224 lines
21 KiB
XML
224 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="0AFFACACB1506CFB596454627D9F3AB5">
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<mods:title id="097441EA4D59862D43835FAABA9F1FD6">The Hawkmoth Fauna of Pakistan (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B81631D5059256A6C6C5C97F1D905F06">Rafi, Muhammad Ather</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FEB3D2C5D249144ABAC8090027ED36E1">Sultan, Amir</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DFDD825F69A4CDD3B035263C21DC7118">Kitching, Ian J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FC8E75C910796B40FB914B2FD3C37185">Pittaway, Anthony R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F803197812B22EF03CB90EB1DB596769">Markhasiov, Maxim</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D096C205B8BA6FC62B5D20694DAC47B2">Khan, Muhammad Rafique</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AD972DFE39E90C4E2877D5C2262B1039">Naz, Falak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A22658B92BE916DB14C917D702B4D407">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CEED80E9A7E4B94E48334DC7B3212B8A">
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<mods:date id="AEC1BEFFFE36D04E813BE26453EE1492">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E50F1E22EF243AAAEC52326AAC961095">3794</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03E787F841069E69EBAD4567FA9EFC2D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6134944" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119425205" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6134944" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E787F841069E69EBAD4567FA9EFC2D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787F841069E69EBAD4567FA9EFC2D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="396" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<subSubSection id="C354656541069E68EBAD4567FEE3F9F4" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF136EE41069E68EBAD4567FDF1F98E" blockId="2.[151,1032,1541,1637]" box="[151,545,1541,1567]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<heading id="D0B9818241069E68EBAD4567FDF1F98E" bold="true" box="[151,545,1541,1567]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41069E68EBAD4567FDF1F98E" ID-CoL="VQV5" authority="Walker, 1856" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1856" box="[151,545,1541,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Clanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deucalion">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41069E68EBAD4567FDF1F98E" bold="true" box="[151,545,1541,1567]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41069E68EBAD4567FEB3F98E" bold="true" box="[151,355,1541,1567]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Clanis deucalion</emphasis>
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(Walker, 1856)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF136EE41069E68EBAD4545FEE3F9F4" blockId="2.[151,1032,1541,1637]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41069E68EBAD4545FEABF9D1" bold="true" box="[151,379,1575,1600]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41069E68EB8D4545FEABF9D1" box="[183,379,1575,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Clanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deucalion">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41069E68EB8D4545FEABF9D1" bold="true" box="[183,379,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Clanis deucalion</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41069E68EAF54545FBD8F9D1" bold="true" box="[463,1032,1575,1600]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41069E68EAF54545FD85F9D1" bold="true" box="[463,597,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">thomaswitti</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B1F41069E68E9664545FC40F9D1" author="Eitschberger" box="[604,912,1575,1600]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" refString="Eitschberger, U. & Ihle, T. (2013) Uber Clanis deucalion (Walker, 1856) mit Erganzungen zur Gattungsrevision von Eitschberger (2004) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Atalanta, 44, 153 - 204." type="journal article" year="2013">Eitschberger & Ihle, 2013</bibRefCitation>
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syn. nov.)
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</emphasis>
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Plate 1, Fig. 5
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C354656541069E68EBAD45F6FED5F889" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BF136EE41069E68EBAD45F6FED5F889" blockId="2.[151,1437,1684,2030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41069E68EBAD45F6FC48F93C" bold="true" box="[151,920,1684,1709]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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Material examined.
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<collectingCountry id="F359767E41069E68EAAA45F6FDCEF93C" box="[400,542,1684,1709]" name="Pakistan" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">PAKISTAN</collectingCountry>
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, [Azad Jammu and Kashmir,]
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</emphasis>
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Rawalakot,
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<date id="FFF0102E41069E68EF1745F7FB69F93C" box="[1069,1209,1684,1709]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" value="2006-07-07">7. vii. 2006</date>
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, M. Rafique Khan;
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41069E68EBAD45D5FE18F941" bold="true" box="[151,456,1719,1744]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,]</emphasis>
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Nathiagali [Nathia Gali],
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<date id="FFF0102E41069E68E82545D5FBF3F941" box="[799,1059,1719,1744]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" value="1979-06-16" valueMax="1979-08-01" valueMin="1979-06-16">16. vi.–1. viii. 1979</date>
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, J. Weiss (
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<collectionCode id="ED5FAE2B41069E68EF8745DAFAC7F941" box="[1213,1303,1720,1744]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">BMNH</collectionCode>
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);
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41069E68EE0D45D5FE9FF964" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,]</emphasis>
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SW-Himalaya, Indus-Kohistan, Kaghan-Tal, Shinu,
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<quantity id="4CB69B0B41069E68E8FD45BEFBF5F965" box="[967,1061,1756,1780]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
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,
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<date id="FFF0102E41069E68EF0345BEFB14F965" box="[1081,1220,1756,1781]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" value="1977-06-02">2. vi. 1977</date>
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, [J. J.] de Freina (
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<collectionCode id="ED5FAE2B41069E68EBA54462FF29F889" box="[159,249,1792,1816]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">BMNH</collectionCode>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C354656541069E69EBFD4446FA9EFC2D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="396" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BF136EE41069E69EBFD4446FEE8FDCB" blockId="2.[151,1437,1684,2030]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,957]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="396" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41069E68EBFD4446FEEBF8AC" bold="true" box="[199,315,1828,1853]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Remarks.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B1F41069E68EA7B4446FD93F8AC" box="[321,579,1828,1853]" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" refString="Mehmood, K., Yousuf, M. & Naeem, M. (1996) The Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) of the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Entomologist's Record, 108, 211 - 215." type="journal article">
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Mehmood
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41069E68EA814447FE22F8AC" box="[443,498,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">et al.</emphasis>
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(1996)
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</bibRefCitation>
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reported this species from Murree in
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<collectingCountry id="F359767E41069E68E8DF4446FB98F8AC" box="[997,1096,1828,1853]" name="Pakistan" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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. Recently,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B1F41069E68EFFB4446FF31F8F1" author="Eitschberger" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" refString="Eitschberger, U. & Ihle, T. (2013) Uber Clanis deucalion (Walker, 1856) mit Erganzungen zur Gattungsrevision von Eitschberger (2004) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Atalanta, 44, 153 - 204." type="journal article" year="2013">Eitschberger & Ihle (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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described
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41069E68EA634425FDC8F8F1" box="[345,536,1863,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Clanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deucalion">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41069E68EA634425FDC8F8F1" box="[345,536,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Clanis deucalion</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41069E68E9514425FD3EF8F1" box="[619,750,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">thomaswitti</emphasis>
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based on nine males and three females from several localities in the Kaghan Valley (Tathabaya,
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<quantity id="4CB69B0B41069E68E90A4409FDBFF815" box="[560,623,1899,1924]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="395" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
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E of Kawai) and near Nathia Gali (Ayubia and Barangali), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, deposited in the Thomas Witt Museum, Munich,
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<collectingCountry id="F359767E41069E68E89D44EDFBC1F836" box="[935,1041,1935,1959]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Germany</collectingCountry>
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. The subspecies was said to be immediately distinguishable by the pale sandy-beige ground colour, rather than the darker reddish-brown of moths from further east, particularly
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<collectingCountry id="F359767E41069E68EAD744B7FDE4F87F" box="[493,564,2005,2030]" name="Nepal" pageId="2" pageNumber="395">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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. Because of this pale coloration, the transverse bands on the upperside of the wings, particularly the forewings, were blurred and less distinct. Eitschberger & Ihle then immediately undermined their own claim for this to be diagnostic by noting that many specimens of the nominotypical subspecies also had similarly blurred and less distinct forewing patterns. They then asserted that the female illustrated by D’Abrera (1987: 65) could immediately be assigned to the new subspecies from
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<collectingCountry id="F359767E41079E69E8F04260FBF9FE8A" box="[970,1065,258,283]" name="Pakistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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on the basis of colour, but they could not be entirely sure as D’Abrera did not give the locality of this moth. We have examined this specimen in the BMNH and it is not from
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<collectingCountry id="F359767E41079E69EAD2422BFD9AFEF3" box="[488,586,329,354]" name="Pakistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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, but from Simla [Shimla] in Himachal Pradesh,
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<collectingCountry id="F359767E41079E69EF56422BFB78FEF3" box="[1132,1192,329,354]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">India</collectingCountry>
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, collected by Lt. Col. Scott in
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<date id="FFF0102E41079E69EBC5420FFEAAFE14" box="[255,378,365,389]" pageId="3" pageNumber="396" value="1933-06">June 1933</date>
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, and so should unequivocally be the nominotypical subspecies. The two specimens from
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<collectingCountry id="F359767E41079E69EBAD42F2FF26FE38" box="[151,246,400,425]" name="Pakistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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in the BMNH (see Material Examined) are certainly the palest, but moths from Uttarakhand (Dehradun; Nainital) and Himachal Pradesh (Shimla) are only slightly darker. The darkest and most contrastingly patterned moths come from the Kathmandu Valley and eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F359767E41079E69E82B42B5FC87FE61" box="[785,855,471,496]" name="Nepal" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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, but even here there are paler specimens. So the gradation in colour and pattern in
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41079E69E92E4298FD02FD82" box="[532,722,506,531]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Clanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="396" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deucalion">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41079E69E92E4298FD02FD82" box="[532,722,506,531]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">Clanis deucalion</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is clearly another instance of moths from the drier northwest of the Himalaya being paler and less contrastingly marked than those from wetter areas further east (see
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41079E69EE24417FFF0DFDCB" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Anambulyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="396" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elwesi">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41079E69EE24417FFF0DFDCB" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">Anambulyx elwesi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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above).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF136EE41079E69EBFD4107FEC9FCBE" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,957]" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B1F41079E69EBFD4107FE2CFDEC" author="Eitschberger" box="[199,508,613,638]" pageId="3" pageNumber="396" refString="Eitschberger, U. & Ihle, T. (2013) Uber Clanis deucalion (Walker, 1856) mit Erganzungen zur Gattungsrevision von Eitschberger (2004) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Atalanta, 44, 153 - 204." type="journal article" year="2013">Eitschberger & Ihle (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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noted several small differences in the male and female genitalia between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41079E69EE694107FED6FD30" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Clanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="396" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deucalion">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41079E69EE694107FED6FD30" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">Clanis deucalion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F359767E41079E69EA7141EAFE7AFD30" box="[331,426,648,673]" name="Pakistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and those from further east (mostly eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F359767E41079E69E8A641EAFC34FD30" box="[924,996,648,673]" name="Nepal" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
). However, even they admitted that the genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41079E69EA2541CEFEB9FD54" box="[287,361,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Clanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="396" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41079E69EA2541CEFEB9FD54" box="[287,361,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">Clanis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in general are quite variable in all structures. Consequently, the small differences they described (including the degree of development of the pair of setae on the underside of the tegumen (incorrectly stated to be the “juxta-segment” by Eitschberger & Ihle)) are all well within the range of individual variation for the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF136EE41079E69EBFD4058FC30FCE7" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,957]" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">
|
||
In summary, we do not consider that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41079E69E9B04058FCCDFCC3" box="[650,797,825,850]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Clanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="396" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deucalion">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41079E69E9B04058FCCDFCC3" box="[650,797,825,850]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">C. deucalion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41079E69E847405BFBD0FCC3" box="[893,1024,825,850]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">thomaswitti</emphasis>
|
||
warrants recognition as a separate subspecies and therefore synonymize it with the nominotypical subspecies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF136EE41079E69EBFD40E2FA9EFC2D" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,957]" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41079E69EBFD40E2FE59FC08" box="[199,393,896,921]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Clanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="396" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deucalion">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41079E69EBFD40E2FE59FC08" box="[199,393,896,921]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">Clanis deucalion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ranges from northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F359767E41079E69E9B440E2FD20FC08" box="[654,752,896,921]" name="Pakistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, through northwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F359767E41079E69E8C140E2FBE4FC08" box="[1019,1076,896,921]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F359767E41079E69EF6440E2FB74FC08" box="[1118,1188,896,921]" name="Nepal" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and possibly Sikkim and Xizang/Tibet,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F359767E41079E69EA5D40C6FE7EFC2C" box="[359,430,932,957]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Records from elsewhere are misidentifications of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41079E69E8DC40C7FBBBFC2C" box="[998,1131,932,957]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Clanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="396" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bilineata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41079E69E8DC40C7FBBBFC2C" box="[998,1131,932,957]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">C. bilineata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and/or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41079E69EF8540C7FA97FC2C" box="[1215,1351,932,957]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Clanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="396" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41079E69EF8540C7FA97FC2C" box="[1215,1351,932,957]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="396">C. undulosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |