185 lines
13 KiB
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185 lines
13 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" ID-GBIF-Dataset="84c8a2ac-d7b8-46f3-9888-ce6c1485ac65" ID-PMC="PMC3088436" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-68-1" ID-PubMed="21594036" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2010" ModsDocID="1313-2970-68-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 68" ModsDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho–)calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" checkinTime="1451250894870" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Van Soest, Rob W. M., Beglinger, Elly J. & De Voogd, Nicole J." docDate="2010" docId="9A9355475DBEE48B7830EFE9229691C1" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 68: 1-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 68" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" docTitle="Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima Topsent 1892" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="5D0AFFB7C87613675E79FFF7DA38AE2E" masterDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="50" updateTime="1668164561298" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Beglinger, Elly J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>De Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>68</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>88</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-68-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360733" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A9355475DBEE48B7830EFE9229691C1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A9355475DBEE48B7830EFE9229691C1" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<subSubSection pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName authority="Topsent, 1892" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1892" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="durissima" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella Calthropella durissima Topsent, 1892</taxonomicName>
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Figs 25
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex var. durissima" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="simplex" variety="durissima">Calthropella simplex var. durissima</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 165" title="Contribution a l'etude des Spongiaires de l'Atlantique Nord (Golfe de Gascogne, Terre-Neuve, Acores)" volume="2" year="1892">Topsent 1892</bibRefCitation>
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: 43, pl. V fig. 14, Pl. VIII fig. 9.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Specimen provided by Dr. Joana Xavier, as yet unregistered: EMEPC/G3/08.30, S of Azores, Atlantis Seamount, 33.916°N; 30.171°W, 1132 m, 30 October 2008.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Not examined. Dr. P.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
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(in litteris) reports the existence of a slide, MNHN DT 883.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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White, massive lump (Fig. 25A), encrusting volcanic rock, with optically smooth surface and hard consistency. Size approx. 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×1.5×">x1.5x</normalizedToken>
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1 cm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Skeleton: largely confused interiorly, with a densely crowded outer layer of microscleres.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Spicules: calthrops, two types of oxyasters, tuberculated asters, lumpy asters; some broken oxeas.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Calthrops (Fig. 25
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<normalizedToken originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
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) variable in size and shape, possibly divisible in two broadly overlapping size categories; the largest are often
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘tripods’">'tripods'</normalizedToken>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="three–claded">three-claded</normalizedToken>
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calthrops) (Fig. 25
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<normalizedToken originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
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), among the smaller are
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<normalizedToken originalValue="five–claded">five-claded</normalizedToken>
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modifications with one or more cladi shorter or vestigial, cladi 61
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–327.3–">-327.3-</normalizedToken>
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679
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–44.2–">-44.2-</normalizedToken>
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96
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(cladomes 98-955
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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), smaller with cladi in the range 61-198
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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are usually normal calthrops, larger with cladi in the range 297-697
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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are predominantly tripods.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Oxeas (Fig. 25B), few in number and invariably broken, smallest / largest fragment 800-1450
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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9-13
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Oxyasters, occurring in two distinct types: small oxyasters (Fig. 25D) with small center and long conical but thin rays, diameter 11
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–13.7–">-13.7-</normalizedToken>
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18
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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; larger spherasters (Fig. 25E) with conical smooth rays ending in a single spine, relatively rare, diameter 18-24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(N=5).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Tuberculated asters (Fig. 25F) with short rays (almost entirely taken up by the tubercles), rare and grading into lumpy asters, diameter 7-30
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(N=4).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="50" pageNumber="51" start="start">Lumpy</pageBreakToken>
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, irregular aster-derived silica bodies (Fig. 25F), probably derived from tuberculated asters, but most become entirely irregularly rounded: 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–21.5–">-21.5-</normalizedToken>
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36
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. These asters were named
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘spherochiasters’">'spherochiasters'</normalizedToken>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent (1904)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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Figure 25.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="durissima" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) durissima</taxonomicName>
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, specimen EMEPC/G3/08.30, from S of Azores, Atlantis Seamount A habit B
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘tripod’">'tripod'</normalizedToken>
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and calthrops C overview of spicules D oxyaster E smooth spheroxyasters F tuberculated spheraster and various derived slica bodies.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Deep water, 450-1132 m.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">W of Flores and seamounts S of the Azores.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Topsent’s">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
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variety durissima (type specimen MNHN DT 833 from deep water off the Azores) is here raised to species rank because of the peculiar modification of the tuberculated asters into small irregular silica-balls, which are also larger than those of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) simplex</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
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.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Topsent’s">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
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type material was more extensive (largest specimen had half the size of a fist) and the surface more elaborate (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘rugueux’">'rugueux'</normalizedToken>
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, oscules sometimes on a papilla). In 1904, Topsent retracted his variety durissima as he had become convinced that the lumpy asters were derived from the tuberculated asters and probably subject to considerable variation. Having
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<pageBreakToken pageId="51" pageNumber="52" start="start">examined</pageBreakToken>
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the variation of these asters, we disagree with the retraction of durissima and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Topsent’s">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
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assignment of it to the variability of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
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. The predominance of three-claded calthrops and the absence of dichocalthrops combined with the presence of the lumpy entirely spined
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘spherochiasters’">'spherochiasters'</normalizedToken>
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is sufficient evidence for specific distinction.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |