359 lines
35 KiB
XML
359 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2089" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8b02eb69-5eb2-4c32-af83-0f259d4c2772" ID-PMC="PMC3272632" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-165-33" ID-PubMed="22328855" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-165-33" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 165" ModsDocTitle="Description of the species of Dicoelothorax Ashmead (Chalcidoidea, Eucharitidae) and biology of D. platycerus Ashmead" checkinTime="1451249377174" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Torrens, Javier & Heraty, John M." docDate="2012" docId="8124EDE32F7224846C5F2ED52E586503" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 165: 33-46" docOrigin="ZooKeys 165" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2089" docTitle="Dicoelothorax platycerus Ashmead" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="FFEB2741FFFAA56FFFE7FFBE8A10FFA8" masterDocTitle="Description of the species of Dicoelothorax Ashmead (Chalcidoidea, Eucharitidae) and biology of D. platycerus Ashmead" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1668153186417" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Description of the species of Dicoelothorax Ashmead (Chalcidoidea, Eucharitidae) and biology of D. platycerus Ashmead</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Torrens, Javier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Heraty, John M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>165</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>33</mods:start>
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<mods:end>46</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2089</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.165.2089</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-165-33</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152033091" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8124EDE32F7224846C5F2ED52E586503" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8124EDE32F7224846C5F2ED52E586503" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Dicoelothorax_platycerus" authority="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dicoelothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicoelothorax platycerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycerus">Dicoelothorax platycerus Ashmead</taxonomicName>
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Figs 6-31
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dicoelothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicoelothorax platycerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycerus">Dicoelothorax platycerus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Ashmead 1904</bibRefCitation>
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: 470-471;
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<bibRefCitation author="De Santis, L" journalOrPublisher="Provincia de Buenos Aires" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" title="Publicacion Especial de la Comision de Investigaciones cientificas" year="1979">De Santis 1979</bibRefCitation>
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: 107;
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<bibRefCitation author="De Santis, L" journalOrPublisher="Editora da Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" title="Catalogo de los Himenopteros Brasilenos de la Serie Parasitica incluyendo Bethyloidea." year="1980">De Santis 1980</bibRefCitation>
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: 211;
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<bibRefCitation author="Heraty, JM" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 368" title="A revision of the genera of Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the World." volume="68" year="2002">Heraty 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: 130, figs 113-119 (lectotype and paralectotype). Type females in USNM, http://www.chalcidtypes.com/default.asp?Action=Show_Types&Single_Type=True&TypeID=878 [examined]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
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Distinguished from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dicoelothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicoelothorax parviceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parviceps">Dicoelothorax parviceps</taxonomicName>
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by the mesosoma and frenal processes having fine closely-spaced longitudinal striae, closer and more slightly raised in female (Figs 8, 9, 12, 14); dorsal concavity of mesoscutum and scutellum smooth or weakly striate medially (Figs 8, 9); frenal processes in dorsal view widened medially and narrowing only slightly to apex, which is almost the same width as their base and broadly rounded (Figs 8, 9); venation brown; scutellar processes of male yellowish with diffuse black longitudinal band medially and apex black, slightly curved in lateral view, and almost twice as long as scutellum (Figs 12, 14).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
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Figures 6-10.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dicoelothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicoelothorax platycerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycerus">Dicoelothorax platycerus</taxonomicName>
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(female) 6 habitus 7 head and antenna (sublateral) 8 mesosoma (dorsal) 9 scutellum (dorsal) 10 mesosoma (lateral).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
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Female. Length 3.0-4.5 mm. Head, mesosoma, coxae, petiole and Gt1 except distal part black; flagellum, basal
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<normalizedToken originalValue="¾">3/4</normalizedToken>
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of femora, frenal process, distal part of Gt1 and rest of terga brown but with processes sometimes completely black; scape, pedicel and rest of legs and distal limits of terga yellowish (Figs 6, 8, 9). Wings slightly infuscate, venation brown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
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Head 1.4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–1.5×">-1.5x</normalizedToken>
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as broad as high. Frons and face granulate, weakly strigose, with small and scattered setae or without setae (Fig. 7). Eyes separated by 2.3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.7×">-2.7x</normalizedToken>
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their height. Malar space 0.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–1.2×">-1.2x</normalizedToken>
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as long as height of eyes. Antenna with 8 segments; scape 2.4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.8×">-2.8x</normalizedToken>
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as long as broad, slightly broader apically, smooth, with a few scattered setae. Length of flagellum 0.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–0.9×">-0.9x</normalizedToken>
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height of head, basal flagellomere 0.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–1.2×">-1.2x</normalizedToken>
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as long as scape, basal flagellomere ranging from serrate to clavate, following flagellomeres serrate, clava rounded (Fig. 7).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
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Mesosoma. Midlobe of mesoscutum elevated anteriorly, with short, thin, decumbent and scattered setae; striate-rugose on anterior face, sidelobes longitudinally striate
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="38" start="start">,</pageBreakToken>
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modlobe dorsally smooth or weakly striate and concave (Figs 6, 10). Axilla and scutellar disc smooth and concave dorsally, scutellar disc longitudinally striate laterally. SSS weakly crenulate dorsally and deeply invaginated and smooth laterally (Figs 8, 9)
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="39" start="start">.</pageBreakToken>
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In dorsal view, frenal processes widened medially and tapering only slightly to apex, apically almost the same width as their base and broadly rounded, with longitudinal striae slightly marked and closely spaced; processes 3.1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–3.5×">-3.5x</normalizedToken>
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as long as maximum width and 2.4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.7×">-2.7x</normalizedToken>
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as long as scutellum (Figs 6, 8, 9); in profile, curved over gaster. Upper half of mesepisternum and mesepimeron longitudinally striate. Hind coxa semiglobose and elongate, 1.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.1×">-2.1x</normalizedToken>
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as long as broad; with weak longitudinal striae and scattered, thin setae (Fig. 10). Hind femur densely setose. Forewing
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="40" start="start">2.3</pageBreakToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.5×">-2.5x</normalizedToken>
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as long as broad; stigmal vein slender and perpendicular to wing margin, 1.9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.2×">-2.2x</normalizedToken>
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as long as broad; postmarginal vein indistinct and less than half as long as stigmal vein (Fig. 8).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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Metasoma. Petiole 3.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–4.1×">-4.1x</normalizedToken>
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as long as broad, 1.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.0×">-2.0x</normalizedToken>
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as long as hind coxa and 1.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–1.3×">-1.3x</normalizedToken>
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as long as hind femur; Gt1 smooth and without setae (Figs 6, 10).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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Male. Length 3.0-3.8 mm. Similar to female except for following. Antenna brown, frenal processes yellowish with a diffuse black longitudinal band medially and apex black, this band can be extended laterally and covering almost entire surface, or it can be reduced to a narrow medial line (Figs 11, 12, 14); wing venation white, forewing hyaline. Head 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–1.6×">-1.6x</normalizedToken>
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as long as high. Eyes separated by 2.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.4×">-2.4x</normalizedToken>
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their height. Malar space 0.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–0.9×">-0.9x</normalizedToken>
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as height of eyes. Antenna pectinate; scape shorter than female, 1.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–1.9×">-1.9x</normalizedToken>
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as long as broad; basal flagellomere 0.9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–1.0×">-1.0x</normalizedToken>
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as long as height of head, following flagellomeres with branches progressively decreasing in length (Fig. 13). Mesosoma with striae stronger than female, mesoscutal depression rugose (Fig. 12); axilla and scutellar disc narrower than mesoscutum and with longitudinal striae; scutellum with a small depression anterior to union of processes (Figs 12, 14). SSS deeply crenulate dorsally. Frenal processes narrowing toward apex; 3.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–4.4×">-4.4x</normalizedToken>
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as long as maximum width, 1.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.1×">-2.1x</normalizedToken>
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as long as scutellum (Figs 12, 14); in profile, uniformly and slightly curved over gaster. Hind coxa 1.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.1×">-2.1x</normalizedToken>
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as long as broad. Petiole 3.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–4.3×">-4.3x</normalizedToken>
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as long as broad, 1.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.1×">-2.1x</normalizedToken>
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as long as hind coxa. Gaster smaller than female.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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Figures 11-14.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dicoelothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicoelothorax platycerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycerus">Dicoelothorax platycerus</taxonomicName>
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(male) 11 habitus 12 mesosoma (dorsal) 13 head and mesoscutum (lateral) 14 scutellum (dorsal).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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Eggs. Length of egg body 0.18 mm and caudal stalk 0.08 mm (Fig. 19). Undeveloped eggs are whitish and translucent with a smooth chorion, slightly flattened dorsally and convex ventrally, with a caudal stalk that is about half the length of the egg body. The egg is similar to other
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eucharitinae">Eucharitinae</taxonomicName>
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as described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Heraty, JM" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" pagination="309 - 328" title="Comparative morphology of the planidial larvae of Eucharitidae and Perilampidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)." url="doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.1984.tb00056.x" volume="9" year="1984">Heraty and Darling (1984)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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Figures 15-20. Biology and immature stages of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dicoelothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicoelothorax platycerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycerus">Dicoelothorax platycerus</taxonomicName>
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15 habitat 16
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pseudabutilon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudabutilon virgatum" order="Malvales" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virgatum">Pseudabutilon virgatum</taxonomicName>
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17 underside leaf of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pseudabutilon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudabutilon virgatum" order="Malvales" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virgatum">Pseudabutilon virgatum</taxonomicName>
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with eggs 18 magnified area with eggs 19 egg 20 planidium.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="40" type="planidium">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Planidium.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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As described for other
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eucharitinae">Eucharitinae</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Heraty, JM" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" pagination="309 - 328" title="Comparative morphology of the planidial larvae of Eucharitidae and Perilampidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)." url="doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.1984.tb00056.x" volume="9" year="1984">Heraty and Darling (1984)</bibRefCitation>
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, but distinguished as follows: length 0.09 mm, width 0.05 mm (Fig. 20); pleurostomal spine not observed; anterior pair of placoid sensilla connected to lateral margin by single line of weakness, dorsal cranial spines absent; ventral transverse process of cranium fingerlike; tergopleural line (Tp) separating pleural and dorsal tergites present on tergites
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<normalizedToken originalValue="TII–VIII">TII-VIII</normalizedToken>
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; TI and TII fused dorsally, with two pair of small setae dorsally; TIII with one pair of setae ventrally and one pair dorsally; TV with one pair of stout setae ventrally, reaching to TVII; TVI with one pair of stout setae lateral to Tp; TIX entire and with two long lateral processes ventrally reaching to middle of caudal cerci; TXII with lateral processes reaching to almost the middle of caudal cerci; caudal cerci stout (Fig. 20).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" type="pupa">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="40">Pupa.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="7" pageNumber="40">
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Length: 5.4-6.7 mm (Figs 26-31). The pupa are similar to the description by
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<bibRefCitation author="Perez-Lachaud, G" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" pagination="567 - 576" title="Biology and behavior of Kapala (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) attacking Ectatomma, Gnamptogenys, and Pachycondyla (Formicidae: Ectatomminae and Ponerinae) in Chiapas, Mexico." url="doi: 10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[567:BABOKH]2.0.CO;2" volume="99" year="2006 a">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez-Lachaud">Perez-Lachaud</normalizedToken>
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et al. (2006a)
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</bibRefCitation>
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for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Kapala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kapala izapa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="izapa">Kapala izapa</taxonomicName>
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Carmichael, but differ as follows: with blunt conical projections on each sidelobe of mesoscutum (Figs 27, 29); one pair of conical and pointed projections in the axilla; undeveloped frenal processes broad and flattened; gaster with raised ridges along metasomal tergites, the first tergite with lateral and ventral projections, and following segments with dorsal, lateral and ventral
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="41" start="start">projections</pageBreakToken>
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. The larval exuvium was attached to the terminal segments of the gaster (Figs 28, 30, 31). Pupation occurs inside of the ant cocoon (Fig. 26).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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Figures 21-25. Biology and immature stages of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dicoelothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicoelothorax platycerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycerus">Dicoelothorax platycerus</taxonomicName>
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21 nest entrace of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ectatomma brunneum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneum">Ectatomma brunneum</taxonomicName>
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(opening indicated) 22 brood chamber (indicated) 23 brood chamber magnified 24 prepupa parasitized (2nd instar larva indicated and magnified) 25 ant larva parasitized (attached planidium magnified).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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Figures 26-31. Pupae of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dicoelothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicoelothorax platycerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycerus">Dicoelothorax platycerus</taxonomicName>
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26 pupa extracted with ant cocoon (female, lateral) 27 head (female, ventral) 28 pupa in ventral view (female) 29 head (male, ventral) 30 pupa in dorsal view (female) 31 pupa in lateral view (male).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="habitat and location">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Habitat and location.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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Specimens were collected in San Vicente (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Tucumán">Tucuman</normalizedToken>
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, Argentina). In this region it is common to find
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Aspidosperma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco" order="Gentianales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quebracho-blanco">Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco</taxonomicName>
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Schlecht.(Quebracho blanco),
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cassia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cassia" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cassia</taxonomicName>
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,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cercidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cercidium" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cercidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (Brea),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Sagartiidae" genus="Cereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cereus validus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="validus">Cereus validus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Haworth,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Harrisia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Harrisia pomanensis" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pomanensis">Harrisia pomanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F.A.C.Weber) Britton & Rose,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cervantesiaceae" genus="Jodina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Jodina rhombifolia" order="Santalales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhombifolia">Jodina rhombifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hooker et Arnott (Sombra de toro),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Opuntia" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Opuntia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (Tuna, Quimilo), and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Prosopis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prosopis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prosopis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (Algarrobo). This vegetation corresponds to the chaco serrano ecoregion (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Digilio and Legname 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The host plant,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pseudabutilon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudabutilon virgatum" order="Malvales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virgatum">Pseudabutilon virgatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was widely distributed, but the specimens associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dicoelothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicoelothorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dicoelothorax</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected in a forest of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Prosopis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prosopis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prosopis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., 12 meters north of the road (Fig. 15).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="host plant">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Host Plant.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pseudabutilon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudabutilon virgatum" order="Malvales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virgatum">Pseudabutilon virgatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a ligneous shrub that grows not more than 1 m in height, persists year round, and blooms in the humid seasons (spring-summer); its leaves are ovate and marginally serrate and last to the beginning of the cold season (May-June) (Fig. 16).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="host ants">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Host ants.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ectatomma brunneum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneum">Ectatomma brunneum</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers were observed and sampled from under the plants with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dicoelothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicoelothorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dicoelothorax</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In a radius of about 4m, we found three ant nests (H1-H3). The disposition of chambers and general structure of nests are similiar to those observed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lapola, DM" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Zoociencias" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" pagination="177 - 188" title="Arquitetura de ninhos da formiga neotropical Ectatomma brunneum Fr. Smith, 1858 (Formicidae: Ponerinae) em ambientes alterados." volume="5" year="2003">Lapola et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,. Nests had 1 to 3 openings at ground level, without any structure elevated above the surface (Fig. 21). Chambers from which the immature stages were extracted were found at a depth of 10 to 13 cm (Figs 22, 23). In two of those nests we found immature stages of ants and parasitoids; in the other (H3) we only found a chamber with a collection of arthropods suggesting that it was a food cache. Nest H1 contained 17 cocoons and 2 larvae, and nest H2 had 97 larvae and no cocoons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="life history of dicoelothorax platycerus">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Life History of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dicoelothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicoelothorax platycerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycerus">Dicoelothorax platycerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Collections of adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dicoelothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicoelothorax platycerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycerus">Dicoelothorax platycerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pseudabutilon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudabutilon virgatum" order="Malvales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virgatum">Pseudabutilon virgatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and ant nests were made in 2009 (March 12) and 2010 (March 27 and April 3). Females placed in plastic tubes were observed ovipositing on the undersides of the leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pseudabutilon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudabutilon virgatum" order="Malvales" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virgatum">Pseudabutilon virgatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figs 17, 18). A single gravid female oviposited about 40 eggs per 1 mm2 between the spicules forming the pubescence on the underside of leaves (Figs 17, 18). Numerous mites were observed on the leaves, and oviposition under the dense network of spicules appears to be a protection against egg predators. Eggs hatched within 10 days; however, many of the remaining eggs contained mature planidia that did not hatch. First instars (planidia) are very mobile and have a propensity to jump. Larvae presumably attach phoretically to foraging ants under the host plant and get carried back to the ant nest where they attack the ant larvae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Clausen, CP" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" pagination="57 - 69" title="The habits of the Eucharidae." volume="48" year="1941">Clausen 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Of two pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dicoelothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicoelothorax platycerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycerus">Dicoelothorax platycerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
obtained in H1, one male emerged 12 days after the nest was excavated; whereas the other pupa (female) did not emerge (Figs 26-31). The percentage of parasitism ranged from 6.2% in H2 to 21% in H1. In nest H1, 17 cocoons were recovered, with two pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dicoelothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicoelothorax platycerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycerus">Dicoelothorax platycerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(1 female and 1 male) and 2 ant prepupae parasitized by second instars of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dicoelothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicoelothorax platycerus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platycerus">Dicoelothorax platycerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 24). In nest H2, 97 larvae were recovered with 6 parasitized by planidia (Fig. 25).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ectatomma brunneum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneum">Ectatomma brunneum</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reported as the ant host for an unidentified species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Kapala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kapala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kapala</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Eucharitidae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" rank="family">Eucharitidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" rank="tribe" tribe="Eucharitini">Eucharitini</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in French Guiana, (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lachaud, J-P" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" title="Poneromorph Ants Associated with Parasitoid Wasps of the genus Kapala Cameron (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) in French Guiana. Psyche, vol. 2012, Article ID 393486, 6 pages, 2012." url="doi: 10.1155/2012/393486" year="2011">Lachaud et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is noteworthy that the same ant species is the primary host for at least two different eucharitid genera. Similarly,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ectatomma tuberculatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuberculatum">Ectatomma tuberculatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Olivier) can be attacked by three different eucharitid genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Dilocantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dilocantha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dilocantha</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Isomerala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Isomerala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Isomerala</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucharitidae" genus="Kapala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kapala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kapala</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Perez-Lachaud, G" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" title="Eucharitid parasitism of the Neotropical ant Ectatomma tuberculatum: parasitoid co-occurrence, seasonal variation, and multiparasitism. Biotropica 38: 574 - 576." url="doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00169.x" year="2006 b">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez-Lachaud">Perez-Lachaud</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2006b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="material examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
|
||
ARGENTINA. Salta, Tartagal, xii.1971, UCRC_ENT 305490 and UCRC_ENT 305491 (2 males, AMNH). Salta,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Güemes">Gueemes</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 7.ii.1983, UCRC_ENT
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="42" start="start">305492</pageBreakToken>
|
||
(1 female, AMNH); same location and data, UCRC_ENT 305493 (1 male, AMNH). Salta, Cabeza de Buey,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-24.793333">24°47'36"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-64.0325">64°01'57"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 15-16.iii.2007, J.&J. Heraty & J.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Torréns">Torrens</normalizedToken>
|
||
, UCRC_ENT 305494 (1 female, UCRC); same location and data, UCRC_ENT 305495 and UCRC_ENT 305496 (2 males, UCRC); same location and data, UCRC_ENT 305497, UCRC_ENT 305498 and UCRC_ENT 305499 (3 males, IFML). Salta, Cabeza de Buey,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-24.793333">24°47'36"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-64.0325">64°01'57"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 19.ii.2008, P. Fidalgo, UCRC_ENT 305500 (1 female, MACN); same location and data, UCRC_ENT 305501 (1 male, MACN). Salta, Lumbreras,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-25.205278">25°12'19"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-64.90945">64°54'34"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 14.iii.2009, J.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Torréns">Torrens</normalizedToken>
|
||
, UCRC_ENT 305502 (1 female, IFML).
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tucumán">Tucuman</normalizedToken>
|
||
, San Vicente,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-26.426666">26°25'36"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-65.26139">65°15'41"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 12.iii.2009, J.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Torréns">Torrens</normalizedToken>
|
||
, UCRC_ENT 305503 and UCRC_ENT 305504 (2 females, IFML); same location, 27.iii.2010, J.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Torréns">Torrens</normalizedToken>
|
||
, ex. Pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ectatomma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ectatomma</taxonomicName>
|
||
brunneum UCRC_ENT 305505 (1 female, IFML); same location and data, UCRC_ENT 305506 (1 male, IFML); same location, 03.iv.2010, J.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Torréns">Torrens</normalizedToken>
|
||
, ex. pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectatomma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ectatomma brunneum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneum">Ectatomma brunneum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, UCRC_ENT 305507 (1 male, IFML).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |