294 lines
37 KiB
XML
294 lines
37 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5410F41F23F7B722A17F5E4733A31E90">New Genera, Species, and observations on the biology of Antarctic Valvatida (Asteroidea)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660AFFD8FF68E5A2845DFCAF" ID-CoL="98088798-47b5-41aa-b323-7151adf74624" authority="(Fisher, 1940)" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[151,590,762,789]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="densus" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FF68E5A2878EFCAE" bold="true" box="[151,413,762,789]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Paralophaster densus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FE53E5A28455FCAF" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[428,582,762,788]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D5797660AFFD8FDAAE5A384CFFCAE" box="[597,732,763,789]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" rank="species">nov. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3706575660AFFD8FF68E4478740FC82" box="[151,339,799,825]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE660AFFD8FF68E4478740FC82" blockId="59.[151,743,762,855]" box="[151,339,799,825]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<figureCitation id="13512A7B660AFFD8FF68E4478740FC82" box="[151,339,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1886,1910]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-51@60.[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 19. Paralophaster densus nov. comb. Holotype USNM E10102, string with label left on specimen during photography. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal and marginal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Closeup of marginal paxillae. E. Closeup of tube foot groove and adambulacral/furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090290/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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FIGURE 19A
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FECBE4478751FC83" box="[308,322,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">–</emphasis>
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E
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</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3706575660AFFD8FF68E46784F4FCEC" box="[151,743,831,855]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE660AFFD8FF68E46784F4FCEC" blockId="59.[151,743,762,855]" box="[151,743,831,855]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7A11D0660AFFD8FF68E46784F4FCEC" box="[151,743,831,855]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF660AFFD8FF68E4678417FCEC" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[151,516,831,855]" page="173" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" year="1940">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660AFFD8FF68E4678417FCEC" ID-CoL="3W22D" authority="Fisher, 1940: 173" authorityName="Fisher" authorityPageNumber="173" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,516,831,855]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="densus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FF68E467875AFCEC" box="[151,329,831,855]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Lophaster densus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FEAFE4678417FCEC" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[336,516,831,855]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940: 173</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; A.M.
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<treatmentCitation id="0ACB10EF660AFFD8FDB7E46784F0FCEC" author="Clark, A. M." box="[584,739,831,855]" page="50" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" year="1962">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FDB7E46784F0FCEC" author="Clark, A. M." box="[584,739,831,855]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="68 - 70" refId="ref56254" refString="Clark, A. M. (1962) Asteroidea. B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931, B 9, 68 - 70." type="journal article" year="1962">Clark 1962: 50</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3706575660AFFD8FF68E4DD872EFAB3" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE660AFFD8FF68E4DD84F4FC24" blockId="59.[151,1437,901,1288]" box="[151,743,901,928]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FF68E4DD8719FC24" bold="true" box="[151,266,901,927]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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(based on USNM 10102 and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FDA6E4DD84CCFC24" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[601,735,901,927]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher 1940</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE660AFFD8FF38E4F1872EFAB3" blockId="59.[151,1437,901,1288]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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Body stellate, R/r=2.53, arms short, triangular, Disk thick with convex rays (
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<figureCitation id="13512A7B660AFFD8FBCEE4F182A7FC78" box="[1073,1204,937,963]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1886,1910]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-51@60.[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 19. Paralophaster densus nov. comb. Holotype USNM E10102, string with label left on specimen during photography. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal and marginal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Closeup of marginal paxillae. E. Closeup of tube foot groove and adambulacral/furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090290/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 19A C</figureCitation>
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). Interradial broadly curved. Abactinal paxillae abundant, close-set, each with 15–30, usually 20–30 spinelets, these forming a close-set canopy over the abactinal surface giving a hirsute appearance (
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<figureCitation id="13512A7B660AFFD8FC5FE4A9823CFBB0" box="[928,1071,1009,1035]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1886,1910]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-51@60.[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 19. Paralophaster densus nov. comb. Holotype USNM E10102, string with label left on specimen during photography. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal and marginal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Closeup of marginal paxillae. E. Closeup of tube foot groove and adambulacral/furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090290/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 19A, B</figureCitation>
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). Paxillar base with four lobes. Superomarginals alternate with inferomarginals, similar but larger than adjacent abactinals, approximately 10–18 spinelets, thick, capping each plate (
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<figureCitation id="13512A7B660AFFD8FDBBE36184BCFBE8" box="[580,687,1081,1107]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1886,1910]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-51@60.[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 19. Paralophaster densus nov. comb. Holotype USNM E10102, string with label left on specimen during photography. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal and marginal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Closeup of marginal paxillae. E. Closeup of tube foot groove and adambulacral/furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090290/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 19B</figureCitation>
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). Inferomarginals 20 per arm side, larger than superomarginals, approximately 10–18 spinelets, blunt, thick (
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<figureCitation id="13512A7B660AFFD8FD78E30584FFFBCC" box="[647,748,1117,1143]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1886,1910]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-51@60.[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 19. Paralophaster densus nov. comb. Holotype USNM E10102, string with label left on specimen during photography. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal and marginal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Closeup of marginal paxillae. E. Closeup of tube foot groove and adambulacral/furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090290/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 19C</figureCitation>
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). Actinal interradial region with three chevrons of plates, each with spines, 1–9, variably showing higher numbers proximally then decreasing distally. Furrow spines 2–5 with highest number proximally (
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<figureCitation id="13512A7B660AFFD8FE24E3FD8456FB04" box="[475,581,1189,1215]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1886,1910]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-51@60.[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 19. Paralophaster densus nov. comb. Holotype USNM E10102, string with label left on specimen during photography. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal and marginal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Closeup of marginal paxillae. E. Closeup of tube foot groove and adambulacral/furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090290/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 19D</figureCitation>
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). Subambulacral spines,
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curved, transverse series, increasing in size from outer to inner. Oral plates with furrow spines 6–8, suboral spines,
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weakly defined series adjacent to median suture.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3706575660AFFDEFF68E26D82DCFEA6" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE660AFFD8FF68E26D870BFAF4" blockId="59.[151,1437,1333,2008]" box="[151,280,1333,1359]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FF68E26D870BFAF4" bold="true" box="[151,280,1333,1359]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Comments</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE660AFFD8FF38E201879EF99C" blockId="59.[151,1437,1333,2008]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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Following placement of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660AFFD8FE2AE201848BFAC8" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[469,664,1369,1395]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="densus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FE2AE201848BFAC8" box="[469,664,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Lophaster densus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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within the
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660AFFD8FCECE20185A6FAC8" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[787,949,1369,1395]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FCECE20185A6FAC8" box="[787,949,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Paralophaster</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
clade (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FBFCE20182CDFAC8" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W." box="[1027,1246,1369,1395]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref60604" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W. (2011 b) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah & Foltz 2011b</bibRefCitation>
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) species position as based on morphology is reviewed. Characters from
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FCF1E22585B8FA2C" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[782,939,1405,1431]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher (1940)</bibRefCitation>
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, H.E.S.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FBF3E225828CFA2C" author="Clark, H. E. S." box="[1036,1183,1405,1431]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref56491" refString="Clark, H. E. S. (1963) The Fauna of the Ross Sea. Part 3. Asteroidea. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin, 151, 1 - 84." type="journal article" year="1963">Clark (1963)</bibRefCitation>
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and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FB25E2258384FA2C" author="Koehler, R." box="[1242,1431,1405,1431]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="1 - 277" refId="ref59374" refString="Koehler, R. (1912 a) Echinodermes (Asteries, Ophiures et Echinides). In: Deuxieme Expedition Antarctique Francaise 1908 - 1910 J. Charcot. Masson et cie, Paris, pp. 1 - 277. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85347" type="book chapter" year="1912">Koehler (1912a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, together with new specimens are in accord with the molecular treatment. On the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D1885C660AFFD8FBE5E2FA826EFA07" box="[1050,1149,1442,1468]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
, superomarginal paxillae, if present, are consistent with those on the abactinal surface, but are apparently more evident on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D1885C660AFFD8FACCE29D838BFA64" box="[1331,1432,1477,1503]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FF1DE2B1876AF9B8" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[226,377,1513,1539]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described as having a distinct set of superomarginal plates which intercalate between the larger inferomarginal plates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE660AFFD8FF38E16A86E4F898" blockId="59.[151,1437,1333,2008]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
As indicated earlier,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FE43E16984BAF9F7" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[444,681,1585,1612]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher’s (1940: 175)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
original diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660AFFD8FC50E1698242F9F0" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[943,1105,1585,1611]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FC50E1698242F9F0" box="[943,1105,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Paralophaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only included those species without “differentiated superomarginal plates” (paxillae) which distinctly differs from later accounts (A.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FAA8E10D86C3F928" author="Clark, A. M." pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="68 - 70" refId="ref56254" refString="Clark, A. M. (1962) Asteroidea. B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931, B 9, 68 - 70." type="journal article" year="1962">Clark, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that re-interpreted this character to mean similar in size to abactinal paxillae (as discussed earlier). As such, this has come to include additional species which Fisher did not originally include in his taxonomic definition for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660AFFD8FF68E199872AF960" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,313,1729,1755]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FF68E199872AF960" box="[151,313,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Paralophaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This appears to be the case for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660AFFD8FD49E199856EF960" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[694,893,1729,1755]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="densus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FD49E199856EF960" box="[694,893,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Lophaster densus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FC71E199823BF960" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[910,1064,1729,1755]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
made note that this species was collected from the same station as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660AFFD8FDCDE1BE84B4F944" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[562,679,1766,1791]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Myoraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FDCDE1BE84B4F944" box="[562,679,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Myoraster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FD44E1BD8563F944" box="[699,880,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660AFFD8FD35E1BD8563F944" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[714,880,1765,1791]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Paralophaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660AFFD8FC7BE1BE8212F944" box="[900,1025,1766,1791]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FC7BE1BE8212F944" box="[900,1025,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">antarcticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, commenting on similarities of the paxillae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE660AFFDFFF38E07587F0FF6F" blockId="59.[151,1437,1333,2008]" lastBlockId="60.[151,1436,150,213]" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
Characters diagnostic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660AFFD8FE22E0758564F8FC" authority="(Fisher 1940: 174)" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityPageNumber="174" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[477,887,1837,1863]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="densus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FE22E07584B2F8FC" box="[477,673,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Lophaster densus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FD50E075857CF8FC" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[687,879,1837,1863]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher 1940: 174</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660AFFD8FB88E075838FF8FC" box="[1143,1436,1837,1863]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FB88E075838FF8FC" box="[1143,1436,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Paralophaster antarcticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FF60E0098777F8D0" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[159,356,1873,1899]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher 1940: 182</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660AFFD8FE71E00A8410F8D0" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[398,515,1874,1899]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Myoraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660AFFD8FE71E00A8410F8D0" box="[398,515,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Myoraster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) suggesting the two species are closely related, and possibly synonymous. This includes the high numbers of spinelets on the abactinal and marginal paxillae (15–30 versus 30–40, or “up to 35”,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FF2DE0C18789F808" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[210,410,1945,1971]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher 1940: 174</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), overlapping or similar numbers of marginal plates per arm (20–30 versus 20–40) and overlapping or similar numbers of furrow and subambulacral spines (3 to 4 versus 2 to 5). Based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660AFFD8FAFBE0E5838FF86C" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[1284,1436,1981,2007]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and examination of small sized specimens, body shape in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660DFFDFFCE2E7CF8595FF0A" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[797,902,151,177]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="densus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660DFFDFFCE2E7CF8595FF0A" box="[797,902,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">L. densus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is less stellate (R/r=2.53 at R=
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B1B660DFFDFFB1FE7CF833EFF0A" box="[1248,1325,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="cm" value="1.9">1.9 cm</quantity>
|
||
) than that of
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660DFFDFFF49E7E387F0FF6F" box="[182,483,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660DFFDFFF49E7E387CCFF6F" box="[182,479,187,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">Paralophaster antarcticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF156676660DFFDFFF68E0068515F805" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090290" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8090290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090290/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" startId="60.[151,250,1886,1910]" targetBox="[151,1436,273,1863]" targetPageId="60" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE660DFFDFFF68E0068515F805" blockId="60.[151,1437,1886,1982]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660DFFDFFF68E006846BF8CD" bold="true" box="[151,632,1886,1910]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
FIGURE 19.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660DFFDFFEDDE0068411F8CD" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[290,514,1886,1910]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="densus" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660DFFDFFEDDE0068411F8CD" bold="true" box="[290,514,1886,1910]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Paralophaster densus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D5797660DFFDFFDF9E006846BF8CD" box="[518,632,1886,1910]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="species">nov. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype USNM E10102, string with label left on specimen during photography.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660DFFDFFF68E0DA86A3F821" bold="true" box="[151,176,1922,1946]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Abactinal surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660DFFDFFE86E0DA8783F821" bold="true" box="[377,400,1922,1946]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Closeup of abactinal and marginal paxillae.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660DFFDFFC9EE0DA856AF821" bold="true" box="[865,889,1922,1946]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Actinal surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660DFFDFFBD3E0DA8257F821" bold="true" box="[1068,1092,1922,1946]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Closeup of marginal paxillae.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660DFFDFFA7AE0DA838FF821" bold="true" box="[1413,1436,1922,1946]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">E.</emphasis>
|
||
Closeup of tube foot groove and adambulacral/furrow spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE660CFFDEFF38E7CF82DCFEA6" blockId="61.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Some differences remain evident, such as the difference in paxillar spines on the abactinal surface and molecular position.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F660CFFDEFEFBE7E38411FF6E" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W." box="[260,514,187,213]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref60604" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W. (2011 b) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah & Foltz (2011b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660CFFDEFD8FE7E3852AFF6E" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[624,825,187,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="densus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660CFFDEFD8FE7E3852AFF6E" box="[624,825,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Lophaster densus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring on a sister branch to the clade including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660CFFDEFF68E787878DFF42" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[151,414,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="godfroyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660CFFDEFF68E787878DFF42" box="[151,414,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Paralophaster godfroyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D660CFFDEFE2AE78784E8FF43" box="[469,763,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660CFFDEFE2AE78784E8FF43" box="[469,763,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Paralophaster antarcticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggesting a more distant phylogenetic position to either of those two species. Further sampling and understanding of morphological variation are desirable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3706575660CFFDEFF68E6128236FE16" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE660CFFDEFF68E612876CFEDF" blockId="61.[151,1436,330,429]" box="[151,383,330,356]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<heading id="D09D8192660CFFDEFF68E612876CFEDF" bold="true" box="[151,383,330,356]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660CFFDEFF68E612876CFEDF" bold="true" box="[151,383,330,356]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Material Examined</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE660CFFDEFF38E6378236FE16" blockId="61.[151,1436,330,429]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B023CA3660CFFDEFF38E6378236FE16" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4139000366" collectingDate="1927-03-02" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="R / V Discovery" country="Antarctica" latitude="-63.2889" location="South Shetland Islands" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-59.8042" municipality="Southern Ocean" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" specimenCode="E 10102" specimenCount="201" specimenCount-male="200" stateProvince="Bransfield Strait" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BAE3B660CFFDEFF38E637870BFE32" box="[199,280,367,393]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBCC9E85660CFFDEFEDEE6378797FE32" box="[289,388,367,393]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">E 10102</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D1885C660CFFDEFE6EE63787E5FE32" box="[401,502,367,393]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49AEF81C660CFFDEFDFCE63784D2FE32" box="[515,705,367,393]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Bransfield Strait</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EB56025660CFFDEFD32E63785C6FE32" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C387E8660AFFDEFF68E5A28236FE16:8EB56025660CFFDEFD32E63785C6FE32" box="[717,981,367,393]" country="Antarctica" latitude="-63.2889" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-59.8042" municipality="Southern Ocean" name="South Shetland Islands" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" stateProvince="Bransfield Strait">South Shetland Islands</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D766E660CFFDEFC1FE637824BFE32" box="[992,1112,367,393]" name="Antarctica" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB1AC84660CFFDEFB9AE637830DFE32" box="[1125,1310,367,393]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Southern Ocean</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
.
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5E5039660CFFDEFAD5E637838BFE32" box="[1322,1432,367,393]" degrees="63.2889" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" precision="5" value="-63.2889">−63.2889</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5E5039660CFFDEFF68E6CA8716FE16" box="[151,261,402,429]" degrees="59.8042" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" precision="5" value="-59.8042">−59.8042</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6CFD77660CFFDEFEEFE6CB874DFE16" box="[272,350,403,429]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="male">
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B1B660CFFDEFEEFE6CB8749FE16" box="[272,346,403,429]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
Coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="269F5328660CFFDEFE5CE6CB8459FE17" box="[419,586,403,429]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
R/V
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC660CFFDEFE27E6CB8459FE17" box="[472,586,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Discovery</emphasis>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFD4103E660CFFDEFDA7E6CB84EBFE16" box="[600,760,403,429]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" value="1927-03-02">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF90E9D6660CFFDEFDA7E6CB84EBFE16" box="[600,760,403,429]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" value="1927-03-02">2 March 1927</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
.
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6CFD77660CFFDEFCFCE6CB8502FE16" box="[771,785,403,429]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">1</specimenCount>
|
||
wet spec. R=0.75 r=0.3.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |