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168 lines
16 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" ID-PMC="PMC6033956" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-102-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" ID-PubMed="30002597" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1306325" ModsDocID="1314-2003-102-1" checkinTime="1530324112772" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="DeFilipps, Robert A. & Krupnick, Gary A." docDate="2018" docId="77F3E07550F25FA236FF0B842BE0FE8C" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 102: 1-341" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 102" docPubDate="2018-06-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" docTitle="Myristica fragrans Houtt." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" lastPageNumber="126" masterDocId="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" masterDocTitle="The medicinal plants of Myanmar" masterLastPageNumber="341" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="125" updateTime="1668138950833" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The medicinal plants of Myanmar</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>DeFilipps, Robert A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Deceased</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Krupnick, Gary A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1357-4826</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC- 166, Washington, DC, 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">krupnick@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2018-06-28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>102</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>341</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-102-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1306325</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="150769135" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:77F3E07550F25FA236FF0B842BE0FE8C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/77F3E07550F25FA236FF0B842BE0FE8C" lastPageId="125" lastPageNumber="126" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
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<subSubSection pageId="124" pageNumber="125" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
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<taxonomicName LSID="77F3E075-50F2-5FA2-36FF-0B842BE0FE8C" authority="Houtt." authorityName="Houtt." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Myristica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myristica fragrans" order="Magnoliales" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">Myristica fragrans Houtt.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="124" pageNumber="125" type="names">
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<paragraph pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Names.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Myanmar</emphasis>
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:
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">zar-date-hpo</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">zar-pwint</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">English</emphasis>
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: mace, nutmeg.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="125" pageNumber="126" type="range">
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<paragraph pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="125" pageNumber="126" start="start">Range</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="125" pageNumber="126">East Indies. A cultivar that thrives in Tanintharyi Division, Myeik and Mawlamyaing townships; likes hot and humid climates; prefers ravines close to coastal areas.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="125" pageNumber="126" type="conservation status">
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<paragraph pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Conservation status.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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Data Deficient [DD] (
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<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/" refId="B117" refString="IUCN, 2017. IUCN Red List of threatened species. IUCN, Gland. http://www.iucnredlist.org/" title="IUCN Red List of threatened species. IUCN, Gland." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/" year="2017">IUCN 2017</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="125" pageNumber="126" type="uses">
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<paragraph pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Uses.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Myristica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myristica fragrans" order="Magnoliales" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Myristica fragrans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has an astringent, bitter, and hot taste. It is used in preparations for semen control and hemorrhoid relief, and also considered an important component of thway-hsay (literally means "blood medicine"), the traditional blood purification mixture, as well as tonics and medicines for male and female maladies. Unspecified plant parts are taken orally with warm water and sugar for blood purification, indigestion, insomnia, and tumors; with warm water alone, the mixture is used for gas, colic, diarrhea, and menstrual disorders.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Oil</emphasis>
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: Easily digestible and fragrant, nutmeg oil stimulates appetite, increases strength, and controls fevers.
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="M. fragrans" order="Magnoliales" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="fragrans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">M. fragrans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is combined with
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">tha-na-kha</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Limonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Limonia acidissima" order="Sapindales" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acidissima">Limonia acidissima</taxonomicName>
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)
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</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">taungtan-gyi</emphasis>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Premna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Premna integrifolia" order="Lamiales" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integrifolia">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Premna integrifolia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), and turpentine oil for external use in the treatment of tumors.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Fruit</emphasis>
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: Given as a remedy for chronic diarrhea, digestive problems, spleen inflammation, and gas pain.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Seed</emphasis>
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: A paste of ground seeds and honey is eaten to strengthen a weak heart and alleviate male-related dysentery. The paste made with cold water is eaten, licked, or applied all over the body to cure cholera; it is applied to the outer ear to relieve inflammation, and licked to overcome nausea. Seed paste applied topically clears pimples.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="125" pageNumber="126" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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Medicinal uses of this species in India are discussed in
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<bibRefCitation author="Jain, SK" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B50" refString="Jain, SK, DeFilipps, RA, 1991. Medicinal Plants of India. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac." title="Medicinal Plants of India. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac." year="1991">Jain and DeFilipps (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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. Chemical constituents, pharmacological action, and medicinal use of this species in Indian Ayurveda are discussed in detail by
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<bibRefCitation author="Kapoor, LD" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B51" refString="Kapoor, LD, 1990. CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton." title="CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton." year="1990">Kapoor (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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. Indigenous medicinal uses of this species in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) are described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Dagar, JC" journalOrPublisher="Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B27" refString="Dagar, JC, Singh, NT, 1999. Plant Resources of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Enumeration and Utilisation of Vascular Plants). Vol. II. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 281-987." title="Plant Resources of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Enumeration and Utilisation of Vascular Plants). Vol. II. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 281 - 987." year="1999">Dagar and Singh (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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. Medicinal uses of this species in China are discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Duke, JA" journalOrPublisher="Lipid / Fett" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B34" refString="Duke, JA, Ayensu, ES, 1985. Medicinal Plants of China. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc., Algonac." title="Medicinal Plants of China. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc., Algonac." year="1985">Duke and Ayensu (1985)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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The medicinal uses of this plant in the Caribbean region, as well as its chemistry, biological activity, toxicity and dosages, are discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Germosen-Robineau, L" journalOrPublisher=".. y Tienen Faxones y Fabas Muy Diversos de Los Nuestros ... '' Origin, Evolution and Diversity of Cuban Plant Genetic Resources, Vol. 1. Institut fuer Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B40" refString="Germosen-Robineau, L, 1997. Farmacopea Vegetal Caribena, (1st edn). Ediciones Emile Desormeaux, Fort-de-France." title="Farmacopea Vegetal Caribena, (1 st edn). Ediciones Emile Desormeaux, Fort-de-France." year="1997">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Germosén-Robineau">Germosen-Robineau</normalizedToken>
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(1997)
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</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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Traditional medicinal uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological activity of this species are discussed by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-237-1" author="Ross, IA" journalOrPublisher="Drug Development Research" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B99" refString="Ross, IA, 2001. Medicinal Plants of the World, Volume 2: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Uses. Humana Press, Totowa. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-237-1" title="Medicinal Plants of the World, Volume 2: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Uses. Humana Press, Totowa." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-237-1" year="2001">Ross (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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. A pharmacognostical profile including medicinal uses of this plant in Africa is given in
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<bibRefCitation author="Iwu, MM" journalOrPublisher="African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B48" refString="Iwu, MM, 1993. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida." title="Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida." year="1993">Iwu (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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. Details of the active chemical compounds, effects, herbal usage, and pharmacological literature of this plant are noted in
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<bibRefCitation author="Fleming, T" journalOrPublisher="ARS Pharmaceutica" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B36" refString="Fleming, T, 2000. PDR for Herbal Medicines (2nd edn). Medical Economics Company, Montvale." title="PDR for Herbal Medicines (2 nd edn). Medical Economics Company, Montvale." year="2000">Fleming (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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. Worldwide medicinal usage, chemical composition and toxicity of this species are discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Duke, JA" journalOrPublisher="Lipid / Fett" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B32" refString="Duke, JA, 1986. CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida." title="CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida." year="1986">Duke (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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Nutmeg contains myristicin, a hallucinogenic substance that is dangerous when ingested in large amounts (fewer than three seeds). One product of the fruits and flowers of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Myristica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myristica fragrans" order="Magnoliales" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Myristica fragrans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is nutmeg oil, which causes convulsions after being ingested and has hypnotic activity from the chemical isolemicin; fruits and leaves also contain the reputedly psychotomimetic compound myristicin, borneol which affects the central nervous system, and the low grade hepatocarcinogen known as safrole (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lan, CG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural Products" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B63" refString="Lan, CG, Chang, S, Keat, GCK, Leng, HGK, Yee, HK, 1998. A Guide to Toxic Plants of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore." title="A Guide to Toxic Plants of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore." year="1998">Lan et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
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). The grated or powdered seed is the source of nutmeg, and the aril provides the source of mace.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="125" pageNumber="126" type="references">
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<paragraph pageId="125" pageNumber="126">References.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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<bibRefCitation author="Agricultural Corporation" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="171" pageNumber="172" refId="B3" refString="Agricultural Corporation, 1980. Burmese Medicinal Plants. Agricultural Corporation, Rangoon. [In Burmese]" title="Burmese Medicinal Plants. Agricultural Corporation, Rangoon. [In Burmese]" year="1980">Agricultural Corporation (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Ministry of Health" journalOrPublisher="Phytomedicine" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B75" refString="Ministry of Health, 2001. Resources of Myanmar Traditional Medicine. [Published in Myanmar]" title="Resources of Myanmar Traditional Medicine. [Published in Myanmar]" year="2001">Ministry of Health (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |