1344 lines
184 KiB
XML
1344 lines
184 KiB
XML
<document id="11C1D127CB512A53B920673BEC75FDD3" ID-DOI="10.1649/0010-065X-73.1.97" ID-ISSN="1938-4394" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5334728" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E2FC1ACB-C403-4764-AA84-391844773F04" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.metadata_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1630175987933" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Faust, Lynn Frierson & Davis, Jeff" docDate="2019" docId="03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33" docLanguage="en" docName="0010-065X-73.1.97.pdf" docOrigin="The Coleopterists Bulletin 73 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-73.1.97" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F824235CA89CB83023C7D5789122F870.3:TheColeopBull.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="F824235CA89CB83023C7D5789122F870" docStyleName="TheColeopBull.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Photuris walldoxeyi Faust 2019, new species" docType="treatment" docUuid="A7F5CEF5-6828-4196-AD25-979F8E35ED3E" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="110" masterDocId="FFE1FF90D022FFA5CA0CFFFDFFFCFFE1" masterDocTitle="A New Species of Photuris Dejean (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from a Mississippi Cypress Swamp, with Notes on its Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="113" masterPageNumber="97" pageNumber="100" updateTime="1728392396496" updateUser="valdenar">
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<mods:title id="66DAB04369EF02A654A639DA9E404687">A New Species of Photuris Dejean (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) from a Mississippi Cypress Swamp, with Notes on its Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E023954E82BEB9DB86E0B40DA87B30F4">Faust, Lynn Frierson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="03F0522B53FC670D91DB086521B669DA">Davis, Jeff</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="93C628B3B57FF9B896CA1D98B9019F98">The Coleopterists Bulletin</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7C90D715E883FA8292F4C66C6E6CB646">
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<mods:date id="D5D05996A04735E4D773F8E7AC6335EF">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D56D0AED139C8A049F42A3ACFDF44DCB">2019-03-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4F355E8B5CC75FF6F8E9466A3BA8BE50">73</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="9AB6E0F6AF1DC164910C6FFD65581A5A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<subSubSection id="C36B6575D026FFA1CACAFDBCFDB3FDB7" box="[198,591,577,598]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCE36FED026FFA1CACAFDBCFDB3FDB7" blockId="4.[169,620,577,678]" box="[198,591,577,598]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">
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<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1CACAFDBCFDB3FDB7" bold="true" box="[198,591,577,598]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD026FFA1CACAFDBCFE31FDB7" ID-CoL="8NC6F" authority="Faust" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[198,461,577,598]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1CACAFDBCFE77FDB7" bold="true" box="[198,395,577,598]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Photuris walldoxeyi</emphasis>
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Faust
|
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2365797D026FFA1CBD5FDBCFDB3FDB7" box="[473,591,577,598]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36B6575D026FFA1CAD8FDA1FE3CFD47" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCE36FED026FFA1CAD8FDA1FE3CFD47" blockId="4.[169,620,577,678]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">
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Zoobank.org/
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid id="FFD70C2BD026FFA1CAA5FD8BFD90FD6A" box="[169,620,630,651]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">A7F5CEF5-6828-4196-AD25-979F8E35ED3E</uuid>
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</uri>
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(
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<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1CB51FD6CFE44FD47" box="[349,440,656,678]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="3.[197,228,1611,1630]" captionStartId-1="5.[197,228,1606,1625]" captionStartId-2="6.[175,206,1592,1611]" captionTargetBox-0="[175,1190,195,1595]" captionTargetBox-1="[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetBox-2="[171,1165,197,1568]" captionTargetId-0="figure-0@3.[175,1190,194,1595]" captionTargetId-1="figure-0@5.[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetId-2="figure-1@6.[154,1169,194,1576]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, dorsal view (all specimens lack pale elytral vittae), B) Holotype, ventral view, with splash, C) Paratype aedeagus (truncate basal lateral lobe projections enhanced to show details), D) Allotype female pronotal pattern with constricted stem, E) Allotype female lantern with no splash, F) Holotype, tridentate clypeus (left) with paratype variations from dark to pale. Scale bars = 1 mm. Image C by Luiz da Silveira." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, scutellum and brown-edged, proximate mesonotal plates, B) Paratype, lantern detail, C and E) Scutellar color variation with postero-medial, brown-edged mesonotal plates, D and F) Pronotal vittagram variations (stem constricted or interrupted) Scale bars = 1 mm." captionText-2="Fig. 3. Photuris walldoxeyi, male paratype. A) Habitus (pronotal pattern with wider base yet still constricted stem), B) Ventral keel (arrows), C) Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334732" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334736" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334740" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5334732/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5334736/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5334740/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36B6575D026FFA1CAA3FD46FDA9FA88" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BCE36FED026FFA1CAA3FD46FDA9FA88" blockId="4.[151,639,699,1730]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">
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<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1CAA3FD46FEBBFD31" bold="true" box="[175,327,699,720]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Type Material.</emphasis>
|
||
HOLOTYPE labeled as “
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B193CA3D026FFA1C84AFD46FF0BFCB7" collectingDate="2017-05-14" collectingDateMax="2017-05-15" collectingDateMin="2017-05-14" collectorName="Netted & L Faust." country="United States of America" county="Marshall Co." elevation="114" latitude="34.66478" location="Spring Lake" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-89.46571" municipality="Park" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Mississippi" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA885CD026FFA1C84AFD46FF3CFD0A" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD026FFA1CAC5FD2BFEB6FD0A" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[201,330,726,747]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1CAC5FD2BFEB6FD0A" box="[201,330,726,747]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
³.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366766ED026FFA1CB7DFD2BFE5FFD0A" box="[369,419,726,747]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">USA</collectingCountry>
|
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,
|
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<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD026FFA1CBA3FD2BFDE1FD0A" box="[431,541,726,747]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62AF4E72D026FFA1C826FD2BFF42FCE4" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Marshall Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
, Wall Doxey State
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAAC84D026FFA1CBA7FD0DFE27FCE4" box="[427,475,752,773]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Park</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
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||
<location id="8EAE6025D026FFA1CBFDFD0DFD86FCE4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D026FFA1CBFDFD0DFD86FCE4" box="[497,634,752,773]" country="United States of America" county="Marshall Co." latitude="34.66478" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-89.46571" municipality="Park" name="Spring Lake" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" stateProvince="Mississippi">Spring Lake</location>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE455039D026FFA1CA9BFCF6FEE6FCC1" box="[151,282,779,800]" degrees="34.664781" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" precision="1" value="34.66478">34.664781°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE455039D026FFA1CB21FCF6FE4FFCC1" box="[301,435,779,800]" degrees="89.465717" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" precision="1" value="-89.46571">89.465717°W</geoCoordinate>
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at
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<quantity id="4C899B1BD026FFA1CBEDFCF6FDD5FCC1" box="[481,553,779,800]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="114.0">
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<elevation id="005CD1CDD026FFA1CBEDFCF6FDD5FCC1" box="[481,553,779,800]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="114.0">114 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
|
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,
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED026FFA1C830FCF6FF22FCDA" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" value="2017-05-14" valueMax="2017-05-15" valueMin="2017-05-14">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF8BE9D6D026FFA1C830FCF6FF22FCDA" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" value="2017-05-14" valueMax="2017-05-15" valueMin="2017-05-14">14–15. V.2017</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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||
<collectorName id="26845328D026FFA1CAEAFCDBFED9FCDA" box="[230,293,806,827]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Netted</collectorName>
|
||
while flying and flashing in cypress.
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D026FFA1CA9BFCBDFF12FCB4" box="[151,238,832,853]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">L Faust.</collectorName>
|
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”
|
||
</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="3B193CA3D026FFA1CB09FCBDFF31FC3B" collectingDate="2017-05-14" collectingDateMax="2017-05-15" collectingDateMin="2017-05-14" collectorName="Netted & L Faust." country="United States of America" county="Marshall Co." elevation="114" latitude="34.66478" location="Spring Lake" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-89.46571" municipality="Park" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Mississippi" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
ALLOTYPE labeled as “
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA885CD026FFA1C807FCBDFDA2FCB4" box="[523,606,832,853]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" type="allotype">Allotype</typeStatus>
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD026FFA1C860FCBDFF02FC91" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
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<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1C860FCBDFF02FC91" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD77D026FFA1CB0FFCA7FEECFC91" box="[259,272,858,880]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
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,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F366766ED026FFA1CB17FCA6FEB1FC91" box="[283,333,859,880]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD026FFA1CB5AFCA6FE38FC91" box="[342,452,859,880]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62AF4E72D026FFA1CBC0FCA6FDB5FC91" box="[460,585,859,880]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Marshall Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
, Wall Doxey State
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAAC84D026FFA1CB28FC88FEAEFC6B" box="[292,338,885,906]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Park</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D026FFA1CB69FC88FE19FC6B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D026FFA1CB69FC88FE19FC6B" box="[357,485,885,906]" country="United States of America" county="Marshall Co." latitude="34.66478" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-89.46571" municipality="Park" name="Spring Lake" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" stateProvince="Mississippi">Spring Lake</location>
|
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,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455039D026FFA1CBFBFC88FD86FC6B" box="[503,634,885,906]" degrees="34.664781" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" precision="1" value="34.66478">34.664781°N</geoCoordinate>
|
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE455039D026FFA1CA9BFC6DFEDBFC44" box="[151,295,912,933]" degrees="89.465717" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" precision="1" value="-89.46571">89.465717° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
at
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD026FFA1CB40FC6DFE72FC44" box="[332,398,912,933]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="114.0">
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<elevation id="005CD1CDD026FFA1CB40FC6DFE72FC44" box="[332,398,912,933]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="114.0">114 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED026FFA1CB91FC6DFDFEFC44" box="[413,514,912,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" value="2018-05-28">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF8BE9D6D026FFA1CB91FC6DFDFEFC44" box="[413,514,912,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" value="2018-05-28">28.V.2018</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D026FFA1C803FC6DFDA7FC44" box="[527,603,912,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Perched</collectorName>
|
||
on swamp vegetation with courting paratype.
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D026FFA1C865FC57FF31FC3B" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">L. Faust</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.”
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B193CA3D026FFA1CAEEFC38FD87FBEE" collectorName="US National Museum" country="United States of America" location="National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Washington" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
Holotype (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1CB44FC38FE2FFC3B" box="[328,467,965,986]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[197,228,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,195,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[175,1190,194,1595]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, dorsal view (all specimens lack pale elytral vittae), B) Holotype, ventral view, with splash, C) Paratype aedeagus (truncate basal lateral lobe projections enhanced to show details), D) Allotype female pronotal pattern with constricted stem, E) Allotype female lantern with no splash, F) Holotype, tridentate clypeus (left) with paratype variations from dark to pale. Scale bars = 1 mm. Image C by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Figs. 1A, B, F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1CBD1FC38FE07FC3B" box="[477,507,965,986]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[197,228,1606,1625]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, scutellum and brown-edged, proximate mesonotal plates, B) Paratype, lantern detail, C and E) Scutellar color variation with postero-medial, brown-edged mesonotal plates, D and F) Pronotal vittagram variations (stem constricted or interrupted) Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334736/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">2A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and allotype (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1CA92FC1DFEEDFC14" box="[158,273,992,1013]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[197,228,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,195,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[175,1190,194,1595]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, dorsal view (all specimens lack pale elytral vittae), B) Holotype, ventral view, with splash, C) Paratype aedeagus (truncate basal lateral lobe projections enhanced to show details), D) Allotype female pronotal pattern with constricted stem, E) Allotype female lantern with no splash, F) Holotype, tridentate clypeus (left) with paratype variations from dark to pale. Scale bars = 1 mm. Image C by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Fig. 1D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
) are deposited in the
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D026FFA1C80DFC1DFF16FBEE" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">
|
||
US
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D026FFA1C820FC1DFF16FBEE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D026FFA1C820FC1DFF16FBEE" country="United States of America" name="National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" stateProvince="Washington">National Museum</location>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
of Natural History,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD026FFA1CBDCFC07FDB8FBEE" box="[464,580,1018,1039]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
, DC
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B193CA3D026FFA1CA9BFBE8FF12FB75" collectingDate="2017-05-14" collectingDateMax="2018-05-28" collectingDateMin="2017-05-14" collectorName="L. Faust" country="United States of America" location="National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" specimenCount="6" stateProvince="Washington" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA885CD026FFA1CA9BFBE8FEE2FBCB" box="[151,286,1045,1066]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
|
||
: 5 ³ labeled with same data as holotype except as “2
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD77D026FFA1CB57FBD2FE3FFBA5" box="[347,451,1071,1093]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">³ paratype</specimenCount>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD026FFA1CBC7FBD2FDB7FBA5" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[459,587,1071,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1CBC7FBD2FDB7FBA5" box="[459,587,1071,1092]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED026FFA1CAD3FBB7FE68FBBE" box="[223,404,1097,1119]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" value="2017-05-14" valueMax="2017-05-15" valueMin="2017-05-14">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF8BE9D6D026FFA1CAD3FBB7FE68FBBE" box="[223,404,1097,1119]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" value="2017-05-14" valueMax="2017-05-15" valueMin="2017-05-14">14–15 May 2017</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
” and “3
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD77D026FFA1C809FBB4FD82FBBE" box="[517,638,1097,1119]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">³ paratypes</specimenCount>
|
||
collected
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED026FFA1CAFFFB99FE45FB98" box="[243,441,1124,1145]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" value="2018-05-16" valueMax="2018-05-28" valueMin="2018-05-16">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF8BE9D6D026FFA1CAFFFB99FE45FB98" box="[243,441,1124,1145]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" value="2018-05-16" valueMax="2018-05-28" valueMin="2018-05-16">16 and 28 May 2018</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
” at the type locality,
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D026FFA1CA9BFB82FF12FB75" box="[151,238,1151,1172]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">L. Faust</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B193CA3D026FFA1CAF2FB82FDADFA88" collectingDate="2018-05-16" collectingDateMax="2018-05-28" collectingDateMin="2018-05-16" country="United States of America" county="Entomological Museum" location="Stanger-Hall Laboratory" municipality="University" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Mississippi" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA885CD026FFA1CAF2FB82FEA6FB75" box="[254,346,1151,1172]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1CB61FB82FE17FB75" box="[365,491,1151,1172]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[197,228,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,195,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[175,1190,194,1595]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, dorsal view (all specimens lack pale elytral vittae), B) Holotype, ventral view, with splash, C) Paratype aedeagus (truncate basal lateral lobe projections enhanced to show details), D) Allotype female pronotal pattern with constricted stem, E) Allotype female lantern with no splash, F) Holotype, tridentate clypeus (left) with paratype variations from dark to pale. Scale bars = 1 mm. Image C by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Figs. 1G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1CBF7FB82FDCDFB75" box="[507,561,1150,1172]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[197,228,1606,1625]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, scutellum and brown-edged, proximate mesonotal plates, B) Paratype, lantern detail, C and E) Scutellar color variation with postero-medial, brown-edged mesonotal plates, D and F) Pronotal vittagram variations (stem constricted or interrupted) Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334736/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">2B–F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C84DFB82FDB1FB75" box="[577,589,1151,1172]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[175,206,1592,1611]" captionTargetBox="[171,1165,197,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[154,1169,194,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Photuris walldoxeyi, male paratype. A) Habitus (pronotal pattern with wider base yet still constricted stem), B) Ventral keel (arrows), C) Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334740/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) are deposited in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD026FFA1CB49FB67FE4DFB4E" box="[325,433,1178,1199]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62AF4E72D026FFA1CBB1FB67FF37FB28" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Entomological Museum</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D026FFA1CAD7FB49FE95FB28" box="[219,361,1204,1225]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Starkville, MS</collectorName>
|
||
(2 ³, 14–15.V.2017),
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAAC84D026FFA1C85EFB49FF2BFB05" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">University</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
of Georgia,
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D026FFA1CB8DFB32FD86FB05" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D026FFA1CB8DFB32FD86FB05" box="[385,634,1231,1252]" country="United States of America" county="Entomological Museum" municipality="University" name="Stanger-Hall Laboratory" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" stateProvince="Mississippi">Stanger-Hall Laboratory</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D026FFA1CA9BFB14FEFBFB1F" box="[151,263,1257,1278]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Athens, GA</collectorName>
|
||
(1 DNA voucher ³,
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED026FFA1CBC9FB14FDD5FB1F" box="[453,553,1257,1278]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" value="2018-05-16">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF8BE9D6D026FFA1CBC9FB14FDD5FB1F" box="[453,553,1257,1278]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" value="2018-05-16">16.V.2018</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
), Florida State
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D026FFA1CAC2FAF9FE3FFAF8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D026FFA1CAC2FAF9FE3FFAF8" box="[206,451,1284,1305]" country="United States of America" county="Entomological Museum" municipality="University" name="Collection of Arthropods" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" stateProvince="Mississippi">Collection of Arthropods</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D026FFA1CBC1FAF9FD9FFAF8" box="[461,611,1284,1305]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Gainesville, FL</collectorName>
|
||
(1 ³,
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED026FFA1CAB9FAE3FEE6FAD2" box="[181,282,1310,1331]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" value="2018-05-28">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF8BE9D6D026FFA1CAB9FAE3FEE6FAD2" box="[181,282,1310,1331]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" value="2018-05-28">28.V.2018</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
), and
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D026FFA1CB5AFAE3FD86FAD2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D026FFA1CB5AFAE3FD86FAD2" box="[342,634,1310,1331]" country="United States of America" county="Entomological Museum" municipality="University" name="Lynn Faust Private Collection" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" stateProvince="Mississippi">Lynn Faust Private Collection</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D026FFA1CA9BFAC4FEDFFAAF" box="[151,291,1337,1358]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Knoxville, TN</collectorName>
|
||
(1 ³,
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED026FFA1CB52FAC4FE3FFAAF" box="[350,451,1337,1358]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" value="2018-05-28">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF8BE9D6D026FFA1CB52FAC4FE3FFAAF" box="[350,451,1337,1358]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" value="2018-05-28">28.V.2018</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
).
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D026FFA1CBD8FAC4FE0EFAAF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D026FFA1CBD8FAC4FE0EFAAF" box="[468,498,1337,1358]" country="United States of America" county="Entomological Museum" municipality="University" name="All" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" stateProvince="Mississippi">All</location>
|
||
specimens are preserved in 95% EtOH and kept in a freezer
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B6575D026FFAFCAA3FA93FE65FE4A" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED026FFA2CAA3FA93FE7FFEC7" blockId="4.[151,639,699,1730]" lastBlockId="7.[173,660,193,1730]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1CAA3FA93FED6FA62" bold="true" box="[175,298,1390,1411]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Male: Length
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD026FFA1CBBFFA93FDC3FA62" box="[435,575,1390,1412]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.225" metricValueMax="1.26" metricValueMin="1.19" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="12.25" valueMax="12.6" valueMin="11.9">11.9–12.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width 4.4–5.0 mm at middle of elytra, 3.1–4.0 mm at base of elytra.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1CAFDFA5EFED2FA59" bold="true" box="[241,302,1443,1464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Frons and lower vertex pale yellow (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1CA92FA43FF18FA32" box="[158,228,1470,1491]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[197,228,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,195,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[175,1190,194,1595]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, dorsal view (all specimens lack pale elytral vittae), B) Holotype, ventral view, with splash, C) Paratype aedeagus (truncate basal lateral lobe projections enhanced to show details), D) Allotype female pronotal pattern with constricted stem, E) Allotype female lantern with no splash, F) Holotype, tridentate clypeus (left) with paratype variations from dark to pale. Scale bars = 1 mm. Image C by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
|
||
) with a small, brown, triangular to oblong mark medially on upper vertex, extending under pronotum. Ventral keel a thin, dark line, contouring the eye margin of gena (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1CB80F9F0FE26F9C3" box="[396,474,1549,1570]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[175,206,1592,1611]" captionTargetBox="[171,1165,197,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[154,1169,194,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Photuris walldoxeyi, male paratype. A) Habitus (pronotal pattern with wider base yet still constricted stem), B) Ventral keel (arrows), C) Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334740/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Maximum distance of keel to eye margin greater than least distance of gular margins. Clypeus connate to frons, pale to brown at the curved frontoclypeal suture. Anterior margin tridentate and dark brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C820F985FD8EF96C" box="[556,626,1656,1677]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[197,228,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,195,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[175,1190,194,1595]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, dorsal view (all specimens lack pale elytral vittae), B) Holotype, ventral view, with splash, C) Paratype aedeagus (truncate basal lateral lobe projections enhanced to show details), D) Allotype female pronotal pattern with constricted stem, E) Allotype female lantern with no splash, F) Holotype, tridentate clypeus (left) with paratype variations from dark to pale. Scale bars = 1 mm. Image C by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mandibles amber basally, heavily sclerotized and dark brown apically; maxillary palpi dark brown laterally, pale medially; labial palpi sickle-shaped, dark brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C93DFF21FC7DFF10" box="[817,897,220,241]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[175,206,1592,1611]" captionTargetBox="[171,1165,197,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[154,1169,194,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Photuris walldoxeyi, male paratype. A) Habitus (pronotal pattern with wider base yet still constricted stem), B) Ventral keel (arrows), C) Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334740/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Antennal length
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD026FFA1CE4CFF21FB6CFF10" box="[1088,1168,220,241]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="7.4">7.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 0.61X body length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C961FF0AFC44FEED" box="[877,952,247,268]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[175,206,1592,1611]" captionTargetBox="[171,1165,197,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[154,1169,194,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Photuris walldoxeyi, male paratype. A) Habitus (pronotal pattern with wider base yet still constricted stem), B) Ventral keel (arrows), C) Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334740/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
); antennal sockets pale yellow (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C8F6FEECFCBFFEC7" box="[762,835,273,294]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[175,206,1592,1611]" captionTargetBox="[171,1165,197,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[154,1169,194,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Photuris walldoxeyi, male paratype. A) Habitus (pronotal pattern with wider base yet still constricted stem), B) Ventral keel (arrows), C) Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334740/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
); scape pale to dark brown, palest at base, pedicel brown, pale basally, barely shorter than antennomere 3, antennomeres 4–11 brown with pale base and each twice as long as antennomeres 2 or 3 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C964FE81FC47FE70" box="[872,955,380,401]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[175,206,1592,1611]" captionTargetBox="[171,1165,197,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[154,1169,194,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Photuris walldoxeyi, male paratype. A) Habitus (pronotal pattern with wider base yet still constricted stem), B) Ventral keel (arrows), C) Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334740/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1C9D8FE81FBBEFE70" bold="true" box="[980,1090,380,401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Pronotum:</emphasis>
|
||
Length
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD026FFA1C8A1FE6BFCDDFE4A" box="[685,801,406,428]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="2.6">2.6–2.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, posterior width
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD026FFA1C9B2FE6BFBCCFE4A" box="[958,1072,406,428]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="2.8">2.8–3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1CE30FE6BFB73FE4A" box="[1084,1167,406,427]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[197,228,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,195,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[175,1190,194,1595]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, dorsal view (all specimens lack pale elytral vittae), B) Holotype, ventral view, with splash, C) Paratype aedeagus (truncate basal lateral lobe projections enhanced to show details), D) Allotype female pronotal pattern with constricted stem, E) Allotype female lantern with no splash, F) Holotype, tridentate clypeus (left) with paratype variations from dark to pale. Scale bars = 1 mm. Image C by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C8A1FE4CFD15FE27" box="[685,745,433,454]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[197,228,1606,1625]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, scutellum and brown-edged, proximate mesonotal plates, B) Paratype, lantern detail, C and E) Scutellar color variation with postero-medial, brown-edged mesonotal plates, D and F) Pronotal vittagram variations (stem constricted or interrupted) Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334736/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">2D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C8F8FE4CFCE8FE27" box="[756,788,433,454]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[175,206,1592,1611]" captionTargetBox="[171,1165,197,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[154,1169,194,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Photuris walldoxeyi, male paratype. A) Habitus (pronotal pattern with wider base yet still constricted stem), B) Ventral keel (arrows), C) Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334740/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cream-colored, dark brown vitta with narrowed or broken stem just posterior to apex, widening gradually to base, width of which varies 0.16–0.33X pronotal width (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B0FD026FFA1C9CCFDFCFBCEFDF7" author="Lloyd, J. E." box="[960,1074,513,534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" refId="ref11148" refString="Lloyd, J. E. 2018. A Naturalists' s Long Walk Among Shadows: Of North American Photuris. Bridger Press, Gainesville, FL." type="book" year="2018">Lloyd 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
vittagram terms), vitta bordered laterally by reddish orange in rounded or angular spot.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1C991FDCBFBF5FDAA" bold="true" box="[925,1033,566,587]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Scutellum:</emphasis>
|
||
Color entirely pale (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA885CD026FFA1C8E9FDADFCC7FD84" box="[741,827,592,613]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
) to variably brown anteriorly, pale posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C92FFD96FC57FD61" box="[803,939,619,640]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[197,228,1606,1625]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, scutellum and brown-edged, proximate mesonotal plates, B) Paratype, lantern detail, C and E) Scutellar color variation with postero-medial, brown-edged mesonotal plates, D and F) Pronotal vittagram variations (stem constricted or interrupted) Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334736/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Fig. 2A, C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mesonotal plates with dark brown margins medially and posteriorly; remainder of plates subtriangular, pale to brown.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1C8A1FD46FD09FD31" bold="true" box="[685,757,699,720]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Elytra:</emphasis>
|
||
Length
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD026FFA1C944FD46FC42FD31" box="[840,958,698,720]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.25" metricValueMax="9.8" metricValueMin="8.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="9.25" valueMax="9.8" valueMin="8.7">8.7–9.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, width
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD026FFA1CE0BFD46FB87FD31" box="[1031,1147,698,720]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="2.4" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="2.2">2.2–2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
at widest point near middle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C992FD28FC0CFD0B" box="[926,1008,725,746]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[197,228,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,195,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[175,1190,194,1595]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, dorsal view (all specimens lack pale elytral vittae), B) Holotype, ventral view, with splash, C) Paratype aedeagus (truncate basal lateral lobe projections enhanced to show details), D) Allotype female pronotal pattern with constricted stem, E) Allotype female lantern with no splash, F) Holotype, tridentate clypeus (left) with paratype variations from dark to pale. Scale bars = 1 mm. Image C by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C9F5FD28FBD2FD0B" box="[1017,1070,725,746]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[197,228,1606,1625]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, scutellum and brown-edged, proximate mesonotal plates, B) Paratype, lantern detail, C and E) Scutellar color variation with postero-medial, brown-edged mesonotal plates, D and F) Pronotal vittagram variations (stem constricted or interrupted) Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334736/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">2D, F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1CE39FD28FBA9FD0B" box="[1077,1109,725,746]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[175,206,1592,1611]" captionTargetBox="[171,1165,197,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[154,1169,194,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Photuris walldoxeyi, male paratype. A) Habitus (pronotal pattern with wider base yet still constricted stem), B) Ventral keel (arrows), C) Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334740/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dark brown to black, evenly colored, with dense pubescence covering elytra, becoming less pubescent at humeri; elytral vittae absent; lateral margins yellow, widest at midlength, distinct at apices and confluent with yellow sutural margins that are continuous from apices to scutellum, somewhat narrower than yellow on lateral margins. Epipleura with dusky brown, longitudinal, basal patch, otherwise variably pale.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1C983FC38FC1EFC3B" bold="true" box="[911,994,965,986]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Thorax:</emphasis>
|
||
Mesosternal and metasternal sternites shiny dark brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1CE35FC22FB73FC15" box="[1081,1167,991,1012]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[197,228,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,195,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[175,1190,194,1595]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, dorsal view (all specimens lack pale elytral vittae), B) Holotype, ventral view, with splash, C) Paratype aedeagus (truncate basal lateral lobe projections enhanced to show details), D) Allotype female pronotal pattern with constricted stem, E) Allotype female lantern with no splash, F) Holotype, tridentate clypeus (left) with paratype variations from dark to pale. Scale bars = 1 mm. Image C by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Figs. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C8A1FC07FD31FBEE" box="[685,717,1018,1039]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[175,206,1592,1611]" captionTargetBox="[171,1165,197,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[154,1169,194,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Photuris walldoxeyi, male paratype. A) Habitus (pronotal pattern with wider base yet still constricted stem), B) Ventral keel (arrows), C) Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334740/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
), typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD026FFA1C944FC07FC3EFBEE" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[840,962,1018,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1C944FC07FC3EFBEE" box="[840,962,1018,1039]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">P. versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group; metanotal tergites mottled pale and gray.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1CE25FBE9FB6FFBC8" bold="true" box="[1065,1171,1044,1065]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Tergites 1–5 gray-brown, 6–8 yellow (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1CE11FBD2FB9BFBA5" box="[1053,1127,1071,1092]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[197,228,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,195,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[175,1190,194,1595]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, dorsal view (all specimens lack pale elytral vittae), B) Holotype, ventral view, with splash, C) Paratype aedeagus (truncate basal lateral lobe projections enhanced to show details), D) Allotype female pronotal pattern with constricted stem, E) Allotype female lantern with no splash, F) Holotype, tridentate clypeus (left) with paratype variations from dark to pale. Scale bars = 1 mm. Image C by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1CE7EFBD2FB6CFBA5" box="[1138,1168,1071,1092]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[197,228,1606,1625]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, scutellum and brown-edged, proximate mesonotal plates, B) Paratype, lantern detail, C and E) Scutellar color variation with postero-medial, brown-edged mesonotal plates, D and F) Pronotal vittagram variations (stem constricted or interrupted) Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334736/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">2B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C8A1FBB4FD31FBBF" box="[685,717,1097,1118]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[175,206,1592,1611]" captionTargetBox="[171,1165,197,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[154,1169,194,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Photuris walldoxeyi, male paratype. A) Habitus (pronotal pattern with wider base yet still constricted stem), B) Ventral keel (arrows), C) Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334740/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">3D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sternites 2–4 brown, sternite 5 crossed by pale band posteriorly, arched towards middle, with brown lateral margins or 3–5 rating of splash (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B0FD026FFA1CE56FB82FD1CFB4F" author="Lloyd, J. E." pageId="4" pageNumber="100" refId="ref11148" refString="Lloyd, J. E. 2018. A Naturalists' s Long Walk Among Shadows: Of North American Photuris. Bridger Press, Gainesville, FL." type="book" year="2018">Lloyd 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); sternites 6 and 7 with typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD026FFA1CE17FB64FB70FB4F" box="[1051,1164,1177,1198]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="versicolo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1CE17FB64FB70FB4F" box="[1051,1164,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">P. versicolo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
r species-group lanterns, with 6 more broadly emarginated than 7; sternite 8 pale yellow, with equilateral triangular cauda enclosing pale aedeagus.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1C8D2FAF9FCE9FAF8" bold="true" box="[734,789,1284,1305]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Legs:</emphasis>
|
||
Color intensity variable depending on darker or paler specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C9A6FAE3FC02FAD2" box="[938,1022,1310,1331]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[197,228,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,195,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[175,1190,194,1595]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, dorsal view (all specimens lack pale elytral vittae), B) Holotype, ventral view, with splash, C) Paratype aedeagus (truncate basal lateral lobe projections enhanced to show details), D) Allotype female pronotal pattern with constricted stem, E) Allotype female lantern with no splash, F) Holotype, tridentate clypeus (left) with paratype variations from dark to pale. Scale bars = 1 mm. Image C by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Figs. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1CE05FAE3FBD5FAD2" box="[1033,1065,1310,1331]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[175,206,1592,1611]" captionTargetBox="[171,1165,197,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-1@6.[154,1169,194,1576]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Photuris walldoxeyi, male paratype. A) Habitus (pronotal pattern with wider base yet still constricted stem), B) Ventral keel (arrows), C) Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334740/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Procoxae bicolored, generally pale with diffuse gray-brown lateral surface. Mesocoxae pale medially, darker laterally, slightly darker than procoxae. Metacoxae dark brown; Trochanters pale yellow. Profemur with basal half pale, apical half dark brown. Meso- and metafemora pale with dark brown band on apical fourth and apical third, respectively. Articulations of femur and tibia pale. Tibia pale basally with dark coloration and dark setae on apical 3/4; 2 amber meso- and metatibial spurs, one larger than other. Tarsus less dark than tibia; paler basally with dark setae and dark apical joint articulations. Hind legs 0.75X body length.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD026FFA1C96AF985FC33F96C" bold="true" box="[870,975,1656,1677]" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Aedeagus:</emphasis>
|
||
Length
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD026FFA1CE17F985FB9EF96C" box="[1051,1122,1656,1677]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
from phallobase to lateral lobe tip;
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD026FFA1C9ECF96FFBD2F946" box="[992,1070,1682,1703]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
at widest midway (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C91FF950FC8FF923" box="[787,883,1709,1730]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[197,228,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,195,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[175,1190,194,1595]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, dorsal view (all specimens lack pale elytral vittae), B) Holotype, ventral view, with splash, C) Paratype aedeagus (truncate basal lateral lobe projections enhanced to show details), D) Allotype female pronotal pattern with constricted stem, E) Allotype female lantern with no splash, F) Holotype, tridentate clypeus (left) with paratype variations from dark to pale. Scale bars = 1 mm. Image C by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334732/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">Figs. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD026FFA1C98AF950FC5AF923" box="[902,934,1709,1730]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[197,228,1606,1625]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetId="figure-0@5.[175,1190,194,1590]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, scutellum and brown-edged, proximate mesonotal plates, B) Paratype, lantern detail, C and E) Scutellar color variation with postero-medial, brown-edged mesonotal plates, D and F) Pronotal vittagram variations (stem constricted or interrupted) Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334736/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="100">2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Filaments extending
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD025FFA2CAA1FF3FFEDEFF36" box="[173,290,193,215]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="0.25" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
past tips of lateral lobes (parameres). Ventro-basal lateral lobe processes truncate,
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD025FFA2C84DFF21FD6FFF10" box="[577,659,220,241]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="0.12">0.12 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. Typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD025FFA2CB2BFF0AFE6BFEED" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[295,407,247,268]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CB2BFF0AFECEFEED" box="[295,306,247,268]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CB30FF0AFE6BFEED" box="[316,407,247,268]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group form (Barber and McDermott 1951).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E6676D027FFA0CAC9F9BBFC88F968" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334736" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5334736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334736/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="101" startId="5.[197,228,1606,1625]" targetBox="[175,1190,194,1590]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED027FFA0CAC9F9BBFC88F968" blockId="5.[173,1194,1606,1673]" pageId="5" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD027FFA0CAC9F9BBFF03F9B8" bold="true" box="[197,255,1606,1625]" pageId="5" pageNumber="101">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD027FFA0CB18F9BBFE3CF9B8" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[276,448,1606,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD027FFA0CB18F9BBFE3CF9B8" box="[276,448,1606,1625]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="101">Photuris walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A) Holotype, scutellum and brown-edged, proximate mesonotal plates, B) Paratype, lantern detail, C and E) Scutellar color variation with postero-medial, brown-edged mesonotal plates, D and F) Pronotal vittagram variations (stem constricted or interrupted) Scale bars = 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E6676D024FFA3CAA3F9C5FBC0F982" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334740" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5334740" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334740/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="102" startId="6.[175,206,1592,1611]" targetBox="[171,1165,197,1568]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED024FFA3CAA3F9C5FBC0F982" blockId="6.[151,1172,1592,1635]" pageId="6" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD024FFA3CAA3F9C5FF10F9AA" bold="true" box="[175,236,1592,1611]" pageId="6" pageNumber="102">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD024FFA3CB0DF9C5FE53F9AA" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[257,431,1592,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD024FFA3CB0DF9C5FE53F9AA" box="[257,431,1592,1611]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="102">Photuris walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male paratype. A) Habitus (pronotal pattern with wider base yet still constricted stem), B) Ventral keel (arrows), C) Head, frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by Luiz da Silveira.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED025FFA2CAC9FED1FF03FD31" blockId="7.[173,660,193,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CAC9FED1FE80FEA0" bold="true" box="[197,380,300,321]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Female
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA885CD025FFA2CB2CFED1FE8BFEA0" box="[288,375,300,321]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" type="allotype">Allotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Length
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD025FFA2CBE8FED1FDBBFEA0" box="[484,583,300,321]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1099999999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="11.1">11.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; width
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD025FFA2CAA1FEBBFF08FEBA" box="[173,244,326,347]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="3.9">3.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
at middle of elytra,
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD025FFA2CBA2FEBBFE0AFEBA" box="[430,502,326,347]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
at base of elytra. Length slightly less than all male
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA885CD025FFA2C802FE9CFD95FE97" box="[526,617,353,374]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
but overall appearance similar. Alate like male.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2C86BFE81FF0AFE4A" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">Pronotum:</emphasis>
|
||
Length
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD025FFA2CB47FE6BFE65FE4A" box="[331,409,406,427]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, posterior width
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD025FFA2C84DFE6BFD6CFE4A" box="[577,656,406,427]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Vitta stem constricted (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD025FFA2CB8BFE4CFE2EFE27" box="[391,466,433,454]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[197,228,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,195,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[175,1190,194,1595]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, dorsal view (all specimens lack pale elytral vittae), B) Holotype, ventral view, with splash, C) Paratype aedeagus (truncate basal lateral lobe projections enhanced to show details), D) Allotype female pronotal pattern with constricted stem, E) Allotype female lantern with no splash, F) Holotype, tridentate clypeus (left) with paratype variations from dark to pale. Scale bars = 1 mm. Image C by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334732/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CBEFFE4CFDDDFE27" bold="true" box="[483,545,433,454]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
As in male, except smaller eyes typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD025FFA2CBEBFE36FDC5FE01" box="[487,569,459,480]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CBEBFE36FDC5FE01" box="[487,569,459,480]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">Photuris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females. Robust, tridentate dark clypeus.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CBD6FE1BFDB9FE1A" bold="true" box="[474,581,486,507]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Sternite 5 brown, lacking any central pale splashing as in males. Sternite 6 and 7 with typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD025FFA2C814FDE6FD6FFDD1" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[536,659,539,560]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2C814FDE6FD6FFDD1" box="[536,659,539,560]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">P. versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group female lanterns but anterior lantern almost twice width of posterior lantern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD025FFA2C837FDADFD7BFD84" box="[571,647,592,613]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[197,228,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,195,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[175,1190,194,1595]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Holotype, dorsal view (all specimens lack pale elytral vittae), B) Holotype, ventral view, with splash, C) Paratype aedeagus (truncate basal lateral lobe projections enhanced to show details), D) Allotype female pronotal pattern with constricted stem, E) Allotype female lantern with no splash, F) Holotype, tridentate clypeus (left) with paratype variations from dark to pale. Scale bars = 1 mm. Image C by Luiz da Silveira." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334732/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both lanterns flying saucer-shaped. Sternites surrounding lanterns paler centrally, brown laterally. Sternite 8 pale centrally with brown mottling laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED025FFA2CAC9FD28FE6DFB28" blockId="7.[173,660,193,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CAC9FD28FEC0FD0B" bold="true" box="[197,316,725,746]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">Flash-Train</emphasis>
|
||
1
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CB55FD28FE6FFD0B" bold="true" box="[345,403,725,746]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">Glow.</emphasis>
|
||
Flashing began 45 minutes after sunset at 8:40 CDT on
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED025FFA2CBB1FD0DFDC2FCE4" box="[445,574,752,773]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" value="2017-05-14">14 May 2017</date>
|
||
with the highest numbers of males flying 9:00–10:45 pm but continuing later in lesser numbers. The primary flash of a courting male at 17–19° C consisted of an average of 5.5 green-yellow pulses of bright intensity (range 4–9) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CB66FC88FE8AFC6B" box="[362,374,885,906]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 15 FT+Gs with 82 pulses), each pulse
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CB2CFC72FECAFC45" box="[288,310,911,932]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 200 milliseconds in duration and given at
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CB04FC57FEE2FC5E" box="[264,286,938,959]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 0.4 second intervals in a flash-train lasting
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CAFCFC39FEFAFC38" box="[240,262,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. three seconds followed (332 milliseconds after cessation of final pulse) by a 1-second (range 0.7–1.2) glow of medium intensity. The entire FT+ G lasted 3–5 seconds and was given in a syncopated rhythm of fast, bright flashes followed by a slow diffuse glow. FT+Gs with more pulses lasted longer than those FT+Gs that had fewer pulses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD025FFA2C823FB99FD8DFB98" box="[559,625,1124,1145]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[175,206,1612,1631]" captionTargetBox="[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-1@8.[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Photuris walldoxeyi male flash-train+glow (FT+G) pattern at 17° C. A) Diagram illustrating 4–9 quick, bright pulses of the flash-train followed by a prolonged lower intensity glow, B–E) FT+G patterns in loops and arcs in a small aerial space. Photographs by Jeff Davis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334744/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD025FFA2C875FB99FD7AFB98" box="[633,646,1124,1145]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[197,228,1474,1493]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,194,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-107@9.[175,1190,194,1458]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 5. Diagram showing primary flash-train+glow and secondary “2 pulse + G” rhythm and pattern, shown in straight line for clarity. Flash trains, primary + secondary, as they appear connected in space. Photographs by Jeff Davis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334750/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Hundreds of these emissions being given by 50+ males were observed during
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED025FFA2CBC1FB64FD84FB4F" box="[461,632,1177,1199]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" value="2017-05-14" valueMax="2017-05-27" valueMin="2017-05-14">14–27 May 2017</date>
|
||
at Wall Doxey State Park.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED025FFA2CAC9FB33FB69FEED" blockId="7.[173,660,193,1730]" lastBlockId="7.[707,1194,193,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">
|
||
In 2018, with six weeks of observations in three different states, temperatures varied greatly from the 2017 season, illustrating how temperature affects the rate and speed of firefly flashes. At 17–19° C, the average FT+G lasted 3.3 seconds (SD = 1.111,
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2C863FAC4FD87FAAF" box="[623,635,1337,1358]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 16). At 23° C, FT+G duration decreased to 2.75 sec (SD = 0.401,
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CB38FA93FEBCFA62" box="[308,320,1390,1411]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 9). During the warmest evening,
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED025FFA2CAA1FA75FED2FA7C" box="[173,302,1416,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" value="2018-05-14">14 May 2018</date>
|
||
when temperatures ranged 25–28°C, the average FT+G lasted 1.86 seconds (SD = 0.425,
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CAE2FA43FF06FA32" box="[238,250,1470,1491]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 45). At these high temperatures, discreet pulses within the FT+G were difficult to accurately count with the human eye when compared to the relatively cool 2017 emissions that had easy-todistinguish individual components. As Wolf River Conservancy’ s Cathy Justis (personal communication to first author) reported in 2018 after a warm night (>25° C), there was “kind of a strobe effect –4–9 flashes– followed by a longish ascending glow.” Because of the natural drop in temperature after sunset, particularly on clear nights, FT+Gs could go from this rapid strobe-like appearance as darkness falls to easily countable pulses by midnight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED025FFA2C8D7FEECFBB7FD0B" blockId="7.[707,1194,193,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Each FT+G was completed in a threedimensional yet restricted area in vertical and horizontal space (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD025FFA2C967FEBBFC5AFEBA" box="[875,934,326,347]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[175,206,1612,1631]" captionTargetBox="[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-1@8.[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Photuris walldoxeyi male flash-train+glow (FT+G) pattern at 17° C. A) Diagram illustrating 4–9 quick, bright pulses of the flash-train followed by a prolonged lower intensity glow, B–E) FT+G patterns in loops and arcs in a small aerial space. Photographs by Jeff Davis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334744/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The male hovered almost stationary within an imaginary aerial box or vertical column <
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD025FFA2C92EFE86FCA6FE71" box="[802,858,379,400]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
|
||
. Males moved more during the final single glow than the entire initial multipulse flashtrain. The glow could be described as a “flourish or swoosh” as it was just as likely to be an arc or J-shape as a wavering sinuous line. Males displayed each individual flash-train in their own concise area, not cross-flying other displaying males. The observer’ s camera position and the angle of flight and changing, sinuous aerial positions of the firefly influence the apparent perspective of the spacing of the FT+Gs in the photographs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD025FFA2C9E2FD78FBA0FD7B" box="[1006,1116,645,666]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[175,206,1612,1631]" captionTargetBox="[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-1@8.[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Photuris walldoxeyi male flash-train+glow (FT+G) pattern at 17° C. A) Diagram illustrating 4–9 quick, bright pulses of the flash-train followed by a prolonged lower intensity glow, B–E) FT+G patterns in loops and arcs in a small aerial space. Photographs by Jeff Davis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334744/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">Figs. 4C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD025FFA2CE69FD78FB8EFD7B" box="[1125,1138,645,666]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[197,228,1474,1493]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,194,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-107@9.[175,1190,194,1458]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 5. Diagram showing primary flash-train+glow and secondary “2 pulse + G” rhythm and pattern, shown in straight line for clarity. Flash trains, primary + secondary, as they appear connected in space. Photographs by Jeff Davis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334750/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD025FFA2CE8FFD78FCDEFD54" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[175,206,1612,1631]" captionTargetBox="[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-1@8.[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Photuris walldoxeyi male flash-train+glow (FT+G) pattern at 17° C. A) Diagram illustrating 4–9 quick, bright pulses of the flash-train followed by a prolonged lower intensity glow, B–E) FT+G patterns in loops and arcs in a small aerial space. Photographs by Jeff Davis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334744/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">Fig. 4B and E</figureCitation>
|
||
show less looping emissions and more clearly illustrate the typical predictable and even spacing of the pulses and terminal glow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED025FFA2C8D7FD0DFC04FA62" blockId="7.[707,1194,193,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">
|
||
A secondary “extra 2 pulse + Glow” emission (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD025FFA2C8C6FCF7FCFAFCFE" box="[714,774,778,799]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[197,228,1474,1493]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,194,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-107@9.[175,1190,194,1458]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 5. Diagram showing primary flash-train+glow and secondary “2 pulse + G” rhythm and pattern, shown in straight line for clarity. Flash trains, primary + secondary, as they appear connected in space. Photographs by Jeff Davis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334750/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) often occurred 0.7–1.7 seconds after the primary FT+G, especially during the time of peak numbers of courting males and peak flight times (
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CE81FCC2FB5FFCB5" box="[1165,1187,831,852]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 9:00–11:00 CDT). These “2 pulse + Gs” were identical to the primary flash emissions except only two bright pulses followed by the glow occur in the secondary emissions that lasted 1.1–1.8 seconds at 17–23° C. Both FT+Gs, primary and secondary, were given as one combined continuous showy emission by the male. When the primary emission consisted of five or fewer flashes, these secondary emissions were likely to occur. When the primary emission consisted of 7–9 flashes, the secondary “2 pulse + G” emission was usually not given. These short “2 pulse + Gs” were never given in isolation. They were only seen immediately following a primary emission (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD025FFA2C97BFB49FC4EFB28" box="[887,946,1204,1225]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[197,228,1474,1493]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,194,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-107@9.[175,1190,194,1458]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 5. Diagram showing primary flash-train+glow and secondary “2 pulse + G” rhythm and pattern, shown in straight line for clarity. Flash trains, primary + secondary, as they appear connected in space. Photographs by Jeff Davis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334750/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Other than the identical though shorter “2 pulse + Glow” pattern added at times of high competition to the primary FT+G,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD025FFA2CE9BFB14FCD6FAF9" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2CE9BFB14FCD6FAF9" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not appear to have any additional patterns, unlike many of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD025FFA2C9D0FAE3FBA9FAD2" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[988,1109,1310,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD025FFA2C9D0FAE3FBA9FAD2" box="[988,1109,1310,1331]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">P. versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
speciesgroup members that often have several different male courtship flashes (Barber and McDermott 1951; Faust 2017;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B0FD025FFA2C976FA93FC12FA62" author="Lloyd, J. E." box="[890,1006,1390,1411]" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" refId="ref11148" refString="Lloyd, J. E. 2018. A Naturalists' s Long Walk Among Shadows: Of North American Photuris. Bridger Press, Gainesville, FL." type="book" year="2018">Lloyd 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED025FFACC8D7FA75FE47F923" blockId="7.[707,1194,193,1730]" lastBlockId="9.[173,659,1576,1730]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Males displayed from less than a meter above the water up to the lower and midway limbs of the cypress and tupelo. At most sites, the majority of males flew <
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD025FFA2C94EFA25FC9AFA0C" box="[834,870,1496,1517]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="6.0">6 m</quantity>
|
||
aboveground. One site at Cypress Swamp in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD025FFA2C924FA0EFC68F9E9" box="[808,916,1523,1544]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="7" pageNumber="103">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
has enormous trees with few lower branches remaining. Here the males did fly higher but still remained out of the uppermost crowns of the large trees. At an old slough,
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD025FFA2CE67F9BEFB54F9B9" box="[1131,1192,1603,1624]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
distant from the swamp proper, with shorter vegetation, males flashed low over the water and around the lower branches. Whether intentionally or not, these low flying males achieved the doubling effect of their flash trains by having the water reflect the FT+Gs back up into space. When a secondary “2 pulse +G” was added to the primary FT+G by a low flying male, he was much more noticeable than any high-flying males because of these additional apparently reflected flashes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E6676D02AFFADCAA3F9B1FDB0F96E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334744" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5334744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334744/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="104" startId="8.[175,206,1612,1631]" targetBox="[154,1169,194,1596]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02AFFADCAA3F9B1FDB0F96E" blockId="8.[151,1173,1611,1679]" pageId="8" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02AFFADCAA3F9B1FF15F9BE" bold="true" box="[175,233,1612,1631]" pageId="8" pageNumber="104">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02AFFADCAF3F9B1FE56F9BE" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[255,426,1612,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02AFFADCAF3F9B1FE56F9BE" box="[255,426,1612,1631]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="104">Photuris walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male flash-train+glow (FT+G) pattern at 17° C. A) Diagram illustrating 4–9 quick, bright pulses of the flash-train followed by a prolonged lower intensity glow, B–E) FT+G patterns in loops and arcs in a small aerial space. Photographs by Jeff Davis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E6676D02BFFACCAC9FA3FFB69FA0C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334750" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5334750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334750/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="105" startId="9.[197,228,1474,1493]" targetBox="[175,1190,194,1458]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02BFFACCAC9FA3FFB69FA0C" blockId="9.[173,1193,1474,1517]" pageId="9" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02BFFACCAC9FA3FFEFDFA34" bold="true" box="[197,257,1474,1493]" pageId="9" pageNumber="105">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Diagram showing primary flash-train+glow and secondary “2 pulse + G” rhythm and pattern, shown in straight line for clarity. Flash trains, primary + secondary, as they appear connected in space. Photographs by Jeff Davis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02BFFAFC8D7F9D5FF3BFF10" blockId="9.[707,1193,1576,1730]" lastBlockId="10.[151,638,193,1730]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="9" pageNumber="105">
|
||
Because of the high numbers of courting males gathered in a relatively small area, it was difficult to follow an individual for the timing of its repeat FT+ G. During the dark, non-flashing period, males quickly moved horizontally some distance and were lost in the dark and among other displaying males before repeating their next train
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCBD9FF3FFE17FF36" box="[469,491,194,215]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 7–12 seconds later.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED028FFAFCAA3FF0AFE65FE4A" blockId="10.[151,638,193,1730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">
|
||
As the number of males decreased by season’ s end 4–5 weeks after the first males appeared, there were long periods of no flashing followed by a few seconds of <
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD77D028FFAFCB12FEBBFE8AFEBA" box="[286,374,326,347]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" type="male">10 males</specimenCount>
|
||
giving one or two FT+G emissions in loose concert. This was followed by more darkness instead of the near constant display evident during peak times.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B6575D028FFAFCAA3FE4CFE03FCDB" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED028FFAFCAA3FE4CFE03FCDB" blockId="10.[151,638,193,1730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCAA3FE4CFEDEFE27" bold="true" box="[175,290,433,454]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCB21FE4CFE0DFE27" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[301,497,433,454]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCB21FE4CFE0DFE27" box="[301,497,433,454]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Photuris walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is named for both the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA885CD028FFAFCAEBFE36FEECFE01" box="[231,272,459,480]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality and the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD028FFAFCBAAFE36FDEEFE01" box="[422,530,459,480]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Senator for whom Wall Doxey State Park is named. Wall Doxey, 1892–1962, was a lawyer politician from nearby Holly Springs,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD028FFAFCB8EFDE6FE0CFDD1" box="[386,496,539,560]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, who championed forest preservation throughout his career as both Congressman and later US Senator representing northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD028FFAFCB4DFD96FE4CFD61" box="[321,432,619,640]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The common name cypress firefly has already been in use among trained observers and local conservation and wildlife agencies in three different states prior to publication of this description. We also propose Wall Doxey’ s firefly as a more formal common name since other firefly species are seen in the cypress areas and surrounding forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B6575D028FFAECAA3FCBDFCDBFD61" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="107" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED028FFAFCAA3FCBDFD9CF923" blockId="10.[151,638,193,1730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCAA3FCBDFEEBFCB4" bold="true" box="[175,279,832,853]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
The presence of reddish orange spots bordering the pronotal vitta places this species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCAD1FC88FEA5FC6B" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[221,345,885,906]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCAD1FC88FEA5FC6B" box="[221,345,885,906]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group in the key by McDermott (1967). Its small-medium size (for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCA9BFC57FF1BFC5E" box="[151,231,938,959]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCA9BFC57FF1BFC5E" box="[151,231,938,959]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Photuris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and absence of elytral vittae further separates this species from many in this group. The described flash train of an average of five to six evenly spaced pulses followed by a 1-second glow (at 17° C) with and entire emission lasting 3–5 seconds is unique among North American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCB8EFBD2FE2DFBA5" box="[386,465,1071,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCB8EFBD2FE2DFBA5" box="[386,465,1071,1092]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Photuris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and easily recognizable in the wild. According to flash pattern categories defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B0FD028FFAFCB49FB99FE39FB98" author="Lloyd, J. E." box="[325,453,1124,1145]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" refId="ref11148" refString="Lloyd, J. E. 2018. A Naturalists' s Long Walk Among Shadows: Of North American Photuris. Bridger Press, Gainesville, FL." type="book" year="2018">Lloyd (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCBDDFB99FDB3FB98" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[465,591,1124,1145]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCBDDFB99FDB3FB98" box="[465,591,1124,1145]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
falls into the “HH” group that is characterized by more complex combinations of different elements,
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC85BFB64FD84FB4F" box="[599,632,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
, pulses in flash trains combined with sustained glows, as opposed to the more typical single pulses, flickers and simple flash-trains. Though
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCBFEFB14FD8BFB1F" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[498,631,1257,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCBFEFB14FD8BFB1F" box="[498,631,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCA9BFAF9FF05FAF8" box="[151,249,1284,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCA9BFAF9FF05FAF8" box="[151,249,1284,1305]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCB3AFAF9FE69FAF8" box="[310,405,1284,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forresti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCB3AFAF9FE69FAF8" box="[310,405,1284,1305]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. forresti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occasionally emit flash trains, especially at temperatures>23° C, that can appear similar to the human observer depending on aspect and flight path of the firefly and position of the observer, each species retains a predictable and unique flash pattern of its own, different from the other two species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCB47FA5EFDFBFA59" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[331,519,1443,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCB47FA5EFDFBFA59" box="[331,519,1443,1464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Photuris walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
emits a primary FT+G often followed immediately by a secondary (2 pulse + G) flash with up to nine pulses in a looping three-dimensional compact space and always ending with a glow (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD028FFAFCB88F9F0FE3FF9C3" box="[388,451,1549,1570]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[175,206,1612,1631]" captionTargetBox="[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-1@8.[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Photuris walldoxeyi male flash-train+glow (FT+G) pattern at 17° C. A) Diagram illustrating 4–9 quick, bright pulses of the flash-train followed by a prolonged lower intensity glow, B–E) FT+G patterns in loops and arcs in a small aerial space. Photographs by Jeff Davis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334744" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334744/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD028FFAFCBC0F9F0FE25F9C3" box="[460,473,1549,1570]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[197,228,1474,1493]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,194,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-107@9.[175,1190,194,1458]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 5. Diagram showing primary flash-train+glow and secondary “2 pulse + G” rhythm and pattern, shown in straight line for clarity. Flash trains, primary + secondary, as they appear connected in space. Photographs by Jeff Davis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334750/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCBE6F9F0FD82F9C3" box="[490,638,1549,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forresti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCBE6F9F0FD82F9C3" box="[490,638,1549,1570]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Photuris forresti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
emits a series of pulses and more prolonged flashglows in varying order also in a looping manner and compact 3D space.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCB4BF9A0FE23F993" box="[327,479,1629,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCB4BF9A0FE23F993" box="[327,479,1629,1650]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Photuris barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gives an “electric wink” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B0FD028FFAFCAEDF985FEA8F96C" author="Lloyd, J. E." box="[225,340,1656,1677]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" refId="ref11148" refString="Lloyd, J. E. 2018. A Naturalists' s Long Walk Among Shadows: Of North American Photuris. Bridger Press, Gainesville, FL." type="book" year="2018">Lloyd 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with fewer pulses in a more horizontal manner. Differences in habitat, elevation, manner of flight, and display are detailed below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED028FFAFC8C9FF3FFD07FBC8" blockId="10.[685,1173,194,1730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">
|
||
The recently proposed species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCE08FF3FFB95FF36" box="[1028,1129,194,215]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCE08FF3FFB95FF36" box="[1028,1129,194,215]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B0FD028FFAFC92BFF21FC52FF10" author="Lloyd, J. E." box="[807,942,220,241]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" refId="ref11148" refString="Lloyd, J. E. 2018. A Naturalists' s Long Walk Among Shadows: Of North American Photuris. Bridger Press, Gainesville, FL." type="book" year="2018">Lloyd (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
has the most similar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC8A1FF0AFD03FEED" box="[685,767,247,268]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC8A1FF0AFD03FEED" box="[685,767,247,268]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Photuris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
flash pattern to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCE04FF0AFB72FEED" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[1032,1166,247,268]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCE04FF0AFB72FEED" box="[1032,1166,247,268]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Lloyd’ s single voucher was caught “where they flew at the top of tall pines” with a “twenty foot tropical net” on
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED028FFAFC8F0FEBBFC8EFEBA" box="[764,882,326,347]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" value="1994-06-03">3 June 1994</date>
|
||
near Steinhagen Lake in East
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD028FFAFC8A1FE9CFD18FE97" box="[685,740,353,374]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
in dense second growth habitat of low elevation (
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD028FFAFC8F4FE81FCCCFE70" box="[760,816,380,401]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" unit="m" value="27.0">27 m</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC94EFE81FBFFFE70" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[834,1027,380,401]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC94EFE81FBFFFE70" box="[834,1027,380,401]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Photuris walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has only been found in inundated or swampy cypress or tupelo habitat at seven sites. It has not been seen flying in second growth thickets along woodland trails.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC8A1FE1BFCB2FE1A" box="[685,846,486,507]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC8A1FE1BFCB2FE1A" box="[685,846,486,507]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Photuris barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays are described as high in the air around the treetops, “where they flew at the top of tall pines” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B0FD028FFAFC96AFDE6FC21FDD1" author="Lloyd, J. E." box="[870,989,539,560]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" refId="ref11148" refString="Lloyd, J. E. 2018. A Naturalists' s Long Walk Among Shadows: Of North American Photuris. Bridger Press, Gainesville, FL." type="book" year="2018">Lloyd 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCE44FDE6FD17FDAA" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCE44FDE6FD17FDAA" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
often displays low over the water and at trees’ midlevel at highest. The “HH” flash pattern of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC8A1FD96FCECFD61" box="[685,784,619,640]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC8A1FD96FCECFD61" box="[685,784,619,640]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a different, more irregular rhythm than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC8D2FD78FCA2FD7B" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[734,862,645,666]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC8D2FD78FCA2FD7B" box="[734,862,645,666]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s very predictable pattern. In
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCE8EFD78FD07FD54" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCE8EFD78FD0BFD54" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">P. barberi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the initial few pulses within the flash-train are regularly spaced, after which the rhythm changes to a shorter duration final pulse immediately followed by a more prolonged dash lasting 0.5 seconds at 22° C. Lloyd calls this feature “an electric wink”, since the final shorter pulse in the train is contiguous to the terminal dash. The entire emission of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC8C1FCA7FCCDFC8E" box="[717,817,858,879]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC8C1FCA7FCCDFC8E" box="[717,817,858,879]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has few average pulses (1–5), including the “electric wink” pulse (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B0FD028FFAFC9E6FC88FBA0FC6B" author="Lloyd, J. E." box="[1002,1116,885,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" refId="ref11148" refString="Lloyd, J. E. 2018. A Naturalists' s Long Walk Among Shadows: Of North American Photuris. Bridger Press, Gainesville, FL." type="book" year="2018">Lloyd 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC8A1FC72FCD2FC45" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[685,814,911,932]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC8A1FC72FCD2FC45" box="[685,814,911,932]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s 4–9 pulses. Compare, also,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCE5EFC72FD2FFC5E" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCE5EFC72FD2FFC5E" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s changing pulse rhythm and abrupt horizontal flight and “dash” to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC96AFC38FC1FFC3B" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[870,995,965,986]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC96AFC38FC1FFC3B" box="[870,995,965,986]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s hovering, evenly spaced pulses and sinuous, diffuse, less abrupt terminal glow lacking the “electric wink” of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCE8EFC07FD08FBC8" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCE8EFC07FD08FBC8" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED028FFAFC8C9FBD2FCA4FAAF" blockId="10.[685,1173,194,1730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC8C9FBD2FC99FBA5" box="[709,869,1071,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC8C9FBD2FC99FBA5" box="[709,869,1071,1092]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Photuris barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not display the secondary “extra 2 pulse + Glow” that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC9EEFBB4FB9BFBBF" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[994,1127,1097,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC9EEFBB4FB9BFBBF" box="[994,1127,1097,1118]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
frequently displays (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD028FFAFC952FB99FC60FB98" box="[862,924,1124,1145]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[197,228,1474,1493]" captionTargetBox="[175,1190,194,1458]" captionTargetId="figure-107@9.[175,1190,194,1458]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 5. Diagram showing primary flash-train+glow and secondary “2 pulse + G” rhythm and pattern, shown in straight line for clarity. Flash trains, primary + secondary, as they appear connected in space. Photographs by Jeff Davis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334750/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The distinctly sinuous, looping, and always hovering nature of the FT+Gs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC8C2FB64FCAFFB4F" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[718,851,1177,1198]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC8C2FB64FCAFFB4F" box="[718,851,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were not mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B0FD028FFAFCE57FB64FD11FB28" author="Lloyd, J. E." pageId="10" pageNumber="106" refId="ref11148" refString="Lloyd, J. E. 2018. A Naturalists' s Long Walk Among Shadows: Of North American Photuris. Bridger Press, Gainesville, FL." type="book" year="2018">Lloyd (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in his brief description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCE08FB49FB9BFB28" box="[1028,1127,1204,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCE08FB49FB9BFB28" box="[1028,1127,1204,1225]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He instead noted the linear manner of flight and emissions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC936FB14FC5CFB1F" box="[826,928,1257,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC936FB14FC5CFB1F" box="[826,928,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that also maintained a constant intensity, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC9C4FAF9FBBBFAF8" box="[968,1095,1284,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxey">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC9C4FAF9FBBBFAF8" box="[968,1095,1284,1305]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. walldoxey</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s glow emissions appear diffuse and less intense than the flash-train pulses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED028FFAFC8C9FAAEFD1BF923" blockId="10.[685,1173,194,1730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">
|
||
Although there is only
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD77D028FFAFC996FAAEFBE6FA89" box="[922,1050,1363,1384]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCE3BFAAEFB6FFA89" box="[1079,1171,1363,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCE3BFAAEFB6FFA89" box="[1079,1171,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(current deposition uncertain), true abdominal segment five of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC94DFA75FC62FA7C" box="[833,926,1416,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC94DFA75FC62FA7C" box="[833,926,1416,1437]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a larger central area of pale coloration, the “splash” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B0FD028FFAFC9C4FA5EFBC0FA59" author="Lloyd, J. E." box="[968,1084,1443,1464]" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" refId="ref11148" refString="Lloyd, J. E. 2018. A Naturalists' s Long Walk Among Shadows: Of North American Photuris. Bridger Press, Gainesville, FL." type="book" year="2018">Lloyd 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), than all the known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC910FA43FC60FA32" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[796,924,1470,1491]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC910FA43FC60FA32" box="[796,924,1470,1491]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens. According to Lloyd’ s abdominal segment pattern code,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCE3AFA25FB6FFA0C" box="[1078,1171,1496,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCE3AFA25FB6FFA0C" box="[1078,1171,1496,1517]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has abdominal segment five rated a
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD028FFAFCE0FFA0EFBDBF9E9" box="[1027,1063,1523,1544]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.778" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" unit="in" value="7.0">7 in</quantity>
|
||
coloration, having a larger pale area reaching the height of the segment, whereas
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC96DF9D5FC14F9DC" box="[865,1000,1576,1597]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC96DF9D5FC18F9DC" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[865,996,1576,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">P. walldoxeyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in all specimens, are rated 3–5 on Lloyd’ s scale, having a smaller pale central area. In habitat, elevation, splash pattern, flash pattern, flight manner, and height and appearance of display,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFC976F96FFC01F946" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[890,1021,1682,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFC976F96FFC01F946" box="[890,1021,1682,1703]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD028FFAFCE3DF96FFB6FF946" box="[1073,1171,1682,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD028FFAFCE3DF96FFB6FF946" box="[1073,1171,1682,1703]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="106">P. barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED029FFAECAC9FF3FFECFFBA5" blockId="11.[173,660,194,1730]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">
|
||
A second newly described species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAEC83DFF3FFD6FFF36" box="[561,659,194,215]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forresti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAEC83DFF3FFD6FFF36" box="[561,659,194,215]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">P. forresti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Faust 2017 (as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAECB54FF21FE56FF10" box="[344,426,220,241]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAECB54FF21FE56FF10" box="[344,426,220,241]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Photuris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
F or Loopy 5”);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B0FD029FFAEC856FF21FF1CFEED" author="Lloyd, J. E." pageId="11" pageNumber="107" refId="ref11148" refString="Lloyd, J. E. 2018. A Naturalists' s Long Walk Among Shadows: Of North American Photuris. Bridger Press, Gainesville, FL." type="book" year="2018">Lloyd 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAECB62FF0AFE13FEED" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[366,495,247,268]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAECB62FF0AFE13FEED" box="[366,495,247,268]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its manner of displaying an erratic, looping flash-train in a welldefined aerial vertical column over higher elevation (
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD029FFAECABFFEBBFEDAFEBA" box="[179,294,326,348]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.985" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.77" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" unit="m" value="298.5" valueMax="320.0" valueMin="277.0">277–320 m</quantity>
|
||
) in swampy habitats in eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD029FFAEC864FEBBFF17FE97" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
||
and northwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD029FFAECBA8FE9CFDC9FE97" box="[420,565,353,374]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
that lack cypress. Instead of the evenly spaced, predictable pulses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAECB04FE6BFE7BFE4A" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[264,391,406,427]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAECB04FE6BFE7BFE4A" box="[264,391,406,427]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that are always followed by a diffuse glow, emissions by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAECBCFFE4CFDE3FE27" box="[451,543,433,454]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forresti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAECBCFFE4CFDE3FE27" box="[451,543,433,454]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">P. forresti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are remarkably modulated with combinations of pulses and short glows that occur in varying order in each flashtrain. In 2018, professional photographer Radim Schreiber took over 1,000 high quality photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAECAC3FDCBFEC9FDAA" box="[207,309,566,587]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forresti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAECAC3FDCBFEC9FDAA" box="[207,309,566,587]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">P. forresti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s more unpredictable flash-trains, thereby documenting and enabling more detailed analysis of what the first author has observed at both sites for the past seven years (Faust 2017 and unpublished data). We would suggest, however, that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAEC88DFD5DFF0EFD31" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forresti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAEC88DFD5DFF0EFD31" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">P. forresti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs in the “HH” flash group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B0FD029FFAEC855FD46FF22FD0B" author="Lloyd, J. E." pageId="11" pageNumber="107" refId="ref11148" refString="Lloyd, J. E. 2018. A Naturalists' s Long Walk Among Shadows: Of North American Photuris. Bridger Press, Gainesville, FL." type="book" year="2018">Lloyd 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) because of its erratic pulses and glow flashtrains and not in the “DD” group as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B0FD029FFAEC81FFD0DFD6FFCE4" author="Lloyd, J. E." box="[531,659,752,773]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" refId="ref11148" refString="Lloyd, J. E. 2018. A Naturalists' s Long Walk Among Shadows: Of North American Photuris. Bridger Press, Gainesville, FL." type="book" year="2018">Lloyd (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
states.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAECAE2FCF7FE77FCFE" box="[238,395,778,799]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forresti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAECAE2FCF7FE77FCFE" box="[238,395,778,799]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Photuris forresti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks any secondary “extra pulse + glow” that is so characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAEC844FCD8FF17FCB4" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAEC844FCD8FF17FCB4" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The first author has deposited DNA vouchers of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD77D029FFAECB28FCA7FE74FC8E" box="[292,392,858,879]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" type="male">three male</specimenCount>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAECB83FCA7FE10FC8E" box="[399,492,858,879]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forresti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAECB83FCA7FE10FC8E" box="[399,492,858,879]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">P. forresti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED029FFAEC858FCA7FF21FC6B" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" value="2018-06-06">
|
||
6 June
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD029FFAECAA1FC88FF21FC6B" box="[173,221,885,906]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.125719999999999" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" unit="in" value="2018.0">2018</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
in Jefferson County, TN at Eslinger Swamp, at the University of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD029FFAECB56FC72FE5AFC45" box="[346,422,911,932]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||
in the Stanger-Hall Lab for future genetic studies with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAECBD2FC57FDA3FC5E" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[478,607,938,959]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAECBD2FC57FDA3FC5E" box="[478,607,938,959]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The first author currently retains
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D77FD77D029FFAECBC7FC38FDFFFC3B" box="[459,515,965,986]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" type="generic">
|
||
six
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAECBFCFC38FDFFFC3B" box="[496,515,965,986]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forresti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAECBFCFC38FDFFFC3B" box="[496,515,965,986]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">P.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
forresti specimens from 2012–2018, male and female, in her private collection. In habitat, elevation, flash pattern arrangement and appearance,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAECBC2FBE9FDB3FBC8" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[462,591,1044,1065]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAECBC2FBE9FDB3FBC8" box="[462,591,1044,1065]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAEC88DFBE9FF0EFBA5" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forresti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAEC88DFBE9FF0EFBA5" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">P. forresti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED029FFAECAC9FBB4FEA2F9DC" blockId="11.[173,660,194,1730]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAECAC9FBB4FDE0FBBF" bold="true" box="[197,540,1097,1118]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Courtship, Lifespan, and Habits.</emphasis>
|
||
Two courtships were observed by both authors
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED029FFAEC802FB99FEF1FB75" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" value="2018-05-28" valueMax="2018-06-05" valueMin="2018-05-28">28 May and 5 June 2018</date>
|
||
at two different sites. The female perched about one m above the ground on vegetation growing in the water yet within easy flying distance of drier land for eventual oviposition. She gave erratic, quick single, doublet, and triplet flashes. The courting male landed on swamp vegetation 0.5–1.0 m away. The male switched from his courtship flash to single flashes as he approached her, and both continued a private back and forth dialogue. This 28 May male and female pair and a male collected 16 May were kept alive for captive studies until 9 June. The males were never observed approaching the female for courtship when placed together in a mesh cage. The female never made predatory motions to either male, though their time together was closely monitored to prevent predation of either
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA885CD029FFAECB09F9D5FEA6F9DC" box="[261,346,1576,1597]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED029FFAECAC9F9BEFCDBFD61" blockId="11.[173,660,194,1730]" lastBlockId="11.[707,1193,194,1730]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">
|
||
When the first author had to preserve them while they were still alive on 9 June, each was a minimum of 12–26 days old, suggesting the typical approximate 3–5-week lifespan typical of many fireflies (Faust 2017). The captive female flashed nightly with both periodic and erratic multi-peaked flashes after capture but never oviposited. At the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA885CD029FFAECE52FF21FB7BFF10" box="[1118,1159,220,241]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, predatory females of another
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAECE21FF0AFB55FEED" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[1069,1193,247,268]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAECE21FF0AFB55FEED" box="[1069,1193,247,268]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">P. versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group member, much larger and with strong elytral vittae, were captured flying and signaling from the ground with erratic or three-pulsed flashtrains within the displaying
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAEC9D2FE9CFB9DFE97" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[990,1121,353,374]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAEC9D2FE9CFB9DFE97" box="[990,1121,353,374]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male’ s arena each year. Larvae of typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAECE13FE81FB8DFE70" box="[1055,1137,380,401]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAECE13FE81FB8DFE70" box="[1055,1137,380,401]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Photuris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form were found on forest trails and near the lakeshore in small numbers. Because other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAECE09FE4CFB55FE27" box="[1029,1193,433,454]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAECE09FE4CFBABFE27" box="[1029,1111,433,454]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Photuris</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were present at Wall Doxey State Park throughout the year, these larvae were not collected. No larvae were seen submerged in the water of the cypress areas of Spring Lake itself. At all sites, newly eclosed adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAEC94EFDCBFC3CFDAA" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[834,960,566,587]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAEC94EFDCBFC3CFDAA" box="[834,960,566,587]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could easily fly out from slightly drier, higher land nearby to the cypress areas to display.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B6575D029FFAEC8D7FD78FC90F96C" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED029FFAEC8D7FD78FC90F96C" blockId="11.[707,1193,194,1730]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAEC8D7FD78FC31FD7B" bold="true" box="[731,973,645,666]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA885CD029FFAEC8D7FD78FCF1FD7B" box="[731,781,645,666]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
Locality Habitat.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD029FFAECE31FD78FB55FD7B" box="[1085,1193,645,666]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
falls in the humid subtropical climate zone like much of the rest of the southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366766ED029FFAECE1BFD46FBB6FD31" box="[1047,1098,699,720]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAECE5BFD46FCD6FD0B" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAECE5BFD46FCD6FD0B" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Photuris walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found displaying in the bald cypress areas of 24-hectare
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D029FFAEC973FD0DFD12FCFE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D029FFAEC973FD0DFD12FCFE" country="United States of America" county="Spring Lake" municipality="This" name="Spring Lake. Wall Doxey State Park" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" stateProvince="Mississippi">Spring Lake. Wall Doxey State Park</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD029FFAEC8F2FCF7FCB0FCFE" box="[766,844,778,799]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[175,206,1612,1631]" captionTargetBox="[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-1@12.[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 6. Habitats of Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Type locality at Wall Doxey State Park in northern Mississippi, B) Mineral Slough in Ghost River Natural Area in western Tennessee, C) Twin Swamps Nature Preserve in Indiana. Image C by Max Henschen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334756/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
), established in 1938 and with 363 hectares (Land Conservation Assistance Network, 2017, www.landcan.org/local-resources/Wall-DoxeyState-Park/19962/) at
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD029FFAEC99EFCA7FC2DFC8E" box="[914,977,858,879]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" unit="m" value="114.0">
|
||
<elevation id="005CD1CDD029FFAEC99EFCA7FC2DFC8E" box="[914,977,858,879]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" unit="m" value="114.0">114 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
elevation, consists of pine and upland second growth hardwood forests and some man-made open grassy areas surrounding the spring fed lake, dammed>150 years ago at the southern end.
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D029FFAEC976FC38FC63FC3B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D029FFAEC976FC38FC63FC3B" box="[890,927,965,986]" country="United States of America" county="Spring Lake" municipality="This" name="The" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" stateProvince="Mississippi">The</location>
|
||
lower lying cypress areas (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD029FFAEC8C5FC22FCCAFC15" box="[713,822,991,1012]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D029FFAEC931FC22FBBBFC15" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D029FFAEC931FC22FBBBFC15" box="[829,1095,991,1012]" country="United States of America" county="Spring Lake" municipality="This" name="Museum of Natural Science" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" stateProvince="Mississippi">Museum of Natural Science</location>
|
||
2015) are located closer to the source of the major spring, the outflow and multiple smaller springs that feed
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D029FFAEC8CFFBD2FCC0FBA5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D029FFAEC8CFFBD2FCC0FBA5" box="[707,828,1071,1092]" country="United States of America" county="Spring Lake" municipality="This" name="Spring Lake" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" stateProvince="Mississippi">Spring Lake</location>
|
||
. All observed males displayed in and around the branch tips of the bald cypress from just above the surface of the lake to up to about six m above the water’ s surface.
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D029FFAEC9E5FB82FBFDFB75" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D029FFAEC9E5FB82FBFDFB75" box="[1001,1025,1151,1172]" country="United States of America" county="Spring Lake" municipality="This" name="At" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" stateProvince="Mississippi">At</location>
|
||
times of highest display, a few males flew nearer the shore in and around shoreline cypress and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD029FFAEC9E2FB49FBC7FB28" box="[1006,1083,1204,1225]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
sweetspire shrubs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAEC91CFB33FC6DFB02" box="[784,913,1230,1251]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Iteaceae" genus="Itea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virginica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAEC91CFB33FC6DFB02" box="[784,913,1230,1251]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Itea virginica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAEC9B6FB33FBF4FB02" box="[954,1032,1230,1251]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Iteaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Iteaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and hazel alder (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAEC8C6FB14FBD7FB1F" authority="(Aiton) Willdenow" authorityName="Willdenow" baseAuthorityName="Aiton" box="[714,1067,1257,1278]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serrulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAEC8C6FB14FC9FFB1F" box="[714,867,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Alnus serrulata</emphasis>
|
||
(Aiton) Willdenow
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAECE36FB14FB5FFB1F" authorityName="S.F.Gray" authorityYear="1822" box="[1082,1187,1257,1278]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Betulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) overhanging the water of the swamp.
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D029FFAECE4AFAF9FB8CFAF8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D029FFAECE4AFAF9FB8CFAF8" box="[1094,1136,1284,1305]" country="United States of America" county="Spring Lake" municipality="This" name="This" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" stateProvince="Mississippi">This</location>
|
||
flash pattern was not observed away from the cypress area and surrounding shoreline, although other species of fireflies were observed elsewhere in the pine and upland
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA885CD029FFAEC963FA93FC64FA62" box="[879,920,1390,1411]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">type</typeStatus>
|
||
forest and open areas surrounding the lake.
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D029FFAEC976FA75FC63FA7C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D029FFAEC976FA75FC63FA7C" box="[890,927,1416,1437]" country="United States of America" county="Spring Lake" municipality="This" name="The" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" stateProvince="Mississippi">The</location>
|
||
bald cypresses appeared to be maturing second growth and were of medium size, averaging
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD029FFAEC954FA43FC4BFA32" box="[856,951,1469,1491]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" unit="cm" value="32.5" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="25.0">25–40 cm</quantity>
|
||
diameter at breast height (as measured
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD029FFAEC942FA25FC72FA0C" box="[846,910,1496,1517]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
|
||
above the butt swell).
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAAC84D029FFAECE73FA25FB55FA0C" box="[1151,1193,1496,1517]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">This</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
entire area was heavily impacted by humans in the past 175 years but is now recovering since establishment of the state park.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD029FFAEC9B3F9D5FB82F9DC" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[959,1150,1576,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAEC9B3F9D5FB82F9DC" box="[959,1150,1576,1597]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Photuris walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found around the shore of
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62AF4E72D029FFAEC9C3F9BEFBBBF9B9" box="[975,1095,1603,1624]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Spring Lake</collectingCounty>
|
||
wherever there were cypress stands, but the fireflies were absent elsewhere.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36B6575D029FFABC8D7F96FFF2AFA33" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="11" pageNumber="107" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED029FFA8C8D7F96FFDFDFC5E" blockId="11.[707,1193,194,1730]" lastBlockId="13.[173,660,194,1198]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD029FFAEC8D7F96FFC1EF946" bold="true" box="[731,994,1682,1703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">Additional Collection Sites.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D029FFAEC9E6F96FFBF1F946" box="[1002,1037,1682,1703]" pageId="11" pageNumber="107">The</collectorName>
|
||
2018 season focused on searching for additional sites and elaborating on our 2017 studies.
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D02FFFA8CB71FF3FFE5CFF36" box="[381,416,194,215]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Ten</collectorName>
|
||
observers in three states spent 40 nights searching for new populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8CAA1FF0AFEC8FEED" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[173,308,247,268]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8CAA1FF0AFEC8FEED" box="[173,308,247,268]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in suitable tupelo-cypress habitat during these studies.
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D02FFFA8CB7EFEECFE6EFEC7" box="[370,402,273,294]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Six</collectorName>
|
||
additional major sites were located that stretch
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD02FFFA8CB7CFED1FE47FEA0" box="[368,443,300,321]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.08" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="km" value="608.0">608 km</quantity>
|
||
in a north-south axis from central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8CB25FEBBFE69FEBA" box="[297,405,326,347]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
to southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8C802FEBBFDA9FEBA" box="[526,597,326,347]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD02FFFA8C86FFEBBFF47FE97" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[175,206,1612,1631]" captionTargetBox="[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-1@12.[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 6. Habitats of Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Type locality at Wall Doxey State Park in northern Mississippi, B) Mineral Slough in Ghost River Natural Area in western Tennessee, C) Twin Swamps Nature Preserve in Indiana. Image C by Max Henschen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334756/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD02FFFA8CACAFE9CFF2EFE97" box="[198,210,353,374]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[197,228,1639,1658]" captionTargetBox="[177,655,1242,1620]" captionTargetId="figure-710@13.[175,657,1240,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 7. Distribution of known populations of Photuris walldoxeyi (stars) at ca. 105 m elevation, Photuris forresti (circles) at ca. 300 m elevation, and Photuris barberi (triangle) at ca. 27 m elevation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334760/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">7</figureCitation>
|
||
) and average
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD02FFFA8CB50FE9CFE66FE97" box="[348,410,353,374]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="105.0">
|
||
<elevation id="005CD1CDD02FFFA8CB50FE9CFE66FE97" box="[348,410,353,374]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="105.0">105 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
elevation.
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D02FFFA8C80AFE9CFDD8FE97" box="[518,548,353,374]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">All</collectorName>
|
||
seven sites in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8CADDFE81FE44FE70" box="[209,440,380,401]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Mississippi, Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8C80CFE81FDBBFE70" box="[512,583,380,401]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8CAA1FE6BFED3FE4A" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[173,303,406,427]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8CAA1FE6BFED3FE4A" box="[173,303,406,427]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was observed share similar characteristics.
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D02FFFA8CB0DFE4CFEE3FE27" box="[257,287,433,454]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">All</collectorName>
|
||
are in cypress or tupelo-cypress swamp areas.
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D02FFFA8CAE7FE36FEF5FE01" box="[235,265,459,480]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">All</collectorName>
|
||
share a narrow band of elevation where they occurred at
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD02FFFA8CB45FE1BFE5BFE1A" box="[329,423,485,507]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.15" metricValueMin="0.95" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="105.0" valueMax="115.0" valueMin="95.0">
|
||
<elevation id="005CD1CDD02FFFA8CB45FE1BFE5BFE1A" box="[329,423,485,507]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.15" metricValueMin="0.95" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="105.0" valueMax="115.0" valueMin="95.0">95–115 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
elevation.
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D02FFFA8C802FE1BFDACFE1A" box="[526,592,486,507]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Except</collectorName>
|
||
for the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8CAA1FDFDFF08FDF4" box="[173,244,512,533]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
site, located in the
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D02FFFA8CBB8FDFDFD6EFDF4" box="[436,658,512,533]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAAC84D02FFFA8CBB8FDFDFDCAFDF4" box="[436,566,512,533]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">
|
||
Interior
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D02FFFA8C80EFDFDFDCAFDF4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D02FFFA8C80EFDFDFDCAFDF4" box="[514,566,512,533]" county="Warren County" municipality="Interior River" name="River Lowland" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Mississippi">River</location>
|
||
</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
Lowland
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
ecoregion III (
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D02FFFA8CB30FDE6FE6EFDD1" box="[316,402,539,560]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Omernik</collectorName>
|
||
1987;
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D02FFFA8CBD1FDE6FE9CFDAB" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">US Environmental Protection Agency</collectorName>
|
||
2018), five sites are located in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8CAC3FDADFEC7FD84" box="[207,315,592,613]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D02FFFA8CB4CFDADFE06FD84" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D02FFFA8CB4CFDADFE06FD84" box="[320,506,592,613]" county="Warren County" municipality="Interior River" name="Valley Loess Plains" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Mississippi">Valley Loess Plains</location>
|
||
, ecoregion level III, which runs in a narrow south-north track from northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8CB0BFD78FE98FD7B" box="[263,356,645,666]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
to the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8CBBFFD78FE1FFD7B" box="[435,483,645,666]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Ohio</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D02FFFA8CBE1FD78FDDDFD7B" box="[493,545,645,666]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">River</collectorName>
|
||
in western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8CAA1FD5DFEF7FD54" box="[173,267,672,693]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D02FFFA8CB16FD5DFEC3FD54" box="[282,319,672,693]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">The</collectorName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA885CD02FFFA8CB47FD5DFE88FD54" box="[331,372,672,693]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality closely borders the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8CAA1FD47FEE5FD2E" box="[173,281,698,719]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D02FFFA8CB2EFD47FE1EFD2E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D02FFFA8CB2EFD47FE1EFD2E" box="[290,482,698,719]" county="Warren County" municipality="Interior River" name="Valley Loess Plains" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Mississippi">Valley Loess Plains</location>
|
||
(by four km) but technically lies within the
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D02FFFA8CBA1FD28FD6FFD0B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D02FFFA8CBA1FD28FD6FFD0B" box="[429,659,725,746]" county="Warren County" municipality="Interior River" name="Southeastern Plains. No" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Mississippi">Southeastern Plains. No</location>
|
||
populations have yet been found in the lower elevation
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D02FFFA8CAE1FCF7FEDCFCFE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D02FFFA8CAE1FCF7FEDCFCFE" box="[237,288,778,799]" county="Warren County" municipality="Interior River" name="Delta" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Mississippi">Delta</location>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8CB2AFCF7FE6EFCFE" box="[294,402,778,799]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8CB91FCF7FDF6FCFE" box="[413,522,778,799]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D02FFFA8C81CFCF7FD6FFCFE" box="[528,659,778,799]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Alluvial Plain</collectorName>
|
||
ecoregion III) to the west, despite several nights of looking in promising sites in
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62AF4E72D02FFFA8CBFFFCC2FD73FCB5" box="[499,655,831,852]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Warren County</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8CAA1FCA7FEE0FC8E" box="[173,284,858,879]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Nor has the species been seen in the cypress-tupelo swamp areas of the
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D02FFFA8C803FC89FF0DFC45" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D02FFFA8C803FC89FF0DFC45" county="Warren County" municipality="Interior River" name="Noxubee watershed" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Mississippi">Noxubee watershed</location>
|
||
(in
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D02FFFA8CB1AFC72FE2DFC45" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D02FFFA8CB1AFC72FE2DFC45" box="[278,465,911,932]" county="Warren County" municipality="Interior River" name="Southeastern Plains" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Mississippi">Southeastern Plains</location>
|
||
ecoregion III) to the east. Future searches will continue.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E6676D02EFFA9CAA3F9B1FE77F96E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334756" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5334756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334756/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="108" startId="12.[175,206,1612,1631]" targetBox="[154,1169,194,1596]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02EFFA9CAA3F9B1FE77F96E" blockId="12.[151,1173,1612,1679]" pageId="12" pageNumber="108">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02EFFA9CAA3F9B1FF16F9BE" bold="true" box="[175,234,1612,1631]" pageId="12" pageNumber="108">Fig. 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitats of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02EFFA9CB65F9B1FDE9F9BE" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[361,533,1612,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02EFFA9CB65F9B1FDE9F9BE" box="[361,533,1612,1631]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="108">Photuris walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A) Type locality at Wall Doxey State Park in northern Mississippi, B) Mineral Slough in Ghost River Natural Area in western Tennessee, C) Twin Swamps Nature Preserve in Indiana. Image C by Max Henschen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02FFFA8CAC9FC39FB7EFE27" blockId="13.[173,660,194,1198]" lastBlockId="13.[707,1194,194,454]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">
|
||
With the exception of one site thus far, all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8C88DFC39FEE8FC15" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8C88DFC39FEE8FC15" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sites remain inundated year-round instead of experiencing seasonal flooding and dry-out. Other plants commonly noted at the sites were hazel alder,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8CAE0FBD3FEC5FBA2" box="[236,313,1070,1091]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
sweetspire, lizard’ s tail (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8C837FBD3FF04FBBF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saururaceae" genus="Saururus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cernuus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8C837FBD3FF04FBBF" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Saururus cernuus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8CB10FBB4FE6FFBBF" box="[284,403,1097,1118]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saururaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Saururaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), yellow pond-lily (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8C846FBB4FE43FB99" authority="(Aiton) W. T. Aiton" authorityName="W. T. Aiton" authorityYear="1811" baseAuthorityName="Aiton" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" genus="Nuphar" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="advena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8C846FBB4FF0EFB99" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Nuphar advena</emphasis>
|
||
(Aiton) W.T. Aiton
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8CBC3FB9EFD98FB99" box="[463,612,1123,1144]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nymphaeaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Nymphaeales" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Nymphaeaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), arrowhead (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8CB00FB83FE97FB72" box="[268,363,1150,1171]" class="Colpodea" family="Sagittariidae" genus="Sagittaria" kingdom="Chromista" order="Cyrtolophosidida" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8CB00FB83FE97FB72" box="[268,363,1150,1171]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Sagittaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8CB9CFB83FDEFFB72" authorityName="E.P.Ventenat" authorityYear="1799" box="[400,531,1150,1171]" class="Liliopsida" family="Alismataceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Alismataceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), swamp rose (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8CAB8FB64FE6CFB4F" authority="Marsh" authorityName="Marsh" box="[180,400,1177,1198]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rosa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8CAB8FB64FEB8FB4F" box="[180,324,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Rosa palustris</emphasis>
|
||
Marsh
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8CBADFB64FE02FB4F" box="[417,510,1177,1198]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), arrow arums (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8C8C6FF3FFC84FF36" box="[714,888,194,215]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Peltandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virginia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8C8C6FF3FFC84FF36" box="[714,888,194,215]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Peltandra virginia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Schott,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8C9E7FF3FFBC0FF36" box="[1003,1084,194,215]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), fetterbush (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8C8C6FF21FC34FF10" authority="(Lam.) Koch" authorityName="Koch" baseAuthorityName="Lam." box="[714,968,220,241]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Lyona" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lucida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8C8C6FF21FCBAFF10" box="[714,838,220,241]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Lyona lucida</emphasis>
|
||
(Lam.) Koch
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8C9DCFF21FBD3FF10" box="[976,1071,220,241]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), buttonbush (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8C8C6FF0AFC33FEED" box="[714,975,247,268]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Cephalanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8C8C6FF0AFC33FEED" box="[714,975,247,268]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Cephalanthus occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8CE04FF0AFB92FEED" box="[1032,1134,247,268]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and tussoch sedge (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8C95CFEECFBD9FEC7" authority="Lamarck" authorityName="Lamarck" box="[848,1061,273,294]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stricta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8C95CFEECFC36FEC7" box="[848,970,273,294]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Carex stricta</emphasis>
|
||
Lamarck
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8CE21FEECFB5CFEC7" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[1069,1184,273,294]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Many sites that appeared to have all the proper attributes yet differed in elevation or other yet unknown variables lacked
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8C9AAFE9CFBD8FE97" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[934,1060,353,374]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8C9AAFE9CFBD8FE97" box="[934,1060,353,374]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while nearby locations with near identical habitat did have this species. Moving south to north,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8CE00FE6BFB73FE4A" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[1036,1167,406,427]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8CE00FE6BFB73FE4A" box="[1036,1167,406,427]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is confirmed to be present at the following sites:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02FFFA8C8B2FE29FC76FDCD" blockId="13.[702,1193,468,1061]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">
|
||
·
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B193CA3D02FFFA8C8D6FE01FC7AFDCD" collectorName="Cypress N" elevation="96" location="Mississippi" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Mississippi">
|
||
along
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8C8D6FE1FFCB4FE16" box="[730,840,482,503]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Natchez, Madison Trace,32.5795166 County, °
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D02FFFA8CE06FE1FFBDCFDF0" box="[1034,1110,482,529]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Cypress N</collectorName>
|
||
, 89.870016 Swamp ° W at
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD02FFFA8C8FEFDEAFCD8FDCD" box="[754,804,535,556]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="96.0">
|
||
<elevation id="005CD1CDD02FFFA8C8FEFDEAFCD8FDCD" box="[754,804,535,556]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="96.0">96 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
elevation
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02FFFA8C8B2FDD9FC65FD9D" blockId="13.[702,1193,468,1061]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">
|
||
· Park
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8C8D6FDCFFCB4FDA6" box="[730,840,562,583]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 34.664781, Marshall °N, 89.465717 County, Wall ° W Doxey at 114 State m elevation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD02FFFA8C933FD9AFC72FD9D" box="[831,910,615,636]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[175,206,1612,1631]" captionTargetBox="[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-1@12.[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 6. Habitats of Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Type locality at Wall Doxey State Park in northern Mississippi, B) Mineral Slough in Ghost River Natural Area in western Tennessee, C) Twin Swamps Nature Preserve in Indiana. Image C by Max Henschen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334756/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02FFFA8C8B2FD8EFBD5FD2A" blockId="13.[702,1193,468,1061]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">
|
||
· water
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8C8D6FD7CFCB4FD77" box="[730,840,641,662]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAAC84D02FFFA8C911FD61FCABFD50" box="[797,855,668,689]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">River</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D02FFFA8C959FD7CFC64FD77" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D02FFFA8C959FD7CFC64FD77" box="[853,920,641,662]" county="Old Hwy County" longitude="-89.75107" municipality="River" name="Desoto" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Mississippi">Desoto</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62AF4E72D02FFFA8C966FD61FC14FD77" box="[874,1000,641,689]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Old Hwy County</collectingCounty>
|
||
78,
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D02FFFA8C9FAFD7CFBCAFD77" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D02FFFA8C9FAFD7CFBCAFD77" box="[1014,1078,641,662]" county="Old Hwy County" longitude="-89.75107" municipality="River" name="Bridge" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Mississippi">Bridge</location>
|
||
, 34.908172 over Cold-° N,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455039D02FFFA8C8D6FD4BFC9BFD2A" box="[730,871,694,715]" degrees="89.751070" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="-89.75107">89.751070° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
at
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD02FFFA8C989FD4BFC3FFD2A" box="[901,963,694,715]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="106.0">
|
||
<elevation id="005CD1CDD02FFFA8C989FD4BFC3FFD2A" box="[901,963,694,715]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="106.0">106 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
elevation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02FFFA8C8B2FD3EFC8CFCD7" blockId="13.[702,1193,468,1061]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">
|
||
·
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B193CA3D02FFFA8C8D6FD16FC90FCD7" county="Marshall. Enormous County" elevation="99" latitude="34.93712" location="Bridge" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-89.64156" municipality="Hwy" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Mississippi">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAAC84D02FFFA8C8D6FD16FCF4FCE1" box="[730,776,747,768]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Hwy</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8C8D6FD2CFCBBFD07" box="[730,839,721,742]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
267
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D02FFFA8C938FD16FC8BFCE1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D02FFFA8C938FD16FC8BFCE1" box="[820,887,747,768]" county="Marshall. Enormous County" latitude="34.93712" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-89.64156" municipality="Hwy" name="Bridge" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Mississippi">Bridge</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62AF4E72D02FFFA8C942FD2CFC17FD07" box="[846,1003,721,768]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Marshall. Enormous County</collectingCounty>
|
||
population,
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D02FFFA8C9FFFD2CFBA9FD07" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D02FFFA8C9FFFD2CFBA9FD07" box="[1011,1109,721,742]" county="Marshall. Enormous County" latitude="34.93712" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-89.64156" municipality="Hwy" name="Coldwater" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Mississippi">Coldwater</location>
|
||
stretching
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D02FFFA8CE55FD2CFB71FD07" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D02FFFA8CE55FD2CFB71FD07" box="[1113,1165,721,742]" county="Marshall. Enormous County" latitude="34.93712" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-89.64156" municipality="Hwy" name="River" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Mississippi">River</location>
|
||
on over a mile.
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455039D02FFFA8C96DFCFBFC11FCFA" box="[865,1005,774,795]" degrees="34.937117" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="34.93712">34.937117° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455039D02FFFA8C9F1FCFBFB71FCFA" box="[1021,1165,774,795]" degrees="89.641560" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="-89.64156">89.641560° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
at
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD02FFFA8C8D6FCDCFCF7FCD7" box="[730,779,801,822]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="99.0">
|
||
<elevation id="005CD1CDD02FFFA8C8D6FCDCFCF7FCD7" box="[730,779,801,822]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="99.0">99 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
elevation
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02FFFA8C8B2FCD0FB74FC64" blockId="13.[702,1193,468,1061]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">
|
||
·
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62AF4E72D02FFFA8C8D6FCABFCEFFC8A" box="[730,787,854,875]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Ghost</collectingCounty>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8C8D6FCC6FCC2FCB1" box="[730,830,827,848]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAAAC84D02FFFA8C917FCABFCB3FC8A" box="[795,847,854,875]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">River</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D02FFFA8C940FCC6FBF2FC8A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D02FFFA8C940FCC6FBF2FC8A" box="[844,1038,827,875]" county="Ghost" longitude="-89.272285" municipality="River" name="Fayette State Natural County Area" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Tennessee">Fayette State Natural County Area</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D02FFFA8C9FEFCC6FBC1FCB1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D02FFFA8C9FEFCC6FBC1FCB1" box="[1010,1085,827,848]" county="Ghost" longitude="-89.272285" municipality="River" name="Mineral" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Tennessee">Mineral</location>
|
||
, 35.026719
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8CE44FCC6FB77FCB1" box="[1096,1163,827,848]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
° N in,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455039D02FFFA8C8D6FC8DFC9BFC64" box="[730,871,880,901]" degrees="89.272287" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="-89.272285">89.272287° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
at
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD02FFFA8C989FC8DFC3EFC64" box="[901,962,880,901]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="115.0">
|
||
<elevation id="005CD1CDD02FFFA8C989FC8DFC3EFC64" box="[901,962,880,901]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="115.0">115 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
elevation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD02FFFA8CE3CFC8DFB80FC64" box="[1072,1148,880,901]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[175,206,1612,1631]" captionTargetBox="[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-1@12.[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 6. Habitats of Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Type locality at Wall Doxey State Park in northern Mississippi, B) Mineral Slough in Ghost River Natural Area in western Tennessee, C) Twin Swamps Nature Preserve in Indiana. Image C by Max Henschen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334756/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02FFFA8C8B2FC80FBE0FC34" blockId="13.[702,1193,468,1061]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">
|
||
·
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8C8D6FC76FCC2FC41" box="[730,830,907,928]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
||
Conservation,
|
||
<location id="8EAE6025D02FFFA8C942FC76FBEAFC5B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887E8D026FFABCACAFDBCFF2AFA33:8EAE6025D02FFFA8C942FC76FBEAFC5B" box="[846,1046,907,954]" longitude="-89.540115" name="Fayette Area on County Wolf River" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" stateProvince="Tennessee">Fayette Area on County Wolf River</location>
|
||
, William, 35.055036
|
||
<collectorName id="26845328D02FFFA8CE5DFC76FB54FC41" box="[1105,1192,907,928]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">B. Clark</collectorName>
|
||
° N,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE455039D02FFFA8C8D6FC3DFC9AFC34" box="[730,870,960,981]" degrees="89.540112" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="-89.540115">89.540112° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
at
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD02FFFA8C989FC3DFC4AFC34" box="[901,950,960,981]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="95.0">
|
||
<elevation id="005CD1CDD02FFFA8C989FC3DFC4AFC34" box="[901,950,960,981]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="95.0">95 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
elevation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02FFFA8C8B2FC30FC6BFBC4" blockId="13.[702,1193,468,1061]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">
|
||
·
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8C8D6FC26FCDFFC11" box="[730,803,987,1008]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
Preserve,, Posey 37.828215 County ° N,, 87.983554 Twin Swamps ° W at Nature
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD02FFFA8CE62FC08FB54FBEB" box="[1134,1192,1013,1034]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1199999999999999" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="112.0">112 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD02FFFA8C933FBEDFC70FBC4" box="[831,908,1040,1061]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[175,206,1612,1631]" captionTargetBox="[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-1@12.[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 6. Habitats of Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Type locality at Wall Doxey State Park in northern Mississippi, B) Mineral Slough in Ghost River Natural Area in western Tennessee, C) Twin Swamps Nature Preserve in Indiana. Image C by Max Henschen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334756/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02FFFA8C8D7FBB7FB91FAF8" blockId="13.[707,1193,1098,1730]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8C8D7FBB7FB92FBBE" bold="true" box="[731,1134,1098,1119]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Timing, Seasonality, and Degree Days.</emphasis>
|
||
Male courtship flashing began 35–45 minutes after sunset (7:54 PM) at about 8:30–8:50 PM, with maximum numbers displaying at 9:00–10:30 PM (65–155 minutes after sunset) followed by gradually reduced numbers continuing until pre-dawn hours. On peak nights, males began flashing as much as 10 minutes earlier than on nights with low competition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02FFFA8C8D7FAE3FCECFA0C" blockId="13.[707,1193,1098,1730]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">
|
||
In calendar days,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8C99FFAE3FBEBFAD2" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[915,1047,1310,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8C99FFAE3FBEBFAD2" box="[915,1047,1310,1331]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was observed from
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED02FFFA8C8FAFAC4FC8FFAAF" box="[758,883,1337,1358]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" value="2018-05-12">12 May 2018</date>
|
||
at Wall Doxey State Park, MS to 17 June at Twin Swamps, IN where they were still displaying in moderate numbers the final time observations were made. The most southern site, Cypress Swamp in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02FFFA8C988FA5EFC0EFA59" box="[900,1010,1443,1464]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, north of Jackson, most likely had an earlier start date because of its latitude.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02FFFABC8D7FA0EFE87FDAB" blockId="13.[707,1193,1098,1730]" lastBlockId="14.[151,639,194,1490]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">
|
||
Using the “modified corn growing degree day or 86/50 Fahrenheit” (mGDD) with 1 March start date formula used in prior studies (Faust and Weston 2009;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B0FD02FFFA8C90EF9BEFC8DF9B9" author="Faust, L." box="[770,881,1603,1624]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" pagination="208 - 217" refId="ref10625" refString="Faust, L. 2010. Natural history and flash repertoire of the synchronous firefly Photinus carolinus (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Florida Entomologist 93: 208 - 217." type="journal article" year="2010">Faust 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B0FD02FFFA8C973F9BEFC4DF9B9" author="Faust, L." box="[895,945,1603,1624]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" pagination="48 - 71" refId="ref10663" refString="Faust, L. 2012. Fireflies in the snow: Observations on two early-season arboreal fireflies Ellychnia corrusca and Pyractomena borealis. Lampyrid 2: 48 - 71." type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2017; Faust and Forrest 2017),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8C904F9A0FC74F993" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[776,904,1629,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8C904F9A0FC74F993" box="[776,904,1629,1650]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not yet active at
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8CE6DF9A0FB8BF993" box="[1121,1143,1629,1650]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 589 mGDD on
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED02FFFA8C921F985FC5EF96C" box="[813,930,1656,1677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" value="2018-05-05">5 May 2018</date>
|
||
at the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CA885CD02FFFA8C9EEF985FBF7F96C" box="[994,1035,1656,1677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, yet had appeared in low to moderate numbers by 12 May at 739 mGGD and were still present in declining numbers 3 June at 1,270 mGDD. It was displaying in low numbers through 1,503 mGDD at the farthest southern site at Cypress Swamp on
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED02CFFABCBF9FF0AFD87FEED" box="[501,635,247,268]" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" value="2018-05-30">30 May 2018</date>
|
||
. The
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02CFFABCACFFEECFEF6FEC7" box="[195,266,273,294]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
site (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD02CFFABCB4CFEECFE77FEC7" box="[320,395,273,294]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[175,206,1612,1631]" captionTargetBox="[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetId="figure-1@12.[154,1169,194,1596]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 6. Habitats of Photuris walldoxeyi. A) Type locality at Wall Doxey State Park in northern Mississippi, B) Mineral Slough in Ghost River Natural Area in western Tennessee, C) Twin Swamps Nature Preserve in Indiana. Image C by Max Henschen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334756/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A7BD02CFFABCB9AFEECFE33FEC7" box="[406,463,273,294]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[197,228,1639,1658]" captionTargetBox="[177,655,1242,1620]" captionTargetId="figure-710@13.[175,657,1240,1622]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 7. Distribution of known populations of Photuris walldoxeyi (stars) at ca. 105 m elevation, Photuris forresti (circles) at ca. 300 m elevation, and Photuris barberi (triangle) at ca. 27 m elevation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334760/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) at Twin Swamps had the latest observed display date of 17 June 17 at 1,460 mGDD. Judging from the lifespan of 3–5 weeks and seasonality of most adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABC820FE9CFE9DFE70" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABC820FE9CFD82FE97" box="[556,638,353,374]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Photuris</emphasis>
|
||
species (Faust 2017)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCBCBFE81FDB4FE70" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[455,584,380,401]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCBCBFE81FDB4FE70" box="[455,584,380,401]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most likely would begin to emerge as adults in late April or early May in the southernmost sites near Jackson,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02CFFABCA9BFE36FEFFFE01" box="[151,259,459,480]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
and display until mid- to late June as far north as
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02CFFABCAF3FE1BFEBAFE1A" box="[255,326,486,507]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
during the range 700–1,550 mGDD. The highest numbers representing peak flight occurred in about 900–1,200 mGDD at all sites in 2018 and 2018.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0E6676D02FFFA8CAC9F99AFE4FF923" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5334760" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5334760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5334760/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" startId="13.[197,228,1639,1658]" targetBox="[177,655,1242,1620]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02FFFA8CAC9F99AFE4FF923" blockId="13.[173,659,1639,1730]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8CAC9F99AFF02F99B" bold="true" box="[197,254,1639,1658]" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Fig. 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of known populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8C841F99AFEF8F973" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8C841F99AFEF8F973" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Photuris walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(stars) at
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8CB55F982FE90F973" box="[345,364,1663,1682]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 105 m elevation,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8C800F982FD6FF973" box="[524,659,1663,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="forresti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8C800F982FD6FF973" box="[524,659,1663,1682]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Photuris forresti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(circles) at
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8CB18F96AFEDBF94B" box="[276,295,1687,1706]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 300 m elevation, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02FFFA8C808F96AFD6FF94B" box="[516,659,1687,1706]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8C808F96AFD6FF94B" box="[516,659,1687,1706]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">Photuris barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(triangle) at
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02FFFA8CB1EF952FED9F923" box="[274,293,1711,1730]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="109">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 27 m elevation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02CFFABCAA3FDADFDCCFB72" blockId="14.[151,639,194,1490]" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">
|
||
For northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02CFFABCB23FDADFE61FD84" box="[303,413,592,613]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the first appearance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCA9BFD96FEE6FD61" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,282,619,640]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCA9BFD96FEE6FD61" box="[151,282,619,640]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in early May represents the earlier phase of the predictable seasonal progression of the local firefly species assemblage.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCBF3FD5DFEB0FD2E" authority="(Randall)" baseAuthorityName="Randall" baseAuthorityYear="1828" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Pyractomena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCBF3FD5DFF18FD2E" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Pyractomena borealis</emphasis>
|
||
(Randall)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L. Faust, personal observation, 2004; T. Mann, personal communication, 2002–2018; K. Allred, personal communication, 2007–2011; P. Hartfield, personal communication, 2018) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCB0EFCD8FDECFCDB" authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1878" box="[258,528,805,826]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Phausis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaccensa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCB0EFCD8FE49FCDB" box="[258,437,805,826]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Phausis inaccensa</emphasis>
|
||
LeConte
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Faust and Forrest 2017) in very early spring precede
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABC860FCC2FF02FC8E" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABC860FCC2FF02FC8E" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s emergence in central to northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02CFFABCA9BFC89FEFAFC68" box="[151,262,884,905]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCB1CFC89FF2BFC45" authority="Barber" authorityName="Barber" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="versicolor" variety="quadrifulgens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCB1CFC89FE35FC68" box="[272,457,884,905]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Photuris versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCBF6FC89FD82FC68" box="[506,638,884,905]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">quadrifulgens</emphasis>
|
||
Barber
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a similar flight period as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCBE5FC72FD9BFC45" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[489,615,911,932]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCBE5FC72FD9BFC45" box="[489,615,911,932]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">P. walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in nearby open fields (Forrest and Eubanks 1995).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCA9BFC39FEABFC38" authorityName="Faust" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,343,964,985]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="walldoxeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCA9BFC39FEABFC38" box="[151,343,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Photuris walldoxeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
completes its life cycle earlier than the peak flights of slightly later emerging
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCA9BFC04FE60FBEF" authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1852" box="[151,412,1017,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCA9BFC04FEBCFBEF" box="[151,320,1017,1038]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Photuris frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
LeConte
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCBA4FC04FF24FBC8" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCBA4FC04FDBAFBEF" box="[424,582,1017,1038]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Photinus pyralis</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCAE9FBE9FE45FBC8" authority="Green" authorityName="Green" box="[229,441,1044,1065]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cooki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCAE9FBE9FE8AFBC8" box="[229,374,1044,1065]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Photinus cooki</emphasis>
|
||
Green
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(C. Barksdale, personal communication, 2011; J. Davis, personal observation, 2013; E. and P. Hartfield, personal communication, 2014–2017) and other late spring and summer firefly species in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B5F81CD02CFFABCBB1FB83FDD0FB72" box="[445,556,1150,1171]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36FED02CFFABCAA3FB64FF2AFA33" blockId="14.[151,639,194,1490]" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCAA3FB64FE94FB4F" bold="true" box="[175,360,1177,1198]" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Associated Fauna.</emphasis>
|
||
In this brief snapshot of time in
|
||
<date id="FFCF103ED02CFFABCAA2FB4EFEF2FB29" box="[174,270,1203,1224]" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" value="2017-05">May 2017</date>
|
||
and 2018, at least six other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABC807FB4EFD81FB29" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[523,637,1203,1224]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lampyridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
were active in low numbers at Wall Doxey State Park during the surveys:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCB99FB15FD86FB1C" authority="(Olivier)" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" box="[405,634,1256,1277]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Lucidota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCB99FB15FDE0FB1C" box="[405,540,1256,1277]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Lucidota atra</emphasis>
|
||
(Olivier)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCA9BFAFEFE5CFAF9" authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" box="[151,416,1283,1304]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Lucidota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCA9BFAFEFEB9FAF9" box="[151,325,1283,1304]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Lucidota punctata</emphasis>
|
||
LeConte
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCBA7FAFEFF2CFAD3" authority="Lloyd" authorityName="Lloyd" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macdermotti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCBA7FAFEFD82FAF9" box="[427,638,1283,1304]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Photinus macdermotti</emphasis>
|
||
Lloyd
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCAD3FAE0FE49FAD3" box="[223,437,1309,1330]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCAD3FAE0FEC2FAD3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[223,318,1309,1330]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyralis">P. pyralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCB47FAE0FE49FAD3" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1852" box="[331,437,1309,1330]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">P. frontalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D7DD02CFFABCBFCFAE0FEC9FAAC" authority="Barber. It" authorityName="Barber. It" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Photuris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tremulans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAECD02CFFABCBFCFAE0FF37FAAC" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="110">Photuris tremulans</emphasis>
|
||
Barber. It
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known that additional firefly species are present during different times of the year in selected habitats within
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B1BD02CFFABCBAEFA90FE1DFA63" box="[418,481,1389,1410]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="110" unit="km" value="40.0">40 km</quantity>
|
||
of Wall Doxey State Park and may likely be present in this state park (Forrest and Eubanks 1995; Faust and Forrest 2017).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |