222 lines
23 KiB
XML
222 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BC52E68B7E6B78E30C835F19245BF3AF">Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E8883C8F31351FBAA878956397AC7EED">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="33E1C7814670B1E691FB06FFF2E19042">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="229278D01D5102253162AAF16F9ED086">2011</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03D28792FFC0FF9884E41436697F8293" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6184321" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119388109" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6184321" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D28792FFC0FF9884E41436697F8293" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D28792FFC0FF9884E41436697F8293" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFC0FF9984E414366DCC864C" box="[151,453,1630,1656]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFC0FF9984E414366DCC864C" blockId="4.[151,453,1630,1656]" box="[151,453,1630,1656]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<heading id="D08C81E8FFC0FF9984E414366DCC864C" bold="true" box="[151,453,1630,1656]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC0FF9984E414366DCC864C" ID-CoL="7NS9D" authority="Verrill, 1899" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,453,1630,1656]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC0FF9984E414366DCC864C" bold="true" box="[151,453,1630,1656]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC0FF9984E414366D2A864C" bold="true" box="[151,291,1630,1656]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ceramaster</emphasis>
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Verrill, 1899
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFC0FF9984E414C96D738759" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFC0FF9984E414C96E078682" blockId="4.[151,1437,1696,1902]" box="[151,526,1696,1718]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC0FF9984E414C96E078682" authority="Verrill, 1899: 161" authorityName="Verrill" authorityPageNumber="161" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,526,1696,1718]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Tosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Ceramaster">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC0FF9984E414C96CC28682" box="[151,203,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tosia</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC0FF9984A614C96D458682" box="[213,332,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ceramaster</emphasis>
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) Verrill, 1899: 161
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFC0FF9984E414D76D878704" blockId="4.[151,1437,1696,1902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6B11AAFFC0FF9984E414D76D878704" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC0FF9984E414D76DDC86E0" ID-CoL="7NS9D" authority="Fisher, 1906: 1054" authorityName="Fisher" authorityPageNumber="1054" authorityYear="1906" box="[151,469,1726,1748]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC0FF9984E414D76D0686E0" box="[151,271,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ceramaster</emphasis>
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Fisher, 1906: 1054
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</taxonomicName>
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; 1911: 162, 204; Verrill, 1914: 289; Koehler, 1924: 173; Mortensen, 1927: 80; Djakonov, 1950: 38;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADA1095FFC0FF99849D14B66E5786C7" author="Tortonese" box="[238,606,1757,1779]" page="347" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1956">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFC0FF99849D14B66E2286C7" author="Tortonese" box="[238,555,1757,1779]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Tortonese, E. & Clark, A. M. (1956) On the generic position of the asteroid Goniodiscus placenta Muller and Troschel. Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 12 (9), 347 - 352." type="journal article" year="1956">Tortonese & A.M. Clark, 1956</bibRefCitation>
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: 347
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADA1095FFC0FF99861A14B56F3886C7" author="Halpern" box="[617,817,1757,1779]" page="62" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1970">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFC0FF99861A14B56F0386C7" author="Halpern" box="[617,778,1757,1779]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 b) A monographic revision of the goniasterid sea stars of the North Atlantic. Unpublished PhD dissertation: University of Miami, 253 pp." type="book" year="1970" yearSuffix="b">Halpern, 1970b</bibRefCitation>
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: 62
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 1970c: 212; 1970: 62; Downey, 1973: 49;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADA1095FFC0FF99809E14B56CF98725" author="McKnight" page="178" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1973">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFC0FF99809E14B5699186C7" author="McKnight" box="[1261,1432,1757,1779]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="McKnight, D. G. (1973) Additions to the asteroid fauna of New Zealand: Family Goniasteridae. NZOI Records, 1 (13), 171 - 195." type="journal article" year="1973">McKnight, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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: 178
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</treatmentCitation>
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; Downey, 1973: 49;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADA1095FFC0FF9985BD14946F888725" author="Clark" box="[462,897,1787,1809]" page="61" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1976">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFC0FF9985BD14946F518725" author="Clark" box="[462,856,1787,1809]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, A. M. (1976) Asterozoa from Amsterdam and St. Paul Islands, Southern Indian Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 30 (6), 247 - 261, 6 pls." type="journal article" year="1976">A.M. Clark & Courtman-Stock, 1976</bibRefCitation>
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: 61
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADA1095FFC0FF9987FD149368B48725" author="Clark" box="[910,1213,1787,1810]" page="231" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1992">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFC0FF9987FD1493688E8725" author="Clark" box="[910,1159,1787,1810]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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: 231
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</treatmentCitation>
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; Downey in
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADA1095FFC0FF99813414936D878704" author="Clark" page="231" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1992">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFC0FF99813414936D578704" author="Clark" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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: 231
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFC0FF9984E415516899877B" blockId="4.[151,1437,1696,1902]" box="[151,1168,1849,1871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC0FF9984E415516DC0877B" ID-CoL="c3e5d268-7f20-4156-b3fd-af80744418f1" authority="Koehler, 1909: 78" authorityName="Koehler" authorityPageNumber="78" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,457,1849,1871]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Philonaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC0FF9984E415516D04877B" box="[151,269,1849,1871]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Philonaster</emphasis>
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Koehler, 1909: 78
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<typeStatus id="54C08826FFC0FF9985A515526E0D877B" box="[470,516,1850,1871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC0FF99862915526883877B" ID-CoL="76LS2" authority="Koehler, 1909" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1909" box="[602,1162,1849,1871]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Pentagonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mortenseni" subGenus="Philonaster">
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||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC0FF99862915526EE4877B" box="[602,749,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pentagonaster</emphasis>
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||
(
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC0FF99868F15516F7B877B" box="[764,882,1849,1871]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Philonaster</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC0FF9987F215526FFB877B" box="[897,1010,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">mortenseni</emphasis>
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Koehler, 1909
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</taxonomicName>
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]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFC0FF9984E415316D738759" blockId="4.[151,1437,1696,1902]" box="[151,378,1880,1902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC0FF9984E415316D738759" authority="Verrill, 1914" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,378,1880,1902]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Tosiaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC0FF9984E415316CF8875A" box="[151,241,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tosiaster</emphasis>
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Verrill, 1914
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFC0FF9984E415FD68D787C1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFC0FF9984E415FD68D787C1" blockId="4.[151,1436,1941,2038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC0FF9984E415FD6D18879A" bold="true" box="[151,273,1941,1966]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC0FF99856415FD6E0E8799" box="[279,519,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">(See comments below</emphasis>
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). Body outline pentagonal in most (i.e., R/r=1.1 to 1.5) with some becoming more stellate. Abactinal plates tabulate, granules present on abactinal plates, marginals, actinal plates. Fasciolar grooves present among abactinal, marginal plates. Bare “patch” on dorsal facing of superomarginal plates.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFC1FF9884B412FF697F8293" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFC1FF9884B412FF6CE881B3" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF9884B412FF6D468084" bold="true" box="[199,335,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Comments.</emphasis>
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF9885A012F06E5E809B" box="[467,599,152,175]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF9885A012F06E5E809B" box="[467,599,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ceramaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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includes 17 nominal species from the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFC1FF98848612D46DC880E0" author="Clark" box="[245,449,188,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea - Part 2: Valvatida. Echinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366." type="journal article" year="1993">A.M. Clark, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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||
) but has never undergone a comprehensive, global revision.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF98800F12D5690980E0" box="[1148,1280,189,212]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF98800F12D5690980E0" box="[1148,1280,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ceramaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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also displays morphological overlap with other similar goniasterid genera, such as
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF9887EC1288680D80CC" box="[927,1028,224,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Peltaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF9887EC1288680D80CC" box="[927,1028,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Peltaster</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFC1FF98806112B7692680C3" author="Clark" box="[1042,1327,223,248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFC1FF98814812B76CD78128" author="Halpern" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" refString="Halpern, J. A. (1970 b) A monographic revision of the goniasterid sea stars of the North Atlantic. Unpublished PhD dissertation: University of Miami, 253 pp." type="book" year="1970" yearSuffix="b">Halpern, 1970b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) which further confuses boundaries between the two genera and among species in each genus.
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<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFC1FF988164136C693F8128" box="[1303,1334,260,284]" name="American Samoa" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
a consequence, it is unlikely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF9885BA13406E44810B" box="[457,589,296,319]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF9885BA13406E44810B" box="[457,589,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ceramaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is monophyletic. Comprehensive diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF988002134068FC810B" box="[1137,1269,296,319]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF988002134068FC810B" box="[1137,1269,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ceramaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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is beyond the scope of the regional treatment here and so, only an abbreviated, functional definition of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF9880E4132569128150" box="[1175,1307,333,356]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF9880E4132569128150" box="[1175,1307,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ceramaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is outlined above.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFC1FF9884B613FD6F0F8208" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF9884B613FD6D408198" box="[197,329,405,428]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF9884B613FD6D408198" box="[197,329,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ceramaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes many nominal species, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF98875413FD68378198" box="[807,1086,405,428]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF98875413FD68378198" box="[807,1086,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ceramaster patagonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF98803D13FD696A8198" box="[1102,1379,404,428]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grenadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF98803D13FD696A8198" box="[1102,1379,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ceramaster grenadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF9884E413D06D9181E4" box="[151,408,440,464]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="granularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF9884E413D06D9181E4" box="[151,408,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ceramaster granularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that display morphological intergradation with few discrete differences. For example, nominal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF9884B413B56D7881C0" box="[199,369,477,500]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF9884B413B56D7881C0" box="[199,369,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. patagonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, ranging from boreal waters in the North pacific to subantarctic waters in the South Pacific (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFC1FF9886A413976F798223" box="[727,880,511,535]" name="New Zealand" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFC1FF988063139768758223" box="[1040,1148,511,535]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
). This is a pattern similar to that of the goniasterid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF9885DC104D6E3C8208" box="[431,565,549,572]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF9885DC104D6E3C8208" box="[431,565,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hippasteria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFC1FF988637104C6EF38208" author="Mah" box="[580,762,548,572]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" refString="Mah, C. L., Nizinski, M. & Lundsten, L. (2010) Phylogenetic Revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): Systematics of Deep Sea Corallivores, including one new genus and three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 160, 266 - 301." type="journal article" year="2010">Mah et al, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFC1FF9884B6102F697F8293" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Revisionary efforts within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF98858210206E7F826B" box="[497,630,584,607]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF98858210206E7F826B" box="[497,630,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ceramaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have not met with universal acceptance.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFC1FF988031102F696E826B" author="Clark" box="[1090,1383,583,608]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF98849410056DF482B0" box="[231,509,621,644]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF98849410056DF482B0" box="[231,509,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ceramaster patagonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subspecies within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF98874510056FD782B0" box="[822,990,620,644]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grenadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF98874510056FD782B0" box="[822,990,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. grenadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex in contrast to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFC1FF98813B10046CE88293" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" refString="O'Hara, T. D. (1998) Systematics and biology of Macquarie Island echinoderms. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 57, 167 - 223." type="journal article">O’Hara (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFC1FF98856B10E76E868293" author="Clark" box="[280,655,655,679]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, H. E. S. & McKnight, D. G. (2001) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Echinodermata: Asteroidea (sea-stars), Order Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 117, 1 - 270." type="journal article" year="2001">H.E.S. Clark & McKnight (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who have argued
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFC1FF98872F10F8680F829C" box="[860,1030,656,680]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Ceramaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patagonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFC1FF98872F10F8680F829C" box="[860,1030,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C. patagonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct complex of species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |