395 lines
65 KiB
XML
395 lines
65 KiB
XML
<document id="9A5736797DAADCF49FF744C5475F4D94" ID-CLB-Dataset="27049" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.2645937" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ab59b6ef-83ac-459c-b397-dd5d9df689b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2645937" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1555587682700" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kito, Kenji & Aryuthaka, Chittima" docDate="2006" docId="03CA87F2852D292E030B8720FBE3D697" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01177p049.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1177" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Parastomonema papillosum Kito & Aryuthaka 2006, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="FFF3FF8A852F29260203841EFFC5D769" masterDocTitle="New mouthless nematode of the genus Parastomonema Kito, 1989 (Nematoda: Siphonolaimidae) from a mangrove forest on the coast of Thailand, and erection of the new subfamily Astomonematinae within the Siphonolaimidae" masterLastPageNumber="49" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="41" updateTime="1698722693468" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="C617496CB3895BFD56AC8FD0E502498A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="6C4D793560B7DB47F80EFA60F83C2718">
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<mods:title id="7E74CC086B299362E68E66823742FD83">New mouthless nematode of the genus Parastomonema Kito, 1989 (Nematoda: Siphonolaimidae) from a mangrove forest on the coast of Thailand, and erection of the new subfamily Astomonematinae within the Siphonolaimidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="5C0BAC49B97E49B8E8774B301CEC4A87" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D0993FE883E92F8AC2DF007679FFF099">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="F271C018764BF1167BB0AC1D67060A49">Kito, Kenji</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="A7588C19FD69D423D8A5147335B6DBB2" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="5657D4ED0F0E76982B2EACC0B42D4CF3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="9FE60D00AA6ED20F8A0B8F64A8E8E182">Aryuthaka, Chittima</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="8E9E0192BABB4CC9277591C613D8B521">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="436C87507871B2F7A1CFB45407579A42">
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<mods:title id="1BBC7157D6FACBC1E2B7BB953D74DCE4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="3B63496BB09EB4E386E19269099F6B05">
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<mods:date id="4D3D914338DE9899ED82892CDA0DC205">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="90B46EDFC097596EF6C78C0E296F38EF" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="4A7324A7ED310EC66A414E6F9626DB1B">2006-04-21</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="C5366F10361159BFBF787965E9269246" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="7AA8B2831B7022D235379010752385CC">1177</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="4F6FD64E2EB92CF06B5212D4EFE1F4C5" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="48CFA3D011F10F0AA1FCC8B688C4F922">39</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="C59C834508E0913558E6FC5288F29213">49</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="0F5779C193FA1ED547C2E8413AAC0C4B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0BA35E54D238FB9390ED84DD2EAE5EFD" type="CLB-Dataset">27049</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F182566814682CFF9E4567B037B55C91" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.2645937</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="28FBCBC121A397154F7C6B129D88A676" type="GBIF-Dataset">ab59b6ef-83ac-459c-b397-dd5d9df689b7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E72138C229EA9E19007462AA1A162B99" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AB8E59D5491DBC81756237EA2C879956" type="Zenodo-Dep">2645937</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7FD38D1FC9D1DFCFE9CF67AD2F618EEF" type="ZooBank">131CC368-F558-4168-A1FD-20D0A49C9D62</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03CA87F2852D292E030B8720FBE3D697" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6495904" ID-GBIF-Taxon="156789083" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6495904" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA87F2852D292E030B8720FBE3D697" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87F2852D292E030B8720FBE3D697" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
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<subSubSection id="C379656F852D2924030B8720FD7AD431" box="[264,703,830,856]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDC36E4852D2924030B8720FD7AD431" blockId="2.[264,703,830,891]" box="[264,703,830,856]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
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<heading id="D0948188852D2924030B8720FD7AD431" bold="true" box="[264,703,830,856]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="B917EAF6852D2924030B8720FD7AD431" bold="true" box="[264,703,830,856]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D67852D2924030B8720FD9FD431" authority="Kito & Aryuthaka, 2006" authorityName="Kito & Aryuthaka" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,602,830,856]" class="Adenophorea" family="Siphonolaimidae" genus="Parastomonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="papillosum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B917EAF6852D2924030B8720FD9FD431" bold="true" box="[264,602,830,856]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Parastomonema papillosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A224578D852D292400628720FD7AD431" box="[609,703,830,856]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C379656F852D2924030B877FFEB8D412" box="[264,381,865,891]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E4852D2924030B877FFEB8D412" blockId="2.[264,703,830,891]" box="[264,381,865,891]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13582A61852D29240312877FFE9DD412" box="[273,344,865,891]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1285,329,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13582A61852D29240366877FFEB6D412" box="[357,371,865,891]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[94,1197,287,1544]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[398,1198,315,1547]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A, E, F, holotype ZIHU 3137; H, additional specimen) and female (B–C, ZIHU 3138; D, ZIHU 3139; G, ZIHU 3142): A) Anterior region. B) Transverse section at level anterior to cephalic setae, cephalic papillary nerves (arrowed). C) Transverse section at level of amphids. D) Two amphids located in tandem. E) Anterior and posterior testes near the arrowed point in Fig. 2A. F) Cloacal region. G) Posterior region. H) Head sensilla, sequentially arranged from the surface (a) to the deeper focal plane (d). A, E, F, H, left side view; D, G, right side view; B, C, en face view, top is dorsal side. Bar scales: A, E–H = 10 µm; B–D = 5 µm. Abbreviations: amp = amphid, cgl = caudal gland, cp = cephalic papilla/papillary nerve, cs = cephalic seta, gub = gubernaculum, gut = rudimentary gut, m = microorganisms, nr = nerve ring, spic = spicule, T1 and T2 = anterior and posterior testis, vs = vacuolated structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645945/files/figure.svg" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">3</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C379656F852D2924030B87B2FC74D3CF" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E4852D2924030B87B2FE7BD4AC" blockId="2.[264,1325,940,1190]" box="[264,446,940,965]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
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<emphasis id="B917EAF6852D2924030B87B2FE7BD4AC" box="[264,446,940,965]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Type specimens</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDC36E4852D2924033B87CFFB7ED35F" blockId="2.[264,1325,940,1190]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
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Five males,
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<specimenCount id="9D65FD6D852D292403CE87CFFD87D482" box="[461,578,977,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="female">6 females</specimenCount>
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and
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<specimenCount id="9D65FD6D852D2924008087CFFD3AD482" box="[643,767,977,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="juvenile">1 juvenile</specimenCount>
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||
.
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<materialsCitation id="3B0B3CB9852D2924011B87CFFB45D482" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2417032648" box="[792,1152,977,1003]" collectingDate="2003-01-11" collectionCode="KUMF" collectorName="T. Srisombat" location="Collected" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" specimenCode="ZIHU 3137, ZIHU 3135-3137, T0007, ZIHU 3138-3142, T0008, ZIHU 3143" specimenCount="12" specimenCount-female="6" specimenCount-juvenile="1" specimenCount-male="5" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54D88846852D2924011B87CFFC4FD482" box="[792,906,977,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
:
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<specimenCount id="9D65FD6D852D2924019B87CFFC14D482" box="[920,977,977,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="male">male</specimenCount>
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(
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<specimenCode id="DBC59E9F852D292401E787CFFBB2D482" box="[996,1143,977,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">ZIHU 3137</specimenCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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<materialsCitation id="3B0B3CB9852D2924069A87CFFB7ED35F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2417032649" collectingDate="2003-01-11" collectionCode="KUMF" collectorName="T. Srisombat" location="Collected" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" specimenCode="ZIHU 3137, ZIHU 3135-3137, T0007, ZIHU 3138-3142, T0008, ZIHU 3143" specimenCount="12" specimenCount-female="6" specimenCount-juvenile="1" specimenCount-male="5" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus id="54D88846852D2924069A87CFFAD5D482" box="[1177,1296,977,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCount id="9D65FD6D852D2924071D87CFFE89D378" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
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||
(
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<specimenCode id="DBC59E9F852D2924035D87E9FDF0D378" box="[350,565,1015,1041]" collectionCode="ZIHU" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mc14-1jj5" name="Zoological Institute, Hokkaido University" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">ZIHU 3135–3137</specimenCode>
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and
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<collectionCode id="ED72AE21852D2924007787E9FD0CD378" box="[628,713,1015,1041]" country="Thailand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/m1dy-7gjd" name="Kasetsart University Museum of Fisheries" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">KUMF</collectionCode>
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||
<specimenCode id="DBC59E9F852D292400D087E9FCE1D378" box="[723,804,1015,1041]" collectionCode="KUMF" country="Thailand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/m1dy-7gjd" name="Kasetsart University Museum of Fisheries" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">T0007</specimenCode>
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),
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<specimenCount id="9D65FD6D852D2924013887E9FC6AD378" box="[827,943,1015,1041]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="female">6 females</specimenCount>
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||
(
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<specimenCode id="DBC59E9F852D292401C187E9FB5CD378" box="[962,1177,1015,1041]" collectionCode="ZIHU" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mc14-1jj5" name="Zoological Institute, Hokkaido University" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">ZIHU 3138–3142</specimenCode>
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and
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<collectionCode id="ED72AE21852D292406D487E9FAE9D378" box="[1239,1324,1015,1041]" country="Thailand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/m1dy-7gjd" name="Kasetsart University Museum of Fisheries" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">KUMF</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode id="DBC59E9F852D2924030B8002FE9CD35F" box="[264,345,1052,1078]" collectionCode="KUMF" country="Thailand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/m1dy-7gjd" name="Kasetsart University Museum of Fisheries" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">T0008</specimenCode>
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),
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<specimenCount id="9D65FD6D852D2924036E8002FE24D35F" box="[365,481,1052,1078]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="juvenile">1 juvenile</specimenCount>
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(
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<specimenCode id="DBC59E9F852D292403F28002FD45D35F" box="[497,640,1052,1078]" collectionCode="ZIHU" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mc14-1jj5" name="Zoological Institute, Hokkaido University" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">ZIHU 3143</specimenCode>
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).
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<location id="8EBC603F852D292400908002FCC1D35F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA87F2852D292E030B8720FBE3D697:8EBC603F852D292400908002FCC1D35F" box="[659,772,1052,1078]" name="Collected" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Collected</location>
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on
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<date id="FFDD1024852D292401338002FC34D35F" box="[816,1009,1052,1078]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" value="2003-01-11">
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<collectingDate id="EF99E9CC852D292401338002FC34D35F" box="[816,1009,1052,1078]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" value="2003-01-11">11 January 2003</collectingDate>
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</date>
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by
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<collectorName id="26965332852D2924061E8002FB73D35F" box="[1053,1206,1052,1078]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">T. Srisombat</collectorName>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDC36E4852D2924033B805FFC74D3CF" blockId="2.[264,1325,940,1190]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
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Type locality and habitat: Ban Khlong Khon,
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<collectingRegion id="49A7F806852D2924014E805FFBEDD332" box="[845,1064,1089,1115]" country="Thailand" name="Samut Songkhram" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Samut Songkhram</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3747674852D29240637805FFB6FD332" box="[1076,1194,1089,1115]" name="Thailand" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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;
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<geoCoordinate id="EE575023852D292406AC805FFAE9D332" box="[1199,1324,1089,1115]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" precision="15" value="13.318611">13°19’7” N</geoCoordinate>
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and
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<geoCoordinate id="EE575023852D2924033A8079FE0AD3E8" box="[313,463,1127,1153]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" precision="15" value="99.97195">99°58’19” E</geoCoordinate>
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||
.
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<location id="8EBC603F852D292403E28079FDF3D3E8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA87F2852D292E030B8720FBE3D697:8EBC603F852D292403E28079FDF3D3E8" box="[481,566,1127,1153]" country="Thailand" county="Gulf" latitude="13.318611" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="99.97195" municipality="river Mae Klong" name="Muddy" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Muddy</location>
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sediments in an
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<taxonomicName id="4C634D67852D292400FB8079FC63D3E9" box="[760,934,1127,1152]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
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<emphasis id="B917EAF6852D292400FB8079FC63D3E9" box="[760,934,1127,1152]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Avicennia alba</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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dominated mangrove forest near the mouth of the
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BB8AC9E852D292403D38092FD56D3CF" box="[464,659,1164,1190]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">river Mae Klong</collectingMunicipality>
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in the
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<collectingCounty id="62BD4E68852D292400E08092FCDCD3CF" box="[739,793,1164,1190]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Gulf</collectingCounty>
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of
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<collectingCountry id="F3747674852D292401438092FC69D3CF" box="[832,940,1164,1190]" name="Thailand" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C379656F852D2921030B80C9FB98D4E7" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E4852D2924030B80C9FE77D399" blockId="2.[264,1323,1239,1539]" box="[264,434,1239,1264]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF6852D2924030B80C9FE77D399" box="[264,434,1239,1264]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="8BDC36E4852D2924033B80E2FE50D27F" blockId="2.[264,1323,1239,1539]" box="[312,405,1276,1302]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Table 1.</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E4852D2924033B813FFCB3D252" blockId="2.[264,1323,1239,1539]" box="[312,886,1313,1339]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D88846852D2924033B813FFE6FD252" box="[312,426,1313,1339]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
: L =
|
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<quantity id="4C9B9B01852D292403E6813FFD97D252" box="[485,594,1313,1339]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.895" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="1895.0">1895 m</quantity>
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, a = 79.0, b = –, c = 20.6
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="8BDC36E4852D2924033B8157FCE3D2E2" blockId="2.[264,1323,1239,1539]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
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Males (n = 5, including
|
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<typeStatus id="54D88846852D2924005E8157FD0FD20A" box="[605,714,1353,1379]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
): L =
|
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<date id="FFDD1024852D292401168157FC5CD20A" box="[789,921,1353,1379]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" value="1454" valueMax="1895">1454–1895</date>
|
||
(1659 ± 165) m, a = 69.8–89.7 (79.6 ± 8.6), b = –, c = 17.0–24.6 (20.3 ± 2.8).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E4852D2924033B8187FCC7D2B2" blockId="2.[264,1323,1239,1539]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Females (n = 6): L =
|
||
<date id="FFDD1024852D2924002C8187FD05D2DA" box="[559,704,1433,1459]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" value="1194" valueMax="2996">1194 – 2996</date>
|
||
(2153 ± 752) m, a = 36.2 – 117.9 (71.2 ± 28.8), b = –, c = –, V (%) = 41.3 – 87.2 (65.7 ± 20.0).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E4852D2924033B81F7FC61D16A" blockId="2.[264,1323,1239,1539]" box="[312,932,1513,1539]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Juvenile (n = 1): L =
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B01852D2924003281F7FD58D16A" box="[561,669,1513,1539]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.169" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="1169.0">1169 m</quantity>
|
||
, a = 61.5, b = –, c = –.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E4852D2924030B8229FE57D139" blockId="2.[264,1323,1591,1841]" box="[264,402,1591,1616]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF6852D2924030B8229FE57D139" box="[264,402,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E4852D2924033B8242FE6DD058" blockId="2.[264,1323,1591,1841]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">
|
||
MALE (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D88846852D292403A28242FDD5D11F" box="[417,528,1628,1654]" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
ZIHU 3137: range and/or avg ± sd in parentheses). Body 1.9 (1.5–1.9, 1.7 ± 0.17) mm long, slender, almost equal in diameter except for anterior and posterior region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A61852D292403D782B9FDF6D1A8" box="[468,563,1703,1729]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1285,329,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="2" pageNumber="41">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cuticle thin, weakly annulated from amphids level to tail end; 7–8 annules per
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B01852D292403CE82D2FDD9D18F" box="[461,540,1740,1766]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="41" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
at level posterior to amphids, 6–7 annules in middle of body and 10–11 annules in cloacal region. Short setae sparsely distributed in anterior and posterior body regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1C666C852B2922030B8281FD2ED05E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" startId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" targetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E4852B2922030B8281FD2ED05E" blockId="4.[264,1323,1695,1847]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF6852B2922030B8281FE4BD1DE" bold="true" box="[264,398,1695,1719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D67852B2922039A82BEFD0CD1DE" authority="Kito & Aryuthaka, 2006" authorityName="Kito & Aryuthaka" authorityYear="2006" box="[409,713,1696,1719]" class="Adenophorea" family="Siphonolaimidae" genus="Parastomonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="papillosum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF6852B2922039A82BEFD0CD1DE" box="[409,713,1696,1719]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Parastomonema papillosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A224578D852B292200D782BEFCEFD1DE" box="[724,810,1696,1719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1C666C852A2923030B820FFBBCD008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645945/files/figure.svg" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" startId="5.[264,368,1553,1577]" targetBox="[94,1197,287,1544]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E4852A2923030B820FFBBCD008" blockId="5.[264,1323,1553,1889]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF6852A2923030B820FFE4CD140" bold="true" box="[264,393,1553,1577]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D67852A29230393820CFD7FD140" authority="Kito & Aryuthaka, 2006" authorityName="Kito & Aryuthaka" authorityYear="2006" box="[400,698,1554,1577]" class="Adenophorea" family="Siphonolaimidae" genus="Parastomonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="papillosum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF6852A29230393820CFD7FD140" box="[400,698,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Parastomonema papillosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A224578D852A292300C2820CFCD6D140" box="[705,787,1554,1577]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Male (A, E, F, holotype ZIHU 3137; H, additional specimen) and female (B–C, ZIHU 3138; D, ZIHU 3139; G, ZIHU 3142): A) Anterior region. B) Transverse section at level anterior to cephalic setae, cephalic papillary nerves (arrowed). C) Transverse section at level of amphids. D) Two amphids located in tandem. E) Anterior and posterior testes near the arrowed point in Fig. 2A. F) Cloacal region. G) Posterior region. H) Head sensilla, sequentially arranged from the surface (a) to the deeper focal plane (d). A, E, F, H, left side view; D, G, right side view; B, C, en face view, top is dorsal side. Bar scales: A, E–H = 10 µm; B–D = 5 µm. Abbreviations: amp = amphid, cgl = caudal gland, cp = cephalic papilla/papillary nerve, cs = cephalic seta, gub = gubernaculum, gut = rudimentary gut, m = microorganisms, nr = nerve ring, spic = spicule, T1 and T2 = anterior and posterior testis, vs = vacuolated structure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E485292920033B8502FBC5D347" blockId="6.[264,1326,284,1870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A618529292003938502FE31D65F" box="[400,500,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1285,329,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
) rounded, equipped with 0+6+4 head sensilla; anterior sensilla papilliform (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A6185292920039F855AFDD8D637" box="[412,541,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[94,1197,287,1544]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[398,1198,315,1547]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A, E, F, holotype ZIHU 3137; H, additional specimen) and female (B–C, ZIHU 3138; D, ZIHU 3139; G, ZIHU 3142): A) Anterior region. B) Transverse section at level anterior to cephalic setae, cephalic papillary nerves (arrowed). C) Transverse section at level of amphids. D) Two amphids located in tandem. E) Anterior and posterior testes near the arrowed point in Fig. 2A. F) Cloacal region. G) Posterior region. H) Head sensilla, sequentially arranged from the surface (a) to the deeper focal plane (d). A, E, F, H, left side view; D, G, right side view; B, C, en face view, top is dorsal side. Bar scales: A, E–H = 10 µm; B–D = 5 µm. Abbreviations: amp = amphid, cgl = caudal gland, cp = cephalic papilla/papillary nerve, cs = cephalic seta, gub = gubernaculum, gut = rudimentary gut, m = microorganisms, nr = nerve ring, spic = spicule, T1 and T2 = anterior and posterior testis, vs = vacuolated structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645945/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 3B, H</figureCitation>
|
||
, cephalic papillae), minute and often inconspicuous, about
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B018529292006DB855AFAEED637" box="[1240,1323,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
|
||
long; posterior 4 setiform (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A618529292000478572FD78D6EF" box="[580,701,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[94,1197,287,1544]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[398,1198,315,1547]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A, E, F, holotype ZIHU 3137; H, additional specimen) and female (B–C, ZIHU 3138; D, ZIHU 3139; G, ZIHU 3142): A) Anterior region. B) Transverse section at level anterior to cephalic setae, cephalic papillary nerves (arrowed). C) Transverse section at level of amphids. D) Two amphids located in tandem. E) Anterior and posterior testes near the arrowed point in Fig. 2A. F) Cloacal region. G) Posterior region. H) Head sensilla, sequentially arranged from the surface (a) to the deeper focal plane (d). A, E, F, H, left side view; D, G, right side view; B, C, en face view, top is dorsal side. Bar scales: A, E–H = 10 µm; B–D = 5 µm. Abbreviations: amp = amphid, cgl = caudal gland, cp = cephalic papilla/papillary nerve, cs = cephalic seta, gub = gubernaculum, gut = rudimentary gut, m = microorganisms, nr = nerve ring, spic = spicule, T1 and T2 = anterior and posterior testis, vs = vacuolated structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645945/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 3A,B</figureCitation>
|
||
, cephalic setae), very short, 2 (1.5–2.1) m long and located at level of 0.5 (0.4–0.6) hd length from anterior body end. Additional papilla with rounded tip faintly observed in ventral and dorsal position just posterior to cephalic setae. Amphids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A6185292920038085FAFDC5D697" box="[387,512,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[94,1197,287,1544]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[398,1198,315,1547]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A, E, F, holotype ZIHU 3137; H, additional specimen) and female (B–C, ZIHU 3138; D, ZIHU 3139; G, ZIHU 3142): A) Anterior region. B) Transverse section at level anterior to cephalic setae, cephalic papillary nerves (arrowed). C) Transverse section at level of amphids. D) Two amphids located in tandem. E) Anterior and posterior testes near the arrowed point in Fig. 2A. F) Cloacal region. G) Posterior region. H) Head sensilla, sequentially arranged from the surface (a) to the deeper focal plane (d). A, E, F, H, left side view; D, G, right side view; B, C, en face view, top is dorsal side. Bar scales: A, E–H = 10 µm; B–D = 5 µm. Abbreviations: amp = amphid, cgl = caudal gland, cp = cephalic papilla/papillary nerve, cs = cephalic seta, gub = gubernaculum, gut = rudimentary gut, m = microorganisms, nr = nerve ring, spic = spicule, T1 and T2 = anterior and posterior testis, vs = vacuolated structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645945/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 3A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
) circular, located at 1.1;1.1 (0.9–1.2, 1.0 ± 0.1) hd from anterior body end, 49;48 (43–55, 49.0 ± 3.7) % cbd; amphidial duct long, somewhat spiralshaped in fovea (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D8884685292920035D862AFE00D527" box="[350,453,564,590]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
ZIHU 3134 with aberrant left amphid, duct directly opening without circular aperture). A short cervical seta located in ventral and dorsal position at level of amphids and in lateral position posterior to amphids, about
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B018529292001EC869AFBF7D5F7" box="[1007,1074,644,670]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
long; 2 (1–4) other shorter setae or papillae just posterior to amphid. Alimentary canal degenerated; mouth opening, buccal cavity and pharynx absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A6185292920012E86CAFC72D587" box="[813,951,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1285,329,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 2B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
); vacuolated structures with a different size observed at anterior of this region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A6185292920017586E2FC3AD47F" box="[886,1023,764,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1285,329,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 2C, G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A6185292920061386E2FBF0D47F" box="[1040,1077,764,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[94,1197,287,1544]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[398,1198,315,1547]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A, E, F, holotype ZIHU 3137; H, additional specimen) and female (B–C, ZIHU 3138; D, ZIHU 3139; G, ZIHU 3142): A) Anterior region. B) Transverse section at level anterior to cephalic setae, cephalic papillary nerves (arrowed). C) Transverse section at level of amphids. D) Two amphids located in tandem. E) Anterior and posterior testes near the arrowed point in Fig. 2A. F) Cloacal region. G) Posterior region. H) Head sensilla, sequentially arranged from the surface (a) to the deeper focal plane (d). A, E, F, H, left side view; D, G, right side view; B, C, en face view, top is dorsal side. Bar scales: A, E–H = 10 µm; B–D = 5 µm. Abbreviations: amp = amphid, cgl = caudal gland, cp = cephalic papilla/papillary nerve, cs = cephalic seta, gub = gubernaculum, gut = rudimentary gut, m = microorganisms, nr = nerve ring, spic = spicule, T1 and T2 = anterior and posterior testis, vs = vacuolated structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645945/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Rudimentary gut probably starting 70 (57–78, 65.8 ± 8.4) m or 7.2 (5.7–9.5, 7.2 ± 1.4) hd from anterior body end and containing small granules, large vacuoles and unknown microorganisms with
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B01852929200347876AFE65D4E7" box="[324,416,884,910]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2–5 m</quantity>
|
||
long by
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B0185292920000B876AFDA1D4E7" box="[520,612,884,910]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 m</quantity>
|
||
in diameter; rectum degenerated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A618529292001FB876AFB92D4E7" box="[1016,1111,884,910]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1285,329,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Nerve ring (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A618529292006F8876AFEE9D4DF" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[94,1197,287,1544]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[398,1198,315,1547]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A, E, F, holotype ZIHU 3137; H, additional specimen) and female (B–C, ZIHU 3138; D, ZIHU 3139; G, ZIHU 3142): A) Anterior region. B) Transverse section at level anterior to cephalic setae, cephalic papillary nerves (arrowed). C) Transverse section at level of amphids. D) Two amphids located in tandem. E) Anterior and posterior testes near the arrowed point in Fig. 2A. F) Cloacal region. G) Posterior region. H) Head sensilla, sequentially arranged from the surface (a) to the deeper focal plane (d). A, E, F, H, left side view; D, G, right side view; B, C, en face view, top is dorsal side. Bar scales: A, E–H = 10 µm; B–D = 5 µm. Abbreviations: amp = amphid, cgl = caudal gland, cp = cephalic papilla/papillary nerve, cs = cephalic seta, gub = gubernaculum, gut = rudimentary gut, m = microorganisms, nr = nerve ring, spic = spicule, T1 and T2 = anterior and posterior testis, vs = vacuolated structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645945/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
) about 4.4 (3.4–5.1, 4.3 ± 0.7) hd from anterior body end; ducts and gland cells of amphids, nerve system, musculature and other structures present anterior to nerve ring; many peculiar cells, supposedly gland or nerve cells, located from level of nerve ring to anterior end of rudimentary gut. Excretory system not observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E485292920033B8022FCF2D2D7" blockId="6.[264,1326,284,1870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Testes paired, located left to the intestine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A618529292001208022FC44D33F" box="[803,897,1084,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1285,329,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A6185292920018F8022FC75D33F" box="[908,944,1084,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[94,1197,287,1544]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[398,1198,315,1547]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A, E, F, holotype ZIHU 3137; H, additional specimen) and female (B–C, ZIHU 3138; D, ZIHU 3139; G, ZIHU 3142): A) Anterior region. B) Transverse section at level anterior to cephalic setae, cephalic papillary nerves (arrowed). C) Transverse section at level of amphids. D) Two amphids located in tandem. E) Anterior and posterior testes near the arrowed point in Fig. 2A. F) Cloacal region. G) Posterior region. H) Head sensilla, sequentially arranged from the surface (a) to the deeper focal plane (d). A, E, F, H, left side view; D, G, right side view; B, C, en face view, top is dorsal side. Bar scales: A, E–H = 10 µm; B–D = 5 µm. Abbreviations: amp = amphid, cgl = caudal gland, cp = cephalic papilla/papillary nerve, cs = cephalic seta, gub = gubernaculum, gut = rudimentary gut, m = microorganisms, nr = nerve ring, spic = spicule, T1 and T2 = anterior and posterior testis, vs = vacuolated structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645945/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">3E</figureCitation>
|
||
); anterior testis outstretched and its distal end about 54% (54.3–56.6, 55.1 ± 1.3) of body length from cloaca, posterior one reflexed towards cloaca at 41% (35.3–41.3, 39.0 ± 2.5) and its distal end 38% (31.3–38.0, 33.9 ± 3.6) of body length anterior to cloaca; both distal portions indistinct in ZIHU 3135, 3136. Spicules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A618529292003E280C2FDA8D39F" box="[481,621,1244,1270]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1285,329,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 2D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A6185292920008380C2FD65D39F" box="[640,672,1244,1270]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[94,1197,287,1544]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[398,1198,315,1547]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A, E, F, holotype ZIHU 3137; H, additional specimen) and female (B–C, ZIHU 3138; D, ZIHU 3139; G, ZIHU 3142): A) Anterior region. B) Transverse section at level anterior to cephalic setae, cephalic papillary nerves (arrowed). C) Transverse section at level of amphids. D) Two amphids located in tandem. E) Anterior and posterior testes near the arrowed point in Fig. 2A. F) Cloacal region. G) Posterior region. H) Head sensilla, sequentially arranged from the surface (a) to the deeper focal plane (d). A, E, F, H, left side view; D, G, right side view; B, C, en face view, top is dorsal side. Bar scales: A, E–H = 10 µm; B–D = 5 µm. Abbreviations: amp = amphid, cgl = caudal gland, cp = cephalic papilla/papillary nerve, cs = cephalic seta, gub = gubernaculum, gut = rudimentary gut, m = microorganisms, nr = nerve ring, spic = spicule, T1 and T2 = anterior and posterior testis, vs = vacuolated structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645945/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">3F</figureCitation>
|
||
) paired, curved and almost equal in length, 1.3;1.5 (1.3–1.6, 1.4 ± 0.1) abd long on arc and 1.0;1.1 (0.9–1.3, 1.1 ± 0.1) abd on chord. Gubernaculum consisting of a well cuticularized dorsal piece, 0.2;0.2 (0.2–0.3, 0.2 ± 0.03) spic arc, and a short lateral piece 4.1;4.1(3.3–4.2, 3.9 ± 0.3) m long; weakly cuticularized apophysislike structure extending dorsocaudal. Small postcloacal supplements arranged subventrally in tail region, 6;7 (5–8) in number.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E485292920033B81D2FDE5D1EF" blockId="6.[264,1326,284,1870]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Tail (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A6185292920037781D2FE15D28F" box="[372,464,1484,1510]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1285,329,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
) conical, gradually tapering to terminal spinneret, 4.6 (3.2–5.4, 4.4 ± 0.9) abd long; some short setae or papillae present, 2 of them just anterior to spinneret; many microorganisms adhering to ventral surface of tail in
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D888468529292001988202FBC5D15F" box="[923,1024,1564,1590]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
ZIHU 3135, their shape and size similar to those within body. Two caudal glands distinct; microorganisms present in dorsal side of glands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E485292921033B828AFDF5D54F" blockId="6.[264,1326,284,1870]" lastBlockId="7.[264,1325,284,910]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
FEMALE (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D888468529292003BC828AFDEDD1C7" box="[447,552,1684,1710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
ZIHU 3142; range and/or avg ± sd in parentheses). Similar to males in most features. Body longer than in males (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A6185292920016582A2FC7AD1BF" box="[870,959,1724,1750]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1285,329,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
), cuticular annules indistinct at mid body. Head with no additional papillae posterior to cephalic setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A618529292006B582FAFADBD197" box="[1206,1310,1764,1790]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1285,329,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Amphids located at a similar position in males but somewhat smaller in diameter, 40;36% (36–45, 40.5 ± 2.7) cbd; the third amphid located abnormally 1.7 hd from anterior body end on right side in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D8884685282921003B8502FD58D65F" box="[568,669,284,310]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
ZIHU 3139 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A618528292101488502FC6BD65F" box="[843,942,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[94,1197,287,1544]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[398,1198,315,1547]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A, E, F, holotype ZIHU 3137; H, additional specimen) and female (B–C, ZIHU 3138; D, ZIHU 3139; G, ZIHU 3142): A) Anterior region. B) Transverse section at level anterior to cephalic setae, cephalic papillary nerves (arrowed). C) Transverse section at level of amphids. D) Two amphids located in tandem. E) Anterior and posterior testes near the arrowed point in Fig. 2A. F) Cloacal region. G) Posterior region. H) Head sensilla, sequentially arranged from the surface (a) to the deeper focal plane (d). A, E, F, H, left side view; D, G, right side view; B, C, en face view, top is dorsal side. Bar scales: A, E–H = 10 µm; B–D = 5 µm. Abbreviations: amp = amphid, cgl = caudal gland, cp = cephalic papilla/papillary nerve, cs = cephalic seta, gub = gubernaculum, gut = rudimentary gut, m = microorganisms, nr = nerve ring, spic = spicule, T1 and T2 = anterior and posterior testis, vs = vacuolated structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645945/files/figure.svg" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Rudimentary gut starting 77 (62–77, 69.5 ± 6.1) m or 7.5 (6.0–7.5, 6.8 ± 0.6) hd from anterior body end. Ovaries (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A618528292103128572FE4CD6EF" box="[273,393,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1285,329,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Fig. 2F, H</figureCitation>
|
||
) paired, opposed and outstretched, both right to the intestine (both left in ZIHU 3138–3141); anterior and posterior ovaries obscure distally but traced up to 446 (151–566) m and 529 (54–529) m from vulva, respectively (posterior ovary incompletely developed in ZIHU 3138, 3139). Vagina (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A618528292101B985FAFBE4D697" box="[954,1057,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1285,329,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FFDD10248528292101F685FAFBD5D697" box="[1013,1040,484,510]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">2I</date>
|
||
,J
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) well cuticularized, 9 (7–9, 7.9 ± 0.8) m long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E485282921033B862AFC58D5F7" blockId="7.[264,1325,284,910]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Posterior body end rounded and lacking anus due to breakage and wound healing at level anterior to anus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A6185282921001E8642FDBBD51F" box="[541,638,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1285,329,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Fig. 2K</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A6185282921008D8642FD73D51F" box="[654,694,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[94,1197,287,1544]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[398,1198,315,1547]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A, E, F, holotype ZIHU 3137; H, additional specimen) and female (B–C, ZIHU 3138; D, ZIHU 3139; G, ZIHU 3142): A) Anterior region. B) Transverse section at level anterior to cephalic setae, cephalic papillary nerves (arrowed). C) Transverse section at level of amphids. D) Two amphids located in tandem. E) Anterior and posterior testes near the arrowed point in Fig. 2A. F) Cloacal region. G) Posterior region. H) Head sensilla, sequentially arranged from the surface (a) to the deeper focal plane (d). A, E, F, H, left side view; D, G, right side view; B, C, en face view, top is dorsal side. Bar scales: A, E–H = 10 µm; B–D = 5 µm. Abbreviations: amp = amphid, cgl = caudal gland, cp = cephalic papilla/papillary nerve, cs = cephalic seta, gub = gubernaculum, gut = rudimentary gut, m = microorganisms, nr = nerve ring, spic = spicule, T1 and T2 = anterior and posterior testis, vs = vacuolated structure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645945/files/figure.svg" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">3G</figureCitation>
|
||
): in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D8884685282921011C8642FC41D51F" box="[799,900,604,630]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
ZIHU 3141 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13582A6185282921062C8642FB48D51F" box="[1071,1165,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[313,1493,285,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[302,1285,329,1671]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Parastomonema papillosum sp. nov. Male (A–E, holotype ZIHU 3137): A) Entire body, posterior testis reflexed at arrowed point. B) Anterior region. C) Head. D) Posterior region. E) Spicule and gubernaculum. Female (F–I, K, ZIHU 3142; J, ZIHU 3140; L, ZIHU 3141): F) Entire body, vulva (arrowed). G) Head. H–J) Vulval region. K, L) Posterior region. A–E, L, left side view; F–I, K, right side view; J, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2645941/files/figure.svg" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Fig. 2L</figureCitation>
|
||
), conical tail present but rectum, anus and caudal glands degenerated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E485282921033B86B2FB98D4E7" blockId="7.[264,1325,284,910]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
|
||
JUVENILE (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D888468528292103D586B2FDFAD5AF" box="[470,575,684,710]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
ZIHU 3143). Similar to females in most features. A short cervical seta located in ventral and dorsal position at level of amphids and in lateral position posterior to amphids, but no other setae nor papillae present just posterior to amphid. Amphid diameter 33% cbd. Nerve ring about 4.6 hd from anterior body end. Rudimentary gut probably starting posterior to nerve ring. Posterior body end rounded and lacking anus due to breakage and wound healing at level anterior to anus
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C379656F85282921030B87A9FAC0D490" box="[264,1285,951,1017]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E485282921030B87A9FAC0D490" blockId="7.[264,1285,951,1017]" box="[264,1285,951,1017]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF685282921030B87A9FE40D4B9" box="[264,389,951,976]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
The specific name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D6785282921001587C1FD5DD491" authorityName="Kito & Aryuthaka" authorityYear="2006" box="[534,664,991,1016]" class="Adenophorea" family="Siphonolaimidae" genus="Parastomonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="papillosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF685282921001587C1FD5DD491" box="[534,664,991,1016]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">papillosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
refers to the minute papilliform sensilla on the head.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C379656F8528292E030B803AFBE3D697" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E485282921030B803AFE4CD354" blockId="7.[264,1323,1060,1886]" box="[264,393,1060,1085]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF685282921030B803AFE4CD354" box="[264,393,1060,1085]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E485282921033B8052FB82D29F" blockId="7.[264,1323,1060,1886]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
|
||
The genera
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68528292103C78052FD99D30C" box="[452,604,1100,1125]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Astomonema</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68528292100948052FC92D30C" box="[663,855,1100,1125]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Parastomonema</emphasis>
|
||
are distinguishable by the arrangement of head sensilla and the number of male gonads (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B15852829210166806AFC2FD3E7" author="Kito, K." box="[869,1002,1140,1166]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" pagination="635 - 642" refId="ref3484" refString="Kito, K. (1989) A new mouthless marine nematode from Fiji. Journal of Natural History, 23, 635 - 642." type="journal article" year="1989">Kito, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B158528292101F9806AFB20D3E7" author="Austen, M. C. & Warwick, R. M. & Ryan, K. P." box="[1018,1253,1140,1166]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" pagination="627 - 634" refId="ref3423" refString="Austen, M. C., Warwick, R. M. & Ryan, K. P. (1993) Astomonema southwardorum sp. nov., a gutless nematode dominant in a methane seep area in the North Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 73, 627 - 634." type="journal article" year="1993">Austen et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); i.e., 0+6+4 head sensilla and a single testis in
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68528292101118082FC6CD3DC" box="[786,937,1180,1205]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Astomonema</emphasis>
|
||
while 0+0+4 head sensilla and paired testes in
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68528292103BD80DAFDBBD3B4" box="[446,638,1220,1245]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Parastomonema</emphasis>
|
||
. Regarding these features, the present species differs from members of both genera because it has the 0+6+4 head sensilla as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF685282921063680F2FB09D26C" box="[1077,1228,1260,1285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Astomonema</emphasis>
|
||
and the paired testes as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68528292103E7810AFD61D244" box="[484,676,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Parastomonema</emphasis>
|
||
. It may be possible that this species belongs to a third mouthless genus which differs from the two known genera. The anterior sensilla of the present species are, however, quite minute papillae and hardly visible unlike those in
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF685282921030B8192FE5AD2CC" box="[264,415,1420,1445]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Astomonema</emphasis>
|
||
. Considering this degenerate feature of the head sensilla appearing like the 0+0+4 arrangement, it is more reasonable, at present, to place this species into
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF685282921030B81C2FE0DD29C" box="[264,456,1500,1525]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Parastomonema</emphasis>
|
||
characterized by the presence of paired testes in male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E485282921033B821AFE58D037" blockId="7.[264,1323,1060,1886]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D6785282921033B821AFD43D174" authority="Kito & Aryuthaka, 2006" authorityName="Kito & Aryuthaka" authorityYear="2006" box="[312,646,1540,1565]" class="Adenophorea" family="Siphonolaimidae" genus="Parastomonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="papillosum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF685282921033B821AFD43D174" box="[312,646,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Parastomonema papillosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A224578D852829210092821AFD34D177" box="[657,753,1540,1566]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is the second member of the genus. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D888468528292106FB821AFAEFD177" box="[1272,1322,1540,1566]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68528292103678232FE10D12C" box="[356,469,1580,1605]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">P. fijiense</emphasis>
|
||
is known from a coral reef of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F374767485282921013B8232FCA1D12F" box="[824,868,1580,1606]" name="Fiji" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Viti</collectingCountry>
|
||
Levu,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37476748528292101B68232FC1BD12F" box="[949,990,1580,1606]" name="Fiji" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B158528292101ED8232FBB5D12F" author="Kito, K." box="[1006,1136,1580,1606]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" pagination="635 - 642" refId="ref3484" refString="Kito, K. (1989) A new mouthless marine nematode from Fiji. Journal of Natural History, 23, 635 - 642." type="journal article" year="1989">Kito, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D6785282921068F8232FAEFD12C" authorityName="Kito & Aryuthaka" authorityYear="2006" box="[1164,1322,1580,1605]" class="Adenophorea" family="Siphonolaimidae" genus="Parastomonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="papillosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF685282921068F8232FAEFD12C" box="[1164,1322,1580,1605]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">P. papillosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly differs from
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68528292103F9824AFDABD104" box="[506,622,1620,1645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">P. fijiense</emphasis>
|
||
in the following features besides the arrangement of head sensilla; short body length 1.2–3.0 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68528292100F98262FCD7D1FC" box="[762,786,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">vs</emphasis>
|
||
. 6.1–13.0 mm in
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68528292101F28262FBA2D1FC" box="[1009,1127,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">P. fijiense</emphasis>
|
||
), short cephalic setae
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B0185282921034C82BAFE1ED1D7" box="[335,475,1700,1726]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="2.05" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.6 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68528292103F282BAFDCCD1D4" box="[497,521,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">vs</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B9B0185282921001E82BAFD45D1D7" box="[541,640,1700,1726]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7–9 m</quantity>
|
||
), absence of subcephalic setae, and gubernaculum with weakly cuticularized apophysis in male (
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68528292100F582D2FCCBD18C" box="[758,782,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">vs</emphasis>
|
||
. gubernaculum with well cuticularized one). Although a vestigial buccal cavity was recognized in the early stage juveniles in
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68528292106B182EAFAE6D064" box="[1202,1315,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">P. fijiense</emphasis>
|
||
, its presence is unknown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D678528292100488302FD2ED05C" authorityName="Kito & Aryuthaka" authorityYear="2006" box="[587,747,1820,1845]" class="Adenophorea" family="Siphonolaimidae" genus="Parastomonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="papillosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68528292100488302FD2ED05C" box="[587,747,1820,1845]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">P. papillosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because no early stage juveniles were examined in this study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC36E48527292E033B8502FBE3D697" blockId="8.[264,1325,284,510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Besides
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68527292E039F8502FDD4D65C" box="[412,529,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">P. fijiense</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C634D678527292E004D8502FD35D65C" authorityName="Kito & Aryuthaka" authorityYear="2006" box="[590,752,284,309]" class="Adenophorea" family="Siphonolaimidae" genus="Parastomonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monhysterida" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="papillosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68527292E004D8502FD35D65C" box="[590,752,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">P. papillosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, undescribed species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B917EAF68527292E061A8502FB1FD65C" box="[1049,1242,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Parastomonema</emphasis>
|
||
are so far known from mangrove forests of Merbok in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37476748527292E0147855AFC75D637" box="[836,944,324,350]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B158527292E01BC855AFB11D637" author="Somerfield, P. J. & Gee, J. M. & Aryuthaka, C." box="[959,1236,324,350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" pagination="717 - 732" refId="ref3656" refString="Somerfield, P. J., Gee, J. M. & Aryuthaka, C. (1998) Meiofaunal communities in a Malaysian mangrove forest. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 78, 717 - 732." type="journal article" year="1998">Somerfield et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37476748527292E06E9855AFE8CD6EF" name="Hong Kong" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37476748527292E036D8572FE71D6EF" box="[366,436,364,390]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B158527292E03C78572FD8BD6EF" author="Zhou, H." box="[452,590,364,390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" pagination="99 - 121" refId="ref3779" refString="Zhou, H. (2001) Effects of leaf litter addition on meiofaunal colonization of azoic sediments in a subtropical mangrove in Hong Kong. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 256, 99 - 121." type="journal article" year="2001">Zhou, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A7F8068527292E008C8572FCFED6EF" box="[655,827,364,390]" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
|
||
Island in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37476748527292E01AC8572FC32D6EF" box="[943,1015,364,390]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF24B158527292E06058572FAE4D6EF" author="Netto, S. A. & Gallucci, F." box="[1030,1313,364,390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" pagination="159 - 170" refId="ref3562" refString="Netto, S. A. & Gallucci, F. (2003) Meiofauna and macrofauna communities in a mangrove from the Island of Santa Catarina, South Brazil. Hydrobiologia, 505, 159 - 170." type="journal article" year="2003">Netto & Gallucci, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Chinese species is probably different from the two known species in having no gubernaculum in males (Dr. Zhou, personal communication). There is no taxonomic information about the species reported from the other two localities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |