202 lines
27 KiB
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202 lines
27 KiB
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<document id="1E85DE10046FE07204D3D29528DC7040" ID-CLB-Dataset="28752" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.807.28365" ID-GBIF-Dataset="aee7efee-b706-49d2-83f5-7796ea624548" ID-PMC="PMC6305354" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-807-29" ID-PubMed="30595652" ID-ZooBank="E55F8E54EA9A4F759F63B54E669C2968" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-807-29" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 807" ModsDocTitle="The morphology of the preimaginal stages of Rhinusaneta (Germar, 1821) and notes on its biology (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini)" checkinTime="1545315475145" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ścibior, Radoslaw & Letowski, Jacek" docDate="2018" docId="8137CC5A5C2633762F5EF2EC2B6512AF" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 807: 29-46" docOrigin="ZooKeys 807" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.807.28365" docTitle="Rhinusa neta Germar 1821" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="29" masterDocId="3546FF9CEF0A2A6EFF88FFF3725AFFFF" masterDocTitle="The morphology of the preimaginal stages of Rhinusaneta (Germar, 1821) and notes on its biology (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini)" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="29" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1701383933993" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="9470FBA2EE41E409DC13D2B9DCA92C5B">The morphology of the preimaginal stages of Rhinusaneta (Germar, 1821) and notes on its biology (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E084204E411D2B2BBA32EA5A32428803">Ścibior, Radoslaw</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DFA98D4474BFFC02746360792FD2B04F">Letowski, Jacek</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="137F325F7B077707F12BC96DCF94F4AE">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2CDD1FBFE439FAB27C3F65988733DCE1">807</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="958B25066252AF9E17E55042FB4DAA59">29</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="724C775CCE18C864B1BFC302E536DF3F">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.807.28365</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="CA1C4B65F553356BA736E8677AB7CD88">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="5ED9B525BFBCED1A1CF7A6D93848303F" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.807.28365</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8137CC5A5C2633762F5EF2EC2B6512AF" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154125442" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8137CC5A5C2633762F5EF2EC2B6512AF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8137CC5A5C2633762F5EF2EC2B6512AF" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<subSubSection id="458C4C43A8000775C823818212655979" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A823A7181124C71E0A9F45D548A6783F" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="F5BA6DD32059C295C9C089815C5D21D0" ID-CoL="8JYCD" authority="Germar, 1821" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa neta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neta">Rhinusa neta (Germar, 1821)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="04C736725BF882B2AC5CF4F9258911D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9FF80568BAFEFD50B8237597060DC05D" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Description of egg.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="657AD171E638EE2BE3791C9C55EF6C33" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Measurements (in mm). Egg length 0.47-0.51 (mean 0.49), width 0.25-0.29 (mean 0.27).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A9D9AB181EB817841954B8E3BE007A6B" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">General. Oval, slightly oblate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5408E5CE034791734CDA68037FC8DFC3" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Colouration. Light yellow, smooth surface.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5C8ADCFA16D43C42165E1DCADD72D20D" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="description">
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<paragraph id="A98E6121FF16C825D7DB424D8C65E56A" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Description of mature larva.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6D01FA1EF0654F3D2DDF338E4795325F" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(Figure 1, Table 1) Measurements (in mm). Body length: 4.40-4.50 mm (mean 4.46). The widest part of the body (Ab. I) 1.73-1.8 (mean 1.76). Epicranium: length 0.54-0.59 (mean 0.57), width 0.58-0.63 (mean 0.61).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="69956B72FBBFBEF4B1E9B7AFD68761B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">General. Body massive, strongly curved.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C3B727A3340A8DAE533CACC41E0CBB32" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Colouration. Head yellow-brown, body light yellow, covered with black, numerous setae.</paragraph>
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<caption id="437F9FB3DF8879C7CB2A832E0FAA942E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<paragraph id="2C929BAC2A784EEEF1CB4F918CBDBAE7" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 1. Mature larva (L3), lateral view.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="43D2ED5F6E011A12CCF98ADE42961D45" ID-Table-UUID="43D2ED5F6E011A12CCF98ADE42961D45" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/43D2ED5F6E011A12CCF98ADE42961D45" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<paragraph id="10F4093A0FF5EED0F82C815A924EBBC0" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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Table 1. Differences of the mature larva (L3) of
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<taxonomicName id="D144663A79CBB6AB308B0807A141F009" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa neta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neta">Rhinusa neta</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="38AD6E39A207AD934B71D4E55E621846" lsidName="R. bipustulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="bipustulata">R. bipustulata</taxonomicName>
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based on the publications of
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<bibRefCitation id="3D621B14514E375827C1829C6DB31864" author="Scherf, H" journalOrPublisher="Verlag Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" title="Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaeischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Oekologie)." year="1964">Scherf 1964</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="F8D11187D0985B327567F35DA69B15FF" author="Anderson, DM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="133 - 140" title="Keys to larvae and pupae of the Gymnetrinae of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="75" year="1973">Anderson 1973</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="6B53DBFD63329C1DE0181558EF34A937" author="Gosik, R" journalOrPublisher="Baltic Journal of Coleopterology" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="185 - 195" title="Morphology of the mature larva and pupa of Rhinusabipustulata (Rossi, 1792) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with some remarks on its biology." volume="10" year="2010 a">Gosik 2010a</bibRefCitation>
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, and on personal research.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="E9AD2A35FAFA867D104AC00817B4A152" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<table id="4B59B70E62B8A45006FA95275CC5A4CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<tr id="B68227B0E90DC118E24F79BB741CA35F" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<th id="E05AF3F5E053FDFE0A828B3250486F52" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName id="2A4E7CDE56C046C340BE15B431ADB531" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa neta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neta">Rhinusa neta</taxonomicName>
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</th>
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<th id="6E9003EF9B1F56C544BD5E90DCA02D68" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName id="219A3C187DF24733911B4006122A3846" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa bipustulata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipustulata">Rhinusa bipustulata</taxonomicName>
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</th>
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</tr>
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<tr id="DAC3BFA57399F9F8F64953A6516EF864" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<td id="776A14B4776D2FA779AF1FB813852033" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">despes</td>
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<td id="6EDAE70D7B8E4C409B44F97C30D3244A" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">despes</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="26ABCAC1C2DFA51E16D2AA129378E1A3" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<td id="0C9C6860F5371BB24793ED473D276092" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">2 cls</td>
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<td id="46FE1EF3274ED7005AF60E6C5D140DCE" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">cls</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="9B1A4F0103E8A37903DDBCD1F9959056" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<td id="EE83BBAECB2B3623B34A24C982711924" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">mds</td>
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<td id="085FAEF01D32D01A9B859A49E0F149B7" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">mds</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="77A7CDD2C4CCFF6202AF6214DA950E6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<td id="C356C9CDF7727A0EA9D16681DB8609B9" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">ligs</td>
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<td id="498E5C38BF7350BA4D5CE4D37DBD6D21" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">ligs</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="72B638C88554F55C8417602561D85D1D" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<td id="1D7EE429ED5CD364818D66E72EAA3CC0" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">prns</td>
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<td id="68EC9BA47E63763480E3F7F7CC777E3B" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">prns</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="4147BADEC6C57AEBDD2B944230EBD52F" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<td id="55054CAAF492CA861C244A0750C1E7DA" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">prsdplsdlsdpls</td>
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<td id="56ABB3F015F5D94D707646A20C21DC10" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">prsdplsprsdpls</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B09899A676C4E8A07857BBF12AB05D0D" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Vestiture. Cuticle with strongly chitinised spots in several places on dorsal side. Asperities of body integument present on the surface of all thoracic segments and first abdominal segment covering area occupied by a group of setae prns and pds. Analogous structure presents only on the surface of the first pedal lobe.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0FCF8CDCD04D880E3DAF264DBC52F71B" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Head capsule (Figure 2): Head slightly oval. Endocarina (enc) long, nearly 4/5 of frons length. One stemma (st) located at end of frontal suture at height of fs5. Frons with three distinct setae: longest (fs5) at base of antennae, fs1,4 located in the upper and lower part of frons near endocarina, and two small sensillae (unnumbered) close to fs4, which may be highly reduced setae fs2 and fs3. Dorsum of epicranium with five setae (des1-5); des3,5 longest and des1,2,4 of intermediate length. Posterior epicranium with four small setae (pes1-4) arranged in arc not far behind des2. On anterior epicranium two long setae les1-2 protrude from sides and visible vcs. Antennae (at) with conical sensorium and two very small spinose sensillae.</paragraph>
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<caption id="6AAE01E24055D2C6BCAB401373A5E60A" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<paragraph id="689E9D793C4A265775C32FC7CF2CB37C" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 2. Mature larva (L3), epicranium, dorsal view: at - antenna, cls - clypeal seta, des - dorsal epicranial seta, enc - endocarina, es - epicranial suture, fs - frontal seta., les - lateral epicranial seta, lms - labral seta, st - stemmata, pes - posterior epicranial seta, vcs - ventral cranial seta.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="4FB0F91FF5A94FCBD034BDC626304208" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Clypeus with two setae of equal length (cls1, 2) at base with one sensilla between them.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DD364D6EE4976C0D51F39E90EE52222A" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Mouthparts (Figs 3-5): Dorsal side of labrum (Figure 3a) ca. 0.09 mm wide with three pairs setae (lms1-3). Longest lms1, setae lms2, 3 of similar length, only slightly shorter than lrms1. Anterior margin of epipharynx arched, with three thick setae laterally (als1-3), two setae (ams1-2) on anterior margin, and one seta (mes) medially, between well-formed, arcuate labral rods (lr) (Figure 3b). Mandibles (Figure 4) massive, red-brown, with two large teeth and one small tooth on inner side; medially on mandible three short setae (mds1-3) in one line. Maxillae (Figure 5) yellowish. Palpifer with one long, medially located seta sts1, two apically placed setae of equal length sts3-4 (or pfs 1-2) and one small sts2 (or mbs) below molar part. Maxillary palpus with two segments; basal segment with one very short seta (mxps) and two sensillae, distal segment cylindrical with accessory process on dorsal side and ten conical papillae. Mala with six setae of unequal length (dms1-6), arranged in one line, comb-like, and separate group of three setae (vms1-3) situated apically. Labium: postmentum with three setae of unequal length (pms1-3) - longest pms2 and shortest pms3. Prementum with two distinct teeth on basal part, three setae (prms1 and lgs1-2) and three sensillae. Seta prms1 very long, more than three times longer than lgs2. One pair lgs1 on apex and with them slightly larger pair lgs2 placed closer together. Labial palpus 1-segmented, with four shorter and one longer papilla located apically.</paragraph>
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<caption id="AE4CAF8D6DB2F8ACF20E1E9FCED84E14" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<paragraph id="1D54CEB5D810D1EC0A81BCDC56A6A942" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 3. Mature larva (L3), clypeus and labrum, dorsal view (a): cls - clypeal seta, lms - labral seta; epipharynx, ventral view (b): als - anterolateral epipharyngeal seta, ams - anteromedian epipharyngeal seta, lr - labral rod, mes - median epipharyngeal seta.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="B9655ECA087A1B2CAE8780A069ECE0F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<paragraph id="BCB79D0BB6D04EA26A56184CBC908A5E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 4. Mature larva (L3), left mandible, dorsal view: mds - mandibular dorsal seta.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="26F79BD412AFF16AB1500D78EE449BE8" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<paragraph id="609442720C3AA8E77FAF9BAD1D4F9DF4" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 5. Mature larva (L3), maxillae and labium (L3): dms - dorsal malar seta, lgs - ligular seta, sts - stipital seta, pms - postmental seta, prms - premental seta, vms - ventral malar seta.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8C042E0DB62BAE7DF49EF6BD051230B1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Thorax (Figure 6). Pronotal shields sclerotised, meso- and metanotum each with two folds: pro- and postdorsum. Spiracle unicameral, situated at intersegmental septum near pedal lobe. Prothorax with twelve setae: pronotum with seven (long prns1-6 and one short prs), epipleurum distinct with three setae of similar length (dpls1-2 and one vpls). Sternum outside pedal lobe with two setae (one lsts and one msts). Pedal area on prothorax much more sclerotised than other two, with six setae of similar length (ps1-6) on all segments of thorax. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax analogous, consisting of eleven setae: mesonotum with five setae (pds1-3, one prs and one dls). Epipleurum with four setae (as1-3 and one vpls), sternum with two setae (one lsts and one msts). Pedal areas of meso- and metathorax unsclerotised.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E9F7E0A77603DE99E9C70DAAFD3AC3AD" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Abdomen (Figure 6). Abdominal segments I-VII of similar shape. Tergites I-VII with two folds, prodorsum with one seta on ridge (prs1), postdorsum with five setae: four located dorsally (pds1-3, dls1) and one, longest seta (ss) on spiracular area. Epipleurum with four setae (dpls1-3 and 1 vpls), sternum with two setae (one lsts and one msts). Segments I-VIII with unicameral spiracles, others (IX-X) without spiracles. Segment VIII with two folds, setae arranged as on segments I-VII, except for lack of seta prs. Segment IX with four setae, two on pleura (one ds and one ls) and two on sterna (one ls and one sts). Segment X with two small setae, one on pleura and one on sterna (both ts).</paragraph>
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<caption id="F57FEB2DF77FE011CD5A17216EA99C3E" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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<paragraph id="1D32FF9C183A20D54380748C931187C0" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 6. Mature larva (L3), selected segments, lateral view: as - alar seta, dls - dorsolateral seta, dpls - dorsopleural seta, ds - dorsal seta, ls - lateral seta, lsts - laterosternal seta, msts - mediosternal seta, pds - postdorsal seta, prs - prodorsal seta, prns - pronotal seta, ps - pleural seta, ss - spiracular seta, sts - sternal seta, ts - terminal seta, vpls - ventropleural seta.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3E35183E407FA4FA544AB8B39447D6A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="description">
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<paragraph id="464620F4DE58E5112B0DDEF460447D4A" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Description of pupa.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A1B4CF9AF7C838D6AC380011C6E077DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">(Figs 7-9, Table 2) Measurements (in mm). Body length: 3.32-3.40 (mean 3.35), width (between the apex of mesofemora) 1.90-1.98 (mean 1.92).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5A4C987B09428B35669B1190B63CCDAC" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Colouration. Yellow-brown with distinct chaetotaxy.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0C3AEBDFA54B549FA5207CABAAE6D1BE" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
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||
Head (ventral view): rostrum reaches end of mesothorax, with one short seta (drs) apically. Head with distinct eyes and one seta (sos) at their inner edge. Antennae at base of rostrum. Massive. Thorax: pronotum wider than long, trapezoid-shaped, with two distinct, highly sclerotised, bare tubercles at anterior margin, with eight long setae: aps1-2, lps1-3, dps2, and bps1-2 (Figs 7-9). Mesonotum longer than metanotum. Latter with two clearly visible scutellar shields posteriorly. Dorsal part of meso- and metanotum with three setae (msns, mtns) of unequal length located laterally. All femora with one long, thin seta (fes) located apically. Abdomen: tergites
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1B37038B5B9D960CA28506220E8107C6" originalValue="I–VII">I-VII</normalizedToken>
|
||
with four setae in one row slightly beyond midpoint of segment. Longest located near lateral outer margin, on segments I-V below spiracle entrance, on others (VI-VII) centrally. Of three remaining setae, two short - centrally located and third from middle of segment, second from centre somewhat shorter, but clearly shorter than outer seta. Segment VIII with four setae, shortest located medially, longest approx. three times longer than first. Segment IX with one distinct urogomphi, darker, bent back, highly chitinised (pseudocerci - pc) (Figs 7, 8). Sternites: segments I-VIII with four setae arranged in one row, of similar length except longest pair located medially (Figs 7, 9). Spiracles on abdominal segments I-V placed laterally, functional. Pleurites (III-VIII) with seta of equal length, slightly shorter and curved on segment VIII, pleurites (I-II) without setae (Figure 7).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="15E029A28A5918B7A5FE99DCA8A97CE1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="A79CF7EC23DBE44D3C585DF55118FEC7" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 7. Pupa, lateral view: aps - apical pronotal seta, bps - basal pronotal seta, dps - discal pronotal seta, drs - distrirostral seta, fes - femoral seta, lps - lateral pronotal seta, msns - mesonotal seta, mtns - metanotal seta, pds - postdorsal seta, pls - pleural seta, pc - pseudocerci, sos - supraorbital seta, sp - spiracle.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="988BE9F5AB8288B46158C5D5ECC8E2DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="2532A3DD5FB2916979BACDA67C4365F2" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 8. Pupa, dorsal view: aps - apical pronotal seta, bps - basal pronotal seta, dps - discal pronotal seta, fes - femoral seta, lps - lateral pronotal seta, msns - mesonotal seta, mtns - metanotal seta, pds - postdorsal seta, sp - spiracle,</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="FD2CE89C842F310B54C600B825ADD9D7" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="44BE3F0221FCA2AD29CCEEEE94173399" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Figure 9. Pupa, ventral view: aps - apical pronotal seta, bps - basal pronotal seta, dps - discal pronotal seta, drs - distrirostral seta, fes - femoral seta, lps - lateral pronotal seta, pc - pseudocerci, sos - supraorbital seta.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="1857B6D76964B098F4F102B6C4E8474D" ID-Table-UUID="1857B6D76964B098F4F102B6C4E8474D" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/1857B6D76964B098F4F102B6C4E8474D" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="6F641ACDBB6BBC75190614BB1D9121C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Table 2. Differences of the pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DFE0D4D16E1399F5923D1C56C197888" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa neta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neta">Rhinusa neta</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="823EA6557BE4CBEADF267648F3D6054B" lsidName="R. bipustulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="bipustulata">R. bipustulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the publications of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2631E276AEB352F154A22CCDE55FEEE0" author="Scherf, H" journalOrPublisher="Verlag Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" title="Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaeischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Oekologie)." year="1964">Scherf 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA16CE0E91C144E2FB79FD5893C6B60F" author="Anderson, DM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="133 - 140" title="Keys to larvae and pupae of the Gymnetrinae of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="75" year="1973">Anderson 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1611886B1ED7A1A14EF7025A1B78B0F2" author="Gosik, R" journalOrPublisher="Baltic Journal of Coleopterology" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" pagination="185 - 195" title="Morphology of the mature larva and pupa of Rhinusabipustulata (Rossi, 1792) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with some remarks on its biology." volume="10" year="2010 a">Gosik 2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and on personal research.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3B154E834A89981055A5C8CD94A4618D" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<table id="AE47B15EF76FD563732A4F5431E4EC08" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<tr id="EB501E5D49C629C7990ACB130CE3E986" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<th id="C9A1041711E78E89899EAA597E17643F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A4E41370BEA3100E7C558A5D13A6AD47" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa neta" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neta">Rhinusa neta</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="68B8C631A9F99EEDFAF1A9707854D8A0" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="71767FA365E3834CB77B9439A175DA78" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa bipustulata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bipustulata">Rhinusa bipustulata</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="5DE4F3BDC93EF4C08F5758E6241D8ECF" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<td id="C69D1F2CE3B97D8B7FAAA8F738003F47" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">drssos</td>
|
||
<td id="6ABDC70A1BD7FA4AFC7584E89DB34564" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">drsesbrs</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="2EC2D3FBF3681AE0DF2AB0EFE2248EDE" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<td id="99FF94055AFC2B732D759A4B2B7B0631" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">apslpsbpsdpsfes</td>
|
||
<td id="12C5DB02490CBBE496BDC99B8D4580A6" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rowspan="1">apslpsbpsdpsfes</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AE775A1BB05A5BA39014DAC7EE497728" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" type="biological information">
|
||
<paragraph id="7AA01B660A8026D093A387855513E6F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Biological information.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="63E94E88EBBA21AE48839168B038F713" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">
|
||
After overwintering, adults emerge in May and June, depending on weather conditions in the year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="201AD37854DF9F73980C988B6F493FBC" pageId="0" pageNumber="29">Burakowski et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BFF8304FB88D3165F5992BCA8178D06D" author="Wilson, LM" journalOrPublisher="USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Enterprise Technology Team, FHTET- 2005 - 13, Morgantown, VA" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" title="Biology and Biological Control of Dalmatian and Yellow Toadflax." year="2005">Wilson et. al 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Initially, they feed on the vegetative parts of plants, and after the inflorescence has been formed they feed on the generative parts. After copulation, the females lays eggs into channels bored in the seed capsules and then uses excrement to seal the hole. One or two larvae were usually observed in one seed capsule. Approximately 10-12 days after eggs were laid eggs in the laboratory, L1 larvae appeared, which fed on the seeds without causing them to swell. The full larval stage lasted on average 29 days, followed by pupation. This stage lasted approximately 18 days. The full development cycle of the beetle in laboratory conditions averaged 58 days. Some larvae died in the seed capsules, having been attacked by parasitic hymenopterans of the superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CE2DDF2FE891DB4C5DBF9F958EFA51F5" lsidName="Chalcidoidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="29" rank="superfamily" superfamily="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with parasitism reaching 20%. Species complete one generation per year and the new generation of adults emerge in August and September.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |