7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="5.[810,1472,727,1430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Maximum size examined specimens
<quantity box="[1223,1323,1296,1318]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7109999999999999" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1711.0">1711 mm</quantity>
TL. Morphometric and meristic data in Supplementary Data 2. Low-voltage EOD duration 1.72 ms, (
<figureCitation box="[1075,1154,1352,1374]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[116,146,880,899]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,140,858]" captionTargetId="figure-707@4.[261,942,514,805]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Ecological Niche Model and electric organ discharges for species of Electrophorus. Species niche models generated by MaxEnt for Greater Amazonia: a Electrophorus electricus (red); b E. varii (yellow); and c E. voltai (blue). d Measurements of voltage of high-voltage EODs, low-voltage EODs waveforms from Sachs organ, and posterior one-third of Hunter's organ (grey lines = individually recorded fish, black lines = averaged waveform for each species). e Nearest-neighbor hierarchical clustering of prominent time-frequency features of the low-voltage Sachs organ EOD from seven individuals of Electrophorus" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443220" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443220/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4d</figureCitation>
), high-voltage EOD 860
<collectionCode box="[1422,1440,1352,1373]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
at
<quantity box="[810,904,1380,1401]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.219" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1219.0">1219 mm</quantity>
TL (
<figureCitation box="[972,1053,1380,1402]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[116,146,880,899]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,140,858]" captionTargetId="figure-707@4.[261,942,514,805]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Ecological Niche Model and electric organ discharges for species of Electrophorus. Species niche models generated by MaxEnt for Greater Amazonia: a Electrophorus electricus (red); b E. varii (yellow); and c E. voltai (blue). d Measurements of voltage of high-voltage EODs, low-voltage EODs waveforms from Sachs organ, and posterior one-third of Hunter's organ (grey lines = individually recorded fish, black lines = averaged waveform for each species). e Nearest-neighbor hierarchical clustering of prominent time-frequency features of the low-voltage Sachs organ EOD from seven individuals of Electrophorus" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443220" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443220/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4d</figureCitation>
),
<emphasis box="[1082,1095,1380,1401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
= 1. For distribution see
<figureCitation box="[1390,1467,1380,1402]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[810,840,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[831,1448,145,1515]" captionTargetId="figure-658@1.[906,1348,589,1515]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1 Sampling localities and gene trees for the three species of Electrophorus. a Map of northern South America showing distributions of sampled records and type localities (indicated by numbers) for three electric eel species: Electrophorus electricus (red dots, 1 = Suriname River, Suriname); E. voltai (blue dots, 2 = Rio Ipitinga, Brazil); and E. varii (yellow dots, 3 = Rio Goiapi, Brazil). Bicolor dots (blue/yellow) indicate sympatric co-occurrence of E. voltai and E. varii. The map was created in ArcGIS (https://www.arcgis.com) with images available at Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data, and HydroSHEDS database. b *BEAST2.4 species tree (top cladogram; 94 specimens:15 E. electricus, 41 E. voltai, 38 E. varii) based on 5 mitochondrial (trees 15; 107 specimens: 19 E. electricus, 43 E. voltai, 45 E. varii) and 5 nuclear genes (610; 94 specimens). Higher shading densities represent areas where the majority of trees agree in topology and branch lengths (posterior probabilities&gt;0.99), while lower densities represent areas of uncertainty (Supplementary Data 1)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443211" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443211/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1a</figureCitation>
; Supplementary Data 1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>