519 lines
57 KiB
XML
519 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document id="69A726BE8793E41FEDDE2F8A4C352E6A" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.13154423" ID-ISSN="1525-9153" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13154423" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1720040631787" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Bernardes, Marta, Rauhaus, Anna, Michel, Clara, Pham, Cuong The, Nguyen, Truong Quang, Le, Minh Duc, Pasmans, Frank, Bonkowski, Michael & Ziegler, Thomas" docDate="2017" docId="0B5487DE6445FFB9DC2C067EFE08F9DE" docLanguage="en" docName="AmphibReptileCons.11.1.e138.pdf" docOrigin="Amphibian & Reptile Conservation (e 138) 11 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D97478CDCB68366E5D4AECD282BFFB6F.2:AmphibReptileConse.2015-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="D97478CDCB68366E5D4AECD282BFFB6F" docStyleName="AmphibReptileConse.2015-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Tylototriton vietnamensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="80" masterDocId="F76DFFA66442FFB0DF3B0149FFDAFFE5" masterDocTitle="Larval development and breeding ecology of Ziegler’s Crocodile Newt, Tylototriton ziegleri Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen, 2013 (Caudata: Salamandridae), compared to other Tylototriton representatives" masterLastPageNumber="87" masterPageNumber="72" pageNumber="79" updateTime="1722540421904" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="8F412BFA0B6F3A630019D79B2BB67A1B">Larval development and breeding ecology of Ziegler’s Crocodile Newt, Tylototriton ziegleri Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen, 2013 (Caudata: Salamandridae), compared to other Tylototriton representatives</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E8627586D61DAE7B09145A54F8D37F63" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="BEB9044130DB63ACDF189FBEB0647D90">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="256CBD0834D1008D7CAC3168F99AF183">Bernardes, Marta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E17EBDC3C5DA0926B074E5283083DEF2">Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47 b, 50674, Cologne, GERMANY & Cologne Zoo, Riehler Strasse 173, 50735, Cologne, GERMANY</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EDD158D6C839FE6BADD897036C584914">Rauhaus, Anna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1185FF1605046C211828DEF00827444E">Cologne Zoo, Riehler Strasse 173, 50735, Cologne, GERMANY</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="1449AF3319E6D6F0A33B21CB2092FD7A">Michel, Clara</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0708149C2D1B65976C68DBB371E8A2FD">Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47 b, 50674, Cologne, GERMANY</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="197D967101CBEDDF9DC4AF55EE0341FA">Pham, Cuong The</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="028425501604D1E1A346951132494F4C">Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Hanoi, VIETNAM</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="57BA51C7D8D2C55E17EEAB2BB8898FDB">Nguyen, Truong Quang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="36552F2228D3A939E9EC6D5055AFE78E">Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. & Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Hanoi, VIETNAM</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E22287EA7CCBB773BEACF98639FD313A">Le, Minh Duc</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F30568C9F5D0F89D81D8C4EBA3119AD2">Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79 th Street, New York, New York 10024 & Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Hanoi National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, VIETNAM & Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai Road, Hanoi, VIETNAM</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="111F0C3CCA3BEE3E83DC65C085DC7E3D">Pasmans, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="34F6B4A576547D8A4BDD3FE22B877CB3">Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B 9820 Merelbeke, BELGIUM</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="E73B976EE44C47B33E0C5D6EA89B5287">Bonkowski, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="39D83BCF5FF3B57B63FB2216F9DB9441">Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47 b, 50674, Cologne, GERMANY</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="71CCBFC4F54756B98598E869FAC2D9E6">Ziegler, Thomas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8490A3C448AA1F52B54EB92BA36BD55C">Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47 b, 50674, Cologne, GERMANY & Cologne Zoo, Riehler Strasse 173, 50735, Cologne, GERMANY</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="AE3B2EE7AE004C921934D392585230B3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="63D96D29D2CAF54711459C9642E70324">
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<mods:title id="29197C4D8C6640EA236E3D479E22F4A6">Amphibian & Reptile Conservation</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="5E837444DE09623459ABE1B3E2003D16">
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<mods:date id="797A6E0F6D5B05340C98B530B96DDDEB">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="1218E6D35E9DE2AC2C853A0E9A3BAB25" type="series">
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<mods:title id="004A7775CF352F3C048FE9B882413299">e 138</mods:title>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="1BE741C25FE5CD6071FE090D21CA1D09" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="75602E451BA10A7BECA214AE6C72DAE5">2017-04-17</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="3CE2913B0214BC67E1111862E7940FBF" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="B5E5704E7F470A514A0BDBC4F3E7B8E0">11</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="85956DFC23F808C82A610DCEBDF67C89" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="629152DD049E9645852580107789E8C1">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="BD281A2949A3A159981920B5F961E986">72</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="CA77448CD750230ABD693A9879521A9F">87</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="1E3A1DAF5173F967161F45C954D06AE6">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="EE2231561E9AF411CA1A95513C20FA75" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.13154423</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9C24BE8332CA7BA8B4382867BBEEBD96" type="ISSN">1525-9153</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4CC5573DAE832CF1E2B8DA468A32A141" type="Zenodo-Dep">13154423</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0B5487DE6445FFB9DC2C067EFE08F9DE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0B5487DE6445FFB9DC2C067EFE08F9DE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0B5487DE6445FFB9DC2C067EFE08F9DE" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="7" pageNumber="79">
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<subSubSection id="CBE765436445FFB7DC2C067EFAF3F8B5" box="[791,1321,1847,1872]" pageId="7" pageNumber="79" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="834236C86445FFB7DC2C067EFAF3F8B5" blockId="7.[791,1321,1847,1872]" box="[791,1321,1847,1872]" pageId="7" pageNumber="79">
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<heading id="D80A81A46445FFB7DC2C067EFAF3F8B5" bold="true" box="[791,1321,1847,1872]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="79" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B189EADA6445FFB7DC2C067EFAF3F8B5" bold="true" box="[791,1321,1847,1872]" pageId="7" pageNumber="79">
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Developmental biology of
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<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B6445FFB7DB58067EFAF3F8B5" ID-CoL="7DBJW" authority="Böhme, Schöttler, Nguyen & Köhler, 2005" box="[1123,1321,1847,1872]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="7" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vietnamensis">
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<emphasis id="B189EADA6445FFB7DB58067EFAF3F8B5" bold="true" box="[1123,1321,1847,1872]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="79">T. vietnamensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CBE765436445FFB9DC2C0622FE08F9DE" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="7" pageNumber="79" type="description">
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<paragraph id="834236C86445FFB8DC2C0622FD89FC01" blockId="7.[790,1395,1899,1956]" lastBlockId="8.[141,746,780,996]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="7" pageNumber="79">
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<emphasis id="B189EADA6445FFB7DC2C0622FC8CF866" bold="true" box="[791,854,1899,1923]" pageId="7" pageNumber="79">
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<emphasis id="B189EADA6445FFB7DC2C0622FC94F867" bold="true" box="[791,846,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="79">Eggs</emphasis>
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:
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</emphasis>
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||
The record of
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||
<specimenCount id="95FBFD416445FFB7DCCA0625FB9FF861" box="[1009,1093,1900,1924]" count="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="79" type="egg">one egg</specimenCount>
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||
directly after deposition had a diameter of
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<quantity id="44059B2D6445FFB7DC9106C2FBCCF846" box="[938,1046,1931,1955]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.197" pageId="7" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="11.97">11.97 mm</quantity>
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and
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||
<quantity id="44059B2D6445FFB7DB7006C2FB54F841" box="[1099,1166,1931,1956]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="79" unit="g" value="0.73">0.73 g</quantity>
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of weight, while one egg ready to hatch measured
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<quantity id="44059B2D644AFFB8DEE00245FD91FCC1" box="[475,587,780,804]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.01" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="10.1">10.10 mm</quantity>
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and weighted
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<quantity id="44059B2D644AFFB8DFB60265FF02FCA0" box="[141,216,812,837]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" unit="g" value="0.56">0.56 g</quantity>
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. Measurements from random eggs in the field showed an egg diameter ranging between
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<quantity id="44059B2D644AFFB8DD4A0205FF6CFC61" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.82" metricValueMax="13.58" metricValueMin="6.06" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="9.82" valueMax="13.58" valueMin="6.06">6.06–13.58 mm</quantity>
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(mean 9.73 ±
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<quantity id="44059B2D644AFFB8DE6B0225FE6BFC61" box="[336,433,876,900]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="1.61">1.61 mm</quantity>
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,
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<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DE870224FE13FC61" box="[444,457,877,900]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">n</emphasis>
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= 133) and weight ranging from
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<quantity id="44059B2D644AFFB8DFF102C5FE91FC40" box="[202,331,908,933]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.699999999999999" metricValueMax="11.5" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" unit="g" value="0.6699999999999999" valueMax="1.15" valueMin="0.19">0.19–1.15 g</quantity>
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(mean 0.48 ±
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<quantity id="44059B2D644AFFB8DECB02C5FDECFC40" box="[496,566,908,933]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" unit="g" value="0.21">0.21 g</quantity>
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,
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<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DD7E02C4FD88FC41" box="[581,594,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">n</emphasis>
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= 133). Eggs were transparent and clear shortly after egg deposition and later changed to brownish transparent.
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||
</paragraph>
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<caption id="D7826640644AFFB8DFB503F7FD09FD15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13154437" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13154437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13154437/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" startId="8.[142,177,702,724]" targetBox="[141,745,144,694]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="834236C8644AFFB8DFB503F7FD09FD15" blockId="8.[141,745,702,753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
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<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DFB503F7FF08FD36" bold="true" box="[142,210,702,724]" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7.</emphasis>
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||
Dark and light phenotypic variations of
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||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DD4303F7FED3FD14" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vietnamensis">
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||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DD4303F7FED3FD14" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">Tylototriton vietnamensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
found at the type locality. Photo M. Bernardes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="834236C8644AFFB8DFB60545FEE2FA81" blockId="8.[140,747,1036,1381]" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
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<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DFB60545FD92FBC1" bold="true" box="[141,584,1036,1060]" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
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<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DFB60545FDE5FBC1" bold="true" box="[141,575,1036,1060]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">Body shape and size of hatched larvae</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
range of body length at hatching time was
|
||
<quantity id="44059B2D644AFFB8DEE70565FD43FBA1" box="[476,665,1068,1092]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.672" metricValueMax="1.785" metricValueMin="1.559" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="16.72" valueMax="17.85" valueMin="15.59">15.59–17.85 mm</quantity>
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||
(mean 17.04 ±
|
||
<quantity id="44059B2D644AFFB8DFDC0505FE90FB81" box="[231,330,1100,1124]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="0.85">0.85 mm</quantity>
|
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,
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<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DE6D0504FEB9FB81" box="[342,355,1101,1124]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 5). Dorsal fin well developed and higher than head, starting at the middle of trunk; ventral fin shorter than dorsal fin; body long and slender; snout short and flat; gills well developed. At stage 33 two fingers were visible in the forelimb and the hind limb bud was already visible. Toes, fingers, and joints were fully developed at stage 41. At stage 44 gills started to atrophy. Efts started to move to land at a size of
|
||
<quantity id="44059B2D644AFFB8DD780465FD6AFAA1" box="[579,688,1324,1348]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.415" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="44.15">44.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
with
|
||
<quantity id="44059B2D644AFFB8DFB40405FF1EFA80" box="[143,196,1356,1381]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" unit="g" value="0.6">0.6 g</quantity>
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||
of weight.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="834236C8644AFFB8DFB604C5FE1FF8E1" blockId="8.[141,746,1420,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
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<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DFB604C5FE80FA41" bold="true" box="[141,346,1420,1444]" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
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<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DFB604C5FE88FA41" bold="true" box="[141,338,1420,1444]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">Coloration in life</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
ground color light yellowish ochre; dark pigmentation on dorsal flanks, tail and head; venter slightly transparent to creamy white with no pigmentation; yellow spots scattered on dorsal side of head, body and tail; fingers and toes transparent to yellowish; gills light orange; eyes golden with black pupils. Pigmentation got darker with age turning black shortly before metamorphosis; toes and finger tips remained yellow as well as ventral ridge of tail. However, during field work at the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5C46886A644AFFB8DFEB07E4FF24F920" box="[208,254,1709,1733]" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of this species we came across slight phenotypic variations, where larvae were also totally white at older stages (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1BC62A4D644AFFB8DE4D07A5FE62F8E1" box="[374,440,1772,1796]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[142,177,702,724]" captionTargetBox="[141,745,144,694]" captionTargetId="figure-864@8.[141,746,144,694]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 7. Dark and light phenotypic variations of Tylototriton vietnamensis found at the type locality. Photo M. Bernardes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13154437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13154437/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="834236C8644AFFB8DFB60665FD33F841" blockId="8.[141,746,1836,1956]" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DFB60665FE3CF8A1" bold="true" box="[141,486,1836,1860]" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DFB60665FE07F8A1" bold="true" box="[141,477,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DE5C0664FE07F8A1" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen" authorityYear="2013" box="[359,477,1836,1860]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziegleri">T. ziegleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The diameter of the gelatinous layer of the egg was bigger in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DD040604FD38F881" box="[575,738,1869,1892]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vietnamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DD040604FD38F881" box="[575,738,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. vietnamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as sizes of hatchlings. However, the estimated size at metamorphosis is likely bigger in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DD7306C4FD68F841" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen" authorityYear="2013" box="[584,690,1932,1956]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziegleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DD7306C4FD68F841" box="[584,690,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. ziegleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="834236C8644AFFB8DC2C01D9FB63FEED" blockId="8.[790,1397,144,265]" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
|
||
development and body shape of larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DBF401D8FAA8FF4D" box="[1231,1394,145,168]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vietnamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DBF401D8FAA8FF4D" box="[1231,1394,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. vietnamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DCCB01F8FB83FF2D" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen" authorityYear="2013" box="[1008,1113,176,200]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziegleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DCCB01F8FB83FF2D" box="[1008,1113,176,200]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. ziegleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the exception that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC2D0198FC66FF0D" box="[790,956,209,232]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vietnamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC2D0198FC66FF0D" box="[790,956,209,232]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. vietnamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the body is more slender and elongated and the gills more orange than reddish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="834236C8644AFFB8DC2C0066FCA4FA0D" blockId="8.[789,1398,303,1961]" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC2C0066FB5FFE8D" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Comparisons between the development of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DA660066FCA9FE8D" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen" authorityYear="2013" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziegleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DA660066FCA9FE8D" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. ziegleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its congeners.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DBAE0019FAA9FE8D" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen" authorityYear="2013" box="[1173,1395,336,360]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziegleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DBAE0019FAA9FE8D" box="[1173,1395,336,360]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">Tylototriton ziegleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showed terrestrial oviposition, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DBF60038FAA9FE6D" authorityName="Liu" authorityYear="1950" box="[1229,1395,368,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taliangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DBF60038FAA9FE6D" box="[1229,1395,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. taliangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC7300D8FC30FE4D" authorityName="Nussbaum, Brodie & Yang" authorityYear="1995" box="[840,1002,400,424]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shanjing">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC7300D8FC87FE4D" box="[840,861,401,424]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DCB500D9FC30FE4D" box="[910,1002,400,424]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">shanjing</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showed aquatic oviposition and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DA6400D8FC6CFE2D" authorityName="Fang & Chang" authorityYear="1932" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kweichowensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DA6400D8FC6CFE2D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. kweichowensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DCC000F8FB7CFE2D" authorityName="Khatiwada, Wang, Ghimire, Vasudevan, Paudel & Jiang" authorityYear="2015" box="[1019,1190,432,456]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="himalayanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DCC000F8FB7CFE2D" box="[1019,1190,432,456]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. himalayanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showed both. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC2C0098FC72FE0D" baseAuthorityName="Phimmachak, Aowphol, and Stuart" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[791,936,464,488]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="podichthys">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC2C0098FC72FE0D" box="[791,936,464,488]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. podichthys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DCD80098FB90FE0D" authorityName="Nishikawa, Khonsue, Pomchote & Matsui" authorityYear="2013" box="[995,1098,464,488]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panhai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DCD80098FB90FE0D" box="[995,1098,464,488]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. panhai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs were laid adhered to vegetation, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DB3E00B8FBACFDED" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen" authorityYear="2013" box="[1029,1142,496,520]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziegleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB3E00B8FBACFDED" box="[1029,1142,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. ziegleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs were oviposited on the ground. One exceptional clutch of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DA390358FAA9FDCD" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen" authorityYear="2013" box="[1282,1395,528,552]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziegleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DA390358FAA9FDCD" box="[1282,1395,528,552]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. ziegleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showed eggs in small aggregations, like in
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DBE50378FC5DFD8D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DBE50378FAB5FDAD" baseAuthorityName="Phimmachak, Aowphol, and Stuart" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1246,1391,560,584]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="podichthys">T. podichthys</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC2C0318FC5DFD8D" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen" authorityYear="2013" box="[791,903,592,616]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziegleri">T. ziegleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
had similar clutch sizes compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DA640318FC4CFD6D" authorityName="Fei, Ye & Yang" authorityYear="1984" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hainanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DA640318FC4CFD6D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. hainanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but they were smaller than clutch sizes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC2C03D8FC0FFD4D" authorityName="Fang & Chang" authorityYear="1932" box="[791,981,656,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kweichowensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC2C03D8FC0FFD4D" box="[791,981,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. kweichowensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DB2F03D8FB6FFD4D" authorityName="Liu" authorityYear="1950" box="[1044,1205,656,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taliangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB2F03D8FB6FFD4D" box="[1044,1205,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. taliangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and bigger than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC4E03F8FBC3FD2D" box="[885,1049,689,712]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vietnamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC4E03F8FBC3FD2D" box="[885,1049,689,712]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. vietnamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DB1C03F8FB6FFD2D" authorityName="Unterstein" authorityYear="1930" box="[1063,1205,689,712]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="asperrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB1C03F8FB6FFD2D" box="[1063,1205,689,712]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T asperrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DBF803F8FAA9FD2D" box="[1219,1395,689,712]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DBF803F8FAB5FD2D" authorityName="Fei, Ye & Yang" authorityYear="1984" box="[1219,1391,689,712]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wenxianensis">T. wenxianensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC7F0398FC3DFD0D" authorityName="Khatiwada, Wang, Ghimire, Vasudevan, Paudel & Jiang" authorityYear="2015" box="[836,999,720,744]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="himalayanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC7F0398FC3DFD0D" box="[836,999,720,744]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. himalayanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DB6B0398FB61FD0D" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen" authorityYear="2013" box="[1104,1211,720,744]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziegleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB6B0398FB61FD0D" box="[1104,1211,720,744]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. ziegleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were transparent in coloration when young and turned to yellowbrownish when older, like in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DB5B0258FAD2FCCD" box="[1120,1288,785,808]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vietnamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB5B0258FAD2FCCD" box="[1120,1288,785,808]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. vietnamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC2C0278FC18FCAD" authorityName="Khatiwada, Wang, Ghimire, Vasudevan, Paudel & Jiang" authorityYear="2015" box="[791,962,816,840]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="himalayanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC2C0278FC18FCAD" box="[791,962,816,840]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. himalayanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eggs were greenish-yellow in color. The comparison between sizes of ovae showed larger diameters for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC950238FBC3FC6D" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen" authorityYear="2013" box="[942,1049,880,904]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziegleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC950238FBC3FC6D" box="[942,1049,880,904]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. ziegleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in relation to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DB880238FAB6FC6D" authorityName="Fang & Chang" authorityYear="1932" box="[1203,1388,880,904]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kweichowensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB880238FAB6FC6D" box="[1203,1388,880,904]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. kweichowensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC2C02D8FC62FC4D" box="[791,952,913,936]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC2C02D8FC6EFC4D" authorityName="Unterstein" authorityYear="1930" box="[791,948,913,936]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="asperrimus">T. asperrimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DCC602D8FB49FC4D" baseAuthorityName="Phimmachak, Aowphol, and Stuart" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1021,1171,912,936]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="podichthys">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DCC602D8FB49FC4D" box="[1021,1171,912,936]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. podichthys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In relation to the diameter of the gelatinous layer,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DBB902F8FB35FC2D" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen" authorityYear="2013" box="[1154,1263,944,968]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziegleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DBB902F8FB35FC2D" box="[1154,1263,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. ziegleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had similar diameters to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DCCE0298FB48FC0D" authorityName="Yang, Jiang, Shen & Fei" authorityYear="2014" box="[1013,1170,976,1000]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liuyangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DCCE0298FB48FC0D" box="[1013,1170,976,1000]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. liuyangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DBFF0298FAB0FC0D" authorityName="Fei, Ye & Yang" authorityYear="1984" box="[1220,1386,977,1000]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wenxianensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DBFF0298FAB0FC0D" box="[1220,1386,977,1000]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. wenxianensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which were bigger than those of
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB9D02B8FC66FBCD" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DB9D02B8FA96FBED" authorityName="Liu" authorityYear="1950" box="[1190,1356,1008,1032]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taliangensis">T. taliangensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DA6402B8FC62FBCD" authorityName="Fang & Chang" authorityYear="1932" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kweichowensis">T. kweichowensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DCD60558FB5AFBCD" box="[1005,1152,1040,1064]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DCD60558FBA6FBCD" baseAuthorityName="Phimmachak, Aowphol, and Stuart" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1005,1148,1040,1064]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="podichthys">T. podichthys</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and smaller than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC0F0578FC12FBAD" authorityName="Unterstein" authorityYear="1930" box="[820,968,1073,1096]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="asperrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC0F0578FC12FBAD" box="[820,968,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. asperrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DCED0578FB5BFBAD" box="[982,1153,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DCED0578FBA7FBAD" box="[982,1149,1073,1096]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vietnamensis">T. vietnamensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DBB20578FAFDFBAD" authorityName="Nussbaum, Brodie & Yang" authorityYear="1995" box="[1161,1319,1072,1096]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shanjing">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DBB20578FB47FBAD" box="[1161,1181,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DBF30579FAFDFBAD" box="[1224,1319,1072,1096]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">shanjing</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DA1D0579FAF0FBAD" box="[1318,1322,1072,1096]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">,</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DA5B0578FC45FB8D" authorityName="Khatiwada, Wang, Ghimire, Vasudevan, Paudel & Jiang" authorityYear="2015" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="himalayanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DA5B0578FC45FB8D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. himalayanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showed a wider range of egg diameter, both bigger and smaller than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DB4D0538FB3AFB6D" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen" authorityYear="2013" box="[1142,1248,1136,1160]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziegleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB4D0538FB3AFB6D" box="[1142,1248,1136,1160]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. ziegleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore egg size was related to clutch size, as species with smaller eggs had bigger clutches and vice-versa (y = -29.68 x + 313.64; F
|
||
<subScript id="1F79348D644AFFB8DC4605A8FC4FFB0B" attach="left" box="[893,917,1248,1263]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">1, 5</subScript>
|
||
= 66.85,
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DCC30598FBD2FB0D" box="[1016,1032,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">P</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001;
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB4B0598FBA0FB0D" box="[1136,1146,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">r</emphasis>
|
||
<superScript id="74889B80644AFFB8DB410586FB58FB38" attach="left" box="[1146,1154,1231,1245]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">2</superScript>
|
||
= 91.7%). At hatching time
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC7405B8FC2FFAED" box="[847,1013,1265,1288]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vietnamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC7405B8FC2FFAED" box="[847,1013,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. vietnamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had the largest larvae, followed in size by larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DCF50458FBE2FACD" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen" authorityYear="2013" box="[974,1080,1296,1320]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziegleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DCF50458FBE2FACD" box="[974,1080,1296,1320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. ziegleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB7E0458FADFFACD" box="[1093,1285,1296,1320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DB7E0458FADBFACD" authorityName="Fang & Chang" authorityYear="1932" box="[1093,1281,1296,1320]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kweichowensis">T. kweichowensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and lastly by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC070478FC38FAAD" authorityName="Khatiwada, Wang, Ghimire, Vasudevan, Paudel & Jiang" authorityYear="2015" box="[828,994,1328,1352]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="himalayanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC070478FC38FAAD" box="[828,994,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. himalayanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Size at metamorphosis seemed the smallest for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC9A0418FBF3FA8D" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui & Rao" authorityYear="2014" box="[929,1065,1360,1384]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shanorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC9A0418FBF3FA8D" box="[929,1065,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. shanorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DB5B0418FADFFA8D" box="[1120,1285,1361,1384]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vietnamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB5B0418FADFFA8D" box="[1120,1285,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. vietnamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, followed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC070438FC07FA6D" authorityName="Nussbaum, Brodie & Yang" authorityYear="1995" box="[828,989,1392,1416]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shanjing">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC070438FC8BFA6D" box="[828,849,1393,1416]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DCBA0439FC07FA6D" box="[897,989,1392,1416]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">shanjing</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DCD40438FB71FA6D" authorityName="Fang & Chang" authorityYear="1932" box="[1007,1195,1392,1416]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kweichowensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DCD40438FB71FA6D" box="[1007,1195,1392,1416]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. kweichowensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DB860438FAB6FA6D" authorityName="Shen, Jiang & Mo" authorityYear="2012" box="[1213,1388,1392,1416]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broadoridgus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB860438FAB6FA6D" box="[1213,1388,1392,1416]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. broadoridgus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC7D04D8FC30FA4D" authorityName="Khatiwada, Wang, Ghimire, Vasudevan, Paudel & Jiang" authorityYear="2015" box="[838,1002,1424,1448]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="himalayanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC7D04D8FC30FA4D" box="[838,1002,1424,1448]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. himalayanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while in comparison
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DBD904D8FA9FFA4D" baseAuthorityName="Nishikawa, Khonsue, Pomchote, and Matsui" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1250,1349,1425,1448]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uyenoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DBD904D8FA9FFA4D" box="[1250,1349,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. uyenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC2204F8FC63FA2D" authorityName="Liu" authorityYear="1950" box="[793,953,1456,1480]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taliangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC2204F8FC63FA2D" box="[793,953,1456,1480]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. taliangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had the largest sizes at metamorphosis (
|
||
<tableCitation id="CE7F0373644AFFB8DC250499FCABFA0D" box="[798,881,1488,1512]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="9.[141,197,144,165]" captionTargetBox="[152,1387,272,1442]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 4. Reproduction data of Tylototriton representatives (after Bourret 1942; Khatiwada et al. 2015; Kuzmin et al. 1994; Mudrack 2005; Nishikawa et al. 2013a, 2014, 2015; Phimmachak et al. 2015; Shen et al. 2012; Sparreboom 2014; Yang et al. 2014; Zhao 1988; Ziegler et al. 2008; and after own data for T. vietnamensis in comparison with T. ziegleri). * ‒ based on the description of a single larva; ** ‒ based on the description of two juveniles.All measurements in mm. For abbreviations see Material and Methods." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D7826640644BFFB9DFB601D9FAAEFF18" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" tableUuid="D7826640644BFFB9DFB601D9FAAEFF18">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="834236C8644AFFB9DC0C04B9FE08F9DE" blockId="8.[789,1398,303,1961]" lastBlockId="9.[141,748,1472,1595]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Generally, the larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DB1504B8FB4CF9ED" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui and Nguyen" authorityYear="2013" box="[1070,1174,1520,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ziegleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB1504B8FB4CF9ED" box="[1070,1174,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. ziegleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from the described larvae of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DBEB0759FA97F9CD" baseAuthorityName="Dubois and Raffaelli" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1232,1357,1552,1576]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DBEB0759FA97F9CD" box="[1232,1357,1552,1576]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">Tylototriton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having: 1) a broad head (longer in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DB990778FA98F9AD" authorityName="Nussbaum, Brodie & Yang" authorityYear="1995" box="[1186,1346,1584,1608]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shanjing">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB990778FB6DF9AD" box="[1186,1207,1585,1608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DBDD0779FA98F9AD" box="[1254,1346,1584,1608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">shanjing</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 2) the interorbital distance wider than internostril distance (similar distances in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DCCD0738FB54F96D" authorityName="Nussbaum, Brodie & Yang" authorityYear="1995" box="[1014,1166,1648,1672]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shanjing">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DCCD0738FBD0F96D" box="[1014,1034,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB080739FB54F96D" box="[1075,1166,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">shanjing</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 3) a pointed tail tip (round in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC4607D8FC07F94D" baseAuthorityName="Nishikawa, Khonsue, Pomchote, and Matsui" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[893,989,1681,1704]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uyenoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC4607D8FC07F94D" box="[893,989,1681,1704]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. uyenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DCD107D8FB5EF94D" authorityName="Liu" authorityYear="1950" box="[1002,1156,1680,1704]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taliangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DCD107D8FB5EF94D" box="[1002,1156,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. taliangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DBAA07D8FAF3F94D" authorityName="Nussbaum, Brodie & Yang" authorityYear="1995" box="[1169,1321,1680,1704]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shanjing">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DBAA07D8FB7FF94D" box="[1169,1189,1681,1704]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DBF107D9FAF3F94D" box="[1226,1321,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">shanjing</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DA1307D9FAF6F94D" box="[1320,1324,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">,</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DA6407D8FC46F92D" authorityName="Yang, Jiang, Shen & Fei" authorityYear="2014" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liuyangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DA6407D8FC46F92D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. liuyangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 4) the absence of balancers (versus present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DC090798FC49F90D" baseAuthorityName="Nishikawa, Khonsue, Pomchote, and Matsui" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[818,915,1745,1768]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uyenoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DC090798FC49F90D" box="[818,915,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. uyenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DCFE0798FB87F90D" authorityName="Nussbaum, Brodie & Yang" authorityYear="1995" box="[965,1117,1744,1768]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shanjing">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DCFE0798FC00F90D" box="[965,986,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB3A0799FB87F90D" box="[1025,1117,1744,1768]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">shanjing</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 5) dorsal fin higher than ventral fin (almost identical height in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DB9C07B8FA9FF8ED" authorityName="Yang, Jiang, Shen & Fei" authorityYear="2014" box="[1191,1349,1776,1800]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liuyangensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB9C07B8FA9FF8ED" box="[1191,1349,1776,1800]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. liuyangensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 6) tail shorter than SVL (tail longer than SVL in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DA230658FCB0F8AD" authorityName="Khatiwada, Wang, Ghimire, Vasudevan, Paudel & Jiang" authorityYear="2015" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="himalayanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DA230658FCB0F8AD" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. himalayanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 7) reddish gills (versus orange in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DBC30678FC96F88D" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vietnamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DBC30678FC96F88D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. vietnamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 8) advanced larval stages with dark ground color with the exception of yellow digits and ventral fin (versus orange digits and fin in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644AFFB8DB2D06D8FB1BF84D" authorityName="Shen, Jiang & Mo" authorityYear="2012" box="[1046,1217,1936,1960]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="8" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broadoridgus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644AFFB8DB2D06D8FB1BF84D" box="[1046,1217,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="80">T. broadoridgus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; yellow at head, parotids, vertebral ridge, rib nodules, limbs and tail in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644BFFB9DDED0488FF0EFA1D" baseAuthorityName="Nishikawa, Khonsue, Pomchote, and Matsui" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uyenoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644BFFB9DDED0488FF0EFA1D" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="81">T. uyenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644BFFB9DE3504A8FE49FA1D" authorityName="Nishikawa, Matsui & Rao" authorityYear="2014" box="[270,403,1504,1528]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shanorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644BFFB9DE3504A8FE49FA1D" box="[270,403,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="81">T. shanorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; brighter coloration laterally in the rib area in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644BFFB9DE170748FE1CF9FD" authorityName="Nussbaum, Brodie & Yang" authorityYear="1995" box="[300,454,1536,1560]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shanjing">
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644BFFB9DE170748FE9BF9FD" box="[300,321,1537,1560]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="81">T.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644BFFB9DE500749FE1CF9FD" box="[363,454,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="81">shanjing</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and 9) being less slender than larvae of
|
||
<emphasis id="B189EADA644BFFB9DE1C076DFE08F9DE" box="[295,466,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44FD4D4B644BFFB9DE1C076DFE14F9DE" box="[295,462,1572,1595]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Tylototriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="9" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vietnamensis">T. vietnamensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |