284 lines
35 KiB
XML
284 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="67AD88E5DD18A76131AECE3F1CF98CB8" ID-CLB-Dataset="46180" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3780.1.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0ee0bd70-99e3-4a2e-95c6-f66856cfe8ce" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="231197" ID-ZooBank="86473618-EA0D-40A4-BDE0-452A60233ED8" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460399643596" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kehlmaier, Christian & Almeida, Jorge Mota" docDate="2014" docId="03C9C252355AFFDFC1C6FE2DFB2FFDA2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03780p152.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3780 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Acrocera orbiculus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="144" masterDocId="FFF0BA2A355FFFD6C151FFA5FE79FFC2" masterDocTitle="New host records for European Acroceridae (Diptera), with discussion of species limits of Acrocera orbiculus (Fabricius) based on DNA-barcoding" masterLastPageNumber="152" masterPageNumber="135" pageNumber="140" updateTime="1698299066827" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4602DCD9F3C8F7EC678279F54006EC4B">
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<mods:title id="0EB288A86A41A0202D5A8C3D14BFA90A">New host records for European Acroceridae (Diptera), with discussion of species limits of Acrocera orbiculus (Fabricius) based on DNA-barcoding</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AA88D322DDFEB19378106E17182A376A">Kehlmaier, Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="F67556615E2B4546C5462C8CAA4424EF" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="59399B2FD19B84B763338078C1625D83">Almeida, Jorge Mota</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="88505E9779D00417E56E5F9F3043E205">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="64067DF361B92117C51CD98C452AD9DC">
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<mods:date id="C69A1E91AD0030C19FECCD7862747E36">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="25FC5489ACFEB0DA74AD11A7B9510C6D">3780</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="F098B9366D255984737FE83B9E150EE0" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3780.1.5</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C9C252355AFFDFC1C6FE2DFB2FFDA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6142841" ID-GBIF-Taxon="123206605" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6142841" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C9C252355AFFDFC1C6FE2DFB2FFDA2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C9C252355AFFDFC1C6FE2DFB2FFDA2" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">
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<subSubSection id="C37A20CF355AFFDFC1C6FE2DFB2FFDA2" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDF7344355AFFD3C1C6FE2DFCFFFE61" blockId="5.[151,646,392,419]" box="[151,646,392,419]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">
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<heading id="D097C428355AFFD3C1C6FE2DFCFFFE61" bold="true" box="[151,646,392,419]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355AFFD3C1C6FE2DFCFFFE61" bold="true" box="[151,646,392,419]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355AFFD3C1C6FE2DFF06FE60" ID-CoL="897PL" box="[151,383,392,418]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355AFFD3C1C6FE2DFF06FE60" bold="true" box="[151,383,392,418]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">Acrocera orbiculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—a species complex?
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF7344355AFFD3C1C6FE6FFCF1FCC1" blockId="5.[151,1437,458,771]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">
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Both molecular analyses of the COI-dataset yielded similar results, though with differing degrees of resolution. The maximum likelihood analysis reveals two clades within
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355AFFD3C223FE4AFA78FDC5" box="[882,1025,494,519]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355AFFD3C223FE4AFA78FDC5" box="[882,1025,494,519]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(fig. 4). Clade A (six specimens/ localities) reaches from
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<collectingCountry id="F37733D4355AFFD3C0F6FDB7FF9EFDE9" box="[423,487,530,555]" name="Spain" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">Spain</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="F37733D4355AFFD3C35DFDB6FC40FDE8" box="[524,569,531,554]" name="Iran" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">Iran</collectingCountry>
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and has good statistical support values (BT: 99 %) (fig. 6, Appendix). Clade B (nine specimens/localities) is confined to mountainous regions in northern
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<collectingCountry id="F37733D4355AFFD3C549FD93FA35FD8D" box="[1048,1100,566,591]" name="Italy" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">Italy</collectingCountry>
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, southern
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<collectingCountry id="F37733D4355AFFD3C597FD92FB6BFD8C" box="[1222,1298,567,590]" name="France" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">France</collectingCountry>
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and central
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<collectingCountry id="F37733D4355AFFD3C1C6FDFFFE8FFDB1" box="[151,246,602,627]" name="Portugal" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">Portugal</collectingCountry>
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and is weakly supported (BT: 66%). Branch support can be increased if CK684 from
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<collectingCountry id="F37733D4355AFFD3C5E6FDFFFB6FFDB1" box="[1207,1302,602,627]" name="Portugal" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">Portugal</collectingCountry>
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is excluded and assigned to a separate clade C (BT: 81%). The Bayesian analysis (fig. 5) shows six evolutionary lineages within
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355AFFD3C1B7FD06FF34FD78" box="[230,333,675,698]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355AFFD3C1B7FD06FF34FD78" box="[230,333,675,698]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">Acrocera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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placed in a basal polytomy, four of those comprising
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355AFFD3C2FEFD06FA41FD79" box="[943,1080,674,699]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355AFFD3C2FEFD06FA41FD79" box="[943,1080,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The only Bayesian clade of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355AFFD3C4D5FD06FF78FD1D" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355AFFD3C4D5FD06FF78FD1D" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with reasonable support (PP: 84) corresponds to clade A from the ML analysis. However, clade B is not supported and broken up into three lineages.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF1F23CC355AFFD3C1C6F8FDFF54F82B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/231201/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="140" targetBox="[159,1427,820,1848]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph id="8BDF7344355AFFD3C1C6F8FDFF54F82B" blockId="5.[151,1437,1880,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355AFFD3C1C6F8FDFF61F8AC" bold="true" box="[151,280,1880,1902]" pageId="5" pageNumber="140">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
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Maximum likelihood tree of COI dataset computed with MEGA5; software settings: HKY+G+I model, all positions and substitutions included. Support values of critical nodes are shown (left: bootstrap; right: posterior probabilities). Scale bar indicates 0.1 substitutions per amino acid position. Separate box on right hand side showing maximum intraspecific genetic distances (MAGD) within the individual clades as well as minimum interspecific genetic distance (MIGD) between clade A and B.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF1F23CC3559FFD0C1C6FB8CFCE0FB9F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/231202/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" targetBox="[157,1431,201,1040]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph id="8BDF73443559FFD0C1C6FB8CFCE0FB9F" blockId="6.[151,1435,1065,1117]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">
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<emphasis id="B914AF563559FFD0C1C6FB8CFF6FFBFD" bold="true" box="[151,278,1065,1087]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
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Bayesian topology of COI dataset. Bayesian posterior probabilities are plotted onto the phylogram. Scale bar indicates 0.1 substitutions per amino acid position.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BDF73443559FFD0C196FB21FA78FA20" blockId="6.[151,1436,1156,2010]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">
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Uncorrected genetic pairwise distances are summarised in table 1. The maximum intraspecific genetic variability of all
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73559FFD0C004FB0FFFA6FB00" box="[341,479,1193,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
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<emphasis id="B914AF563559FFD0C004FB0FFFA6FB00" box="[341,479,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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lies at 6.5% (CK565 and CK641), which is conspicuously large (see below). Within members of clade A, the maximum genetic distance is 4.0% (CK598 and CK641), and within members of clade B it is 4.4% (CK565 and CK684), respectively. The latter is reduced to 3.1% if CK684 is excluded. The minimum genetic distance between members of both clades lies at 3.6% (CK572 and CK609). Hence, there are at least members of clade A that are genetically closer to members of clade B than to other members of their own clade. When mapping and comparing the genetic variability within clade B (fig. 7), specimens sharing an almost identical barcode, (i.e., maximum genetic distance of 0.6%) and located in geographic proximity, are considered to belong to the same population. Thus, the nine specimens sampled represent five populations that are separated by a 2% or greater p-distance, pointing towards a low degree of gene flow amongst them.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF73443559FFD0C196FA4BFFDCF818" blockId="6.[151,1436,1156,2010]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">
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From a morphological perspective, no clear differences could be observed between the two clades, other than males and females of clade B tend to have slightly darker leg coloration compared to members of clade A (table 2), the main feature used by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB53559FFD0C0E1F990FC28F98F" author="Chvala" box="[432,593,1589,1614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" refString="Chvala, M. (1980) Acroceridae (Diptera) of Czechoslovakia. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Biologica, 1977, 253 - 267." type="journal article" year="1980">Chvála (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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to distinguish between the two forms. Therefore, it is assumed that clade B corresponds to “sp. (
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<emphasis id="B914AF563559FFD0C02DF9FCFFABF9B0" box="[380,466,1625,1650]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">globula</emphasis>
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PANZ.)” of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB53559FFD0C30EF9FCFD7BF9B3" author="Chvala" box="[607,770,1625,1650]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" refString="Chvala, M. (1980) Acroceridae (Diptera) of Czechoslovakia. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Biologica, 1977, 253 - 267." type="journal article" year="1980">Chvála (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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, with the exception of specimen CK599 of clade B which is slightly paler than CK641 of clade A. No structural differences were observed in the male genitalia.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB53559FFD0C464F9D8FE98F97B" author="Nartshuk" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" refString="Nartshuk, E. P. (1982) Review of Acrocerid flies (Diptera, Acroceridae) of the fauna of USSR with descriptions a new genus and new species. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 61 (2), 404 - 417. [in Russian; English translation in Entomological Review, 61 (2), 155 - 169]" type="journal article" year="1982">Nartshuk (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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highlighted the high variability of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73559FFD0C320F907FC85F978" box="[625,764,1697,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
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<emphasis id="B914AF563559FFD0C320F907FC85F978" box="[625,764,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in terms of body size and coloration, by distinguishing ten different colour forms of abdominal tergites 2–4 (
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<quantity id="4C98DEA13559FFD0C39FF960FC85F91C" box="[718,764,1733,1758]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
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males and
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<quantity id="4C98DEA13559FFD0C22EF960FDD5F91C" box="[895,940,1733,1758]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" unit="in" value="6.0">6 in</quantity>
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females) based on
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<specimenCount id="9D66B8CD3559FFD0C5DAF960FB5AF91C" box="[1163,1315,1733,1758]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" type="generic">22 specimens</specimenCount>
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(
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<specimenCount id="9D66B8CD3559FFD0C464F960FB20F91F" box="[1333,1369,1733,1757]" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" type="generic">8♂</specimenCount>
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14♀) from the Saint Petersburg area. Our findings include a series of 12 ♀ from the Ore Mountains (south-eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F37733D43559FFD0C1C6F8A8FF78F8E7" box="[151,257,1805,1829]" name="Germany" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">Germany</collectingCountry>
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) and 79 ♀ from the Parc Naturel Régional des Pyrénées Ariégeoises (southern
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<collectingCountry id="F37733D43559FFD0C5C0F8A8FAA6F8E7" box="[1169,1247,1805,1829]" name="France" pageId="6" pageNumber="141">France</collectingCountry>
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) (see table 1 for label and deposition data) that vary considerably in body size and abdominal coloration. This high degree of phenotypic plasticity is illustrated in fig. 8 for voucher specimens CK680 (
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<quantity id="4C98DEA13559FFD0C2A5F8F0FA37F8AF" box="[1012,1102,1877,1902]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
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body length), showing small yellow markings on tergite 3 and 4 only, and CK681 (
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<quantity id="4C98DEA13559FFD0C3A4F8DCFD34F853" box="[757,845,1913,1937]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="141" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2 mm</quantity>
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body length), with small yellow markings on tergite 2 and predominantly yellow tergites 3 & 4. Both specimens were collected at the same locality and share an identical DNA-barcode.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF73443558FFD1C00CFF69FD82FF24" blockId="7.[349,1019,204,231]" box="[349,1019,204,231]" pageId="7" pageNumber="142">
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<emphasis id="B914AF563558FFD1C00CFF69FFBFFF25" bold="true" box="[349,454,204,231]" pageId="7" pageNumber="142">Table 1.</emphasis>
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Uncorrected genetic distances of COI dataset.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF1F23CC3557FFDEC1C6FF3DFA57FF6D" box="[151,1070,152,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">
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<paragraph id="8BDF73443557FFDEC1C6FF3DFA57FF6D" blockId="8.[151,1070,152,175]" box="[151,1070,152,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">
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<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC1C6FF3DFF71FF6D" bold="true" box="[151,264,152,175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
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Variability in leg coloration between males and females of clades A and B.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BDF73443557FFDEC03BFF6FFDA2FF22" blockId="8.[159,1426,202,491]" box="[362,987,202,224]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">Clade A Clade B</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF73443557FFDEC1CEFF51FBE8FEC8" blockId="8.[159,1426,202,491]" box="[159,1425,244,266]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">Coloration of legs Yellow except distitarsi dark brown. [n=3] Yellow except fore and mid coxa on anterior surface</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF73443557FFDEC1CEFEB7FBEBFEEA" blockId="8.[159,1426,202,491]" box="[159,1426,274,296]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">in males and fore femora especially in basal half light brown;</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF73443557FFDEC2D9FE94FAE6FE85" blockId="8.[159,1426,202,491]" box="[904,1183,305,327]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">distitarsi dark brown. [n=1]</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF73443557FFDEC1CEFEFFFBE8FEB2" blockId="8.[159,1426,202,491]" box="[159,1425,346,368]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">Coloration of legs Yellow except coxae light brown on anterior Yellow except coxae light to mid brown on anterior</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF73443557FFDEC1CEFEDCFA77FE29" blockId="8.[159,1426,202,491]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">in females surface; femora yellow to light brown except at base surface; femora light to mid brown except at base and apex; tibiae yellow to light brown medially; and apex; tibiae yellow to mid brown medially; tarsal segments yellow to light brown; distitarsi tarsal segments yellow to mid brown; distitarsi dark dark brown. [n=4] brown. [n=5]</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F23CC3557FFDEC1C6FB01FB40FB1B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/231203/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" targetBox="[151,1436,565,1166]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF73443557FFDEC1C6FB01FB40FB1B" blockId="8.[151,1435,1188,1241]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC1C6FB01FF6FFB78" bold="true" box="[151,278,1188,1210]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Geographic distribution of DNA barcoded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73557FFDEC3B0FB00FD26FB78" box="[737,863,1188,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC3B0FB00FD26FB78" box="[737,863,1188,1210]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(empty circle: clade A; empty star: clade B) and type locality (full circle) of 1)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73557FFDEC0C8FB66FC28FB1B" box="[409,593,1219,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Syrphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC0C8FB66FC28FB1B" box="[409,593,1219,1241]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">Syrphus orbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 2)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73557FFDEC328FB61FD24FB1B" box="[633,861,1219,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Paracrocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manevali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC328FB61FD24FB1B" box="[633,861,1219,1241]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">Paracrocera manevali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 3)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73557FFDEC2D4FB61FA0DFB1B" box="[901,1140,1219,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Paracrocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuscula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC2D4FB61FA0DFB1B" box="[901,1140,1219,1241]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">Paracrocera minuscula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 4)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73557FFDEC5CCFB66FB4AFB1B" box="[1181,1331,1219,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laeta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC5CCFB66FB4AFB1B" box="[1181,1331,1219,1241]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">Acrocera laeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF73443557FFDEC196FAA0FD7EF8F8" blockId="8.[151,1436,1285,2030]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">
|
||
Based on the molecular and morphological results presented for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73557FFDEC2F4FAA3FA49FADC" box="[933,1072,1285,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Syrphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC2F4FAA3FA49FADC" box="[933,1072,1285,1310]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Chvála’s (1980) assumption of an unnamed taxon “sp. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC0E7FA8CFC72FA80" box="[438,523,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">globula</emphasis>
|
||
PANZ.)” cannot be supported. Even though the maximum likelihood analysis shows two clades, the low statistical support and the lack of resolution in the Bayesian reconstruction do not support the presence of multiple cryptic species within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73557FFDEC262FAD7FDBBFA48" box="[819,962,1393,1418]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Syrphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC262FAD7FDBBFA48" box="[819,962,1393,1418]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore, the absence of a distinct “barcoding gap” between the two clades points towards a genetic continuum between clade A and B. On the other hand, such an overlap has repeatedly been observed (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB53557FFDEC27AFA1CFA0CFA10" author="Kehlmaier" box="[811,1141,1465,1490]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" refString="Kehlmaier, C. & Assmann, T. (2008) The European species of Chalarus Walker, 1834 revisited (Diptera: Pipunculidae). Zootaxa, 1936, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="2008">Kehlmaier & Assmann 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB53557FFDEC5D2FA1CFB32FA10" author="Smith" box="[1155,1355,1465,1490]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" refString="Smith, M. A., Woodley, N. E., Janzen, D. H., Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P. D. N. (2006) DNA barcodes reveal cryptic hostspecificity within the presumed polyphagous members of a genus of parasitoid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 3657 - 3662. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0511318103" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC59FFA1FFB71FA10" box="[1230,1288,1465,1490]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to the point that morphologically distinct species can share an identical DNA-barcode (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB53557FFDEC51BFA78FB33FA34" author="Skevington" box="[1098,1354,1501,1526]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" refString="Skevington, J. H., Kehlmaier, C. & Stahls, G. (2007) Molecular barcoding: Mixed results for Pipunculidae (Diptera). Zootaxa, 1423, 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Skevington
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC581FA7BFB7EFA34" box="[1232,1287,1501,1526]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73557FFDEC1A7F9A7FFFDF9D8" box="[246,388,1537,1562]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Syrphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC1A7F9A7FFFDF9D8" box="[246,388,1537,1562]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, no consistent morphological differences between the two clades were detected in either genital morphology or body coloration. Whereas body size is positively correlated with host size (i.e., food supply) in at least some endoparasitic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73557FFDEC351F9ECFC2DF9A0" box="[512,596,1609,1634]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73557FFDEC3C7F9ECFD51F9A0" box="[662,808,1609,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pipunculidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Kehlmaier, pers. observ.), body coloration might be influenced by thermal conditions during pupal development, as documented for some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73557FFDEC539F9C8FAA3F944" box="[1128,1242,1645,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Syrphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB53557FFDEC5B8F9C8FEABF968" author="Dusek" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" refString="Dusek, J. & Laska, P. (1974) Influence of temperature during pupal development on the colour of syrphid adults (Syrphidae, Diptera). Folia facultatis scientarum naturalium universitatis Purkynianae Brunensis, 15, 77 - 81." type="journal article" year="1974">Dušek & Láska 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB53557FFDEC18CF934FFAFF968" author="Ottenheim" box="[221,470,1681,1706]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" refString="Ottenheim, M. M., Waller, G. E. & Holloway, G. J. (1995) The influence of the development rates of immature stages of Eristalis arbustorum (Diptera; Syrphidae) on adult abdominal colour pattern. Physiological Entomology, 20, 343 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3032.1995. tb 00825. x" type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Ottenheim
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC00AF937FFEAF968" box="[347,403,1681,1706]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Also, quantity and quality of food might vary to such a degree that it directly effects the forming of body pigmentation in the cuticle, assuming that the development of pale markings requires more energy than dark markings (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB53557FFDEC35BF97CFCE2F930" author="Gilbert" box="[522,667,1753,1778]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" refString="Gilbert, F. (2005) The evolution of imperfect mimicry in hoverflies. Available from: http: // eprints. nottingham. ac. uk / 96 / 1 / ImperfectMimicry. pdf (accessed 25 February 2014)" type="journal article" year="2005">Gilbert 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for a summary of this issue). The pattern of abdominal variability according to body size in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73557FFDEC091F95BFC33F8D4" box="[448,586,1789,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Syrphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC091F95BFC33F8D4" box="[448,586,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also been observed in the syrphid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73557FFDEC559F958FB32F8D4" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" box="[1032,1355,1789,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Pelecocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC559F958FA97F8D7" box="[1032,1262,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">Pelecocera tricincta</emphasis>
|
||
Meigen
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
whose larval feeding mode is still unknown (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB53557FFDEC36EF884FC82F8F8" author="Kehlmaier" box="[575,763,1825,1850]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" refString="Kehlmaier, C. (2002) Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from northern Spain, with notes on Pelecocera tricincta Meigen, 1822. Volucella, 6, 139 - 153." type="journal article" year="2002">Kehlmaier 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF73443557FFDFC196F8E3FC01FE6E" blockId="8.[151,1436,1285,2030]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,608]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">
|
||
In recent years, there has been some dispute as to whether a fixed threshold of genetic divergence of the COI gene can be applied for species delimitation, i.e.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB53557FFDEC391F8CCFDE4F840" box="[704,925,1897,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" refString="Hebert, P. D. N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L. & deWaard, J. R. (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270 (1512), 313 - 321. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2002.2218" type="journal article">
|
||
Hebert
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC245F8CFFD35F840" box="[788,844,1897,1922]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggesting 3% for Lepidoptera and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB53557FFDEC465F8CCFF7FF864" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" refString="Hebert, P. D. N., Stoeckle, M. Y., Zemlak, T. S. & Francis, C. M. (2004) Identification of birds through DNA barcodes. PLoS Biology, 2, 1657 - 1663. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0020312" type="journal article">
|
||
Hebert
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC4D9F8CFFECDF864" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
postulating a ‘10× divergence criterion’. If applied here, a 3% threshold would lead to an unjustifiable/ unnecessary splitting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73557FFDEC0F6F817FC56F808" box="[423,559,1969,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Syrphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC0F6F817FC56F808" box="[423,559,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, considering that the specimens barcoded have an average p-distance of 4.0%. The ‘10× divergence criterion’ would ultimately lead to the lumping of probably the entire family, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73557FFDEC443F873FBE5F82C" box="[1298,1436,2005,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Syrphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563557FFDEC443F873FBE5F82C" box="[1298,1436,2005,2030]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="143">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a maximum intraspecific genetic variability of 6.5%, resulting in a species threshold of 65%. The development of the observed divergent evolutionary lineages within clade B, being separated by a genetic variability of at least 2%, might be explained by the limited ability of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73556FFDFC397FF45FD28FF3A" box="[710,849,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Syrphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563556FFDFC397FF45FD28FF3A" box="[710,849,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="144">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for active dispersal, resulting in a low exchange of genetic material between populations.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73556FFDFC306FEA1FC99FEDF" box="[599,736,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acroceridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are generally regarded as poor flyers, being active only on warm sunny days, and resting on vegetation in morning and evening hours and on colder and cloudy days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB53556FFDFC1CFFEE9FF29FEA6" author="Nartshuk" box="[158,336,332,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="144" refString="Nartshuk, E. P. (1997) 2.32. Family Acroceridae. In: Papp, L. & Darvas, B. (Eds.), Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Science Herald, Budapest, pp. 469 - 485." type="book" year="1997">Nartshuk 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Taking into consideration that the life-span of adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73556FFDFC28CFEE9FA1FFEA7" box="[989,1126,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acroceridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is confined to 3–30 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB53556FFDFC1CFFECAFF36FE4A" author="Schlinger" box="[158,335,367,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="144" refString="Schlinger, E. I. (1987) The biology of Acroceridae (Diptera): true endoparasitoids of spiders. In: Nentwig, W. (Ed.), Ecophysiology of Spiders. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 319 - 327." type="book chapter" year="1987">Schlinger 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), most dispersal probably takes place during the larval development within the araneomorph host, which lasts 6–10 months (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB53556FFDFC0EAFE31FC12FE6E" author="Schlinger" box="[443,619,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="144" refString="Schlinger, E. I. (1987) The biology of Acroceridae (Diptera): true endoparasitoids of spiders. In: Nentwig, W. (Ed.), Ecophysiology of Spiders. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 319 - 327." type="book chapter" year="1987">Schlinger 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF73443556FFDFC196FE12FB2FFDA2" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="144">
|
||
Adding up the evidence at hand (mtDNA and morphology), it is our understanding that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C73556FFDFC5CAFE1DFB5AFE12" box="[1179,1315,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Syrphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF563556FFDFC5CAFE1DFB5AFE12" box="[1179,1315,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="144">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents a single biological species with a slight degree of sexual dimorphism and a high degree of phenotypic plasticity regarding body size and coloration, instead of many separate, closely allied taxa that cannot be reliably differentiated on a morphological basis. An expanded sampling covering the entire Holarctic distribution and a more detailed morphological and molecular approach would be desirable to further investigate this question.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |