281 lines
29 KiB
XML
281 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="11161C2F8FF896530FADAC38576DE89F" ID-CLB-Dataset="20879" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3821.3.9" ID-GBIF-Dataset="26f48ebf-210f-41cf-aa04-1a7af767ae8e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4920146" ID-ZooBank="5640973D-C2B7-4D8F-BC5C-7460FBE59A0B" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623273979335" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Slager, David L. & Klicka, John" docDate="2014" docId="6A6C4D4CFFE4E6140B87684853E56A7A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03821p400.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3821 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Spizelloides Slager & Klicka 2014, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="399" masterDocId="96553534FFE5E6150B10692F53186E03" masterDocTitle="A new genus for the American Tree Sparrow (Aves: Passeriformes: Passerellidae)" masterLastPageNumber="400" masterPageNumber="398" pageNumber="399" updateTime="1699008627297" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods id="BBFF64FA4EE9454298766BA5F253E3F6" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E201B6C7FD959ABA094FC6CA2686C765">
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<mods:title id="445C409FEB45E04875FAF9AD82FB5057">A new genus for the American Tree Sparrow (Aves: Passeriformes: Passerellidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="15CABF600BBB8471DE1EC3E398594B6B" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="17C1BBFAA02042ADDA3330ADEF682732">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="BA0CF3A61DFF9E060471CFAC9B26D4F3">Slager, David L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3C3D55EFF6762F72D8399453A9EB4657">Department of Biology & Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="FE271027527D866822BA467B495EDA20" type="email">slager@uw.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="AC61DCAB6729DDB139C82C2243B39507" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="2221268D9B71EC2BFF4344196693D47C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="6FF418E63410EF6929593DB3E2A9E8BB">Klicka, John</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E97DA0E12BBB9618C4210CDE5667C57F">Department of Biology & Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D0A83A83697A536D74F8F2F39D6666F4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4AD640BD34C253B9522EA3EB7FAE9E20">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="AC22D67D3F1E86C127C22E7789734C61">
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<mods:date id="0EB96B86709196BFDAACFF9D153FABC2">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="C6DD5B44EE4408EEE6DC43CEAF4E8BBA" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="2EDACB3E03A13585E8EAD08AF9167610">2014-06-23</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="6BF52930B1E3394D40098CDDC47D77B6" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="D7ABC7CCB1E4FB1F8208725378B17196">3821</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="8573B264885ACC6D6FFB40D808769783" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="942ED5FD75CC3C1685802A143ED097BF">3</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="FF9CAD7DB302D36674A20615CC87E76E">398</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="643735F8BB65A545467942DA95E383A0">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="FC573C5DE36DA0B04D305697CF1CF910" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3821.3.9</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6A6C4D4CFFE4E6140B87684853E56A7A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6130773" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192929839" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6130773" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6A6C4D4CFFE4E6140B87684853E56A7A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A6C4D4CFFE4E6140B87684853E56A7A" lastPageNumber="399" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">
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<subSubSection id="AADFAFD1FFE4E6140B87684852916F7C" box="[151,393,359,383]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E27AFC5AFFE4E6140B87684852916F7C" blockId="1.[151,393,359,383]" box="[151,393,359,383]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">
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<heading id="B9324B36FFE4E6140B87684852916F7C" bold="true" box="[151,393,359,383]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140B87684852916F7C" bold="true" box="[151,393,359,383]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">
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||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140B87684852076F7C" bold="true" box="[151,287,359,383]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">
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<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140B87684852016F7C" authority="Slager & Klicka, 2014" authorityName="Slager & Klicka" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,281,359,383]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizelloides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Spizelloides</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB829D33FFE4E6140A34684752916F7C" box="[292,393,360,383]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="AADFAFD1FFE4E6140B87688257426FE4" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" type="type_taxon">
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||
<paragraph id="E27AFC5AFFE4E6140B87688250736FC7" blockId="1.[151,1436,429,1145]" box="[151,875,429,452]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">
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||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140B87688252336FC7" box="[151,299,429,452]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140B876882523B6FC7" bold="true" box="[151,291,429,452]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">
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||
<typeStatus id="3D7E42F8FFE4E6140B87688253D76FC7" box="[151,207,429,452]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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||
</emphasis>
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||
.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140A216882515B6FC7" authority="Wilson" authorityName="Wilson" box="[305,579,429,452]" class="Aves" family="Fringillidae" genus="Fringilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arborea">
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||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140A21688252F56FC7" box="[305,493,429,452]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Fringilla arborea</emphasis>
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||
Wilson
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, currently
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||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E61409A46882507C6FC7" box="[692,868,429,452]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arborea">
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<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E61409A46882507C6FC7" box="[692,868,429,452]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Spizella arborea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="E27AFC5AFFE4E6140BD768FF57426FE4" blockId="1.[151,1436,429,1145]" box="[199,1114,464,487]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">
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||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140BD768FF52906FE4" bold="true" box="[199,392,464,487]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" reason="1">Included species.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140A9E68FF51D56FE4" authority="(Wilson)" authorityName="Slager & Klicka" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Slager & Klicka" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[398,717,464,487]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizelloides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arborea" status="comb. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140A9E68FF51706FE4" box="[398,616,464,487]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Spizelloides arborea</emphasis>
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||
(Wilson)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E61409C468FF505F6FE4" box="[724,839,464,487]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB829D33FFE4E61409C468FF505F6FE4" box="[724,839,464,487]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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, American Tree Sparrow.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="AADFAFD1FFE4E6140BD768DD51E96DAA" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="E27AFC5AFFE4E6140BD768DD51E96DAA" blockId="1.[151,1436,429,1145]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">
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||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140BD768DD52236C0A" box="[199,315,498,521]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140BD768DD522C6C0A" bold="true" box="[199,308,498,521]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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||
.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
Distinguished from all extant species of
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<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E614081568DD50416C0A" box="[773,857,498,521]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E614081568DD50416C0A" box="[773,857,498,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Spizella</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E614087A68DD50C26C0A" box="[874,986,498,521]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Passerella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E614087A68DD50C26C0A" box="[874,986,498,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Passerella</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E61408FA68DD57326C0A" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1831" box="[1002,1066,498,521]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Junco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E61408FA68DD57326C0A" box="[1002,1066,498,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Junco</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, and
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||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140F7A68DD57F06C0A" box="[1130,1256,498,521]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Zonotrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140F7A68DD57F06C0A" box="[1130,1256,498,521]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Zonotrichia</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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by (1) a yellow lower mandible contrasting with a black upper mandible and (2) strongly divergent molecular characters (
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<bibRefCitation id="865481ABFFE4E6140E036B3A53C96C4C" author="Klicka, J. & Barker, F. K. & Burns, K. J. & Lanyon, S. M. & Lovette, I. J. & Chaves, J. A. & Bryson, R. W. Jr." pageId="1" pageNumber="399" pagination="177 - 182" refId="ref1917" refString="Klicka, J., Barker, F. K., Burns, K. J., Lanyon, S. M., Lovette, I. J., Chaves, J. A. & Bryson, R. W. Jr. (2014) A comprehensive multilocus assessment of sparrow (Family Passerellidae) relationships. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 77, 177 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2014.04.025" type="journal article" year="2014">
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||
Klicka
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||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140E756B3A56846C2F" box="[1381,1436,533,556]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2014
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Further distinguished from the six species of
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<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E614081C6B1750636C4C" box="[780,891,568,591]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E614081C6B1750786C4C" box="[780,864,568,591]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Spizella</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E614086B6B1757746C4C" authority="(Cabanis)" baseAuthorityName="Cabanis" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[891,1132,568,591]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrogularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E614086B6B1750EA6C4C" box="[891,1010,568,591]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">atrogularis</emphasis>
|
||
(Cabanis)
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140F906B1756256C4C" authority="(Cassin)" baseAuthorityName="Cassin" box="[1152,1341,568,591]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="breweri">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140F906B1757CA6C4C" box="[1152,1234,568,591]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">breweri</emphasis>
|
||
(Cassin)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140E406B17520B6C72" authority="(Swainson)" baseAuthorityName="Swainson" baseAuthorityYear="1832" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pallida">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140E406B1756836C4C" box="[1360,1435,568,591]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">pallida</emphasis>
|
||
(Swainson)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140A336B75510C6C72" authority="(Bechstein)" baseAuthorityName="Bechstein" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[291,532,602,625]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="passerina">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140A336B7552936C72" box="[291,395,602,625]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">passerina</emphasis>
|
||
(Bechstein)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E61409346B7551C16C72" authority="(Wilson)" baseAuthorityName="Wilson" box="[548,729,602,625]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pusilla">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E61409346B7551756C72" box="[548,621,602,625]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">pusilla</emphasis>
|
||
(Wilson)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E614080C6B7550EE6C72" authority="(Ridgway)" baseAuthorityName="Ridgway" box="[796,1014,602,625]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wortheni">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E614080C6B7550636C72" box="[796,891,602,625]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">wortheni</emphasis>
|
||
(Ridgway)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—by (1) distinctive plumage features including rufous crown, rufous postocular stripe, and pale gray underparts with a dark central breast spot; (2) larger size on average (wing chord
|
||
<quantity id="253D51BFFFE4E6140A8B6B8F51096CB4" box="[411,529,672,695]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.45" metricValueMax="8.2" metricValueMin="6.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" unit="mm" value="74.5" valueMax="82.0" valueMin="67.0">67–82 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity id="253D51BFFFE4E61409556B8F51A46CB4" box="[581,700,672,695]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" metricValueMax="7.4" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" unit="mm" value="67.0" valueMax="74.0" valueMin="60.0">60–74 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="865481ABFFE4E61409D66B8F502E6CB4" author="Pyle, P." box="[710,822,672,695]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" refId="ref2197" refString="Pyle, P. (1997) Identification guide to North American birds, Part I. Slate Creek Press, Bolinas, California, 732 pp." type="book" year="1997">Pyle 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and (3) lateroventral process (LP) of the laterosphenoid 0.8–1.3 times the length of the zygomatic process (ZP) and with a wide, flat tip (vs. LP short (0.1–0.4 times the length of the ZP) in five species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140AB66BCA52E26CFF" box="[422,506,741,764]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140AB66BCA52E26CFF" box="[422,506,741,764]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Spizella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E61409196BCA519A6CFF" box="[521,642,741,764]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wortheni">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E61409196BCA519A6CFF" box="[521,642,741,764]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">S. wortheni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
not examined;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="865481ABFFE4E61408366BCA570B6CFF" author="Patten, M. A. & Fugate, M." box="[806,1043,741,764]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" pagination="412 - 424" refId="ref2118" refString="Patten, M. A. & Fugate, M. (1998) Systematic relationships among the emberizid sparrows. The Auk, 115, 412 - 424. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 4089200" type="journal article" year="1998">Patten & Fugate 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Further told from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140FF36BCA568E6CFF" baseAuthorityName="Merrem" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[1251,1430,741,764]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Passerella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iliaca">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140FF36BCA568E6CFF" box="[1251,1430,741,764]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Passerella iliaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, its sister taxon according to the most complete molecular phylogeny (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="865481ABFFE4E61408BF6A27579C6D1C" author="Klicka, J. & Barker, F. K. & Burns, K. J. & Lanyon, S. M. & Lovette, I. J. & Chaves, J. A. & Bryson, R. W. Jr." box="[943,1156,776,799]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" pagination="177 - 182" refId="ref1917" refString="Klicka, J., Barker, F. K., Burns, K. J., Lanyon, S. M., Lovette, I. J., Chaves, J. A. & Bryson, R. W. Jr. (2014) A comprehensive multilocus assessment of sparrow (Family Passerellidae) relationships. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 77, 177 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2014.04.025" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Klicka
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140F146A2757276D1C" box="[1028,1087,776,799]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), by plumage characters, including a conspicuous lack of dense, dark streaking or spotting on the underparts. Separated from all extant species of
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140B876A6252376D67" box="[151,303,845,868]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140B876A62520C6D67" box="[151,276,845,868]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Zonotrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Zonotrichia</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140A3F6A62510B6D67" authority="(Gmelin)" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" box="[303,531,845,868]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Zonotrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricapilla">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140A3F6A6252846D67" box="[303,412,845,868]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">atricapilla</emphasis>
|
||
(Gmelin)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E614093F6A6250116D67" authority="(Gmelin)" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" box="[559,777,845,868]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Zonotrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albicollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E614093F6A62518A6D67" box="[559,658,845,868]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">albicollis</emphasis>
|
||
(Gmelin)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E61408346A6250F76D67" authority="(Muller)" baseAuthorityName="Muller" box="[804,1007,845,868]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Zonotrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E61408346A6250986D67" box="[804,896,845,868]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">capensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Müller)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140F1B6A6257EC6D67" authority="(Forster)" baseAuthorityName="Forster" box="[1035,1268,845,868]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Zonotrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucophrys">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140F1B6A6257986D67" box="[1035,1152,845,868]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">leucophrys</emphasis>
|
||
(Forster)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140E596A6253E96D84" authority="(Nuttall)" baseAuthorityName="Nuttall" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Zonotrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="querula">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140E596A6256846D67" box="[1353,1436,845,868]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">querula</emphasis>
|
||
(Nuttall)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—and
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140A2B6A5F52EC6D84" box="[315,500,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140A2B6A5F52636D84" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1831" box="[315,379,880,903]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Junco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Junco</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140A856A5F52EC6D84" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[405,500,880,903]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Junco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hyemalis">hyemalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E61409126A5F51FC6D84" authority="(Wagler)" baseAuthorityName="Wagler" box="[514,740,880,903]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Junco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phaeonotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E61409126A5F51656D84" box="[514,637,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">phaeonotus</emphasis>
|
||
(Wagler)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E614080D6A5F50C66D84" authority="(Boucard)" baseAuthorityName="Boucard" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[797,990,880,903]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Junco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulcani">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E614080D6A5F50736D84" box="[797,875,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">vulcani</emphasis>
|
||
(Boucard)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—species by rufous crown and, in adults, a combination of dark iris and dorsal plumage streaking.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AADFAFD1FFE4E6140BD76A9A51446DEC" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E27AFC5AFFE4E6140BD76A9A51446DEC" blockId="1.[151,1436,429,1145]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140BD76A9A524A6DCF" box="[199,338,949,972]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140BD76A9A52536DCF" bold="true" box="[199,331,949,972]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Description</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140A4E6A9A51276DCF" authorityName="Slager & Klicka" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Slager & Klicka" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[350,575,949,972]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizelloides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arborea">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140A4E6A9A51276DCF" box="[350,575,949,972]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Spizelloides arborea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is well known and many descriptions have been published elsewhere (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="865481ABFFE4E6140B876AF7522E6DEC" author="Ridgway, R." box="[151,310,984,1007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" refId="ref2225" refString="Ridgway, R. (1901) The Birds of North and Middle America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 50, Part 1, 1 - 715 + i - xx. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.50. i" type="book" year="1901">Ridgway 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="865481ABFFE4E6140A516AF752CD6DEC" author="Naugler, C. T." box="[321,469,984,1007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" refId="ref2045" refString="Naugler, C. T. (1993) American Tree Sparrow (Spizella arborea). In: Poole, A. (Ed.), The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. Available from: http: // bna. birds. cornell. edu / bna / species / 037 / articles / introduction (accessed 11 June 2014)" type="url" year="1993">Naugler 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="865481ABFFE4E6140AF16AF751486DEC" author="Pyle, P." box="[481,592,984,1007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" refId="ref2197" refString="Pyle, P. (1997) Identification guide to North American birds, Part I. Slate Creek Press, Bolinas, California, 732 pp." type="book" year="1997">Pyle 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AADFAFD1FFE4E6140BD76AD553E56A7A" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="E27AFC5AFFE4E6140BD76AD553E56A7A" blockId="1.[151,1436,429,1145]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140BD76AD552506A12" bold="true" box="[199,328,1018,1041]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" reason="1">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The generic epithet
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E61409346AD551BB6A12" authorityName="Slager & Klicka" authorityYear="2014" box="[548,675,1018,1041]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizelloides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E61409346AD551BB6A12" box="[548,675,1018,1041]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Spizelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is formed from the sparrow genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140F0C6AD557696A12" box="[1052,1137,1018,1041]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140F0C6AD557696A12" box="[1052,1137,1018,1041]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Spizella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Greek suffix
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140E4B6AD556836A12" box="[1371,1435,1018,1041]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">-oidēs</emphasis>
|
||
(resembling;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="865481ABFFE4E6140A366D3252A96A37" author="Brown, R. W." box="[294,433,1053,1076]" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" refId="ref1648" refString="Brown, R. W. (1956) Composition of Scientific Words. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 882 pp." type="book" year="1956">Brown 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The name alludes to the evolutionary convergence in plumage, morphology, and behavior that led to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140A056D6F52EC6A54" authorityName="Slager & Klicka" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="Slager & Klicka" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[277,500,1088,1111]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizelloides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arborea">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140A056D6F52EC6A54" box="[277,500,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Spizelloides arborea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being considered a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E61409CC6D6F50286A54" box="[732,816,1088,1111]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E61409CC6D6F50286A54" box="[732,816,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Spizella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sparrow for many years. The gender of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25C587D9FFE4E6140E106D6F56676A54" authorityName="Slager & Klicka" authorityYear="2014" box="[1280,1407,1088,1111]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Spizelloides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B12048FFE4E6140E106D6F56676A54" box="[1280,1407,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="399">Spizelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is feminine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |