treatments-xml/data/03/FF/E7/03FFE764FFD2FFB7FF6A7FCDFF2CFCBB.xml

<document id="456A4ED3E124C147B395C4B44F81AD7B" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3866.1.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="14e55954-4068-455f-add4-8ed6b83f67ae" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287184" ID-ZooBank="6334A96F-7716-4A4D-81AF-A81EAA06B9B7" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460915749551" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Yoshikawa, Natsuhiko &amp; Matsui, Masafumi" docDate="2014" docId="03FFE764FFD2FFB7FF6A7FCDFF2CFCBB" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03866p078.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3866 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Onychodactylus intermedius Yoshikawa &amp; Matsui, 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="51D86D4A-92DD-4010-809C-7BAD2178AC0D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="68" masterDocId="FFC69F1CFFD4FFB8FFFD7A03FFD0FF8C" masterDocTitle="Two new Salamanders of the genus Onychodactylus from Eastern Honshu, Japan (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)" masterLastPageNumber="78" masterPageNumber="53" pageNumber="59" updateTime="1698361655219" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="7E91D26F2845CAD44F0A1AA9AD3A801C">Two new Salamanders of the genus Onychodactylus from Eastern Honshu, Japan (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0438127F0D985B1673D3B5223B94D784">Yoshikawa, Natsuhiko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F7D0E8728DA650783B09810B88969C95">Matsui, Masafumi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A2663E2786ED2F6917C4EF31880A8220">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6B745F4018DE09FE5E27E30653F39C1F">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03FFE764FFD2FFB7FF6A7FCDFF2CFCBB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6122899" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127670166" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6122899" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:51D86D4A-92DD-4010-809C-7BAD2178AC0D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FFE764FFD2FFB7FF6A7FCDFF2CFCBB" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<subSubSection id="C34C05F9FFD2FFBEFF6A7FCDFC5AF97F" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD2FFBEFF6A7FCDFD84FA65" blockId="6.[151,678,1486,1618]" box="[151,596,1486,1513]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<heading id="D0A1E11EFFD2FFBEFF6A7FCDFD84FA65" bold="true" box="[151,596,1486,1513]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFF6A7FCDFD84FA65" bold="true" box="[151,596,1486,1513]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD2FFBEFF6A7FCDFE3FFA64" ID-CoL="49R6C" box="[151,495,1486,1512]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFF6A7FCDFE3FFA64" bold="true" box="[151,495,1486,1512]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Onychodactylus intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFD2FFBEFE0B7FCCFD84FA65" box="[502,596,1487,1513]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD2FFBEFF6A7FF1FEF7F9DE" blockId="6.[151,678,1486,1618]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
(Japanese name: Bandai-hakone-sanshou-uwo) (English name: Bandai clawed salamander) (
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFD2FFBEFF627C3AFF3CF9DE" box="[159,236,1593,1618]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1766,1788]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,542,1730]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[150,1436,538,1754]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsal and ventral views of male holotype (A and B; KUHE 47455, SVL = 61.0 mm) and a female paratype (C and D; KUHE 47460, SVL = 60.8 mm) of O. intermedius sp. nov. Scale bar indicates 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287188/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFD2FFBEFEED7C3AFECEF9DE" box="[272,286,1593,1618]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,870,892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,848]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,848]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Male holotype of O. intermedius sp. nov. (KUHE 47455) in life." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287189/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">5</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD2FFBEFF6A7C82FC73F958" blockId="6.[151,1436,1665,1841]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFF6A7C82FEC2F91B" bold="true" box="[151,274,1665,1687]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Synonymy:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD2FFBEFEE57C82FD7FF91B" authority="Okada 1891" authorityName="Okada" authorityYear="1891" box="[280,687,1665,1687]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFEE57C82FDF4F91B" box="[280,548,1665,1687]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Onychodactylus japonicus</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD2FFBEFDCC7C82FD7FF91B" author="Okada" box="[561,687,1665,1687]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Okada, S. (1891) Catalogue of Vertebrated Animals of Japan. Kinkodo, Tokyo, 125 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12436" type="book" year="1891">Okada 1891</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, p. 65 (part); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD2FFBEFCC47C81FC77F91B" author="Tago" box="[825,935,1665,1687]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Tago, K. (1907) Studies on the Urodela of Japan. Zoological Magazine, 226, 229 - 248." type="journal article" year="1907">Tago 1907</bibRefCitation>
, p. 239 (part); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD2FFBEFBC37C82FB09F91B" author="Stejneger" box="[1086,1241,1665,1687]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Stejneger, L. (1907) Herpetology of Japan and adjacent territory. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 58, 1 - 577." type="journal article" year="1907">Stejneger 1907</bibRefCitation>
, p. 42 (part); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD2FFBEFA9E7C81FF2CF93A" author="Dunn" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Dunn, E. R. (1923) The salamanders of the family Hynobiidae. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 58, 445 - 523. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 20026019" type="journal article" year="1923">Dunn 1923</bibRefCitation>
, p. 506 (part); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD2FFBEFE6E7CA2FDD1F93A" author="Tago" box="[403,513,1696,1718]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Tago, K. (1931) Newts and Salamanders. Unsodo, Kyoto, 210 pp." type="book" year="1931">Tago 1931</bibRefCitation>
, p. 200 (part); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD2FFBEFD647CA3FCC7F93A" author="Okada" box="[665,791,1696,1718]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Okada, Y. (1937) Notes on the Amphibia of the Tohoku District, Northern Japan. Saito Ho-on Kai Museum Research Bulletin, 12, 177 - 206." type="journal article" year="1937">Okada 1937</bibRefCitation>
, p. 185 (part); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD2FFBEFC537CA3FBC7F93A" author="Sato" box="[942,1047,1696,1718]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Sato, I. (1937) A synopsis of the family Hynobiidae of Japan. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 7, 31 - 45." type="journal article" year="1937">Sato 1937</bibRefCitation>
, p. 44 (part); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD2FFBEFB5F7CA3FADBF93A" author="Sato" box="[1186,1291,1696,1718]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Sato, I. (1943) A Monograph of the Tailed Batrachians of Japan. Nippon Shuppan-sha, Osaka, 520 pp." type="book" year="1943">Sato 1943</bibRefCitation>
, p. 288 (part); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD2FFBEFF3A7CBDFE13F958" author="Nakamura" box="[199,451,1726,1748]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Nakamura, K. &amp; Ueno, S. (1963) Japanese Reptiles and Amphibians in Colour. Hoikusha, Osaka, 214 pp." type="book" year="1963">Nakamura &amp; Uéno 1963</bibRefCitation>
, p. 14 (part); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD2FFBEFDB67CBDFCF1F958" author="Poyarkov" box="[587,801,1726,1749]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Poyarkov, N. A., Che, J., Min, M. S., Kuro-o, M., Yan, F., Li, C., Iizuka, K. &amp; Vieites, D. R. (2012) Review of the systematics, morphology and distribution of Asian clawed salamanders, genus Onychodactylus (Amphibia, Caudata: Hynobiidae), with the description of four new species. Zootaxa, 3465, 1 - 106." type="journal article" year="2012">
Poyarkov 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFD4E7CC3FD30F958" box="[691,736,1726,1749]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
, p. 36 (part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD2FFBEFF6A7CDEFC5AF97F" blockId="6.[151,1436,1665,1841]" box="[151,906,1757,1780]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD2FFBEFF6A7CDEFE72F97F" box="[151,418,1757,1779]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFF6A7CDEFE72F97F" box="[151,418,1757,1779]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Onychodactylus japonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Subclade II-A): 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD2FFBEFDAB7CDEFCE9F97F" author="Yoshikawa" box="[598,825,1757,1779]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Yoshikawa, N., Matsui, M., Nishikawa, K., Kim, J. B. &amp; Kryukov, A. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the Japanese clawed salamander, Onychodactylus japonicus (Amphibia: Caudata: Hynobiidae), and its congener inferred from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49, 249 - 259. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2008.07.016" type="journal article" year="2008">
Yoshikawa 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFD317CDDFD2FF97F" box="[716,767,1757,1779]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
, p. 249.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34C05F9FFD2FFBEFF6A7CFFFB48F8BD" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD2FFBEFF6A7CFFFB09F89E" blockId="6.[151,1436,1665,1841]" box="[151,1241,1788,1810]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD2FFBEFF6A7CFFFE72F89E" ID-CoL="49R6D" box="[151,418,1788,1810]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFF6A7CFFFE72F89E" box="[151,418,1788,1810]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Onychodactylus japonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(S-Tohoku group): 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD2FFBEFD917CFFFC8BF89E" author="Yoshikawa" box="[620,859,1788,1810]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Yoshikawa, N., Matsui, M., Nishikawa, K., Misawa, Y. &amp; Tanabe, S. (2010 a) Allozymic variation of the Japanese clawed salamander, Onychodactylus japonicus (Amphibia: Caudata: Hynobiidae), with special reference to the presence of two sympatric genetic types. Zoological Science, 27, 33 - 40. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 27.33" type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">
Yoshikawa 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFD1F7CFEFCC5F89E" box="[738,789,1788,1810]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
2010a
</bibRefCitation>
, p. 33; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD2FFBEFC587CFFFB59F89E" author="Yoshikawa" box="[933,1161,1788,1810]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Yoshikawa, N., Matsui, M. &amp; Nishikawa, K. (2012) Genetic structure and cryptic diversity of Onychodactylus japonicus (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) in northeastern Honshu, Japan, as revealed by allozymic analysis. Zoological Science, 29, 229 - 237." type="journal article" year="2012">
Yoshikawa 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFBE67CFEFB9EF89E" box="[1051,1102,1788,1810]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
, p. 229.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD2FFBEFF6A7D18FB48F8BD" blockId="6.[151,1436,1665,1841]" box="[151,1176,1819,1841]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD2FFBEFF6A7D18FEEAF8BD" ID-CoL="68FG" box="[151,314,1819,1841]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFF6A7D18FEEAF8BD" box="[151,314,1819,1841]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Onychodactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. S-Tohoku group: Yoshikawa &amp; Matsui 2013, p. 9; Yoshikawa 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFC277D1FFBD7F8BD" box="[986,1031,1819,1841]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">et al</emphasis>
. 2013, p. 441.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34C05F9FFD2FFBEFF6A7D5BFB38F851" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD2FFBEFF6A7D5BFB38F851" blockId="6.[151,1436,1880,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFF6A7D5BFECEF8FD" bold="true" box="[151,286,1880,1905]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific epithet “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD2FFBEFDE57D5BFD4CF8FC" box="[536,668,1880,1904]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFDE57D5BFD4CF8FC" box="[536,668,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” is derived from the fact that the range of the new species occupies geographically intermediate position between southern 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD2FFBEFCD07D7EFC14F818" box="[813,964,1917,1940]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFCD07D7EFC14F818" box="[813,964,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD2FFBEFCD07D7EFC94F818" box="[813,836,1917,1940]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">O</collectingCountry>
. japonicus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and northern 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD2FFBEFB847D7EFA8BF818" box="[1145,1371,1916,1940]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD2FFBEFB847D7EFA8BF818" box="[1145,1371,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD2FFBEFB847D7EFB40F818" box="[1145,1168,1917,1940]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">O</collectingCountry>
. nipponoborealis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The Japanese and English names are after Mt. Bandai, a beautiful, symbolic volcano located northwest of the 
<typeStatus id="54EDE8D0FFD2FFBEFA917DA2FA4CF835" box="[1388,1436,1953,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">type</typeStatus>
locality. The new species is also distributed in Ura-bandai area, northern environs of the mountain.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34C05F9FFD3FFBFFF3A7A99FD46FE76" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD3FFBFFF3A7A99FA5CFF56" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,506]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD3FFBFFF3A7A99FEEBFF3F" bold="true" box="[199,315,154,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<typeStatus id="54EDE8D0FFD3FFBFFF3A7A99FEE6FF3F" box="[199,310,154,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED47CEB7FFD3FFBFFEB87A98FE43FF3E" box="[325,403,155,178]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jxgt-7i97" name="Kyoto University, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">KUHE</collectionCode>
47455, an adult male from the headstream of a small branch of Osawa River (
<geoCoordinate id="EE6230B5FFD3FFBFFACC7A98FA47FF3E" box="[1329,1431,151,179]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" precision="925" value="140.18333">140o11'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE6230B5FFD3FFBFFF6A7AC1FF22FF56" box="[151,242,190,218]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" precision="925" value="37.433334">37o26'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFD3FFBFFF037AC1FE95FF55" box="[254,325,194,218]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" unit="m" value="790.0">790 m</quantity>
a.s.l.) in Koriyama-shi, Fukushima Prefecture, 
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD3FFBFFCA47AC1FC4CFF55" box="[857,924,194,217]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Japan</collectingCountry>
, collected by N. Yoshikawa on 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD3FFBFFB037AC1FA59FF56" box="[1278,1417,194,218]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" value="2013-05-04">4 May 2013</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD3FFBFFF3A7AE6FC33FE5A" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,506]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD3FFBFFF3A7AE6FE96FF72" bold="true" box="[199,326,229,254]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<typeStatus id="54EDE8D0FFD3FFBFFF3A7AE6FE91FF72" box="[199,321,229,254]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
A total of 
<specimenCount id="9D509DFBFFD3FFBFFE387AE5FDB3FF72" box="[453,611,229,254]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" type="generic">12 specimens</specimenCount>
: two males (
<collectionCode id="ED47CEB7FFD3FFBFFD0E7AE5FC93FF72" box="[755,835,230,254]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jxgt-7i97" name="Kyoto University, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">KUHE</collectionCode>
47456–47457) and one female (
<collectionCode id="ED47CEB7FFD3FFBFFB487AE5FAD5FF72" box="[1205,1285,230,254]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jxgt-7i97" name="Kyoto University, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">KUHE</collectionCode>
47460) from the 
<typeStatus id="54EDE8D0FFD3FFBFFF3C7B09FF21FEAE" box="[193,241,266,290]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">type</typeStatus>
locality, collected on 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD3FFBFFE117B09FDA5FEAE" box="[492,629,266,290]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" value="2013-05-04">4 May 2013</date>
by N. Yoshikawa; one male (
<collectionCode id="ED47CEB7FFD3FFBFFC3B7B09FBC6FEAE" box="[966,1046,266,290]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jxgt-7i97" name="Kyoto University, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">KUHE</collectionCode>
48299) and three females (
<collectionCode id="ED47CEB7FFD3FFBFFAB07B09FA4DFEAE" box="[1357,1437,266,290]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jxgt-7i97" name="Kyoto University, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">KUHE</collectionCode>
48300–48302) collected on 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD3FFBFFE237B2DFD62FECA" box="[478,690,301,326]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" value="2013-11-08">8 November 2013</date>
by S. Ihara, N. Yoshikawa, and F. Endo from environs of Mt. Adatara, Otama-mura, Fukushima Prefecture; one male (
<collectionCode id="ED47CEB7FFD3FFBFFCD87B51FCA5FEE6" box="[805,885,338,362]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jxgt-7i97" name="Kyoto University, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">KUHE</collectionCode>
37885 on 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD3FFBFFC087B51FB53FEE6" box="[1013,1155,337,362]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" value="2006-06-08">8 June 2006</date>
by 
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD3FFBFFB4E7B51FB17FEE5" box="[1203,1223,338,361]" name="Italy" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Y</collectingCountry>
. Misawa) and one female (
<collectionCode id="ED47CEB7FFD3FFBFFF0C7B75FE91FE02" box="[241,321,374,398]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jxgt-7i97" name="Kyoto University, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">KUHE</collectionCode>
43309 on 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD3FFBFFE457B76FD9EFE02" box="[440,590,373,398]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" value="2009-06-15">15 June 2009</date>
by 
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD3FFBFFD857B75FD5CFE01" box="[632,652,374,397]" name="Italy" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Y</collectingCountry>
. Misawa and N. Yoshikawa), all from environs of Nagai Dam, Nagaishi, Yamagata Prefecture; two males (
<collectionCode id="ED47CEB7FFD3FFBFFD957B99FD68FE3E" box="[616,696,410,434]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jxgt-7i97" name="Kyoto University, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">KUHE</collectionCode>
44772, 44774) and one female (
<collectionCode id="ED47CEB7FFD3FFBFFBA87B99FB75FE3E" box="[1109,1189,410,434]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jxgt-7i97" name="Kyoto University, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">KUHE</collectionCode>
44773) from Budo, Murakami-shi, Niigata Prefecture collected on 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD3FFBFFD5B7BBDFCEAFE5A" box="[678,826,446,470]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" value="2011-05-12">12 May 2011</date>
by 
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD3FFBFFC997BBDFCA8FE59" box="[868,888,446,469]" name="Italy" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Y</collectingCountry>
. Misawa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD3FFBFFF3A7BE2FD46FE76" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,506]" box="[199,662,481,506]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD3FFBFFF3A7BE2FE69FE76" bold="true" box="[199,441,481,506]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Referred specimens.</emphasis>
See APPENDIX 1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2906FAFFD3FFBFFF6A7CE5FBC7F897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287188/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" targetBox="[150,1436,542,1730]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD3FFBFFF6A7CE5FBC7F897" blockId="7.[151,1435,1766,1819]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD3FFBFFF6A7CE5FEC2F970" bold="true" box="[151,274,1766,1788]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Dorsal and ventral views of male holotype (A and B; KUHE 47455, SVL=61.0 mm) and a female paratype (C and D; KUHE 47460, SVL=60.8 mm) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD3FFBFFDEC7D05FD78F897" box="[529,680,1797,1819]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD3FFBFFDEC7D05FD78F897" box="[529,680,1797,1819]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">O. intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD3FFBFFD537D06FD2FF897" bold="true" box="[686,767,1797,1819]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFD3FFBFFD537D06FD2FF897" box="[686,767,1797,1819]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Scale bar indicates 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34C05F9FFD3FFB0FF3A7D41FEB0FE37" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD3FFBFFF3A7D41FA4DF86C" blockId="7.[151,1437,1858,2016]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD3FFBFFF3A7D41FE91F8D7" bold="true" box="[199,321,1858,1883]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The new species is a member of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD3FFBFFCD17D40FC31F8D7" box="[812,993,1859,1883]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD3FFBFFCD17D40FC31F8D7" box="[812,993,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Onychodactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
diagnosed by the following characters: lungs absent; black horny claws present on tips of fingers and toes of breeding adults and larvae; vomerine teeth in two short, transverse, arch-shaped series; larvae with skin folds on posterior edges of limbs; breeding males with dermal flaps on posterior edge of hindlimb; black tubercles and asperities on palm and sole in breeding males and on sole in breeding females; breeding in flowing water under the ground; eggs large, pigmentless, small in number.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDCFFB0FF6A7A9BFEB0FE37" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
It is further assigned to a member of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDCFFB0FD957A9BFD29FF23" box="[616,761,152,175]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDCFFB0FD957A9BFD29FF23" box="[616,761,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDCFFB0FD957A9BFDAFFF23" box="[616,639,152,175]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">O</collectingCountry>
. japonicus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species complex by the genetic evidence and presence of a distinct dorsal stripe. Dorsal stripe or marking yellow, ochre, brown, or reddish brown on grayish brown or purplish brown background; body size small to moderate with mean SVL (±1SD) of 63.0± 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFDCFFB0FBB27AD9FB78FF7E" box="[1103,1192,218,243]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="4.9">4.9 mm</quantity>
and 65.5± 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFDCFFB0FAD87AD9FAADFF7E" box="[1317,1405,218,243]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="4.1">4.1 mm</quantity>
in males and females, respectively; tail longer than SVL in males, but equal to or only slightly longer in females; snout relatively short; usually lacking wedge-shaped dark marking on chest; ventrum purplish brown, purplish gray or light gray, with white dots; presacral vertebrae including atlas usually 18; costal grooves 12 or 13; right and left vomerine tooth series usually continuous without gap, series curving distinctly; vomerine tooth series tending to have anteriorly directed short sub-branch at inner meeting; relatively large number of vomerine teeth, about 16 on one side of series.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34C05F9FFDCFFB7FF3A7BC7FF2CFCBB" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDCFFB0FF3A7BC7FDA0FBCC" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDCFFB0FF3A7BC7FE35FE51" bold="true" box="[199,485,452,477]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
Description of 
<typeStatus id="54EDE8D0FFDCFFB0FE8A7BC7FE30FE51" box="[375,480,452,477]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
An adult male with SVL 61.0 mm (
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFDCFFB0FC817BC7FC19FE50" box="[892,969,452,477]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1766,1788]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,542,1730]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[150,1436,538,1754]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsal and ventral views of male holotype (A and B; KUHE 47455, SVL = 61.0 mm) and a female paratype (C and D; KUHE 47460, SVL = 60.8 mm) of O. intermedius sp. nov. Scale bar indicates 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287188/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
A–B &amp; 5); body moderately slender; skin smooth; head oval and depressed, longer than wide; neck slightly narrower than head; snout rounded, projecting beyond lower jaw; nostril close to eye; eye large, slightly shorter than snout, prominently protruded; gular fold posteroventrally to head; parotoid gland developed, oval, ca. 1.9 times longer than wide, posterior end at the level of gular fold; postorbital groove obvious; vomerine teeth in two transverse, distinctly curved arch-shaped series without gap in between (
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFDCFFB0FE517874FE3FFD1C" box="[428,495,631,656]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1391,1413]" captionTargetBox="[155,1428,948,1363]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,941,1369]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Open mouth of holotype of O. intermedius sp. nov. (A: KUHE 47455) and O. fuscus sp. nov. (B: KUHE 48284) showing the shape of vomerine tooth series. Scale bars indicate 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287190/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A); 14 and 12 teeth on right and left series, respectively; inner end of each vomerine tooth series curving to form short sub-branch directed anteriorly; series anteriorly scattered with dark pigments; forelimb thin; relative length of fingers I&lt;IV&lt;II&lt;III; hindlimb slightly longer and more robust than forelimb; relative length of toes I&lt;V&lt;II&lt;III&lt;IV; adpressed limbs separated by 0.5 costal folds; no characteristics showing breeding condition; dermal flap on posterior edge of hindlimb not developed; tips of fingers and toes rounded without black horny claws; no black tubercles and asperities on palm and sole; trunk elongated and cylindrical; distinct middorsal groove from level of parotoid gland to cloaca; well-developed 12 costal grooves on both sides of trunk; presacral vertebrae including atlas numbering 18; base of tail including around cloaca not swollen; cloaca longitudinal slit, length 9.8% SVL, with anterior two-fifths of its edge slightly swollen, forming inverse narrow Vshaped precloacal skin fold; precloacal skin fold as wide as one third of cloaca length; no precloacal black spine series; tail long, 126.6% length of SVL, cylindrical at base, increasingly compressed toward tip; tail slightly lower toward tip, laterally compressed in posterior half and extremely at tip; tip of tail slightly pointed in lateral view; tail highest (8.7% SVL) at proximal one-fifth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDCFFB0FF3A7E4FFB65FB20" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDCFFB0FF3A7E4FFD71FBE9" bold="true" box="[199,673,1100,1125]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
Measurements (in mm) of the 
<typeStatus id="54EDE8D0FFDCFFB0FDC97E4FFD4DFBE9" box="[564,669,1100,1125]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
SVL 61.0, HL 14.4, HW 8.3, TAL 77.2, AGD 30.8, FLL (L) 15.7, FLL (R) 16.1, HLL (L) 19.5, HLL (R) 18.4, UEL (L) 4.0, UEL (R) 4.1, IOD 2.7, 
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDCFFB0FBD27E72FBB9FB04" box="[1071,1129,1137,1160]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">END</collectingCountry>
(L) 1.8, 
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDCFFB0FB317E72FAD6FB04" box="[1228,1286,1137,1160]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">END</collectingCountry>
(R) 1.9, ICD 5.0, 
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDCFFB0FF357E96FF2AFB20" box="[200,250,1173,1196]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">IND</collectingCountry>
3.9, SL (L) 4.3, SL (R) 4.4, CW 7.6, BTAH 5.1, BTAW 5.7, MTAH 4.6, MTAW 3.8.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDCFFB0FF3A7EB4FD2EFAEC" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDCFFB0FF3A7EB4FEC4FB5C" bold="true" box="[199,276,1207,1232]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Color:</emphasis>
In life, gray-brown with distinct, wide ochre dorsal stripe from snout to tip of tail (
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFDCFFB0FB427EB4FADCFB5C" box="[1215,1292,1207,1232]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1766,1788]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,542,1730]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[150,1436,538,1754]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsal and ventral views of male holotype (A and B; KUHE 47455, SVL = 61.0 mm) and a female paratype (C and D; KUHE 47460, SVL = 60.8 mm) of O. intermedius sp. nov. Scale bar indicates 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287188/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFDCFFB0FACC7EB4FA91FB5C" box="[1329,1345,1207,1232]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,870,892]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,848]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,848]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Male holotype of O. intermedius sp. nov. (KUHE 47455) in life." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287189/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">5</figureCitation>
); dorsal stripe wavy but sharply defined from background; on tail, dorsal stripe narrowed toward tip, and brightest at base; side of body gray-brown with silvery white dots, gradually fading toward ventrum; ventrum grayish with silvery white dots; upper iris golden slightly mottled with brown, lower iris dark-brown. In alcohol, color and pattern fading generally, and dorsal ochre coloration bleached.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDCFFB0FF3A7F6FFCDEFA41" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDCFFB0FF3A7F6FFEEBFA09" bold="true" box="[199,315,1388,1413]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Variation.</emphasis>
The following description of variation is based on the maximum number of 
<specimenCount id="9D509DFBFFDCFFB0FB5E7F6FFB2FFA09" box="[1187,1279,1388,1413]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="adult">17 adult</specimenCount>
males and 
<specimenCount id="9D509DFBFFDCFFB0FA7D7F6FFF1FFA24" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="adult">10 adult</specimenCount>
females obtained from Yamagata, Niigata, and Fukushima Prefectures. Morphometric data are summarized in Table 1 together with those of seven congeneric species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDCFFB0FF3A7FD4FF26F9D1" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
There was no significant difference between males (63.0± 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFDCFFB0FCAC7FD4FC7AFA7C" box="[849,938,1495,1520]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="4.9">4.9 mm</quantity>
, n = 17) and females (65.5± 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFDCFFB0FB1A7FD4FAEFFA7C" box="[1255,1343,1495,1520]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="4.1">4.1 mm</quantity>
, n = 10) in SVL (t = 1.321, 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDCFFB0FE847FFEFE57F998" box="[377,391,1533,1556]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">p</emphasis>
= 0.198: Table 1). In values relative to SVL, males had longer tail and shorter trunk than females (Table 1). Males also had more robust hindlimb and posteriorly more projecting distal end of fibula than females.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDCFFB0FF3A7C6BFEC3F89C" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">A small number of adult specimens we could collect in the breeding season showed following characteristics: black claws on fingers and toes, swollen parotoid gland, black precloacal spine series, and laterally compressed tail in both sexes; dermal skin fold on posterior edge of hindlimb, black tubercles and asperities on palm and sole, swollen cloaca, and inverse V-shaped precloacal skin fold in males; inverse narrow U-shaped precloacal skin fold in females.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDCFFB0FF3A7D1FFCFDF864" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
Number of costal grooves varied from 12 to 13 (Table 2) and was not sexually different (t = 1.782 and 1.576, 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDCFFB0FA737D1EFA4CF8B8" box="[1422,1436,1821,1844]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">p</emphasis>
= 0.087 and 0.127 for left and right sides, respectively). Number of presacral vertebrae including atlas did not differ between sexes (t = 0.031, 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDCFFB0FE387D66FE03F8F0" box="[453,467,1893,1916]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">p</emphasis>
= 0.975), and varied from 18 to 19 (mode = 18). There was no sexual difference in number of vomerine teeth (11 to 22, mean = 15.9± 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFDCFFB0FD227D84FCF2F82C" box="[735,802,1927,1952]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.096" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="in" value="2.4">2.4 in</quantity>
males and 8 to 25, 15.5± 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFDCFFB0FBB47D84FB5BF82C" box="[1097,1163,1927,1952]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0921999999999998" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" unit="in" value="4.3">4.3 in</quantity>
females: t = 0.250, 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDCFFB0FA887D8AFA53F82C" box="[1397,1411,1929,1952]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">p</emphasis>
= 0.807). Anteriorly directed, short sub-branch of vomerine tooth series at inner meeting occurred in 63.0% of specimens, and did not differ sexually (
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDCFFB0FDAC7DD2FD8FF864" box="[593,607,2001,2024]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">p</emphasis>
= 0.810: Table 3).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2906FAFFDDFFB1FF6A7965FC78FCF0" box="[151,936,870,892]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287189/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[151,1435,193,848]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDDFFB1FF6A7965FC78FCF0" blockId="9.[151,936,870,892]" box="[151,936,870,892]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDDFFB1FF6A7965FEDDFCF0" bold="true" box="[151,269,870,892]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
. Male holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDDFFB1FE307964FDB4FCF0" box="[461,612,870,892]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDDFFB1FE307964FDB4FCF0" box="[461,612,870,892]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">O. intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDDFFB1FD977965FD6BFCF0" bold="true" box="[618,699,870,892]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFDDFFB1FD977965FD6BFCF0" box="[618,699,870,892]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(KUHE 47455) in life.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2906FAFFDDFFB1FF6A7F6CFCB0FA28" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287190/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[155,1428,948,1363]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDDFFB1FF6A7F6CFCB0FA28" blockId="9.[151,1436,1391,1444]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDDFFB1FF6A7F6CFEDDFA09" bold="true" box="[151,269,1391,1413]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
. Open mouth of holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDDFFB1FDC57F73FD00FA09" box="[568,720,1391,1413]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDDFFB1FDC57F73FD00FA09" box="[568,720,1391,1413]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">O. intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDDFFB1FD2A7F6CFCF8FA09" bold="true" box="[727,808,1391,1413]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFDDFFB1FD2A7F6CFCF8FA09" box="[727,808,1391,1413]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(A: KUHE 47455) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDDFFB1FBDD7F73FBAFFA09" box="[1056,1151,1391,1413]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDDFFB1FBDD7F73FBAFFA09" box="[1056,1151,1391,1413]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">O. fuscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDDFFB1FB7B7F6CFB08FA09" bold="true" box="[1158,1240,1391,1413]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFDDFFB1FB7B7F6CFB08FA09" box="[1158,1240,1391,1413]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(B: KUHE 48284) showing the shape of vomerine tooth series. Scale bars indicate 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDDFFB1FF3A7FC8FBF7F9F8" blockId="9.[151,1437,1483,2012]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Color pattern in life was variable among individuals. Dorsal stripe varied from straight, uneven, to broken into continuous or discontinuous series of flecks. Color of dorsal stripe varied from yellow, ochre, brown to reddishbrown, while background color varied from gray-brown, dark-brown, to purplish-brown. Border of dorsal stripe and background color was generally sharply defined, but was often obscured. Color on lateral to ventral sides was gray, purplish-gray, or purplish-brown with varying amount of silvery white dots.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDDFFB1FF3A7C7CFB4FF8C0" blockId="9.[151,1437,1483,2012]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDDFFB1FF3A7C7CFEC9F914" bold="true" box="[199,281,1663,1688]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Larva:</emphasis>
Larvae found in the open streams had SVL of 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFDDFFB1FCCF7C7CFC06F91B" box="[818,982,1663,1688]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7399999999999998" metricValueMax="3.85" metricValueMin="1.63" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="27.4" valueMax="38.5" valueMin="16.3">16.3–38.5 mm</quantity>
and TAL of 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFDDFFB1FB947C7CFAC0F91B" box="[1129,1296,1663,1688]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.635" metricValueMax="4.02" metricValueMin="1.25" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="26.35" valueMax="40.2" valueMin="12.5">12.5–40.2 mm</quantity>
, resulting in total length (TL) of 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFDDFFB1FE847CA0FDCCF937" box="[377,540,1699,1724]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.369999999999999" metricValueMax="7.859999999999999" metricValueMin="2.88" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="53.699999999999996" valueMax="78.6" valueMin="28.8">28.8–78.6 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFDDFFB1FDD17CA0FDA0F930" box="[556,624,1699,1724]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,248,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[150,1433,469,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[148,1433,469,1520]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsal views of premetamorphic (A) and growing (B – F) larvae of O. intermedius sp. nov. Scale bar indicates 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287191/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Head rectangular and blunt at snout; three pairs of short external gills; labial fold well developed at posterior half of upper jaw; caudal fin low but well-developed dorsally and ventrally; dorsal fin relatively higher than ventral fin; origin of dorsal fin at level of hindlimb to cloaca; ventral fin originating from around posterior four-fifths to two-thirds of tail; tail tip moderately rounded; skin fold on posterior edge of limb; dark asperities on surfaces of palm and sole; digits with acute and curved black claws.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDDFFB2FF3A7D5BFB8AFF74" blockId="9.[151,1437,1483,2012]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,429]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
Two color morphs were recognized in larvae based on dorsal color. One was the unstriped 
<typeStatus id="54EDE8D0FFDDFFB1FB197D5BFAC7F8FC" box="[1252,1303,1880,1904]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">type</typeStatus>
, possessing varying amounts of dark-brown mottling on light-brown or yellowish-gray background. Dark-brown mottling varied from very weak (nearly uniformly yellowish-gray: 
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFDDFFB1FCCE7D9CFCA7F834" box="[819,887,1951,1976]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,248,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[150,1433,469,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[148,1433,469,1520]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsal views of premetamorphic (A) and growing (B – F) larvae of O. intermedius sp. nov. Scale bar indicates 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287191/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
F) to strong (nearly uniformly dark-brown: 
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFDDFFB1FA8D7D9CFF75F850" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,248,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[150,1433,469,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[148,1433,469,1520]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsal views of premetamorphic (A) and growing (B – F) larvae of O. intermedius sp. nov. Scale bar indicates 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287191/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A–B), although most specimens were moderately mottled (
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFDDFFB1FCB07DC0FC41F850" box="[845,913,1987,2012]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,248,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[150,1433,469,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[148,1433,469,1520]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsal views of premetamorphic (A) and growing (B – F) larvae of O. intermedius sp. nov. Scale bar indicates 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287191/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
C–D). Another is the striped 
<typeStatus id="54EDE8D0FFDDFFB1FB1E7DC7FAC6F850" box="[1251,1302,1988,2012]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">type</typeStatus>
, possessing wide and distinct reddish-brown dorsal stripe extending from head to tail tip on dark-brown background (
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFDEFFB2FAC57A94FAACFF3C" box="[1336,1404,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,248,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[150,1433,469,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[148,1433,469,1520]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsal views of premetamorphic (A) and growing (B – F) larvae of O. intermedius sp. nov. Scale bar indicates 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287191/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
E). The striped 
<typeStatus id="54EDE8D0FFDEFFB2FEE17ABEFE9CFF59" box="[284,332,189,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
larvae were less frequently found than did the unstriped 
<typeStatus id="54EDE8D0FFDEFFB2FC357ABEFC28FF59" box="[968,1016,189,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
in most populations. The color of the ventrum is slightly transparent, whitish, or grayish and sometimes slightly pigmented.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDEFFB2FF3A7B07FBA5FECC" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FF3A7B07FEBDFE91" bold="true" box="[199,365,260,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Comparisons.</emphasis>
Morphological data for comparison with the other congeneric species are summarized in Tables 1–4. Some other data are cited from Yoshikawa 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FD4F7B2AFD33FECC" box="[690,739,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
. (2013) and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFDEFFB2FC8F7B24FBA1FECC" box="[882,1137,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" refString="Poyarkov, N. A., Che, J., Min, M. S., Kuro-o, M., Yan, F., Li, C., Iizuka, K. &amp; Vieites, D. R. (2012) Review of the systematics, morphology and distribution of Asian clawed salamanders, genus Onychodactylus (Amphibia, Caudata: Hynobiidae), with the description of four new species. Zootaxa, 3465, 1 - 106." type="journal article">
Poyarkov 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FC197B2AFBC5FECC" box="[996,1045,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
. (2012)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDEFFB2FF3A7B4FFE24FE21" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FF3A7B4FFDD6FEE8" box="[199,518,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FF3A7B4FFDD6FEE8" box="[199,518,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Onychodactylus intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the continental 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FCB47B4FFC2DFEE8" box="[841,1021,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FCB47B4FFC2DFEE8" box="[841,1021,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Onychodactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FB987B4FFB0CFEE8" box="[1125,1244,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FB987B4FFB0CFEE8" box="[1125,1244,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDEFFB2FB987B4FFBACFEEF" box="[1125,1148,332,355]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
. fischeri
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FB177B4FFAA2FEE8" box="[1258,1394,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koreanus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FB177B4FFAA2FEE8" box="[1258,1394,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDEFFB2FB177B4FFAD1FEEF" box="[1258,1281,332,355]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
. koreanus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FA7C7B4FFEFEFE04" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhangyapingi">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FA7C7B4FFEFEFE04" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDEFFB2FA7C7B4FFA48FEEF" box="[1409,1432,332,355]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
. zhangyapingi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FE967B73FE2DFE04" box="[363,509,368,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhaoermii">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FE967B73FE2DFE04" box="[363,509,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDEFFB2FE967B73FE52FE0B" box="[363,386,368,391]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
. zhaoermii
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in having a distinct wide dorsal stripe (vs. spotted, mottled, or indistinctly striped dorsum in continental species).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2906FAFFDEFFB2FF6A7FF5FA4DF980" box="[151,1437,1526,1548]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287191/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[150,1433,469,1489]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDEFFB2FF6A7FF5FA4DF980" blockId="10.[151,1437,1526,1548]" box="[151,1437,1526,1548]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FF6A7FF5FEC0F980" bold="true" box="[151,272,1526,1548]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Dorsal views of premetamorphic (A) and growing (B–F) larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FC5B7FF4FBE9F980" box="[934,1081,1526,1548]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FC5B7FF4FBE9F980" box="[934,1081,1526,1548]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">O. intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FBC27FF5FB5DF980" bold="true" box="[1087,1165,1526,1548]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFDEFFB2FBC27FF5FB5DF980" box="[1087,1165,1526,1548]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Scale bar indicates 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDEFFB2FF3A7C3AFD9AF96D" blockId="10.[151,1436,1592,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FF3A7C3AFDD6F9DD" box="[199,518,1593,1617]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FF3A7C3AFDD6F9DD" box="[199,518,1593,1617]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Onychodactylus intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has significantly smaller SVL in both sexes than 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FBD37C3AFB74F9DD" box="[1070,1188,1593,1617]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FBD37C3AFB74F9DD" box="[1070,1188,1593,1617]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDEFFB2FBD37C3AFB95F9DC" box="[1070,1093,1593,1616]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
. fischeri
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In characters relative to SVL, 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FF0A7C5EFE4FF9F9" box="[247,415,1629,1653]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FF0A7C5EFE4FF9F9" box="[247,415,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDEFFB2FF0A7C5EFEDEF9F8" box="[247,270,1629,1652]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
significantly differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FD3B7C5EFCEDF9F9" box="[710,829,1629,1653]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FD3B7C5EFCEDF9F9" box="[710,829,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDEFFB2FD3B7C5EFD0DF9F8" box="[710,733,1629,1652]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
. fischeri
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a shorter tail in males, shorter trunk, longer forelimb and hindlimb, longer and wider head, larger 
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDEFFB2FCCD7C82FCB4F914" box="[816,868,1665,1688]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">IND</collectingCountry>
, IOD, CW, and ICD in both sexes (Table 1). 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FF6A7CA6FE08F931" box="[151,472,1701,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FF6A7CA6FE08F931" box="[151,472,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Onychodactylus intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also significantly different from 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FC917CA6FC33F931" box="[876,995,1701,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FC917CA6FC33F931" box="[876,995,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDEFFB2FC917CA6FC53F930" box="[876,899,1701,1724]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
. fischeri
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having smaller number of presacral vertebrae and costal grooves (Table 2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDEFFB2FF3A7CEEFB11F8C1" blockId="10.[151,1436,1592,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
From 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FEF17CEEFE45F889" box="[268,405,1773,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koreanus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FEF17CEEFE45F889" box="[268,405,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDEFFB2FEF17CEEFEF3F888" box="[268,291,1773,1796]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
. koreanus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FE5B7CEEFD9EF889" box="[422,590,1773,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FE5B7CEEFD9EF889" box="[422,590,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDEFFB2FE5B7CEEFE6DF888" box="[422,445,1773,1796]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs in having shorter tail, longer trunk, and wider chest, all relative to SVL (Table 1), and smaller number of presacral vertebrae in both sexes; smaller SVL, shorter hindlimb relative to SVL, and fewer costal grooves in males (Table 2); and shorter head relative to SVL in females.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDEFFB3FF3A7D5BFEBDFECC" blockId="10.[151,1436,1592,2013]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
Morphological comparisons of 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FDCE7D5AFD0DF8FD" box="[563,733,1881,1905]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FDCE7D5AFD0DF8FD" box="[563,733,1881,1905]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDEFFB2FDCE7D5AFD9AF8FC" box="[563,586,1881,1904]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the other species in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FBBC7D5AFB05F8FC" box="[1089,1237,1881,1904]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FBBC7D5AFB05F8FC" box="[1089,1237,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDEFFB2FBBC7D5AFB88F8FC" box="[1089,1112,1881,1904]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
. japonicus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species complex produced the following results (Tables 1, 2, 3 &amp; 4). 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FD247D7EFBCAF819" box="[729,1050,1917,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FD247D7EFBCAF819" box="[729,1050,1917,1941]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Onychodactylus intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically very similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FF6A7DA2FEF5F834" box="[151,293,1953,1976]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FF6A7DA2FEF5F834" box="[151,293,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDEFFB2FF6A7DA2FF7EF834" box="[151,174,1953,1976]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
. japonicus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but differing from it by: smaller SVL in males; relatively shorter tail in both sexes (121.8% of SVL in males and 101.9% in females vs. 125.0% and 106.7% in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDEFFB2FCE77DC6FC79F850" box="[794,937,1989,2012]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDEFFB2FCE77DC6FC79F850" box="[794,937,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDEFFB2FCE77DC6FCE1F850" box="[794,817,1989,2012]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">O</collectingCountry>
. japonicus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); larger number of vomerine teeth in males; vomerine tooth series tending to have anteriorly curved short sub-branch at inner meeting. In coloration, 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FA7C7A9BFECCFF58" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FA7C7A9BFECCFF58" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FA7C7A9BFA48FF23" box="[1409,1432,152,175]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is variable and looks similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FD737ABFFCCFFF58" box="[654,799,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FD737ABFFCCFFF58" box="[654,799,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FD737ABFFD75FF5F" box="[654,677,188,211]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. japonicus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FC427ABEFBD2FF58" box="[959,1026,189,212]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Japan</collectingCountry>
, but differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FB317ABFFA8DFF58" box="[1228,1373,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB317ABFFA8DFF58" box="[1228,1373,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FB317ABFFB33FF5F" box="[1228,1251,188,211]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. japonicus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from western 
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FF0A7AE3FEE7FF7B" box="[247,311,224,247]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Japan</collectingCountry>
and from the 
<typeStatus id="54EDE8D0FFDFFFB3FE267AE3FDDBFF74" box="[475,523,224,248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
locality, in which the stripe is distinct, sharply defined red or orange. A pair of dark marking on chest appears less frequently in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FD117B07FC4AFE90" box="[748,922,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FD117B07FC4AFE90" box="[748,922,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FD117B07FCD3FE97" box="[748,771,260,283]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(3.7% of specimens examined) than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FA7C7B07FED4FEB3" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FA7C7B07FED4FEB3" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FA7C7B07FA48FE97" box="[1409,1432,260,283]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. japonicus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(68.6%).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FF4F7B7AFD90FE29" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
TAB 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FF227B7AFEC1FE00" bold="true" box="[223,273,377,396]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">LE 2.</emphasis>
Variation in the number of presacral vertebrae (PSVN) and costal grooves (CGN) on each side of the body in eight 
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FAFA7B7AFAC7FE00" box="[1287,1303,377,396]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FAEA7B79FAF2FE00" box="[1303,1314,378,396]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">n</emphasis>
ych 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FABD7B7BFA86FE00" box="[1344,1366,376,396]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">od</emphasis>
ac 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FA977B79FAA0FE00" box="[1386,1392,378,396]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">t</emphasis>
yl 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FA7D7B79FA5BFE00" box="[1408,1419,378,396]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">u</emphasis>
s species. Bold numbers indicate modal values.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FD8E7BB8FAFDFE40" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" box="[627,1325,442,460]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">PSVN CGN(L) CGN(R)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FF4F7BDEFEBCFD83" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
Species Sex n 17 18 19 20 
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FD3E7BDEFC9AFE62" box="[707,842,477,494]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1921-11-22">21 22 11</date>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FC9C7BDEFC1BFE62" box="[865,971,477,494]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1914-12-13">12 13 14</date>
15 
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FBF07BDEFB44FE62" box="[1037,1172,477,494]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1916-11-17">16 17 11</date>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FB567BDEFAC6FE62" box="[1195,1302,477,494]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1914-12-13">12 13 14</date>
15 
<geoCoordinate id="EE6230B5FFDFFFB3FAA57BDEFF12FD83" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-16.283333">
16 17 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FF4F7BFCFF12FD83" box="[178,194,511,527]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FF4F7BFCFF12FD83" box="[178,194,511,527]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FF4F7BFCFF12FD83" box="[178,194,511,527]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</geoCoordinate>
. intermedius 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FED17BFCFEBCFD83" bold="true" box="[300,364,511,527]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFDFFFB3FED17BFCFEBCFD83" box="[300,364,511,527]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE76781CFB35FDBC" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" box="[395,1253,543,561]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
male 17 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FDBC781CFD85FDBD" bold="true" box="[577,597,543,561]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">11</emphasis>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FD8C781CFC4BFDA3" box="[625,923,543,561]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="2010-06-07">
6 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC9C781CFCA5FDBD" bold="true" box="[865,885,543,561]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">10</emphasis>
7
</date>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB51781CFB10FDBD" bold="true" box="[1196,1216,543,561]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">11</emphasis>
6
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE767843FE90FDFD" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
female 
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FE167843FDABFDDD" box="[491,635,576,594]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="2010-02-08">
10 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FDBB7843FD80FDDE" bold="true" box="[582,592,576,594]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">8</emphasis>
2
</date>
4 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC6C7843FC4BFDDE" bold="true" box="[913,923,576,594]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">6</emphasis>
5 5 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FF4F7862FF2BFDFE" box="[178,251,609,626]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FF4F7862FF2BFDFE" box="[178,251,609,626]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FF4F7862FF12FDFD" box="[178,194,609,625]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. fuscus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FEFD7862FE90FDFD" bold="true" box="[256,320,609,625]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFDFFFB3FEFD7862FE90FDFD" box="[256,320,609,625]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE767882FB35FD1E" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" box="[395,1253,641,658]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
male 6 3 3 1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC6C7881FC4BFD1E" bold="true" box="[913,923,642,658]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">5</emphasis>
1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB267881FB35FD1E" bold="true" box="[1243,1253,642,658]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">5</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE7678A1FEC6FD5F" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
female 5 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FDBB78A1FD80FD38" bold="true" box="[582,592,674,692]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">4</emphasis>
1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC9B78A1FCA0FD38" bold="true" box="[870,880,674,692]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">4</emphasis>
1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB4D78A1FB6AFD38" bold="true" box="[1200,1210,674,692]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">4</emphasis>
1 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FF4F78C0FEC6FD5F" box="[178,278,707,723]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FF4F78C0FEC6FD5F" box="[178,278,707,723]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FF4F78C0FF12FD5F" box="[178,194,707,723]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. japonicus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FEFD78E0FB3BFD78" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" box="[256,1259,738,757]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
(eastern pops.) male 60 
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FDE678E0FD51FD78" box="[539,641,739,757]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1941-08-11">
8 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FDBC78E0FD85FD79" bold="true" box="[577,597,739,757]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">41</emphasis>
11
</date>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FCC778E7FC70FD78" box="[826,928,739,757]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1941-07-12">
7 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC9C78E0FCA5FD79" bold="true" box="[865,885,739,757]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">41</emphasis>
12
</date>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FB7878E0FB3BFD78" box="[1157,1259,739,757]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1942-08-10">
8 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB5178E0FB10FD79" bold="true" box="[1196,1216,739,757]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">42</emphasis>
10
</date>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE767907FAC1FCBA" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
female 66 
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FDE67907FDABFC99" box="[539,635,772,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1957-03-06">
3 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FDBC7906FD85FC99" bold="true" box="[577,597,773,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">57</emphasis>
6
</date>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FCC67907FC70FC99" box="[827,928,772,790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1952-01-13">
1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC9C7907FCA5FC9A" bold="true" box="[865,885,772,790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">52</emphasis>
13
</date>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FB787907FB3BFC99" box="[1157,1259,772,790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1948-01-17">
1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB517907FB10FC9A" bold="true" box="[1196,1216,772,790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">48</emphasis>
17
</date>
(combined) male 78 
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FDE67926FD51FCBA" box="[539,641,805,823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1953-08-17">
8 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FDBC7926FD85FCBB" bold="true" box="[577,597,805,823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">53</emphasis>
17
</date>
7 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC9C7926FCA5FCBB" bold="true" box="[865,885,805,823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">50</emphasis>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FC717926FB5FFCBA" box="[908,1167,805,822]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1920-08-01">20 1 8</date>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FB517926FAC1FCBA" box="[1196,1297,805,823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1950-01-19">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB517926FB10FCBB" bold="true" box="[1196,1216,805,823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">50</emphasis>
19 1
</date>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE767946FEC5FCFB" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
female 75 
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FDE67946FD51FCDA" box="[539,641,837,855]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1958-03-14">
3 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FDBC7946FD85FCDB" bold="true" box="[577,597,837,855]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">58</emphasis>
14
</date>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FCC77946FC70FCDA" box="[826,928,837,855]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1952-01-22">
1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC9C7946FCA5FCDB" bold="true" box="[865,885,837,855]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">52</emphasis>
22
</date>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FB787946FB3BFCDA" box="[1157,1259,837,855]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1948-01-26">
1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB517946FB10FCDB" bold="true" box="[1196,1216,837,855]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">48</emphasis>
26
</date>
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FF4F7965FEC5FCFB" box="[178,277,870,887]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FF4F7965FEC5FCFB" box="[178,277,870,887]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FF4F7965FF12FCFA" box="[178,194,870,886]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. kinneburi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE767984FAC1FC14" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" box="[395,1297,903,921]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
male 36 
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FD907984FCA0FC14" box="[621,880,903,921]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1932-02-04">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FD907984FD51FC15" bold="true" box="[621,641,903,921]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">32</emphasis>
4 2
</date>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FC717984FB6AFC14" box="[908,1210,903,921]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1932-01-02">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC717984FC70FC15" bold="true" box="[908,928,903,921]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">32</emphasis>
2 1
</date>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB2A7984FB3BFC15" bold="true" box="[1239,1259,903,921]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">34</emphasis>
1
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE7679A4FE9AFC55" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
female 33 
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FDBB79ABFD76FC35" box="[582,678,935,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1930-01-02">
1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FD9079A4FD51FC35" bold="true" box="[621,641,935,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">30</emphasis>
2
</date>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FC7179A4FB6AFC35" box="[908,1210,935,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1928-02-05">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC7179A4FC70FC35" bold="true" box="[908,928,935,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">28</emphasis>
5 
<geoCoordinate id="EE6230B5FFDFFFB3FB4D79ABFB6AFC35" box="[1200,1210,936,953]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" precision="15" value="-2.451111">2</geoCoordinate>
</date>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB2A79A4FB3BFC35" bold="true" box="[1239,1259,935,953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">27</emphasis>
4 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FF4F79CAFE9AFC55" box="[178,330,968,985]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FF4F79CAFE9AFC55" box="[178,330,968,985]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FF4F79CAFF12FC55" box="[178,194,969,985]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. nipponoborealis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE7679EAFB35FC76" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" box="[395,1253,1001,1019]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
male 20 
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FDE679EAFDABFC76" box="[539,635,1001,1019]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1918-01-01">
1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FDBC79EAFD85FC77" bold="true" box="[577,597,1001,1019]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">18</emphasis>
1
</date>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FCC679EAFC4BFC76" box="[827,923,1001,1019]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1914-05-01">
5 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC9C79EAFCA5FC77" bold="true" box="[865,885,1001,1019]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">14</emphasis>
1
</date>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FB7879EAFB35FC76" box="[1157,1253,1001,1019]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="2013-06-01">
6 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB5179EAFB10FC77" bold="true" box="[1196,1216,1001,1019]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">13</emphasis>
1
</date>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE767E09FEFEFBB7" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
female 
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FE167E09FD85FB97" box="[491,597,1034,1051]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="2012-01-26">26 1 12</date>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FD907E0AFD51FB97" bold="true" box="[621,641,1033,1051]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">13</emphasis>
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FCC77E09FB35FB97" box="[826,1253,1033,1051]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="1919-03-04">
3 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC9C7E0AFCA5FB97" bold="true" box="[865,885,1033,1051]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">19</emphasis>
4 3 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB517E0AFB10FB97" bold="true" box="[1196,1216,1033,1051]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">19</emphasis>
4
</date>
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FF4F7E28FEFEFBB7" box="[178,302,1066,1083]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FF4F7E28FEFEFBB7" box="[178,302,1066,1083]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FF4F7E28FF12FBB7" box="[178,194,1067,1083]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. tsukubaensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE767E48FB6AFBD0" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" box="[395,1210,1099,1116]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
male 6 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FDBB7E4FFD80FBD0" bold="true" box="[582,592,1100,1116]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">5</emphasis>
1 1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC9B7E4FFCA0FBD0" bold="true" box="[870,880,1100,1116]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">5</emphasis>
1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB4D7E4FFB6AFBD0" bold="true" box="[1200,1210,1100,1116]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">5</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE767E6FFB6AFBF2" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" box="[395,1210,1132,1150]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
female 
<date id="FFE870B2FFDFFFB3FE167E6FFD80FBF2" box="[491,592,1132,1150]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" value="2010-09-01">
10 1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FDBB7E6FFD80FBF2" bold="true" box="[582,592,1132,1150]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">9</emphasis>
</date>
1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC9B7E6FFCA0FBF2" bold="true" box="[870,880,1132,1150]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">9</emphasis>
2 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB4D7E6FFB6AFBF2" bold="true" box="[1200,1210,1132,1150]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">8</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FF4F7E8EFEC2FB12" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" box="[178,274,1165,1182]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FF4F7E8EFEC2FB12" box="[178,274,1165,1182]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koreanus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FF4F7E8EFEC2FB12" box="[178,274,1165,1182]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FF4F7E8EFF12FB11" box="[178,194,1165,1181]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. koreanus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE767EAEFAC1FB32" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" box="[395,1297,1197,1214]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
male 8 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FD8C7EADFDABFB32" bold="true" box="[625,635,1198,1214]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">5</emphasis>
3 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC6C7EADFC4BFB32" bold="true" box="[913,923,1198,1214]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">5</emphasis>
3 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB267EADFB35FB32" bold="true" box="[1243,1253,1198,1214]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">5</emphasis>
3
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE767ECDFED5FA8C" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
female 2 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FD8C7ECDFDABFB6C" bold="true" box="[625,635,1230,1248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">2</emphasis>
1 
<geoCoordinate id="EE6230B5FFDFFFB3FC417ECDFF12FB73" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" precision="15" value="-1.0169444">
1 1 1 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FF4F7EECFF12FB73" box="[178,194,1263,1279]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FF4F7EECFF12FB73" box="[178,194,1263,1279]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FF4F7EECFF12FB73" box="[178,194,1263,1279]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</geoCoordinate>
. fischeri
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE767F0CFA42FAAD" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" box="[395,1426,1295,1313]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
male 9 1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FD357F13FD02FAAC" bold="true" box="[712,722,1296,1312]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">7</emphasis>
1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC1A7F0CFC21FAAD" bold="true" box="[999,1009,1295,1313]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">4</emphasis>
3 1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FACF7F13FAECFAAC" bold="true" box="[1330,1340,1296,1312]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">5</emphasis>
2 1
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FE767F33FB30F95B" blockId="11.[178,1431,376,1346]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,1402,1967]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
female 3 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FD357F33FD02FACE" bold="true" box="[712,722,1328,1346]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">2</emphasis>
1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FBEF7F33FBCCFACE" bold="true" box="[1042,1052,1328,1346]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">2</emphasis>
1 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FAA07F33FAB7FACE" bold="true" box="[1373,1383,1328,1346]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">2</emphasis>
1 From 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FEF07F78FE4DFA1F" box="[269,413,1403,1427]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FEF07F78FE4DFA1F" box="[269,413,1403,1427]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FEF07F78FEF4FA1E" box="[269,292,1403,1426]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. kinneburi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FE537F78FD88FA1F" box="[430,600,1403,1427]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FE537F78FD88FA1F" box="[430,600,1403,1427]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FE537F78FE15FA1E" box="[430,453,1403,1426]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
significantly differs in having smaller SVL in both sexes, and relatively wider chest in females (13.6% of SVL vs. 12.2% in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FD217F9DFCB2FA3A" box="[732,866,1438,1462]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FD217F9DFCB2FA3A" box="[732,866,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FD217F9DFD20FA3A" box="[732,752,1438,1462]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
.kinneburi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FC877F9DFB6AFA3A" box="[890,1210,1438,1462]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC877F9DFB6AFA3A" box="[890,1210,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Onychodactylus intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FA7C7F9CFED2FA57" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FA7C7F9CFED2FA57" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FA7C7F9CFA48FA3A" box="[1409,1432,1439,1462]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. kinneburi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having significantly smaller numbers of presacral vertebrae in both sexes (mode = 18 vs. 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFDFFFB3FAC67FC0FAA7FA57" box="[1339,1399,1474,1499]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.826" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" unit="in" value="19.0">19 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FA7C7FC0FED2FA72" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FA7C7FC0FED2FA72" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FA7C7FC0FA48FA56" box="[1409,1432,1475,1498]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. kinneburi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and costal grooves (mode = 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFDFFFB3FDAB7FE4FD40FA73" box="[598,656,1510,1535]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
males and 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFDFFFB3FCEF7FE4FC9CFA73" box="[786,844,1510,1535]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
females vs. 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFDFFFB3FC267FE4FBC6FA73" box="[987,1046,1510,1535]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
both sexes in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FB477FE4FA98FA72" box="[1210,1352,1510,1534]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB477FE4FA98FA72" box="[1210,1352,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FB477FE4FB01FA72" box="[1210,1233,1511,1534]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. kinneburi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FA7C7FE4FEF2F9AF" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FA7C7FE4FECEF9AF" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FA7C7FE4FA48FA72" box="[1409,1432,1511,1534]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
vomerine tooth series is distinctly curved (vs. shallowly curved in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FBD97C08FB63F9AF" box="[1060,1203,1547,1571]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FBD97C08FB63F9AF" box="[1060,1203,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FBD97C08FBEBF9AE" box="[1060,1083,1547,1570]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. kinneburi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), forming anteriorly curved sub-branch at inner meeting (vs. tending to lack short sub-branch in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FBFE7C2CFB42F9CA" box="[1027,1170,1582,1606]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FBFE7C2CFB42F9CA" box="[1027,1170,1582,1606]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FBFE7C2CFBCAF9CA" box="[1027,1050,1583,1606]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. kinneburi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Number of vomerine teeth in male 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FECE7C50FE0AF9E7" box="[307,474,1619,1643]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FECE7C50FE0AF9E7" box="[307,474,1619,1643]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FECE7C50FE9AF9E6" box="[307,330,1619,1642]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is significantly larger than 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FCE97C50FC73F9E7" box="[788,931,1619,1643]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FCE97C50FC73F9E7" box="[788,931,1619,1643]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FCE97C50FCFBF9E6" box="[788,811,1619,1642]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. kinneburi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In coloration, 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FBA97C50FB2BF9E7" box="[1108,1275,1619,1643]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FBA97C50FB2BF9E7" box="[1108,1275,1619,1643]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FBA97C50FBBBF9E6" box="[1108,1131,1619,1642]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with ochre or brownish dorsal stripe with dark-brown background, and often with silvery white dots on ventrolateral side, can be easily distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FE457C98FD95F93F" box="[440,581,1691,1715]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FE457C98FD95F93F" box="[440,581,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FE457C98FE1FF93E" box="[440,463,1691,1714]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. kinneburi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with sharply defined yellowish-orange or yellow dorsal stripe or continuous series of blotches on uniformly black background, and usually lacking silvery white dots on body.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDFFFB3FF3A7CE0FAE8F823" blockId="11.[151,1436,1402,1967]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
From 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FEF77CE0FE32F977" box="[266,482,1763,1787]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FEF77CE0FE32F977" box="[266,482,1763,1787]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FEF77CE0FEF1F976" box="[266,289,1763,1786]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. nipponoborealis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FE0D7CE0FD46F977" box="[496,662,1763,1787]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FE0D7CE0FD46F977" box="[496,662,1763,1787]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FE0D7CE0FDD7F976" box="[496,519,1763,1786]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs in having a narrower head in males (14.5% of SVL vs. 15.1% in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FF497D04FE5CF892" box="[180,396,1798,1822]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FF497D04FE5CF892" box="[180,396,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FF497D04FF1BF892" box="[180,203,1799,1822]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. nipponoborealis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), as well as a shorter snout (7.1% of SVL in males and 7.3% in females vs. 7.9% and 7.8%, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FF497D28FE5CF8CF" box="[180,396,1835,1859]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FF497D28FE5CF8CF" box="[180,396,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FF497D28FF1BF8CE" box="[180,203,1835,1858]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. nipponoborealis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and wider intercanthal space (59.6% of HW in males and 59.3% in females vs. 56.9% and 56.8% in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FEF87D4CFE0EF8EA" box="[261,478,1870,1894]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FEF87D4CFE0EF8EA" box="[261,478,1870,1894]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FEF87D4CFECCF8EA" box="[261,284,1871,1894]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. nipponoborealis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in both sexes. In coloration, 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FCCE7D4CFC0AF8EA" box="[819,986,1870,1894]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FCCE7D4CFC0AF8EA" box="[819,986,1870,1894]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FCCE7D4CFC9AF8EA" box="[819,842,1871,1894]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FB8D7D4CFA9AF8EA" box="[1136,1354,1870,1894]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB8D7D4CFA9AF8EA" box="[1136,1354,1870,1894]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FB8D7D4CFB57F8EA" box="[1136,1159,1871,1894]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. nipponoborealis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and is difficult to distinguish it based only on coloration. Dark marking on chest, usually absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FB687D70FAECF807" box="[1173,1340,1907,1931]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FB687D70FAECF807" box="[1173,1340,1907,1931]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FB687D70FB7CF806" box="[1173,1196,1907,1930]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(present only in 3.7% of specimens examined), is more frequently present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDFFFB3FC697D94FBBDF822" box="[916,1133,1942,1966]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDFFFB3FC697D94FBBDF822" box="[916,1133,1942,1966]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDFFFB3FC697D94FC7BF822" box="[916,939,1943,1966]" name="Iceland" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
. nipponoborealis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(65.2%: Table 4).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FEFF7AC3FDB1FF70" blockId="12.[258,1312,191,251]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD8FFB4FEFF7AC3FE87FF5D" bold="true" box="[258,343,192,209]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Variation in the number of vomerine tooth series (means±1SD, followed by ranges in parenthesis), gap between right and left sides of the vomerine tooth series, and short sub-branch of vomerine tooth series at the inner meeting (number followed by percentage in parenthesis) in eight 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD8FFB4FE5E7AE8FDCFFF70" box="[419,543,235,252]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD8FFB4FE5E7AE8FDCFFF70" box="[419,543,235,252]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Onychodactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FC267B15FAC6FEA8" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" box="[987,1302,278,292]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Gap Short sub-branch of VTS</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FEFF7B31FACEFECC" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" box="[258,1310,306,320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Species Sex n VTN(L) VTN(R) VTN (average) present absent L+R L or R absent</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FEFF7B4EFE76FED7" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" box="[258,422,333,347]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD8FFB4FEFF7B4EFEBAFED7" box="[258,362,333,347]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD8FFB4FEFF7B4EFEBAFED7" box="[258,362,333,347]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD8FFB4FEFF7B4EFEC0FED7" box="[258,272,333,347]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD8FFB4FE937B4EFE76FED7" bold="true" box="[366,422,333,347]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFD8FFB4FE937B4EFE76FED7" box="[366,422,333,347]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FE547B64FACDFE72" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
male 17 16.1±2.9 15.6±1.9 15.9±2.4 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FC427B6BFADDFEFA" box="[959,1293,359,374]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="2013-04-11" valueMax="2013-04-06" valueMin="2013-04-11">4 13 11 - 6</date>
(11–22) (12–18) (11–22) (23.5) (76.5) (64.7) - (35.3) female 10 16.1±4.6 14.9±4.1 15.5±4.3 4 6 4 2 4 (10–25) (8–21) (8–25) (40.0) (60.0) (40.0) (20.0) (40.0) Sum 27 16.1±3.5 15.4±2.8 15.7±3.2 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FC427BD6FBADFE6F" box="[959,1149,468,483]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="1915-08-19">8 19 15</date>
2 10 (10–25) (8–21) (8–25) (29.6) (70.4) (55.6) (7.4) (37.0)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FEFF7808FE50FD95" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" box="[258,384,523,537]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD8FFB4FEFF7808FE92FD95" box="[258,322,523,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD8FFB4FEFF7808FE92FD95" box="[258,322,523,537]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD8FFB4FEFF7808FEC0FD95" box="[258,272,523,537]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">O</collectingCountry>
. fuscus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD8FFB4FEBA7808FE50FD95" bold="true" box="[327,384,523,537]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFD8FFB4FEBA7808FE50FD95" box="[327,384,523,537]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FE547825FACDFD31" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
male 6 12.8±1.5 12.0±1.9 12.4±1.7 6 - - - 6 (11–15) (9–15) (9–15) (100) - - - (100) female 5 14.8±3.1 15.2±3.3 15.0±3.0 4 1 3 - 2 (11–18) (12–19) (11–19) (80.0) (20.0) (60.0) - (40.0) Sum 11 13.7±2.5 13.5±3.0 13.6±2.7 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FC467897FADDFD2E" box="[955,1293,660,674]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="2010-03-01" valueMax="2010-08-01" valueMin="2010-03-01">10 1 3 - 8</date>
(11–18) (9–19) (9–19) (90.9) (9.1) (27.3) - (72.7)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FEFF78C9FE8BFD54" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" box="[258,347,714,728]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD8FFB4FEFF78C9FE8BFD54" box="[258,347,714,728]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD8FFB4FEFF78C9FE8BFD54" box="[258,347,714,728]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD8FFB4FEFF78C9FEC0FD54" box="[258,272,714,728]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">O</collectingCountry>
. japonicus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FED378E6FACDFCF0" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
(eastern pops.) male 57 11.6±3.6 11.8±3.9 11.7±3.7 17 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FBF478E6FB12FD7F" box="[1033,1218,741,756]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="1940-04-07">40 7 4</date>
46 (5–21) (7–26) (5–26) (29.8) (70.2) (12.3) (7.0) (80.7) female 61 13.9±4.1 14.4±4.2 14.1±4.1 15 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FBF47918FB12FCA6" box="[1033,1218,795,810]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="1946-04-10">46 10 4</date>
47 (5–22) (4–25) (4–25) (24.6) (75.4) (16.4) (6.6) (77.0) Sum 118 13.2±4.3 13.1±4.2 13.0±4.1 32 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FBF47952FB12FCEC" box="[1033,1218,849,864]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="1986-08-17">86 17 8</date>
93 (5–23) (4–26) (4–26) (27.1) (72.9) (14.4) (6.8) (78.8)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FEB9798AFACDFB93" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
(combined) male 75 12.7±4.4 12.7±4.0 12.7±4.2 30 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FBF4798BFB12FC1B" box="[1033,1218,904,919]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="1945-06-13">45 13 6</date>
56 (5–23) (7–26) (5–26) (40.0) (60.0) (17.3) (8.0) (74.7) female 70 14.2±4.1 14.7±4.2 14.5±4.1 22 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FBF479BCFB12FC42" box="[1033,1218,959,974]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="1948-06-13">48 13 6</date>
51 (5–22) (4–25) (4–25) (31.4) (68.6) (18.6) (8.6) (72.8) Sum 145 13.4±4.3 13.7±4.2 13.6±4.2 52 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FBF479F5FB16FB88" box="[1033,1222,1013,1028]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="1993-12-26">93 26 12</date>
107 (5–23) (4–26) (4–26) (35.9) (64.1) (17.9) (8.3) (73.8)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FEFF7E2EFE8AFBB6" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" box="[258,346,1068,1083]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD8FFB4FEFF7E2EFE8AFBB6" box="[258,346,1068,1083]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD8FFB4FEFF7E2EFE8AFBB6" box="[258,346,1068,1083]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD8FFB4FEFF7E2EFEC0FBB7" box="[258,272,1069,1083]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">O</collectingCountry>
. kinneburi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FE547E4BFACDFB52" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
male 36 13.6±3.3 13.5±3.2 13.6±3.2 12 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FBF47E4BFB12FBDA" box="[1033,1218,1096,1110]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="1924-07-02">24 2 7</date>
27 (9–22) (9–20) (9–22) (33.3) (66.7) (5.6) (19.4) (75.0) female 33 15.6±3.7 16.4±3.9 16.0±3.8 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FC467E7DFBA9FB00" box="[955,1145,1150,1164]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="2013-08-20">13 20 8</date>
10 15 (9–23) (8–25) (8–25) (39.4) (60.6) (24.2) (30.3) (45.5) Sum 69 14.6±3.6 14.9±3.8 14.7±3.7 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FC467EB7FBADFB4F" box="[955,1149,1204,1219]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="1944-10-25">25 44 10</date>
17 42 (9–23) (8–25) (8–25) (36.2) (63.8) (14.5) (24.6) (60.9)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FEFF7EE8FE59FB75" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" box="[258,393,1259,1273]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD8FFB4FEFF7EE8FE59FB75" box="[258,393,1259,1273]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD8FFB4FEFF7EE8FE59FB75" box="[258,393,1259,1273]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD8FFB4FEFF7EE8FEC0FB75" box="[258,272,1259,1273]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">O</collectingCountry>
. nipponoborealis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FE547F04FACDFA11" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
male 20 15.0±5.0 15.2±4.4 15.1±5.8 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FC427F05FBA9FA99" box="[959,1145,1286,1301]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="1914-06-09">6 14 9</date>
2 9 (4–24) (5–23) (4–24) (30.0) (70.0) (45.0) (10.0) (45.0) female 26 15.4±3.8 15.0±3.6 15.2±3.6 9 17 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FB917F3EFADDFAC7" box="[1132,1293,1340,1355]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="1914-07-05">14 5 7</date>
(8–23) (9–20) (8–23) (34.6) (65.4) (53.8) (19.2) (27.0) Sum 46 15.2±4.3 15.1±3.9 15.2±4.2 15 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FBF47F77FB12FA0E" box="[1033,1218,1396,1410]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="1931-07-23">31 23 7</date>
16 (4–24) (5–23) (4–24) (32.6) (67.4) (50.0) (15.2) (34.8)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FEFF7FA9FEA0FA34" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" box="[258,368,1450,1464]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD8FFB4FEFF7FA9FEA0FA34" box="[258,368,1450,1464]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD8FFB4FEFF7FA9FEA0FA34" box="[258,368,1450,1464]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD8FFB4FEFF7FA9FEC0FA34" box="[258,272,1450,1464]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">O</collectingCountry>
. tsukubaensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FE547FC6FACDF9D0" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
male 6 16.0±3.2 15.5±3.0 15.8±3.0 1 5 - 1 5 (12–20) (12–19) (12–20) (16.7) (83.3) - (16.7) (83.3) female 10 18.2±2.2 17.1±2.5 17.8±2.3 - 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FBF47FFFFBCAF986" box="[1033,1050,1532,1546]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="2010-03-07">10</date>
7 - 3 (14–22) (12–20) (12–22) - (100) (70.0) - (30.0) Sum 16 17.4±2.7 16.7±2.8 17.0±2.7 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD8FFB4FC427C31FBA9F9CD" box="[959,1145,1586,1601]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" value="1915-01-07">1 15 7</date>
1 8 (12–22) (12–20) (12–22) (6.3) (93.7) (43.7) (6.3) (50.0)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FEFF7C6AFE86F9FB" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" box="[258,342,1641,1655]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD8FFB4FEFF7C6AFE86F9FB" box="[258,342,1641,1655]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="koreanus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD8FFB4FEFF7C6AFE86F9FB" box="[258,342,1641,1655]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD8FFB4FEFF7C6AFEC0F9FB" box="[258,272,1641,1655]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">O</collectingCountry>
. koreanus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FE547C87FACDF897" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">male 8 18.1±3.7 18.8±2.1 18.4±2.9 1 7 4 2 2 (15–26) (15–22) (15–26) (12.5) (87.5) (50.0) (25.0) (25.0) female 2 17.0±2.8 16.5±3.5 16.8±2.6 - 2 1 - 1 (15–19) (14–19) (14–19) - (100) (50.0) - (50.0) Sum 10 17.9±3.4 18.3±2.4 18.1±2.9 1 9 5 2 3 (15–26) (14–22) (14–26) (10.0) (90.0) (50.0) (20.0) (30.0)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB4FEFF7D2BFE9CF8BA" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" box="[258,332,1832,1846]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD8FFB4FEFF7D2BFE9CF8BA" box="[258,332,1832,1846]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD8FFB4FEFF7D2BFE9CF8BA" box="[258,332,1832,1846]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD8FFB4FEFF7D2BFEC0F8BA" box="[258,272,1832,1846]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">O</collectingCountry>
. fischeri
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD8FFB5FE547D40FB09FD5B" blockId="12.[258,1310,279,2010]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,451,2024]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
male 9 14.9±3.2 14.0±3.2 14.4±3.1 4 5 4 - 5 (10–20) (9–20) (9–20) (44.4) (55.6) (44.4) - (55.6) female 3 13.3±1.5 13.0±2.6 13.2±1.9 1 2 1 - 2 (12–15) (11–16) (11–16) (33.3) (66.7) (33.3) - (66.7) Sum 12 14.5±2.9 13.8±3.0 14.1±2.9 5 7 5 - 7 (10–20) (9–20) (9–20) (41.7) (58.3) (41.7) - (58.3) In comparison with 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FE4E7BC0FDB8FE57" box="[435,616,451,475]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FE4E7BC0FDB8FE57" box="[435,616,451,475]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FE4E7BC0FE1AFE56" box="[435,458,451,474]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. tsukubaensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FD847BC0FCF3FE57" box="[633,803,451,475]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FD847BC0FCF3FE57" box="[633,803,451,475]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FD847BC0FD40FE56" box="[633,656,451,474]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is significantly smaller in male SVL. 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FB1A7BC0FECCFE73" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FB1A7BC0FECCFE73" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Onychodactylus intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also differs significantly from it in having longer tail (121.8% of SVL in males and 101.9% in females vs. 102.3% and 90.4% in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FE4E7808FDB4FDAF" box="[435,612,523,547]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FE4E7808FDB4FDAF" box="[435,612,523,547]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FE4E7808FE1AFDAE" box="[435,458,523,546]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. tsukubaensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), narrower head (14.5% of SVL in males and 14.8% in females vs. 15.4% and 15.6% in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FECE782CFE34FDCB" box="[307,484,559,583]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FECE782CFE34FDCB" box="[307,484,559,583]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FECE782CFE9AFDCA" box="[307,330,559,582]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. tsukubaensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), shorter snout (7.1% of SVL in males and 7.3% in females vs. 7.7% and 7.9% in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FA7C782CFEF6FDE7" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FA7C782CFEF6FDE7" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FA7C782CFA48FDCA" box="[1409,1432,559,582]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. tsukubaensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and wider interorbital space (31.8% of HW in males and 32.2% in females vs. 28.3% and 27.8% in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FF6A7874FE9BFD03" box="[151,331,631,655]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FF6A7874FE9BFD03" box="[151,331,631,655]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FF6A7874FF7EFD02" box="[151,174,631,654]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. tsukubaensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Number of costal grooves were significantly larger in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FC267874FB54FD03" box="[987,1156,631,655]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FC267874FB54FD03" box="[987,1156,631,655]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FC267874FC22FD02" box="[987,1010,631,654]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FB357874FAACFD03" box="[1224,1404,631,655]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FB357874FAACFD03" box="[1224,1404,631,655]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FB357874FB0FFD02" box="[1224,1247,631,654]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. tsukubaensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in both sexes (mode = 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFD9FFB5FE817898FE65FD38" box="[380,437,667,692]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
males and 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFD9FFB5FDCB7898FDA0FD38" box="[566,624,667,692]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
females vs. 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFD9FFB5FD027898FCE8FD38" box="[767,824,667,692]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
both sexes). 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FC337898FADEFD3F" box="[974,1294,667,691]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FC337898FADEFD3F" box="[974,1294,667,691]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Onychodactylus intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FF6A78BCFE98FD5B" box="[151,328,703,727]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FF6A78BCFE98FD5B" box="[151,328,703,727]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FF6A78BCFF7EFD5A" box="[151,174,703,726]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. tsukubaensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in coloration and is difficult to be distinguished from it based only on coloration.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD9FFB5FF3A78E7FC0DFCEB" blockId="13.[151,1437,451,2024]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
In the larval stage, 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FE6178E0FD93FD77" box="[412,579,739,763]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FE6178E0FD93FD77" box="[412,579,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FE6178E0FE63FD76" box="[412,435,739,762]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
looks very similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FCCA78E0FC17FD77" box="[823,967,739,763]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FCCA78E0FC17FD77" box="[823,967,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FCCA78E0FC9EFD76" box="[823,846,739,762]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. japonicus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FC0078E0FB05FD77" box="[1021,1237,739,763]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FC0078E0FB05FD77" box="[1021,1237,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FC0078E0FBC4FD76" box="[1021,1044,739,762]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. nipponoborealis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and is difficult to distinguish from them. 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FE5C7904FD32FC93" box="[417,738,775,799]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FE5C7904FD32FC93" box="[417,738,775,799]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Onychodactylus intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larva differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FC467904FBBEFC93" box="[955,1134,775,799]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FC467904FBBEFC93" box="[955,1134,775,799]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FC467904FC02FC92" box="[955,978,775,798]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. tsukubaensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having longer tail (
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFD9FFB5FA927905FF76FCCF" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1249,1271]" captionTargetBox="[156,1425,182,1240]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,175,1244]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Relationships between SVL and relative length of tail (RTAL) in larvae of the four species of Onychodactylus; shaded triangles: O. intermedius sp. nov., RTAL = 0.88 SVL + 62.97, r ² = 0.5418; open circles: O. japonicus, RTAL = 0.59 SVL + 72.36, r ² = 0.7341; shaded squares: O. nipponoborealis, RTAL = 0.66 SVL + 66.04, r ² = 0.6126; closed inverse triangles: O. tsukubaensis, RTAL = 0.19 SVL + 74.91, r ² = 0.1045." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287192/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
), and in lacking silvery white mottlings on body and light-yellow dorsocaudal stripe (
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFD9FFB5FB3F7928FADEFCCF" box="[1218,1294,811,836]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,248,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[150,1433,469,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[148,1433,469,1520]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsal views of premetamorphic (A) and growing (B – F) larvae of O. intermedius sp. nov. Scale bar indicates 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287191/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Larval 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FA7C7928FECCFCEB" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FA7C7928FECCFCEB" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FA7C7928FA48FCCE" box="[1409,1432,811,834]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FE52794CFDECFCEB" box="[431,572,847,871]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kinneburi">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FE52794CFDECFCEB" box="[431,572,847,871]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FE52794CFE16FCEA" box="[431,454,847,870]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. kinneburi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in lacking orangish dorsal markings.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD9FFB5FF3A7970FC32FC07" blockId="13.[151,1437,451,2024]" box="[199,994,883,908]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FF3A7970FE9EFC00" bold="true" box="[199,334,883,908]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Karyotype.</emphasis>
No karyotypic information is available for 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FCC87970FC0BFC07" box="[821,987,883,907]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FCC87970FC0BFC07" box="[821,987,883,907]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FCC87970FC9CFC06" box="[821,844,883,906]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD9FFB5FF3A7995FDFCFB43" blockId="13.[151,1437,451,2024]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FF3A7995FE33FC23" bold="true" box="[199,483,918,943]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Genetic characteristics.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FE127994FCE3FC23" box="[495,819,919,943]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FE127994FCE3FC23" box="[495,819,919,943]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Onychodactylus intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FCC27995FC4DFC23" bold="true" box="[831,925,918,943]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFD9FFB5FCC27995FC4DFC23" box="[831,925,918,943]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
corresponds to Subclade II-A or S-Tohoku group in the previous studies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD9FFB5FE1479B8FD37FC5F" author="Yoshikawa" box="[489,743,955,980]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" refString="Yoshikawa, N., Matsui, M., Nishikawa, K., Kim, J. B. &amp; Kryukov, A. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the Japanese clawed salamander, Onychodactylus japonicus (Amphibia: Caudata: Hynobiidae), and its congener inferred from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49, 249 - 259. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2008.07.016" type="journal article" year="2008">
Yoshikawa 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FD9079BFFD75FC5F" box="[621,677,955,979]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD9FFB5FD0F79B8FCE9FC5F" author="Yoshikawa" box="[754,825,955,979]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" refString="Yoshikawa, N., Matsui, M., Nishikawa, K., Misawa, Y. &amp; Tanabe, S. (2010 a) Allozymic variation of the Japanese clawed salamander, Onychodactylus japonicus (Amphibia: Caudata: Hynobiidae), with special reference to the presence of two sympatric genetic types. Zoological Science, 27, 33 - 40. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 27.33" type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">2010a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD9FFB5FCB979B8FC50FC5F" author="Yoshikawa" box="[836,896,955,979]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" refString="Yoshikawa, N., Matsui, M. &amp; Nishikawa, K. (2012) Genetic structure and cryptic diversity of Onychodactylus japonicus (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) in northeastern Honshu, Japan, as revealed by allozymic analysis. Zoological Science, 29, 229 - 237." type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
), and detailed phylogenetic position and genetic relationships have been discussed. However, this study revealed that Subclade II-C, which is newly reported here and described below, is the sister taxon of 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FD8A7E00FCCFFB97" box="[631,799,1027,1051]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FD8A7E00FCCFFB97" box="[631,799,1027,1051]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FD8A7E00FD5EFB96" box="[631,654,1027,1050]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFD9FFB5FCD37E00FCA4FB97" box="[814,884,1027,1052]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[254,1330,199,1928]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[242,1344,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. The ML trees based on 1141 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, showing entire shape of the ML tree (A), detail of Subclade II-A (B), and detail of Clade III (C). Values at nodes indicate supports of 1000 bootstrap replicates. Numbers in parenthesis indicate population numbers shown in Appendix 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287186/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The mean uncorrected p-distance for cytb gene between 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FF067E24FE72FBB3" box="[251,418,1063,1087]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FF067E24FE72FBB3" box="[251,418,1063,1087]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FF067E24FEC2FBB2" box="[251,274,1063,1086]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and closely related species 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FD277E24FC5CFBB3" box="[730,908,1063,1087]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FD277E24FC5CFBB3" box="[730,908,1063,1087]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FD277E24FD21FBB2" box="[730,753,1063,1086]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. tsukubaensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Subclade II-B) was 5.33% (4.90–5.70%), and Subclade II-C was 4.15% (3.59–4.73%). Within the species, the distance varied up to 1.67%, and no distinct geographic genetic structure was found. 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FD867E6CFC11FB0B" box="[635,961,1135,1159]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FD867E6CFC11FB0B" box="[635,961,1135,1159]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Onychodactylus intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is parapatric with 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FB547E6CFAEEFB0B" box="[1193,1342,1135,1159]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FB547E6CFAEEFB0B" box="[1193,1342,1135,1159]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FB547E6CFB10FB0A" box="[1193,1216,1135,1158]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. japonicus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FA7C7E6CFE9DFB27" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FA7C7E6CFE9DFB27" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FA7C7E6CFA48FB0A" box="[1409,1432,1135,1158]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. nipponoborealis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but they are nearly reproductively isolated, with only a few hybrids found around species boundaries (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD9FFB5FEDD7EB5FDF0FB43" author="Yoshikawa" box="[288,544,1206,1231]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" refString="Yoshikawa, N., Matsui, M. &amp; Nishikawa, K. (2012) Genetic structure and cryptic diversity of Onychodactylus japonicus (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) in northeastern Honshu, Japan, as revealed by allozymic analysis. Zoological Science, 29, 229 - 237." type="journal article" year="2012">
Yoshikawa 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FE597EBBFE0CFB43" box="[420,476,1207,1231]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD9FFB5FF3A7ED8FE7FF99F" blockId="13.[151,1437,451,2024]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FF3A7ED8FDE8FB78" bold="true" box="[199,568,1243,1268]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Fecundity and natural history.</emphasis>
Breeding season of 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FCD97ED8FC1CFB7F" box="[804,972,1243,1267]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FCD97ED8FC1CFB7F" box="[804,972,1243,1267]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FCD97ED8FCEBFB7E" box="[804,827,1243,1266]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FC287ED8FBE1FB78" bold="true" box="[981,1073,1243,1268]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFD9FFB5FC287ED8FBE1FB78" box="[981,1073,1243,1268]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is not yet confirmed. However, our field observations suggest that the new species breeds from late spring to early summer (summer breeding) and/or late autumn to early winter (winter breeding), because adults with breeding characters were collected in both seasons, although the season seems to depend on the locality: a clawed male, KUHE44772, was collected in early May from Murakami-shi, Niigata Pref.; a clawed female, KUHE38310, with mature eggs was collected in late October from Nagai-shi, Yamagata Pref.; and clawed females, KUHE 48301–48302, with mature eggs were collected in early November from Otama-mura, Fukushima Pref. (these were induced to oviposit in the laboratory, see below). It is also possible that some populations breed biannually as known in 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FB8B7FD4FADAFA63" box="[1142,1290,1495,1519]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FB8B7FD4FADAFA63" box="[1142,1290,1495,1519]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FB8B7FD4FB5DFA62" box="[1142,1165,1495,1518]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. japonicus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Ishikawa Prefecture (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFD9FFB5FEE47FF8FE72F99F" author="Akita" box="[281,418,1531,1556]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" refString="Akita, Y. (1989) Breeding cycle of Onychodactylus japonicus on Mt. Hodatsu, with special reference to biannual spawning. In: Matsui, M., Hikida, T. &amp; Goris, R. C. (Eds.), Current Herpetology in East Asia. Herpetological Society of Japan, Kyoto, pp. 305." type="book chapter" year="1989">Akita, 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD9FFB5FF3A7C1DFB7AF8B8" blockId="13.[151,1437,451,2024]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
The breeding site is presumed to be the underground flowing water near headstreams, as is the case in other 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FF6A7C40FE9CF9D7" box="[151,332,1603,1627]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FF6A7C40FE9CF9D7" box="[151,332,1603,1627]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Onychodactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. We obtained two pairs of egg sacs from females from Otama-mura, Fukushima Prefecture in the laboratory on 
<date id="FFE870B2FFD9FFB5FE807C64FD83F9F3" box="[381,595,1638,1663]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" value="2013-12-24">24 December 2013</date>
by gonadotropin induction (
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFD9FFB5FC6B7C65FC0AF9F3" box="[918,986,1638,1663]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1940,1962]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1444,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,1444,1919]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. (A) Two pairs of egg sacs of O. intermedius sp. nov. deposited on 26 December 2013 by gonadotropin induction. (B) Typical habitat of O. intermedius sp. nov. in the type locality (photo on 11 June 2013)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287193/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
A). Egg sacs were attached on the stone and strongly adhered by short gelatinous stalks. The outer gelatinous layer was transparent, elastic, and strong. Egg sacs were cylindrical and spindle-shaped, in which eggs were arranged in a single row and two rows, respectively. Very weak, longitudinal grooves could be seen on the surface of the egg sacs. The clutch size was nine (six and three eggs in each sac) and 22 (10 and 
<specimenCount id="9D509DFBFFD9FFB5FDB57CF4FD72F883" box="[584,674,1783,1807]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" type="egg">12 eggs</specimenCount>
), with the mean ±1SD of 15.8±5.3 (n = 4), and diameters of 
<specimenCount id="9D509DFBFFD9FFB5FABB7CF4FA4CF89C" box="[1350,1436,1783,1808]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" type="egg">31 eggs</specimenCount>
ranged from 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFD9FFB5FEDA7D18FE7EF8BF" box="[295,430,1819,1844]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" metricValueMax="5.7" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="5.1" valueMax="5.7" valueMin="4.5">4.5–5.7 mm</quantity>
(5.2±0.4). The eggs were pigmentless and entirely yellowish-white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFD9FFB5FF3A7D3DFA85F86B" blockId="13.[151,1437,451,2024]" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
Larval life history of 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFD9FFB5FE467D3CFDB2F8DB" box="[443,610,1855,1879]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FE467D3CFDB2F8DB" box="[443,610,1855,1879]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFD9FFB5FE467D3CFE02F8DA" box="[443,466,1855,1878]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">O</collectingCountry>
. intermedius
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is poorly known, but the larvae found in open streams ranged 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFD9FFB5FAD07D3DFF13F8F7" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.369999999999999" metricValueMax="7.859999999999999" metricValueMin="2.88" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="53.699999999999996" valueMax="78.6" valueMin="28.8">28.8–78.6 mm</quantity>
in TL. Larvae inhabit the streams, and may grow up to metamorphose after two or more years, as known in other congeners (Yoshikawa &amp; Matsui 2013; Yoshikawa 
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFD9FFB5FCF37D8BFC95F813" box="[782,837,1927,1951]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
2013). The season of metamorphosis is unknown, but the size at metamorphosis is 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFD9FFB5FE2A7DA8FDA9F84F" box="[471,633,1963,1988]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.915" metricValueMax="4.51" metricValueMin="3.32" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="39.15" valueMax="45.1" valueMin="33.2">33.2–45.1 mm</quantity>
in SVL and 
<quantity id="4CAEFB97FFD9FFB5FCFB7DA8FC78F84F" box="[774,936,1963,1988]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.42" metricValueMax="8.67" metricValueMin="6.17" pageId="13" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="74.2" valueMax="86.7" valueMin="61.7">61.7–86.7 mm</quantity>
in TL or larger based on the metamorphosed juveniles found in the wild. Metamorphosed juveniles were often found in the forest floor around the stream.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2906FAFFDAFFB6FF6A7EE2FD43FADF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287192/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="67" targetBox="[156,1425,182,1240]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDAFFB6FF6A7EE2FD43FADF" blockId="14.[151,1436,1249,1363]" pageId="14" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDAFFB6FF6A7EE2FEDFFB7B" bold="true" box="[151,271,1249,1271]" pageId="14" pageNumber="67">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
. Relationships between SVL and relative length of tail (RTAL) in larvae of the four species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDAFFB6FB0F7EE2FA45FB7B" box="[1266,1429,1249,1271]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDAFFB6FB0F7EE2FA45FB7B" box="[1266,1429,1249,1271]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="67">Onychodactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; shaded triangles: 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDAFFB6FEAF7F02FE3EFA9A" box="[338,494,1280,1302]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDAFFB6FEAF7F02FE3EFA9A" box="[338,494,1280,1302]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="67">O. intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDAFFB6FE047F03FD9EFA9A" bold="true" box="[505,590,1280,1302]" pageId="14" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFDAFFB6FE047F03FD9EFA9A" box="[505,590,1280,1302]" pageId="14" pageNumber="67" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, RTAL=0.88 SVL+62.97, r² = 0.5418; open circles: 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDAFFB6FB767F02FAC1FA9A" box="[1163,1297,1281,1302]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDAFFB6FB767F02FAC1FA9A" box="[1163,1297,1281,1302]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="67">O. japonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, RTAL=0.59 SVL+72.36, r² = 0.7341; shaded squares: 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDAFFB6FDBD7F1CFCD5FAB8" box="[576,773,1310,1332]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDAFFB6FDBD7F1CFCD5FAB8" box="[576,773,1310,1332]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="67">O. nipponoborealis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, RTAL=0.66 SVL+66.04, r²=0.6126; closed inverse triangles: 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDAFFB6FA7E7F1CFEC8FADF" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsukubaensis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDAFFB6FA7E7F1CFEC8FADF" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="67">O. tsukubaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, RTAL=0.19 SVL+74.91, r²=0.1045.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2906FAFFDAFFB6FF6A7D97FBFDF844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287193/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="67" targetBox="[151,1435,1444,1918]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDAFFB6FF6A7D97FBFDF844" blockId="14.[151,1437,1940,1992]" pageId="14" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDAFFB6FF6A7D97FEDDF826" bold="true" box="[151,269,1940,1962]" pageId="14" pageNumber="67">FIGURE 9</emphasis>
. (A) Two pairs of egg sacs of 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDAFFB6FDBE7D97FD0AF826" box="[579,730,1940,1962]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDAFFB6FDBE7D97FD0AF826" box="[579,730,1940,1962]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="67">O. intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDAFFB6FD1D7D97FCE1F826" bold="true" box="[736,817,1940,1962]" pageId="14" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFDAFFB6FD1D7D97FCE1F826" box="[736,817,1940,1962]" pageId="14" pageNumber="67" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
deposited on 26 December 2013 by gonadotropin induction. (B) Typical habitat of 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDAFFB6FE8A7DB0FDDDF844" box="[375,525,1970,1992]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDAFFB6FE8A7DB0FDDDF844" box="[375,525,1970,1992]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="67">O. intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDAFFB6FDE97DB1FDB5F844" bold="true" box="[532,613,1970,1992]" pageId="14" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFDAFFB6FDE97DB1FDB5F844" box="[532,613,1970,1992]" pageId="14" pageNumber="67" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
in the type locality (photo on 11 June 2013).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDBFFB7FF3A7A94FE46FE91" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">
Ecology of adults in the non-breeding season is not well known, but they inhabit cool and humid forest-floors near streams in well-forested mountains (
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFDBFFB7FD9A7ABFFD7BFF58" box="[615,683,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1940,1962]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1444,1918]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,1444,1919]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. (A) Two pairs of egg sacs of O. intermedius sp. nov. deposited on 26 December 2013 by gonadotropin induction. (B) Typical habitat of O. intermedius sp. nov. in the type locality (photo on 11 June 2013)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287193/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
B), like the other 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDBFFB7FC927ABFFBF3FF58" box="[879,1059,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDBFFB7FC927ABFFBF3FF58" box="[879,1059,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">Onychodactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. A case of predation by a snake 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDBFFB7FF1E7AE3FDE8FF74" box="[227,568,224,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Amphiesma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vibakari" subSpecies="vibakari">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDBFFB7FF1E7AE3FDE8FF74" box="[227,568,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">Amphiesma vibakari vibakari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was observed in the 
<typeStatus id="54EDE8D0FFDBFFB7FCC07AE3FCBDFF74" box="[829,877,224,248]" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">type</typeStatus>
locality on 
<date id="FFE870B2FFDBFFB7FBFF7AE3FB70FF74" box="[1026,1184,224,248]" pageId="15" pageNumber="68" value="2013-06-11">11 June 2013</date>
(N. Yoshikawa &amp; T. Nakano, unpublished).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDBFFB7FF3A7B24FDCEFE79" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDBFFB7FF3A7B24FECAFECC" bold="true" box="[199,282,295,320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">Range.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDBFFB7FED87B2BFDBBFECC" box="[293,619,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDBFFB7FED87B2BFDBBFECC" box="[293,619,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">Onychodactylus intermedius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDBFFB7FD887B24FD04FECC" bold="true" box="[629,724,295,320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A211371BFFDBFFB7FD887B24FD04FECC" box="[629,724,295,320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="68" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is known from northern to southeastern Yamagata, southern Miyagi, and northeastern half of Fukushima Prefectures of southern Tohoku District, northern Niigata Prefecture of Hokuriku District, and northeastern Ibaraki Prefecture of Kanto District, all in eastern Honshu. 
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDBFFB7FB067B73FACAFE04" box="[1275,1306,368,392]" name="American Samoa" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">As</collectingCountry>
mentioned above, the new species borders two congeners, 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDBFFB7FD4D7B97FC5AFE20" box="[688,906,404,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nipponoborealis">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDBFFB7FD4D7B97FC5AFE20" box="[688,906,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDBFFB7FD4D7B97FD17FE27" box="[688,711,404,427]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">O</collectingCountry>
. nipponoborealis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDBFFB7FC3F7B97FB82FE20" box="[962,1106,404,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDBFFB7FC3F7B97FB82FE20" box="[962,1106,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDBFFB7FC3F7B97FC09FE27" box="[962,985,404,427]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">O</collectingCountry>
. japonicus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Distributional pattern of the new species is complex and the species boundaries (
<figureCitation id="136D4AF7FFDBFFB7FCFC7BB4FC96FE5C" box="[769,838,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,248,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[199,1381,250,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[199,1382,250,1861]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of eastern Honshu showing sampling sites of Onychodactylus intermedius sp. nov. (triangles), O. fuscus sp. nov. (diamonds), O. japonicus (circles), O. nipponoborealis (squares) and O. tsukubaensis (inverse triangle) used in this study. Larger symbols indicate localities used for both genetic and morphological analyses, whereas smaller symbols indicate localities used for only genetic analysis. Shaded symbols indicate type localities of the new species described in this study. Broken lines indicate putative species boundaries of O. intermedius sp. nov. and two parapatric species. For population numbers, refer to Appendix 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287185/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) mostly do not correspond to potential geographic barriers such as rivers or lowlands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE95672FFDBFFB7FF3A7BFCFF2CFCBB" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDBFFB7FF3A7BFCFEBFFD94" bold="true" box="[199,367,511,536]" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">Conservation.</emphasis>
At present, the new species is abundant and the most common salamander species in the known distributional range. The new species is listed as 
<taxonomicName id="4C562DF1FFDBFFB7FD3F7827FC82FDB0" box="[706,850,548,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Hynobiidae" genus="Onychodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B9228A60FFDBFFB7FD3F7827FC82FDB0" box="[706,850,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDBFFB7FD3F7827FD09FDB7" box="[706,729,548,571]" name="Iceland" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">O</collectingCountry>
. japonicus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the Red List of Ibaraki Prefecture as Vulnerable (Ibaraki Prefecture 2000), and the Red lists of Miyagi, Niigata, and Yamagata Prefectures as Near Threatened (Miyagi Prefecture 2013; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC72B83FFDBFFB7FE3C786FFD05FD08" author="Niigata" box="[449,725,620,645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="68" refString="Niigata Prefecture (2001) Red Data Book in Niigata, Japan. Department of Life and Environment, Niigata Prefecture, Niigata, 467 pp." type="book" year="2001">Niigata Prefecture 2001</bibRefCitation>
; Yamagata Prefecture 2003), but not listed in the Red List of Fukushima Prefecture (Fukushima Prefecture 2002). Because this species strongly depends on stability of streams and forests, careful managements and monitoring on its habitats and populations are needed to maintain its population size, especially in peripheral areas, such as the southeastern and eastern parts of its range. We propose that the new species to be designated as Near Threatened in the Red lists of IUCN and Ministry of the Environment of 
<collectingCountry id="F34116E2FFDBFFB7FF487923FF28FCBB" box="[181,248,800,823]" name="Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="68">Japan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>