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<mods:title id="39E192E40786999A87C3642780322334">A review of Timandra Duponchel, 1829 from China, with description of seven new species (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="1AC5E3D6C9CB753D6A009B35B504778E" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154472280" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1AC5E3D6C9CB753D6A009B35B504778E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1AC5E3D6C9CB753D6A009B35B504778E" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
<subSubSection id="C0971A32999031DD6683A11CBDF5EDD5" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="248B4B456EF414BCA2A44E17D553F517" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="224F5D2B2AD5126BD74860E216537F7E" ID-CoL="56YVY" authority="Walker, 1861" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Timandra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timandra extremaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extremaria">Timandra extremaria Walker, 1861</taxonomicName>
Figs 17, 35, 58, 73
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="3F839542360B27E2A40854F05A6065BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="EC6BC19200568EF325D7D0D28D3D1362" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="1915DD6DAEBFCB71A73B05B06F12A8B9" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Timandra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timandra extremaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extremaria">Timandra extremaria</taxonomicName>
Walker, 1861: 801. Holotype ♂, N China (NHM).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="344A564441AF73E1C67EBEF79B2B8877" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="1C77CC93C263D2D87F9AD379878997E4" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Timandra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timandra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Timandra</taxonomicName>
?
<taxonomicName id="96AE567D659C41A6F9303FCD6249CA75" family="Geometridae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="sordidaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="sordidaria">sordidaria</taxonomicName>
Walker, 1863: 1615 (N China).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="14634F4B20CAC0E2AD3B88AD0B92D9C3" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="E0F158E076BA6C5C95CC83A095C16772" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Calothysanis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calothysanis extremaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="extremaria">Calothysanis extremaria</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="D53D2C00D577AFD169020BD134632767" author="Prout, LB" journalOrPublisher="Junk, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" title="Geometridae: subfamilia Sterrhinae. In: Strand E (Ed.) Lepidopterorum Catalogus 61, 63, 68. W." year="1934">Prout 1934</bibRefCitation>
: 57.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="13565DA6D6BAA41FF0C77BB235A3505A" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="E2245814C5C641F2617908B3079F5EEA" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Calothysanis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calothysanis extremaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="extremaria" subSpecies="xenophyes">Calothysanis extremaria xenophyes</taxonomicName>
Prout, 1935: 29, pl. 4, fig. c.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CFD7029AF5DCB24E1FF34F8DF71558D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="374991319123EFAFFC662931D203088F" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="244C83D8FA592C64D91005923DD33A92" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
This species,
<taxonomicName id="CE3789E34A1A74601BB5692E60BBD6A5" lsidName="T. robusta" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="robusta">T. robusta</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0E0A4A5AF9F825547363B8895B469E4D" lsidName="T. stueningi" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="stueningi">T. stueningi</taxonomicName>
differ from its congeners by the following characters: the frons is fully protruded; the postmedial lines of both two wings form black spots on the veins. In the male genitalia, the tip of the uncus is flat and the socii are absent.
<taxonomicName id="790D09B3901D4A95D01C67DB5B2FACAF" lsidName="T. extremaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="extremaria">T. extremaria</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="084BBBDFCDE795F128FD7EE14A18306E" lsidName="T. robusta" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="robusta">T. robusta</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="223119E19BB0F466E0FB8A91B4AF0A8C" lsidName="T. stueningi" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="stueningi">T. stueningi</taxonomicName>
by the following characters: the forewing is shorter and broader in
<taxonomicName id="79600A6E5101380647E9FD2ADAFAB899" lsidName="T. stueningi" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="stueningi">T. stueningi</taxonomicName>
than in
<taxonomicName id="EB2CF364C3BAE3EDDDBA3D9FF2230F78" lsidName="T. extremaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="extremaria">T. extremaria</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1CD24B15CD2CE14AF6F59D4926B26DB6" lsidName="T. robusta" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="robusta">T. robusta</taxonomicName>
; the outer margin of the forewing is straighter in
<taxonomicName id="D66200693430247BA15BAAF92E384C77" lsidName="T. stueningi" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="stueningi">T. stueningi</taxonomicName>
than in
<taxonomicName id="5A5C90CB2B258944E7C49A54777255F3" lsidName="T. extremaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="extremaria">T. extremaria</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="38FFE2F4D0EA6D0ED42FB68E47E4688D" lsidName="T. robusta" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="robusta">T. robusta</taxonomicName>
; the colour of the frons is blackish-brown with reddish pigmentation in
<taxonomicName id="5E533D8663CFCE49CF02176E55DD2D7B" lsidName="T. extremaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="extremaria">T. extremaria</taxonomicName>
, but without reddish pigmentation in
<taxonomicName id="59E0F079156EF7D33A850FADADFD2A01" lsidName="T. robusta" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="robusta">T. robusta</taxonomicName>
. In the male genitalia, the uncus of
<taxonomicName id="1F1A8861AE84FF7E698A0BA8F31E723E" lsidName="T. robusta" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="robusta">T. robusta</taxonomicName>
is shorter and stouter than that of
<taxonomicName id="BD87A28171BB9EA45050D76147C36497" lsidName="T. extremaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="extremaria">T. extremaria</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="CF8FB8B8EC622BD18E9682DD6FED14A7" lsidName="T. stueningi" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="stueningi">T. stueningi</taxonomicName>
, the basal half in
<taxonomicName id="9F087C40A41EBC83B1E05BCEFA6E4CD1" lsidName="T. stueningi" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="stueningi">T. stueningi</taxonomicName>
is narrower than in
<taxonomicName id="3E759642D094B5FACEF3B39280A54D5C" lsidName="T. extremaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="extremaria">T. extremaria</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="15F5E5398FFB541DD186688D4BBDB02A" lsidName="T. robusta" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="robusta">T. robusta</taxonomicName>
; a pair of spurs are present on the inner side of the tegumen in
<taxonomicName id="A2E78E3345A9ED78212569CFEE4E17FE" lsidName="T. robusta" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="robusta">T. robusta</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="694A78DA1199FB447A48AC10A1849258" lsidName="T. stueningi" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="stueningi">T. stueningi</taxonomicName>
, while they are absent in
<taxonomicName id="55C30D5A8FDA2C8E1A9F470474AAD2E5" lsidName="T. extremaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="extremaria">T. extremaria</taxonomicName>
, but in
<taxonomicName id="0F624B184EF80B6D9F8FB1FB9E38AF85" lsidName="T. stueningi" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="stueningi">T. stueningi</taxonomicName>
, the spurs are longer than those in
<taxonomicName id="F8188F3DAC5BFB4635E956E07D4783E0" lsidName="T. robusta" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="robusta">T. robusta</taxonomicName>
; a triangular process is present at the central part of the valvula in
<taxonomicName id="DADFA21205969731F9D0F2831A816393" lsidName="T. extremaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="extremaria">T. extremaria</taxonomicName>
, but it is absent in
<taxonomicName id="8697E2386DABB766A5D37937378741F0" lsidName="T. robusta" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="robusta">T. robusta</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D49AA4AA5544A4C8F03F76CC3BC37654" lsidName="T. stueningi" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="stueningi">T. stueningi</taxonomicName>
; the apex of the sacculus is more acute in
<taxonomicName id="D9FD209BD4DF417835A120D68DB54409" lsidName="T. extremaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="extremaria">T. extremaria</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="42907E2587EF2D894F7C924A27B14CCB" lsidName="T. stueningi" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="stueningi">T. stueningi</taxonomicName>
than in
<taxonomicName id="1484DEC927F02EC0B638E76C770F14CE" lsidName="T. robusta" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="robusta">T. robusta</taxonomicName>
; the middle process on the ventral margin of the valvula is triangular in
<taxonomicName id="5BD176C9567162684D403119D4D6FF6A" lsidName="T. extremaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="extremaria">T. extremaria</taxonomicName>
, but digitiform in
<taxonomicName id="7C4D0E53450C003E7851765E26D36B50" lsidName="T. robusta" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="robusta">T. robusta</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="2971817D2A5DB57059093B627829D552" lsidName="T. stueningi" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="stueningi">T. stueningi</taxonomicName>
; the vesica is more strongly sclerotized in
<taxonomicName id="42D6161AB2E1DEAC539F44AB985028CB" lsidName="T. extremaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="extremaria">T. extremaria</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="146DBE61DCD1284839CF8DB20F93A48B" lsidName="T. stueningi" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="stueningi">T. stueningi</taxonomicName>
than in
<taxonomicName id="B95E9F68EDED5B7BBB04A9C9F7F2FB65" lsidName="T. robusta" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="robusta">T. robusta</taxonomicName>
. In the female genitalia, the ductus bursae of
<taxonomicName id="A0A47273723E5FABF8A9065D89869748" lsidName="T. extremaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="extremaria">T. extremaria</taxonomicName>
is broader than that of
<taxonomicName id="725A981572C9B6D05DBBC583695025EE" lsidName="T. stueningi" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="stueningi">T. stueningi</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D4BDF42A533AFBE8188127DC0984D622" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="77AE8D3A746047B6D3A4B23D4E5CF711" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="71A2F8C0155D41238888C57B6B5EC391" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
CHINA: 1♂, holotype of
<taxonomicName id="CFE1E99E057C2A84D588BCD4AA3CEC97" lsidName="T. extremaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="extremaria">T. extremaria</taxonomicName>
, N. China, 54.8 (NHM). 1♂, holotype of
<taxonomicName id="CF1A0D12824DB6629AC1D028C9B09756" lsidName="T. sordidaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="sordidaria">T. sordidaria</taxonomicName>
, N. China (NHM). Shaanxi (IZCAS): 1♀, Ningshan, Huoditang, 4.VIII.1979, coll. Han Yinheng; 1♂, Ningshan, Guanghujie conservation area 1189 m, 26-28.VII.2014, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang; 1♀, Ziyang, 21.VI.1976, coll. Ma Wenzhen. Gansu (IZCAS): 2♂, Wenxian,
<normalizedToken id="85C4A61DB8DD22AD66EC3CFE2FFD81BB" originalValue="VIIX">VI-IX</normalizedToken>
.2002, coll. Wang Hongjian; 1♀, Wenxian, Fanba, 800 m, 26.VI.1998, coll. Zhang Xuezhong; 1♀, Wenxian, Bikou, 620 m, 15-16.VIII.2014, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang; 2♂, Wenxian,
<normalizedToken id="287F27CC09F79D74DA519CD182CE8568" originalValue="VIIX">VI-IX</normalizedToken>
.2002, coll. Wang Hongjian; 1♂, Bikou, Bifenggou, 720 m, 8-10.VIII.2016, coll. Cheng Rui and Jiang Shan. Shanghai (IZCAS): 8♂3♀, 15.VI.1930, 21.VI.1933, 5-23.VIII.1933, 7.VI.1934, 17, 19.V. 1935, coll. O. Piel and A. Savio. Anhui (IZCAS): 1♀, Sucheng, 9.VIII.1955. Zhejiang (IZCAS): 3♂,
<normalizedToken id="732723DCBDD6D8A789F03A1AFAA52AAE" originalValue="Linan">Lin'an</normalizedToken>
, West Tianmu Shan, 400 m, 2003.VII.26-27, coll. Xue Dayong; 1♀, Hangzhou, 20.X.1980, coll. Zhang Bailin; 1♂, Tianmu Shan, Longyuan Shanzhuang, 10.V.1998, coll. Xia Weizheng; 10♂3♀, West Tianmu Shan, 30.
<normalizedToken id="311950ED7D22B7072A6208C2BCF6A21D" originalValue="VII">VII-</normalizedToken>
1.VIII.1972, 20-24.VII.1973, 17.X.1980, coll. Zhang Bailin et al.; 4♂,
<normalizedToken id="07FE136A78FADB000D20170FFA105887" originalValue="Linan">Lin'an</normalizedToken>
, West Tianmu Shan, 400 m, 26-27.VII.2003, coll. Xue Dayong; 1♀, Chekiang, Chusan (Zhoushan), 27.VII.1931, coll. O. Piel; 3♂, Tianmu Shan, 7-10.VII.2007, coll. You Ping (loaned from insect specimen room of Nankai University). Hubei (IZCAS): 4♂, Yunxi, Guanyinzhen, 289-305 m, 4-5.VIII.2014, coll. Liu Shuxian; 1♂1♀, Xingshan, Longmenhe, 730-1260 m, 22-23.VI.1993, coll. Huang Runzhi et al.; 1♂, Xingshan, Xiaohekou, 700 m, 11.V.1994, coll. Li Wenzhu. Hunan (IZCAS): 1♂, Heng Shan, 1980; 1♂1♀, Hengyang, Nanyue Linchang, 28.VI.1980, 3.X.1980, coll. Li Jutao et al.; 1♂, Nanyue, Shumuyuan, 12.VII.1980, coll. Li Jutao; 1♂1♀, Hengyang, Nantaisi, 24-25.VIII.1980, coll. Liu Yili et al.; 1♂, Zhangjiajie, 11.X.1988; 1♂, Guzhang, Gaowangjie, 850 m, 29.VII.1988, coll. Chen Yixin; 1♂2♀, Heng Shan, 21-29.VIII.1979, coll. Zhang Baolin; 1♀, Fenghuang Xiancheng, 362 m, 25.IX.2015, coll. Yao Jian; 1♀, Fenghuang, Nanhua Shan, 456 m, 26.IX.2015, coll. Zhao Kaidong; 1♀, Shimen, Huping Shan, Nanping, Maozhuhe, 320 m, 15-17.X.2014, coll. Yao Jian; 1♀, Shimen, Huping Shan, Daling, 444 m, 18-20.X.2014, coll. Yao Jian. Fujian (IZCAS): 1♂, Jianou, Dongfeng, 1.II.1980; 2♀, Wuyi Shan, 4-5.VII.1982, coll. Zhang Kechi et al. Taiwan (NHM): 1♂, Kanshirei, Formosa, 1000 ft. 2.VIII.1906, A.E. Wileman, Wileman Coll. B. M. 1929-261. 1♀, Kanshirei, Formosa, 1000 ft. 20.IV.1906, A.E. Wileman, Wileman Coll. B. M. 1929-261. Guangxi (IZCAS): 2♂, Ziyuan, 14.VII.1976, coll. Zhang Baolin; 1♂1♀, Longsheng, 13.VI.1980, coll. Song Shimei; 1♂, Napo, Defu, 1350 m, 19.VI.2000. Sichuan (IZCAS): 28♂15♀, Emei Shan, Qingiynge, 800-1000 m, 29.
<normalizedToken id="C5C1E3C0F893F1583EE59FAB4F0CF3F6" originalValue="IV">IV-</normalizedToken>
26.VII.1957, 17-22.IX.1957, coll. Zhu Fuxing et al.; 1♀, Emei Shan, Baoguosi, 550-750 m, 24.IV.1957, coll. Wang Zongyuan; 5♂1♀, Emei Shan, 580-1100 m, 20-21.VI.1955, 11.VI.1974, 19.VI.1979, 29.VIII.1980, coll. Li Jinhua et al.; 1♀, Lu Shan, 31.VII.1980, coll. Zhang Baolin; 1♂1♀, Huili, 1900 m, 10.X.1960, 31.VII.1974, coll. Meng Xuwu et al.; 2♂, Guanxian, Qingcheng Shan, 700-1600 m, 23.VI.1963, 4.VI.1979, coll. Zhang Xuezhong et al.; 2♂2♀, Xichang, 29-31.VII.1980, coll. Zhang Baolin. Guizhou (IZCAS): 1♂, Leishan, Leigong Shan, 1650 m, 2.VII.1988, coll. Yuan Dechang.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7F196547B5C3BA22E1E5CBCA12CF26BA" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="77289FBC94887FBFD9F8692512701598" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C34483D41D0A0F11BD4661365139DCEF" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">China (Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanghai, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou).</paragraph>
<caption id="07C1506D4EC0C40B50FF8518195C1306" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
<paragraph id="C896F868612E6FE5DA55CB804C6F2915" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
Figures 61-68. Female genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="90F40532E1B19CA6395BE09B1F1C97CD" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Timandra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Timandra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Timandra</taxonomicName>
. 61
<taxonomicName id="7C4F0B58D91589B11388545957D54B56" lsidName="T. griseata" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="griseata">T. griseata</taxonomicName>
, Xinjiang 62
<taxonomicName id="85A8C44686DF104B01E3227B82F634F4" lsidName="T. recompta" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="recompta">T. recompta</taxonomicName>
, Xinjiang 63
<taxonomicName id="0BF34021FB9011DFC67E9C29DE6B804D" lsidName="T. apicirosea" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="apicirosea">T. apicirosea</taxonomicName>
, Sichuan 64
<taxonomicName id="B45DBF4522CCA40F6555FABECB74E84C" lsidName="T. dichela" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="dichela">T. dichela</taxonomicName>
, Jiangxi 65
<taxonomicName id="977F0C7ACA158E79F19291A8A7D323B7" lsidName="T. convectaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="convectaria">T. convectaria</taxonomicName>
, Fujian 66
<taxonomicName id="A1A5AFD509F52A51471407A8260F0418" lsidName="T. correspondens" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="correspondens">T. correspondens</taxonomicName>
, Tibet 67
<taxonomicName id="5CC68466801E7E0E3026F978213ABF3E" lsidName="T. adunca" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="adunca">T. adunca</taxonomicName>
sp. n., Yunnan 68
<taxonomicName id="632F87B88980DC2E1669BCB5FB1E8A44" lsidName="T. accumulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="accumulata">T. accumulata</taxonomicName>
sp. n., Yunnan. Scale bar: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>