treatments-xml/data/B2/20/B4/B220B476CB2CCE6969C08D01BFAD88F9.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-231-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488" ModsDocID="1314-2003-231-1" checkinTime="1693383686345" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Saerkinen, Tiina &amp; Barboza, Gloria E." docDate="2023" docId="B220B476CB2CCE6969C08D01BFAD88F9" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 231: 1-342" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 231" docPubDate="2023-08-29" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894" docTitle="Solanum americanum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488" masterDocTitle="A revision of the South American species of the Morelloid clade (Solanum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="342" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1693383686345" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods id="462E98C6401446E39DA2C4182A64F1D2" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="01B563798F4C743D8529CEE74EA439E0">
<mods:title id="3263E1BD4CFE10723FDE23961D8EEBE5">A revision of the South American species of the Morelloid clade (Solanum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="598B03714BC01B5FD62260F584228652" type="personal">
<mods:role id="77FDD0FBDCC7608506DABFFF7C275AFF">
<mods:roleTerm id="156AF2AF363875E3F8FF252A4B13379A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D53938AEE4919F4D7F6C9F66E99CCF56">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="68247BFA2A583E7F128F3F1D384E88AE" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="743ECEB3A5947788D1A160DC1DA5057D">Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="DF47F6B84EAA5841937DA076EA9396C1" type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="C1749B31E8A320EA4D4FAAB66A71D0BF" type="personal">
<mods:role id="290162A947034330DB980D07D3B99F72">
<mods:roleTerm id="C13C7CC461AC4C2E8853F3A567178E68">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="61E8B7BE0B6E35217F3C802AEAA07279">Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="860E4F3A444C85ECBF6E03A3574B470B" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6956-3093</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="ABB117068C984BB5FFEAF075FEEBDBBD">Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20 A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH 3 5 LR, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="A7F981EB525A25116AC4C9B52957E2B4" type="personal">
<mods:role id="0DBC49A68EC18C9F08F1AECBA7770AE6">
<mods:roleTerm id="DE892A9DED7B1A163705637E23581514">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E08F3AF16436A9078152DDB704993D5F">Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1E0EE203F4BA33EAD43A73A998BAE69C" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1085-036X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="452C5A8A7045B93503B0BE1FCF262FD1">Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="D94EF6CB7724AF8E4B2A24254105FF8F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="695A139E9BBC65618D7CCE4C6D331C07" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="488FC44284672761CA76713808DD1A08">
<mods:title id="99BCC63523EE30C1762EF84405A44854">PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="D712398CA477372C1C489A5F76523FF2">
<mods:date id="62E1EF8E6D34DBC7FFB64C78CB776D66">2023</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="17EADE71BF3169D135B3D60DF975B9F9" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="422B6E9AC1FA1292110205C9F9DD7787">2023-08-29</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="E339E2B87D0E45C190AAA533C224D465" type="volume">
<mods:number id="A79E1186274BDC95EBB2D3DE3A066860">231</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="7CCF052469CB8D1541A863A4F428DEF4" unit="page">
<mods:start id="4997D953AFE18271EDEAA8CE6BC75E24">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="E5335EF162220666F9F5F24552920CA3">342</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="0B5EA08EF6BEDF04B148871E09F10533">
<mods:url id="B60A60F9157F6352678C981EBB591869">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="F7A21214AA4350AA18080D17A376F935">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="2AE48F5EA4BC19BEA3AE772D0C40D3EB" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0FDB1CEA50CFBFB51938BA69224FDAA1" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-231-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="376DC8CFA6E144C0A113322149FD0520" type="Pensoft-UUID">0D762CF99C605B04AF072C867EEB1488</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="B220B476CB2CCE6969C08D01BFAD88F9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B220B476CB2CCE6969C08D01BFAD88F9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B220B476CB2CCE6969C08D01BFAD88F9" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="CC09AA5B3DE7585A1F0C35DF22EFA5B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B64F337D69FE97C8388B6D9B4371B29" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
4. 
<taxonomicName id="472B9F5B14B67EE4B7EA8E259AC399DB" ID-CoL="4XZGL" ID-ENA="109975" authority="Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768." authorityName="Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FE39064BD2D9232D58082126D8FD9CCE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="D366AEA3690218DB849A142EF1B65175" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation id="74732F3B739B573D1AEB978EE1103FDE" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Solanum americanum A habit B detail of abaxial leaf surface C detail of adaxial leaf surface D branch with inflorescence E leaf F dissected flower G fruit (A-D, F, G Cremers 8084 E Farrugia et al. 2773). Illustration by R. Wise. Previously published in Saerkinen et al. (2018: 57) and Knapp et al. (2019: 38)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897476" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 15</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="DAA6B3D9FD651A7CADBBC183685C427D" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Solanum americanum A habit B leaves and young inflorescence C buds and flowers D mature, shiny black fruits with reflexed calyx lobes (A, D Knapp et al. 10210 B Knapp et al. 10205 C Knapp et al. 10360). Photos by S. Knapp. Previously published in Saerkinen et al. (2018: 58) and Knapp et al. (2019: 39)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897477" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 16</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="244D1E0A0E018D118A0770640FB4BDBC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="21CD123FA44FDAC4E2039A0D361EC011" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="915959F5503CF6531509CC0C49AB58BB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum oleraceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">Solanum oleraceum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Encycl. [J. Lamarck &amp; al.] Suppl. 3: 750. 1814. Type. 
<normalizedToken id="EA1D235BB72966B366EF9F3CAE9BB87F" originalValue="“Antilles”">&quot;Antilles&quot;</normalizedToken>
<emphasis id="1646582CD143CB957B76024DF7AD709C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herb, Richard s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="E2926BC20A6884ECA66738E368CFD3FE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B53" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken id="AED793E8AE65BBB2D54210B05377FCD9" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 735: P [P00319557]; isolectotypes: G-DC [G00144258], MPU [n.v.]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B18A90709899D5872829C42F6527B758" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F3AC4F70797B47B9A484D9DAC7EB62DF" authorityName="G.F.W.Mey" authorityYear="1818" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum erythrocarpon" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erythrocarpon">Solanum erythrocarpon</taxonomicName>
G.Mey., Prim. Fl. Esseq. 109. 1818. Type. Suriname. Saramacca: Hamburg (Essequibo), 
<emphasis id="29BF61C3A4BAD42914CCF4A22C65D5AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E.K. Rodschied 31</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="108B428F37B9716F17D6AFCF7AA98B0A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="FC065F8C229053B241B45E3CC60ECAC8" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 52: GOET [GOET003505]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0B09AB5A2CD06FC9B54D38F069F31CF0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4A0F55F6D876A30B4D8877C1BAE765C7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Vell., Fl. Flumin. 85. 1829 [1825], nom. illeg., not 
<taxonomicName id="CBB279CE1B4FFF50DFAD52E28FC99972" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
L. (1753). Type. Brazil. [Rio de Janeiro]: &quot;undequaeque nascitur&quot; (lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="6180739920E2379897E3F3833A7D3595" DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/644.14" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="822 - 836" refId="B133" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Romero, MV, Vignoli-Silva, M, Giacomin, LL, Stehmann, JR, 2015. Identification and lectotypification of the Solanaceae from Vellozo's Flora Fluminensis. Taxon 64: 822 - 836, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/644.14" title="Identification and lectotypification of the Solanaceae from Vellozo's Flora Fluminensis." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/644.14" volume="64" year="2015">Knapp et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 832: [illustration] Original parchment plate of Flora Fluminensis in the Manuscript Section of the Biblioteca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro [cat. no.: mss1198651_112] and later published in Vellozo, Fl. Flumin. Icon. 2: tab. 109. 1831).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="312F29C80D6B2423FFEFC6AEDDDF40B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="A5180684EE06DA8FA694AB6B55234662" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tenuiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuiflorum">Solanum tenuiflorum</taxonomicName>
Steud., Nomencl. ed. 2, 2: 606. 1841. Type. Based on (replacement name for) 
<taxonomicName id="CF74A9B4F8E76943A30EB6FF2B4238EF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Vell.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C843BE3E807F8B8528EE31592837901C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="70544DA44C7016919E82E09E8EE87356" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum indecorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indecorum">Solanum indecorum</taxonomicName>
A.Rich., Hist. Fls. Cuba, Fanerogamia 11: 121. 1841. Type. Cuba. Sin loc., 1836, 
<emphasis id="BF9BFD579CEF8CC5BF3D83D8E0FAC34A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. de la Sagra s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="46A2ED66E9483A2B1B00479F09FDA9B7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="823C78D191F2904415882761C5346DA7" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 52: P [P00370899]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC819D17B48041ACAEA9296A0B038859" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="0209D87EAB179447BCD99C93A8494B2C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. angulosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="angulosum">Solanum nigrum L. var. angulosum</taxonomicName>
Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10: 16. 1846, as 
<taxonomicName id="315C5D9DE5D3234ADD6958CBD6E6AC57" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. angulosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="angulosum">Solanum nigrum L. subsp. nodiflorum (Jacq.) Sendtn. var. angulosum</taxonomicName>
Sendtn. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName id="293B45FB610BF71204D38195A9E7A654" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tenuiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuiflorum">Solanum tenuiflorum</taxonomicName>
Steud. (= 
<taxonomicName id="A044D20C11A39E6B8D2402203EA3A263" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Vell.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9605BBF4805C190C30BA7EF4A0E4009E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="AC83E5F55F1248694EF002C5B6CAFF0D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. aguaraquiya" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrum" subSpecies="aguaraquiya">Solanum nigrum L. subsp. aguaraquiya</taxonomicName>
Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10: 17. 1846. Type. Brazil. Rio Grande do Sul: &quot;Pat. Joan a St. Barbara&quot;, 
<emphasis id="BCDF180663F7EA4E3C427BFF4BCAC640" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C.F.P. Martius s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="93F28E7FF5109EDCDDEEF106CB7793A6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="3FE9BB1C71E7B41AB61EEFD666E01B45" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 52: M [M-0171809]; isolectotype: M [M-0171810]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8184C5C13469C0E6B5537C361B3E86AC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="DDEDC5ED3775BA8601A28A8DBBF7123E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. minus" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="minus">Solanum nigrum L. var. minus</taxonomicName>
Hook.f., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20(2): 201. 1847, as &quot; 
<emphasis id="6334EB8D967B85A186EFEF964ABE1877" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">minor</emphasis>
&quot; Type. Ecuador. 
<normalizedToken id="3FBECC7EE6D17876CF122D6A3D602109" originalValue="Galápagos">Galapagos</normalizedToken>
Islands: James Island [Santiago], 
<emphasis id="39B885E651B4C313A33823FBC34E0FBC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Darwin s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="9575AA0C00A1BF9C952C43F74816EB4C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="528EED9088F2B5D895AB2443D9921C2E" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 52: CGE [CGE00297]; isolectotype: K [K000922162]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="08745CA25CEB3272D877A73B86076033" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="7C8ABFC06D65A0FFBAF7703DD9DA9ECD" authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum amarantoides" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amarantoides">Solanum amarantoides</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 55. 1852. Type. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro, 
<emphasis id="DBC122D6C79D6BAE3051B998520A7348" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Gaudichaud 522</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="8BC2AEC776F2C5B4894BF6D13E831BD7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B53" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken id="97FD226FD84EFF34443875DE29F7DD31" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 735 [as holotype]; second step designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="CD1542D7B5B4C3ADA57E4C2D6D0A12B9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="3D00754115045C189969FB49153BBE05" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 52: P [P00319574]; isolectotypes: P [P00319575], MPU [n.v.]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BC750F17148F2B453372AC04DC27FBD2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="6B3E53131DD4D60EC9E4C79C5A77AE25" authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" baseAuthorityName="Sendtn." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pterocaulum subsp. var. var. aguaraquiya" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pterocaulum" subSpecies="var." variety="aguaraquiya">Solanum pterocaulum Dunal var. aguaraquiya</taxonomicName>
(Sendtn.) Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 52. 1852, as ' 
<emphasis id="1EE04A1D0FFF4CE2102B8941F946DA77" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pterocaulon&gt;</emphasis>
'. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName id="D86A81F2B8FB178B604FE3B55FCFAC62" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
L. subsp. 
<taxonomicName id="77FAD3166BD448A616D67F13F4212464" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. aguaraquiya" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrum" subSpecies="aguaraquiya">Solanum nigrum aguaraquiya</taxonomicName>
Sendtn.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D0F28C9BE63E5A92C5A80847A4E06460" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="7647ADA300E03C301D6D03EE5861FCAD" authorityName="Dunal in Candolle &amp; Candolle" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ptychanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ptychanthum">Solanum ptychanthum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 54. 1852. Type. United States of America. Georgia: Chatham Co., Savannah, 
<emphasis id="DCF1BF8DF8023789025FB0FE7565194B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anon. s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: G-DC [G00144485]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF094201029FE1903190B8EF922A234A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="513AC68B8461727256F0479916D762D0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum subsp. var. var. macrophyllum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" subSpecies="var." variety="macrophyllum">Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. var. macrophyllum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 46. 1852. Type. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, 
<emphasis id="C3DEC242C3023532FEB2F0C75A9C5F61" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Gaudichaud 521</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="60F6379F421BA7D0AF664D186D1D0A7A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B53" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken id="49720F5AAE4188F882452128F512D46A" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 735: P [P00319582]; isolectotypes: P [P00319583, P00319585], G-DC [G00144100], G [G00343373]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA1A9E7090F636F932AE7751716A535E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="21C3D1A8B5B8FFE5757A0FFA66F98DF9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum subsp. var. var. acuminatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" subSpecies="var." variety="acuminatum">Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. var. acuminatum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 46. 1852. Type. Brazil. Minas Gerais: Sin loc., 
<emphasis id="16345133E0D72F4AB99B389059DFE369" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. Vauthier 537</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="288F1691D0B6475FF945130E2DDC5573" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B53" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken id="21722A46BED0BE30604E3E5B7F1AE159" originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 735 [as type ex Herb. Drake]: P [P00319615]; isolectotypes: P [P00319614], G-DC [G00343360]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B552B13F95A97D11FD8A42BAC02D90C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="F9FC11A622ACAFFD2F5CD818DB27514E" authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum subsp. var. var. petiolastrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" subSpecies="var." variety="petiolastrum">Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. var. petiolastrum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 46. 1852. Type. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Novo Friburgo, 1842, 
<emphasis id="D1032265F2567FFAC82BF8D44A8581E6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. Claussen 180</emphasis>
(holotype: P [P00319584]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF504543E6790522598DB79E18F67679" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="44AC0B80F294250D45EDD88569256682" authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum inops" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inops">Solanum inops</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 55. 1852. Type. Mexico. &quot;sin. loc.&quot; [Tamaulipas: Tampico, 4 Feb 1827], 
<emphasis id="C163371D69B0DFC3DECA8FD970092A51" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J.L. Berlandier 46</emphasis>
(holotype: G-DC [G00144469]; isotypes: BM [BM000775579], F [F0073104F], LE, P [P00336046, P00336047, P00336048], W [acc. # 1889-0291394, acc. # 1889-0144848]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA2A850BDA903F0EF3BEC1559732D40F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="6B91993AD370FFE825CEC8625069B50C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. oleraceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="oleraceum">Solanum nigrum L. var. oleraceum</taxonomicName>
(Dunal) Hitchc., Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard 4: 111. 1893. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName id="7B2EB6806EDEADDF75AEDE8EDB1CAA76" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum oleraceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">Solanum oleraceum</taxonomicName>
Dunal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C0D7616B984DF0DA0A31AE518CFABA65" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="A51A5A03C338381FC8D3A7950BC1F9C8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="americanum">Solanum nigrum L. var. americanum</taxonomicName>
(Mill.) O.E.Schulz, Symb. Antill. (Urban) 6: 160. 1909. Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName id="B975640CE13A215D1F4733F9BD888938" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Mill.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E285104D01559D489A61592E8C1EBFF0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="CBDE8AD25767818C93DBF04F08E827AB" authorityName="O.E.Schulz" authorityYear="1909" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="grandifolium" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma">Solanum nigrum L. forma grandifolium</taxonomicName>
O.E.Schulz, Symb. Antill. (Urban) 6: 160. 1909, as 
<taxonomicName id="914352F3FEA44868B080132C4086DD6A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="grandiifolia" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma var. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma" variety="americanum">Solanum nigrum L. var. americanum (Mill.) O.E.Schulz forma grandiifolia</taxonomicName>
O.E.Schulz. Type. Puerto Rico. &quot;Prope Cayey in sylvis ad rivulum superiorem m. Sept. fl. et. fr.&quot;, 
<emphasis id="91818518521FD49A04D694E1EDA526A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P.E.E. Sintenis 2429</emphasis>
(no herbarium cited; no duplicates found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="048E87733171589B7BCC77A360967DAD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="940F192239BE62C52118B64F55AB2946" authorityName="O.E.Schulz" authorityYear="1909" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="parvifolium" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma">Solanum nigrum L. forma parvifolium</taxonomicName>
O.E.Schulz, Symb. Antill. (Urban) 6: 160. 1909, as 
<taxonomicName id="1438D0FA3975084AAA17E10A624603D4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="parvifolia" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma var. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma" variety="americanum">Solanum nigrum L. var. americanum (Mill.) O.E.Schulz forma parvifolia</taxonomicName>
O.E.Schulz. Type. Cuba. La Habana: Santiago de las Vegas &quot;Baker Herb. Cub. 3377&quot; (no herbarium cited; no duplicates found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B6781EEFDA491C37352C8DACBB1CD228" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="70CCB537DB9601D7B56002452C92A8CD" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum minutibaccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minutibaccatum">Solanum minutibaccatum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 549. 1912. Type. Bolivia. La Paz: &quot;San Carlos, bei Mapiri&quot;, 750 m, Aug 1907, 
<emphasis id="B238111E18B979B79CB1E4D80A1BB9CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. Buchtien 1443</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="8570B8329E433E51B73CE487E3F964C9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="59EA91E6948351058C83533786B327CC" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 54: US [00027684, acc. # 1175843]; isotypes: GOET [GOET003478], NY [00172089]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4216E2A3DDCD7C42E4F9CCBF0A6AB81C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="2E4390D7CA33BF2AF839859F4EDFD60C" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum inconspicuum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">Solanum inconspicuum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 204. 1912. Type. Peru. Lima: Lima, 12 Jul 1910, 
<emphasis id="7480B4352305C40D15239CFD933E46BA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Seler 222</emphasis>
(holotype: B, destroyed; no duplicates found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9A2A092507FBDA6DD8305FB9CE3B544F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="5D3C1D428765EAF8C4ED7D067C4D2166" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tenellum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenellum">Solanum tenellum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 219. 1912. Type. Brasil. Minas Gerais: &quot;Prope urbem Caldas florens fructibusque instructum&quot;, 4 Oct 1869, 
<emphasis id="DAB50676BE0EFAC39711CFAFC88600D1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A.F. Regnell III 970</emphasis>
(holotype: UPS; isotype: US [00027821, acc. # 201069]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F4FC18BD58951ED718C1C1940959204" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="2440CEBBDF906F7C8805C7FF0D0919CE" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum minutibaccatum subsp. curtipedunculatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="minutibaccatum" subSpecies="curtipedunculatum">Solanum minutibaccatum Bitter subsp. curtipedunculatum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 205. 1912. Type. Bolivia. La Paz: Guanai-Tipuani, Apr-Jun 1892, 
<emphasis id="06CBCEE0C6FEEF3C261316B6B095952A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. Bang 1462</emphasis>
(holotype: W [acc. # 1893-0005615]; isotypes: BM [BM000617672], E [E00106087], M [M-0171808], MO [MO-503647, acc. # 1713464], NDG [NDG42278], NY [00172090, 00172091, 00172092], PH [00030453], US [00027685, acc. # 1324656; 02835359], WIS [0256198WIS]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38509FE8F712F55B38BAA8025BD44363" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="75B6AAC9DAD94B5A90044CA5EE353D87" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sciaphilum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sciaphilum">Solanum sciaphilum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 220. 1912. Type. Brazil. Santa Catarina: Pedras Grandes, Aug 1890, 
<emphasis id="4C13FF4E501F042E4F38A8B02C6CCFA0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Ule 1678</emphasis>
(holotype: B, destroyed [F neg. 2851]; lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="FBE55C9677D99FE0730EFF0EAECD5075" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="30B71BBA7A8802822E0073D26CF6B9D2" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 54: HBG [HBG-511539]; isolectotype: HBG [HBG-511540]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A945761F998758C5BB7A708E9DE003E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="84E0FB216BCC7FE74596E6EA7E552551" authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum curtipes" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="curtipes">Solanum curtipes</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 228. 1912. Type. Paraguay. Cordillera: San Bernardino, Aug 1898-1899, 
<emphasis id="2B3B4ABEBD402C3E0F2DBD14C3E859E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken id="B0F9B2F88FE9D446FA42DDC4912F312E" originalValue="É">E</normalizedToken>
. Hassler 3104
</emphasis>
(holotype: B, destroyed; lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="C263111A01326632E54958AF349F637E" author="Morton, CV" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity and Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B166" refString="Morton, CV, 1976. A revision of the Argentine species of Solanum. Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Cordoba." title="A revision of the Argentine species of Solanum. Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Cordoba." year="1976">Morton 1976</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 149: G [G00306710]; isolectotypes: G [G00306711, G00306712, G00306713, G00306714], K [K000532497], P [P00325762], NY [00139112], UC [UC950837]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="54D5ED982C633C8D1A78CE46E3DBB142" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="FBB8CB1D92543176B0B9EF753441CB14" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum calvum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calvum">Solanum calvum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 81. 1913. Type. Mexico. Baja California: Guadalupe Island, 1875, 
<emphasis id="1E04A1909C75B3FF29C429D11F928B95" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Palmer 60</emphasis>
[pro parte] (holotype: UPS; isotypes: BM [BM001017192], MO [MO-159620, acc. # 5257812; MO-568722, acc. # 1713454], NY [00138967, 00759880], YU [YU065319]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8CCE0026CBD3F96A9D7213B34ED2995E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="AB36839D7525C7639BE4AE39FD090643" authorityName="Chodat" authorityYear="1916" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum subsp. var. var. sapucayense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" subSpecies="var." variety="sapucayense">Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. var. sapucayense</taxonomicName>
Chodat, Bull. Soc. Bot. 
<normalizedToken id="329743F330C5E1D8AB3AC5DDFF665DA5" originalValue="Genève">Geneve</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken id="71912430FFE24D528AC084C1CCE7B15E" originalValue="sér">ser</normalizedToken>
. 2, 8: 150. 1916. Type. Paraguay. 
<normalizedToken id="FA6D3071513F77F66CBAF1114D221137" originalValue="Paraguarí">Paraguari</normalizedToken>
: 
<normalizedToken id="87CCBB0BE39FE616F28A11C546905E0E" originalValue="Sapucaí">Sapucai</normalizedToken>
[
<normalizedToken id="7D67F76C88E813735CC11D39565F146C" originalValue="“Sapucay”">&quot;Sapucay&quot;</normalizedToken>
], 1914, 
<emphasis id="3E833F4F70243FFE65A86C2DEF91CCF2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. Chodat &amp; W. Vischer 46</emphasis>
(holotype: G [G00306708]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6F36F0C9B18FBF557049B2739363D45C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="EDD003F265953950E2963553598972CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus id="473E317A672DFC0555436688D434C754">Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4257A142D3B5402ADB4B29645637DCAB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Cultivated at the Chelsea Physic Garden [in protologue said to &quot;grow naturally in Virginia&quot;], 
<emphasis id="BCB3C8B08546206127F98F71F4AD36FE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herb. Miller s.n.</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="D70EC99BAEF04B95DC5FF5F728EF6E6D">lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="D41FB0E40646B3428D94BA60A4CAE213" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="95 - 114" refId="B73" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1972. A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 95 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" title="A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" volume="27" year="1972">Edmonds 1972</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 103 [as type]: BM [BM000617683]).
</paragraph>
<caption id="0CA29D315BEBCB3EDA129B7F1A84270B" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897476" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 15" startId="F15">
<paragraph id="30851010C7493A3AA6B61F860F8D536B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="E11460D89470F88200D1E1A2397416B2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6785EA08DBF3435B0C120265D28AD6BB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="71AA7CCC5C76883FD1D4A0896CC613BD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="9EACE503C77F73C656DB4E9136951896" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
habit 
<emphasis id="2AA824B04B38260380588198D97C6AD1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
detail of abaxial leaf surface 
<emphasis id="9E5288066C5287969BC0149A8336040E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
detail of adaxial leaf surface 
<emphasis id="1A2D2916AD36B1A164A67C86640FFF48" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
branch with inflorescence 
<emphasis id="13E14EFCFEE7D24C882C04EE5147F7F2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
leaf 
<emphasis id="7AD9FD9C23F288607E81ADA930F1B146" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
dissected flower 
<emphasis id="7957E334665990FC43BE9FB21AB2AF9A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
fruit (
<emphasis id="81328DC676257CC336F1728F73C02D2C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D, F, G</emphasis>
<emphasis id="5C8642AA9182AC24C33BAF9C0B8FC240" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cremers 8084</emphasis>
<emphasis id="EBF20AEB8A9F649E3C497CFFA60E8E78" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
<emphasis id="15478725DAA86B2E849B1E276F75AFC2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Farrugia et al. 2773</emphasis>
). Illustration by R. Wise. Previously published in 
<bibRefCitation id="26BAE614B492322CA95804128CE95940" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="B57460B175773AED23E04DF4C2F5A732" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. (2018
</bibRefCitation>
: 57) and 
<bibRefCitation id="9BF2E912F5A153609CA17BCB5C87EB0F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
: 38).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3983A1BE4CCC10A9CABA5CBFEA001CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="3D32772CED6CD322A30B4539712B9335" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A86C3F0FE4E818166CF02232DDBAD356" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Annual to short-lived perennial herbs up to 1.5 m high, subwoody at base. Stems terete or somewhat angled with ridges, older stems sometimes with spinose processes, not markedly hollow; new growth pubescent with simple, spreading, uniseriate 2-8-celled eglandular trichomes 0.2-0.8 mm long, often clustered along the stem angles; older stems glabrescent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, the blades 3.5-10.5 cm long, 1-4.5 cm wide, ovate to elliptic, widest at the middle or in the lower third, membranous, concolorous or slightly discolorous; adaxial surface sparsely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stem, these evenly spread along the lamina and the veins; abaxial surface similar but more densely pubescent; major veins 3-6 pairs; base attenuate, decurrent on the petiole; margins entire or occasionally sinuate-dentate; apex acute; petioles (0.3-)2-3.8(-4) cm long, sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those on stems. Inflorescences internodal, unbranched or extremely rarely forked, 0.6-2.5 cm long, with (3-)4-6(8) flowers (outside of South America very rarely with many flowers in unusual many-branched inflorescences) clustered near the tips (umbelliform to sub-umbelliform), sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those on stems; peduncle (0.5-)1-1.8 cm long, delicate; pedicels 3-9 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm in diameter at the base and 0.4-0.5 mm at the apex, stout, straight and spreading, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 0-0.5 mm apart, clustered at the tip of the inflorescence. Buds broadly ellipsoid, the corolla exserted 1/3 beyond the calyx lobe tips before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, cosexual (hermaphroditic). Calyx tube 0.8-1.3 mm long, the lobes 0.3-0.5 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, broadly triangular with obtuse apices, sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stem. Corolla 0.3-0.6 cm in diameter, stellate, white with a yellow-green central portion near the base, lobed halfway to 2/3 of the way to the base, the lobes 2-3.2 mm long, 1-2.5 mm wide, strongly reflexed at anthesis, later spreading, densely papillate abaxially with 1-4-celled simple uniseriate trichomes, these denser on the tips and margins. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 0.5-0.8 mm long, adaxially pubescent with tangled uniseriate trichomes; anthers 0.7-1.5 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, ellipsoid to almost globose and very plump-looking, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age and drying. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 2.2-2.6 mm long, straight, almost included to exserted beyond the anther cone, densely pubescent with 2-3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes 2/3 from the base where included in the anther cone; stigma minutely capitate, the surface minutely papillate, green in live plants. Fruit a globose berry, 0.4-0.9(-1.2) cm in diameter, purplish-black at maturity, the surface of the pericarp markedly shiny, opaque, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 1.3-1.8 cm long, ca. 0.7-1 mm in diameter at the base, 0.8-1 mm in diameter at the apex, stout, straight and spreading, spaced ca. 1(-3) mm apart or tightly clustered, persistent, remaining on the plant and persistent on older inflorescences; fruiting calyx lobes not accrescent, the tube less than 1 mm long, the lobes 1(-2) mm long, strongly reflexed at fruit maturity. Seeds 30-50 per berry, 1-1.5 mm long, 0.8-1.3 mm wide, flattened and teardrop shaped with a subapical hilum, pale yellow, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal in outline. Stone cells mostly absent (Australia, South Pacific, and South America), but if present (North America, Mexico, Caribbean, Eurasia and Africa) 2-4(6) per berry, 2-4 larger ones&gt; 0.5 mm, and two smaller ones &lt;0.5 mm in diameter. Chromosome number: n = 12 (see 
<bibRefCitation id="282E3BDEF6389AB64A572E96B97DCC10" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="3E729EC8A657DFBE89E61062FFA61B97" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
for vouchers).
</paragraph>
<caption id="1404C96E18EAC345B01DFDC81176E7A3" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897477" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
<paragraph id="8D109FDD01782132E75958FBFE1E46EF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="A762CB3DC81A17EE452632A6E9761B88" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A21B98E2BE87300BC5375E2DB7BAC01B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="799465EEFD092560B2F5BCB398BED113" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="EF65D4EAB9CF4FFDA1E5A322215CCD0F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
habit 
<emphasis id="28D3BBB4AB26231001D3109FAD652953" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
leaves and young inflorescence 
<emphasis id="631B3299E2A87C4E27A33B3B22F4A146" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
buds and flowers 
<emphasis id="1BC5EB9C361FFBEAFB9F1403685889A9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
mature, shiny black fruits with reflexed calyx lobes (
<emphasis id="E9627BD6A6663276A0A280E487FCF81F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, D</emphasis>
<emphasis id="06811B7F2737566291E5BD233BE094AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Knapp et al. 10210</emphasis>
<emphasis id="1C8CFA6D22EC99BD0A9A42CD35E35E73" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
<emphasis id="FBBB391EBDD06B9DDC2BFC4D793FC312" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Knapp et al. 10205</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B66BC6A1E7F73ADBF4F171AB989F168A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
<emphasis id="47795BED7FBAA1F05EC0E112D3BDAF8F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Knapp et al. 10360</emphasis>
). Photos by S. Knapp. Previously published in 
<bibRefCitation id="84718D7622463E2D69B0B69CDE74AA93" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="43C7BDE0BAD4E2F80E5B3C5BA5DB5D09" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. (2018
</bibRefCitation>
: 58) and 
<bibRefCitation id="9DBB741CCAEED6A10CDCA39092A49C0D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
: 39).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D816BEBB0D22E14C4417A98BED6948BE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="7BF315EF8838E79556D5CA397F72D0F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="30A39BE62F70C50981B4B0A0E77A99FA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="1A52FA4C23DE3DE1716C95210540A785" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig. 
<figureCitation id="1B46E0A22925F4D45B1BD1AD52710457" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Distribution map of Solanum americanum in South America. For distribution elsewhere, see Saerkinen et al. (2018: 60) and Knapp et al. (2019: 43)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897478" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">17</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="867AFE2C163AC879312DFEA0387F8A0B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="89E80D96312E5A39432617D1365D509D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a globally distributed weed found throughout the tropics and subtropics; it is not clear where it is native, or if this circumtropical distribution is its native range. In South America it occurs in every country and as far south as 37°S latitude.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C2E484027631C3C5281B9062AD0947B7" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/897478" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 17" startId="F17">
<paragraph id="73E5B8E09B73FDF6E1C59C6C7CD0A77A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D38A2C6D9FDBDB6EA5FD4E40A8134586" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 17.</emphasis>
Distribution map of 
<taxonomicName id="94EE978D28A8E139C54920EBD11DD8C4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="18F9AB8E57D04E4E8FD953ED08F38D0F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in South America. For distribution elsewhere, see 
<bibRefCitation id="6940BD073291F6F01E5B1A06E460EE55" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="084266DF22ECACA0DD4ABB87E5DD05BE" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. (2018
</bibRefCitation>
: 60) and 
<bibRefCitation id="D152DBF0089C8EE3794D886E659BA452" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. (2019</bibRefCitation>
: 43).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5CB6FF26159C320924E8046BB97DD385" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="4A031FF55EFF260EB411B2827A59E5BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0ACA4B5555B29AD1E9B8A8BDE6801253" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="D8D7DE0358E194ACD5925DFE540781E9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="3C85E4C1C3BA396A6BE9D546A7B401DA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a weedy species that colonises disturbed soil and it is found in open areas, along roads, treefall gaps and at the back of beaches from sea level to 2,000 m elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B3FE07EE42711F001C278EE613EF652F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph id="9C3268AF954E8243C5B84D5040EB6A72" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A1F6831A32E0F5E4CFCBDE465B82AA9D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Argentina. Misiones: 
<normalizedToken id="ED85323221C3A77D083BDEAFB0195DFD" originalValue="ka’a">ka'a</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="22C4DC1D49C797FDF54B121AD276D21C" originalValue="ete’I">ete'I</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken id="21CE85D79BAE2101F21C8660FE13E161" originalValue="Mbyá">Mbya</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="58BD0BC47F351433948FC90E30F41BA8" originalValue="Guaraní">Guarani</normalizedToken>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF80A16A21083D489199A63DAEE8710B" author="Keller, HA" journalOrPublisher="Kurtziana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="175 - 191" refId="B119" refString="Keller, HA, 2007. Unidades de vegetacion y recursos floristicos en una aldea Mbya Guarani de Misiones, Argentina. Kurtziana 33 (1): 175 - 191" title="Unidades de vegetacion y recursos floristicos en una aldea Mbya Guarani de Misiones, Argentina." volume="33" year="2007">Keller 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Paraguay. Arachichu (
<bibRefCitation id="EF0E2E6FD1A0A6AF0D8408D9D6F84B85" author="Ibarrola, DA" journalOrPublisher="Nueva Serie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B114" refString="Ibarrola, DA, Degen, RL [Eds], 2011. Catalogo Ilustrado de 80 plantas Medicinales del Paraguay. Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas-UNA and Agencia de Cooperacion Internacional del Japon, Asuncion." title="Catalogo Ilustrado de 80 plantas Medicinales del Paraguay. Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas-UNA and Agencia de Cooperacion Internacional del Japon, Asuncion." year="2011">Ibarrola and Degen 2011</bibRefCitation>
). Brazil. araxixu, 
<normalizedToken id="0FEC715FFFC87DD1188584E7265DF9B7" originalValue="caraxixá">caraxixa</normalizedToken>
, erva-de-bicho, 
<normalizedToken id="350223A5127CB5FCD725259D3FF81A88" originalValue="erva-mocó">erva-moco</normalizedToken>
, erva-moura, guaraquinha, maria-preta, maria-pretinha, pimenta de cachorro, pimento de rato, pimenta de rato (Lorenzi and Abreu Matos 2002, could also refer to 
<taxonomicName id="3E247180B7594A673CD7B521069A40CC" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. paucidens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="paucidens">
<emphasis id="F22CD86D98228A7BD784841323FEA47E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. paucidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); 
<normalizedToken id="35365B0D2E0A2406494FE746D0FBB618" originalValue="caraxixá">caraxixa</normalizedToken>
, erva moura, guaraquinha, maria-pretinha, pimento de galinha (
<bibRefCitation id="67617D336B5A396FA5EF002511CFBB05" author="Ferreira Kinupp, V" journalOrPublisher="Sexual Plant Reproduction" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B86" refString="Ferreira Kinupp, V, Lorenzi, H, 2021. Plantas alimenticias nao convencionais (PANC) no Brasil. 2nd edition. Instituto Plantrum de Estudios da Flora Ltda., Nova Odessa." title="Plantas alimenticias nao convencionais (PANC) no Brasil. 2 nd edition. Instituto Plantrum de Estudios da Flora Ltda., Nova Odessa." year="2021">Ferreira Kinupp and Lorenzi 2021</bibRefCitation>
); Pernambuco: erva moura (
<bibRefCitation id="5C76BC107EAB9DADF6763DAC730D1888" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-084x/08_159" author="Rodrigues, AP" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B193" refString="Rodrigues, AP, Andrade, LHC, 2014. Levamento etnobotanico das plants medicinais utilizadas pela comunidade de Inhama, Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 16(3, supl. 1): 721-730. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-084x/08_159" title="Levamento etnobotanico das plants medicinais utilizadas pela comunidade de Inhama, Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 16 (3, supl. 1): 721 - 730." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-084x/08_159" year="2014">Rodrigues and Andrade 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ECA3AF0A29D57441F9F08E9828B351A4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In Argentina, fruits are used as compresses and poultices to treat boils (
<bibRefCitation id="609466685082C297EF9558F2E61D1376" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.044" author="Kujawska, M" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="810 - 830" refId="B138" refString="Kujawska, M, Hilgert, NI, 2014. Phytotherapy of Polish migrants in Misiones, Argentina: Legacy and acquired plant species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 153 (3): 810 - 830, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.044" title="Phytotherapy of Polish migrants in Misiones, Argentina: Legacy and acquired plant species." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.044" volume="153" year="2014">Kujawska and Hilgert 2014</bibRefCitation>
), and in both Paraguay and Argentina the fruits and leaves have been reported as used medicinally (
<bibRefCitation id="E4B8A3C477562908F77C00C3E1F3321C" author="Keller, HA" journalOrPublisher="Kurtziana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="175 - 191" refId="B119" refString="Keller, HA, 2007. Unidades de vegetacion y recursos floristicos en una aldea Mbya Guarani de Misiones, Argentina. Kurtziana 33 (1): 175 - 191" title="Unidades de vegetacion y recursos floristicos en una aldea Mbya Guarani de Misiones, Argentina." volume="33" year="2007">Keller 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="51099BA0DF6B7D6A4842EF99C6C2D286" author="Ibarrola, DA" journalOrPublisher="Nueva Serie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B114" refString="Ibarrola, DA, Degen, RL [Eds], 2011. Catalogo Ilustrado de 80 plantas Medicinales del Paraguay. Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas-UNA and Agencia de Cooperacion Internacional del Japon, Asuncion." title="Catalogo Ilustrado de 80 plantas Medicinales del Paraguay. Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas-UNA and Agencia de Cooperacion Internacional del Japon, Asuncion." year="2011">Ibarrola and Degen 2011</bibRefCitation>
). In rural communities of Pernambuco, Brazil, macerated leaves are used to treat fungal infections, gastritis, varicose veins and bruises (
<bibRefCitation id="D12EA161620E223C69B55EC9DD7D8D9D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-084x/08_159" author="Rodrigues, AP" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B193" refString="Rodrigues, AP, Andrade, LHC, 2014. Levamento etnobotanico das plants medicinais utilizadas pela comunidade de Inhama, Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 16(3, supl. 1): 721-730. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-084x/08_159" title="Levamento etnobotanico das plants medicinais utilizadas pela comunidade de Inhama, Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 16 (3, supl. 1): 721 - 730." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-084x/08_159" year="2014">Rodrigues and Andrade 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Uses reported in Lorenzi and Abreu Matos (2002) are discussed in the section on uses.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3B9A115DCDD6155C52BA9F17DBAA13B1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Across its range in South America 
<taxonomicName id="F2AF834C646CAF01FDCF8ADCF1C9DE27" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="5F80ECBEC1856B6015F37CB76E4DF578" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is often known by the common name yerba (hierba) mora (Spanish) or erva-moura (Portuguese). In Mexico (see 
<bibRefCitation id="9E8794ABC812CE248B1B99903F562FF1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
) and outside the Americas (see 
<bibRefCitation id="294B98CCB3AEBD2A3CA58322D9E4FF33" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="7A26367228B0CA48C454EDF1D3F1E46A" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
) the leaves are eaten as cooked greens (potherbs) but we have seen no records of these uses of 
<taxonomicName id="F542529D435C279A35B566226F0B8F67" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="855C2D35E5F50B98760AE9F754CE70C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from South America.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5B9AA24DAC256D97D146AA438FA4D54C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph id="709140C1B3F452563179480D7C403CBE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CDB7469BCF8358D40FEB081D3F1DDD44" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="9352AA12E54D957DECF747A1A51E184F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation id="862D6CFFFBFE08A068FE6CA53FEC1172" author="Ibarrola, DA" journalOrPublisher="Nueva Serie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" refId="B116" refString="2022. . https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" url="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" year="2022">IUCN 2022</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Least Concern [LC]. EOO = 89,639,763 km2 [LC]; AOO = 9,828km2 [LC]. 
<taxonomicName id="76ED8BFA7751026B9BA1CD77EC653303" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="B41A38E647FBB98901025EC85E671BC5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a cosmopolitan weed of the tropics and subtropics (see 
<bibRefCitation id="58AC9DD2A6ACDBDDE074D08F80C40A01" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="6DCB40642320237245125E17DAD3ADC6" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="73B5CE262BA5458DB29710662F0653AF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 174" refId="B136" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Bohs, L, Saerkinen, T, 2019. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America. PhytoKeys 123: 1 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" title="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in the Caribbean and North and Central America." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" volume="123" year="2019">Knapp et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CFC2FC600D6E13B422BDF6A031FC6637" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="366632F08DAE9D10ADAA685FB7B7F45A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="70971CB8FC6B6C04C0AB1B34311A3AA7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="DD21DC38EAECD4329FDFB81E271AF6AC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="0DE9815E1C3C3783FC74FF2EF7CBA161" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the most widespread and common species of the morelloid solanums (see 
<bibRefCitation id="B8812B37F8880A791633D703E0D46764" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="2381F0D042F754782AFA12D27891B784" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
), and quite possibly the most widely distributed species in 
<taxonomicName id="E62EC322ADEE1768895B1EE069682ADF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8EB822C23A726ADB0D47098A4FBBD062" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It has been implicated as the diploid parent in the polyploid events that gave rise to the species occurring outside of the Americas (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="67AD41B3165C3FD811E96236D4DF90AF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="141 - 178" refId="B74" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1977. Taxonomic studies on Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 75 (2): 141 - 178, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" title="Taxonomic studies on Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" volume="75" year="1977">Edmonds 1977</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="39AD94E3A5CAF9688186DD04509E9B41" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" author="Poczai, P" journalOrPublisher="Anales del la Universidad de Chile" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B183" refString="Poczai, P, Hyvoenen, J, 2011. On the origin of Solanum nigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38(2): 1171-1185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" title="On the origin of Solanum nigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38 (2): 1171 - 1185." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" year="2011">
Poczai and 
<normalizedToken id="E51D64FB2249386CB9B87B157A51C6D1" originalValue="Hyvönen">Hyvoenen</normalizedToken>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
), although this has been disputed (
<bibRefCitation id="20B96BFFD0C7DDD8411185DB1E9FFDF1" author="Ma, Q" journalOrPublisher="Parodiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B149" refString="Ma, Q, 1995. Systematic and population studies of Asian and American black nightshades (Solanaceae). PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville." title="Systematic and population studies of Asian and American black nightshades (Solanaceae). PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville." year="1995">Ma 1995</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C4CC6C9A3006C0BDB6F27505FEB581E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="2B08D0A8BD38D7F7F0F4D7F2F485C5A9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="FDECFB503592B3B15B76776A2394C76C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be easily recognised in fruit by its shiny black berries with small, strongly reflexed calyx lobes that are held on erect or spreading pedicels. In flower, the species has tiny almost globose anthers 0.8-1.5 mm long and short filaments usually less than 1 mm long. Ripe berries of 
<taxonomicName id="1308DE9F836963A9B4A767724CC05B36" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="4E2B901E60B801178243F9C882CB7D78" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are shiny black (but that can be difficult to see in herbarium specimens) and in South America lack stone cells; in North and Central America and the Caribbean berries usually have four stone cells in each. When berries ripen in 
<taxonomicName id="2582D4203657C6481670F5CCDEB66481" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="32D86BCD6AB9BF8567FCDA2C7CD95DE5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they fall from the plant leaving the stout, spreading pedicels with reflexed calyces behind.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A05D0BF8989193D5449995DCBDBA77D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="7D55EB950C5780140202B88C346EB5E2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="6F3606A5D53836E861D0C0E65E6C4FE5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="E14A3624AE213D790CF4DA27116EE4F0" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="E02E5018E3633388F9F5D1B37616E33D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having larger anthers always more than 2 mm long, matte black or green fruits that are held on spreading or deflexed pedicels that drop with the berry, and calyx lobes appressed to the berry in fruit. Berries of 
<taxonomicName id="E0256E8FF8FF657BBD2079FE16CF2E4E" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="8B13E42AE83F33B6F4B694A51A9B36AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have more than 5 (usually 5-6 large and several smaller) stone cells, while plants of 
<taxonomicName id="0E1F4D498928845433AB0B3C497B6D78" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="998C369F2C2A542CBA899323ED203851" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from South America usually lack stone cells. Inflorescences of 
<taxonomicName id="D5665DAEC4B7131ECA587F34B5CF544B" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="759572A632637B7B2B80CDF72995391F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tend to be more sub-umbelliform in appearance than those of 
<taxonomicName id="05B47E8FC5D5E7B6C2CAFD129265B703" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="A7D903256FF677A3C94038C1A23B028C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and calyx lobes of 
<taxonomicName id="38EC13C4A1E33DA01AB45A928FDF0145" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="EB0BAC10BFA494BB65FFD6694832F55B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are strongly reflexed and smaller relative to berry size in fruit.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F446B4B812CD2C94D87AF691C100B15D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation id="8CB468C18DA3D7E9051ED5ACD5AF5418" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B153" refString="Manoko, MLK, van den Berg, RG, Feron, RMC, van der Weerden, GM, Mariani, C, 2007. AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 267 (1-4): 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" title="AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" volume="267" year="2007">Manoko et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
distinguished 
<taxonomicName id="A4021BB33FCA97FFBCE5435E1A166D78" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="2AE8FFF833AAC8EE4573DA9555907081" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F92B4811C2CB27762031006E6695889C" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">
<emphasis id="DD5C6ADD49800932746B83935AAEA2FB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nodiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
using AFLP markers; we re-examined the material they used and consider the plants they called 
<taxonomicName id="A1F274A0A5B7514FCAAFBCBFF35CC7EC" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">
<emphasis id="21950D27702B99ADED87E25A31DB88AF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nodiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be 
<taxonomicName id="38F1E61F25A341B8D1D156F05720E696" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="46FC6FA5511EE53BF7E5166A9454EC27" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as defined here, and plants they called 
<taxonomicName id="8399CAD9F8A4E23C63BFA5E0D5D86F9A" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="E4D5B7570369BC2B6EF1C0DF998A5142" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represent specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="2F4A1AB3E177752EFC1007DF45016D45" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="B6121D3DBC20AD5E41DDE761C42C7E7B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="6A37B72BFBCA9869381F38195C30CF26" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="EC85F82D254A5603957E5B5005E34139" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
: 61).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2373E846602D8A037D8372E0DCEB01BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Populations from 
<normalizedToken id="83549F995A2C60873317AD311A4548F7" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Pastaza, 
<normalizedToken id="9B68EC5A229F8079625A9B7DFE2A1157" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Morone, and 
<normalizedToken id="B47E5E8EA9A24226AEA0A427DFEF8D94" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Nanay watersheds in Amazonian Ecuador and Peru have anthers ca. 2 mm long and somewhat more elongate inflorescences than in the rest of the species range. The plants fit well within the circumscription of 
<taxonomicName id="F64533D1B5DD19D83F4604BBB210505B" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="8DD14FDAEF766B7262322FB3357D3D29" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
however, with shiny black fruits with reflexed calyx lobes. Variation in pedicel spacing is observed in other parts of the species range, but the larger anther size is unique to these populations in lowland Ecuador and Peru.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D96717A6B09467514DACDB0917F762C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Typification details for the many synonyms of 
<taxonomicName id="98141A7506C369B1639D99F405E09CF2" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="75485BFB96D4D1F7A451788F8D5D1B92" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be found in 
<bibRefCitation id="C40A684108AF2A7B735C6982E81199F5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B209" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
<normalizedToken id="8C2144EB138DB2EC4E383F214961AB0C" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. (2018)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>