803 lines
86 KiB
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803 lines
86 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483131" ID-GBIF-Dataset="933de798-383e-46d7-ac1c-2607a36d7f10" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159608565" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3483131" checkinTime="1558002322696" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Osborn, H. F." docDate="1906" docId="03E78790FFD4FF801145FE67FE7AFBFD" docLanguage="en" docName="Osborn1906Tyrannosaurus.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="50" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="296" masterDocId="FFDEFFE8FFD7FF8F1241FFB8FFB3FFAC" masterDocTitle="Tyrannosaurus, upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (second communication)" masterLastPageNumber="298" masterPageNumber="281" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" updateTime="1650889798956" updateUser="jeremy">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Tyrannosaurus, upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (second communication)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Osborn, H. F.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>1906</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>22</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>281</mods:start>
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<mods:end>298</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3239318</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">933de798-383e-46d7-ac1c-2607a36d7f10</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3239318</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483131" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159608565" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3483131" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E78790FFD4FF801145FE67FE7AFBFD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E78790FFD4FF801145FE67FE7AFBFD" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
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<subSubSection box="[772,1260,479,516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[414,1296,372,516]" box="[772,1260,479,516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[772,1260,479,516]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[772,1114,479,516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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<emphasis box="[1129,1255,479,515]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Osborn</emphasis>
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.
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="286" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[370,1666,546,2397]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
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The complete skeleton of this animal is restored on
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<figureCitation box="[1426,1658,547,583]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Pl. XXXIX</figureCitation>
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. The height of the head in the standing position was 5.35 m. The skull was of relatively large size, of extremely robust structure. The neck was abbreviated but flexible, the cervical ribs being relatively short. In the standing position the body was balanced by the tail, only a few parts of which are known. There is little indication of much free movement between the dorsal vertebrae, the centra being of the amphiplatyan type, flat or feebly amphicoelian. The sacrals are firmly coalesced with each other and with the ilium as the
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<emphasis box="[456,568,995,1029]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">centre</emphasis>
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of motion. The pubes are of extraordinary size, terminating inferiorly in an enormous peduncle. The hind limbs are provided with extremely muscular attachments, but they contain large hollow cavities and are relatively light. The feet, judging by the metatarsals and single phalanx preserved, were of huge size and provided with powerful claws.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[370,1666,546,2397]" box="[888,1190,1305,1341]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">i. THE SKULL.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[370,1666,546,2397]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
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The parts of the skull preserved are put in place (
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<figureCitation box="[1372,1477,1371,1409]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="4.[206,248,1851,1878]" captionTargetBox="[152,1400,839,1836]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Skull of Tryrannosaurus. d, dentary; sur, surangular; sq, squamosal; prf,prefrontal; o, orbit; na, anterior nares; 1, 2, 3, antorbital openings. Dotted outlines arefrom Allosaurus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360282/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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) by comparison with the skull of
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<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[875,1066,1422,1458]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[875,1066,1422,1458]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Allosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[1106,1225,1421,1459]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="5.[541,583,1588,1613]" captionTargetBox="[488,1486,1018,1577]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Skull of Allosaurus in the American Museum of Natural History. To same scale as the skull of Tyrannosaurus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360284/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
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Fig.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1202,1225,1422,1458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">2</emphasis>
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</figureCitation>
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). Our knowledge will fortunately be supplemented from a skull in the Carnegie Museum, which is perfectly preserved in the occipital region, and which, with other parts, will soon be described by Dr. W. J. Holland. In general the skull resembles that of
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<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[893,1088,1619,1657]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[893,1088,1619,1657]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">Allosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with greater massiveness and marked abbreviation, less elongate and of greater depth.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[370,1666,546,2397]" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">
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Maxillary. - The maxillaries are triangular in outline, enclosing the second antorbital foramen (2) and bounding chiefly the antorbital (1) foramen as well as the maxillo-premaxillary (3) foramen. The surface is convex, roughened, and pitted with numerous open canals and foramina, which are arranged in rows parallel with the dental series. Anteriorly and superiorly the lines of union with the premaxillaries, nasals, and prefrontals are distinguishable. On the inner side the dental alveoli extend downward into triangular plates which do not touch each other but are continuous with the walls separating the teeth and evidently functioned in their reinforcement. The maximum length of the maxillary is 690 mm.; its greatest depth,
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<emphasis box="[1495,1556,2212,2247]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="284">410</emphasis>
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mm. Twelve teeth constitute the maxillary series. There was certainly one and possibly two small teeth in the premaxillary making thirteen to fourteen altogether. The maxillary teeth are ovate in
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[122,1424,413,800]" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">cross section. Nos. 1 and 2 of the maxillary series are of smaller size; Nos. 4, 5, and 6 are the largest of the series; the remainder diminish rapidly to No. 12, which was greatly reduced, judging from its small alveolus.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[122,1424,413,800]" lastBlockId="4.[127,1437,1965,2453]" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">
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<emphasis box="[188,375,613,650]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Prefrontal</emphasis>
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. -This massive ¬-shaped bone is formed by the union of two bars surmounted by the supraorbital protuberances as in
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<emphasis box="[175,373,712,749]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Allosaurus</emphasis>
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. On the inner surface of the descending bar is a thin transverse plate separating the orbit from the antorbital fenestra. The length of the antero-posterior bar is 340 mm., of the vertical bar 350 mm.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360282/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="285" targetBox="[152,1400,839,1836]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[146,1392,1851,1912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">
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Fig. 1. Skull of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[445,644,1851,1878]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[445,644,1851,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Tryrannosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis box="[683,700,1851,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">d</emphasis>
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, dentary; sur, surangular;
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<emphasis box="[1067,1094,1855,1877]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">sq</emphasis>
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, squamosal; prf,prefrontal; o, orbit; na, anterior nares; 1, 2, 3, antorbital openings. Dotted outlines are from
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<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[1234,1387,1887,1912]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1234,1387,1887,1912]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Allosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[127,1437,1965,2453]" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">
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Palatine.-A pair of thin flat plates(
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387316" box="[862,1257,2064,2110]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="4" pageNumber="285" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="Holotype of Dynamosaurus imperiosus">Amer.Mus. No. 5866</materialsCitation>
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)probably represent these elements, the main body of the plate extending forward and ending in an obtuse point which articulated with the maxillary, while a smaller process projected backward to unite with the pterygoids. The measurements are: length 355, width 225 mm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[127,1437,1965,2453]" lastBlockId="5.[351,1645,412,998]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="286" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">
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<emphasis box="[199,396,2313,2353]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Squamosal</emphasis>
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. -The squlamosal exhibits a decided contrast with that.of
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<emphasis box="[179,374,2366,2402]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Allosaurus</emphasis>
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in the presence of the horizontal bar(possibly homologous with the depressed bar in
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<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[612,807,2413,2453]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[612,807,2413,2453]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="285">Allosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) which appears to project forward into the latero-temporal fenestra; below this bar is a rough border for union with the quadrato-jugal; its proximal end is deeply incised, apparently for the stapedial canal;. A somewhat similar bar in
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<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[353,547,563,601]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[353,547,563,601]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Allosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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extends downward and forward. The superior groove for the reception of the projecting process of the postorbito-frontal, the roughened
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[627,704,665,700]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">area</emphasis>
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for the attachment of the paroccipital, the posteroinferior attachment of the paroccipital, and the inferior articular
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[354,430,765,800]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">area</emphasis>
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for the quadrate, can be made out clearly.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[351,1645,412,998]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">
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<emphasis box="[417,564,813,850]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Dentary</emphasis>
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. - The dentaries of both rami with nearly all the teeth finely preserved are shown in both specimens; the exterior surface is pitted by vascular foramina. The symphysial union was ligamentous. The dentary deepens decidedly below its junction with the surangular.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360284/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" targetBox="[488,1486,1018,1577]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[480,1473,1587,1646]" box="[541,1473,1587,1614]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">
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Fig. 2. Skull of
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<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[759,899,1587,1614]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[759,899,1587,1614]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Allosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[943,1223,1588,1613]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">the American Museum</emphasis>
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of Natural History.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[480,1473,1587,1646]" box="[480,1051,1620,1646]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[480,653,1621,1646]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">To same scale</emphasis>
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as the skull of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[854,1047,1620,1646]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[854,1047,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="5.[350,1645,1687,2418]" lastBlockId="6.[145,1330,1833,1923]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="287" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">
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There are thirteen teeth in each jaw of the type of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1363,1635,1689,1727]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1363,1635,1689,1727]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and thirteen on one and fourteen on the other side in the jaws of
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<subSubSection box="[352,1184,1788,1827]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" type="reference_group">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387306" box="[352,730,1789,1827]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="5" pageNumber="286" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="Holotype of Dynamosaurus imperiosus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[352,457,1790,1827]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Amer</emphasis>
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. Mus. No. 5866
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</materialsCitation>
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(type of
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<treatmentCitation authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[892,1167,1788,1827]" genus="Dynamosaurus" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD8786-FF96-FFED-3A82-F9C57DDCF68A" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" rank="species" species="imperiosus">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[892,1167,1788,1827]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imperiosus" status="syn. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[892,1167,1788,1827]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Dynamosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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).
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" type="description">
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The teeth are large, with the transverse exceeding the antero-posterior diameter, and points recurved. The anterior tooth, as in the four anterior teeth of
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<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Allosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and some of the anterior teeth of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1097,1269,1935,1974]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Deinodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1097,1269,1935,1974]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Deinodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, has a subtriangular form and is of greatly inferior size; the edges divide the tooth unequally into an anterior convex face representing two-thirds of its surface, and a posterior concave face. The second to fifth teeth are the largest of the series. The
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[934,1026,2133,2170]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">sixth</emphasis>
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to the thirteenth decrease gradually, so that the thirteenth could scarcely have been functional. As in
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<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[393,589,2234,2269]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[393,589,2234,2269]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Allosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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the serrate edges do not equally divide any of the crowns, and change according to the position of the teeth; the anterior
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[351,599,2331,2369]" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">serrated edge</emphasis>
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gradually shifts forwards from the inner side to the anterior border of the tooth. In
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<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[958,1150,2380,2417]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[958,1150,2380,2417]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="286">Allosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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the teeth are more compressed transversely, as is the case also in the Judith River
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1257,1433,396,431]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Deinodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1257,1433,396,431]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Deinodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. As in the maxillaries the inner border of the alveoli is strengthened by triangular dentary plates; at their base is a deep canal parallel to the alveoli. The dental foramen opens beneath the eighth tooth. In front of this, extending nearly the entire length of the dentary is an open shallow canal. Measurements: extreme length of dentary, 850; depth at middle section, 155; largest tooth, 125 mm.
|
|
<emphasis box="[203,412,744,781]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Surangular</emphasis>
|
|
. - The. surangular is a broad plate, with an arched dorsal coronoid border overhanging the concave inner surface. Contracting posteriorly a heavy inner process expands to form the anterior buttress of the articular; just in front of this is the large foramen homologous with that in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[851,1047,1837,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[851,1047,1837,1873]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1842" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[1171,1324,1835,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Hatteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1171,1324,1835,1873]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Hatteria</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The measurements are: length
|
|
<emphasis box="[653,717,1886,1922]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">610</emphasis>
|
|
, extreme depth 260.
|
|
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360286/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" targetBox="[90,1498,947,1690]" targetPageId="6">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="6.[81,1511,1702,1794]" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
|
|
Fig. 3. Cervical vertebrm of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[526,725,1704,1728]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[526,725,1704,1728]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.,
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387308" box="[760,1033,1703,1728]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="6" pageNumber="287" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="Holotype of Dynamosaurus imperiosus">Amer. Mus. No. 5866</materialsCitation>
|
|
. hypocentrum of atlas;
|
|
<emphasis box="[1368,1418,1702,1728]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">nph</emphasis>
|
|
, neuropophysis; 2 supposed axis with its hypocentium;
|
|
<emphasis box="[697,728,1734,1761]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">od</emphasis>
|
|
, odontoid; 3, 9 remaining cervicals; r8, r9, ribs found attached to ribs, 8-9,
|
|
<emphasis box="[236,307,1766,1794]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">10-11</emphasis>
|
|
, cervico-dorsals; c, capitular facet; t, tubercular facets.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="6.[146,1453,1958,2398]" box="[519,1079,1960,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
|
|
<heading allCaps="true" box="[519,1079,1960,1996]" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" reason="4">
|
|
2. THE
|
|
<emphasis box="[684,900,1960,1995]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">VERTEBRAL</emphasis>
|
|
COLUMN.
|
|
</heading>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="6.[146,1453,1958,2398]" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
|
|
The vertebral formula cannot be given precisely. It is estimated in the restoration (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[531,814,2064,2104]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Plate XXXIX</figureCitation>
|
|
) that there were twenty-three presacrals, as in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[461,659,2116,2152]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[461,659,2116,2152]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The characters of
|
|
<emphasis box="[1057,1146,2114,2152]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">most</emphasis>
|
|
of the vertebrae can be precisely ascertained from the types of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1176,1450,2162,2201]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1176,1450,2162,2201]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[238,515,2213,2250]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[238,515,2213,2250]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Dynamosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="6.[146,1453,1958,2398]" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
|
|
<emphasis box="[214,378,2262,2299]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Cervicals</emphasis>
|
|
. -The cervicals in
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387315" box="[772,941,2259,2300]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="6" pageNumber="287" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="Holotype of Dynamosaurus imperiosus">No. 5866</materialsCitation>
|
|
were found partly articulated and in position (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[559,668,2311,2351]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="6.[144,188,1703,1727]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3. Cervical vertebrm of Tyrannosaurus.,Amer. Mus. No. 5866. hypocentrum of atlas; nph, neuropophysis; 2 supposed axis with its hypocentium; od, odontoid; 3, 9 remaining cervicals; r8, r9, ribs found attached to ribs, 8-9, 1-011, cervico-dorsals; c, capitular facet; t, tubercular facets." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360286/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="6.[146,1453,1958,2398]" lastBlockId="7.[331,1625,390,1077]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="288" pageId="6" pageNumber="287">
|
|
Some uncertainty exists as regards the atlas-axis complex, because the vertebra interpreted as the
|
|
<emphasis box="[1103,1175,393,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">axis</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<figureCitation box="[1207,1321,390,429]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="5.[541,583,1588,1613]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Skull of AiZosaurus in the American Museum of Natural History. To same scale as the skull of Tyrannosaurus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360284/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|
), which in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
lacks the odontoid process and is firmly coalesced with the axis, fails to show evidence of the sutural union between the lower portion of the centrum and the supposed hypocentrum.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[331,1625,390,1077]" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
|
|
The vertebra interpreted as the axis is extremely abbreviate as compared with that of
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[742,940,640,677]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[742,940,640,677]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
; possibly because of partial crushing; it bore a slender two-headed rib, which is preserved.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[331,1625,390,1077]" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
|
|
The
|
|
<emphasis box="[481,562,740,775]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">atlas</emphasis>
|
|
is positivelv determined with its very shallow concavity for the cranial condyle (
|
|
<emphasis box="[819,839,790,825]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">c</emphasis>
|
|
), with attachment areas for the neural arches (
|
|
<emphasis box="[479,582,839,875]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">nph</emphasis>
|
|
), with a definite articulation posteriorly for the hypocentrum of the axis (
|
|
<emphasis box="[713,770,889,925]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">hy</emphasis>
|
|
), and with a postero-superior concave surface for articulation of the odontoid.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[331,1625,390,1077]" lastBlockId="7.[327,1624,1485,2412]" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
|
|
<emphasis box="[396,556,988,1025]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Cervicals</emphasis>
|
|
3-9.- Of the cervical series Nos. 2 and 3 were in position, No. 4 was found in a separate block, Nos. 5-
|
|
<emphasis box="[782,915,1087,1117]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">11 with</emphasis>
|
|
the neural spines of Nos. 12, 13, were found articulated. The hypocentrum of the axis exhibits a plane anterior face with a roughened posterior face for close union with the centrum in the third vertebra. These cervicals are distinguished by: (1) broad depressed neural spines (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[1261,1376,1382,1423]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[393,435,1525,1565]" captionTargetBox="[333,760,1061,1502]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 4. Anterior view of mid-cervical vertebra, Amer. Mus No. 5866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360288/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
|
), (2) gently opisthocoelous centra, (3) relatively short ribs which change from slender bars in C1-C3 into somewhat broadened triangular plates as preserved in C8 and C9, (4) the centra broad and short, deeply excavated laterally. The posterior faces are distinctly but gently concave, while the natural convexity of the anterior faces appears to have been altered by crushing.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3360288/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" targetBox="[333,760,1061,1502]" targetPageId="7">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[327,1624,1485,2412]" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
|
|
Fig. 4. Anterior view of mid-cervical vertebra,
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387309" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="7" pageNumber="288" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="Holotype of Dynamosaurus imperiosus">Amer. Mus No. 5866</materialsCitation>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[327,1624,1485,2412]" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
|
|
In
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[458,652,1833,1869]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|
the cervicals are relatively elongate, more deeply opisthocoelous, with relatively narrow, erect neural spines, and more elongate ribs.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[327,1624,1485,2412]" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
|
|
Cervico-dorsals, Nos. 10- 11. -In these transitional vertebrae, which in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[500,692,2030,2065]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|
have the same relations as in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1842" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[1268,1417,2028,2065]" class="Reptilia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Hatteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hatteria</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the space between the capitulum and tuberculum rapidly widens and it is provisionally inferred (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[836,1069,2127,2164]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Pl. XXXIX</figureCitation>
|
|
) that the ribs were more of the dorsal type, as in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[804,999,2177,2213]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but were not connected by cartilaginous ribs with the sternum. The faces of the centra are more plane, passing into the amphiplatyan type of the dorsals. The neural spines are narrower and more elevated.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="7.[327,1624,1485,2412]" lastBlockId="8.[143,1453,1838,2419]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="289" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">
|
|
Dorsals Nos. 12-23.-We proceed on the supposition that there were eleven dorsals, the most anterior of which supported the sternum (see
|
|
<figureCitation box="[227,509,449,486]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="289" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Plate XXXIX</figureCitation>
|
|
). Portions of several are preserved in the two specimens, as indicated by shading in the restoration (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[1183,1421,500,536]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="289" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Pl. XXXIX</figureCitation>
|
|
). These vertebrae are characterized by high, stout spines, with rugose areas for ligamentous attachment, rather abbreviate centra excavated laterally by deep pits which. almost completely traverse the centrum from the opposite sides. The zygopophyses are gradually approximated until in the posterior dorsals they form the characteristic wedge-shaped union, but apparently without hyposphen. The articular surfaces of the centra are partly amphiplatyan, with a characteristic slight anterior concavity in the upper portion of the face below the neural canal, similar to the same surfaces in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[197,394,1887,1927]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[197,394,1887,1927]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="8.[134,1445,360,934]" box="[136,1416,361,394]" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">I1906.] Obr,Trnoars 8</paragraph>
|
|
<caption box="[322,1299,1755,1779]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239320/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="289" targetBox="[271,1324,974,1733]" targetPageId="8">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="8.[271,1324,974,1779]" box="[322,1299,1755,1779]" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">
|
|
Fig 5. Sacrum of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[584,782,1756,1779]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387313" box="[822,1076,1755,1779]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="8" pageNumber="289" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">Amer. Mus. No. 973</materialsCitation>
|
|
. 1-5, sacrals 1-5.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="8.[143,1453,1838,2419]" lastBlockId="9.[337,1630,400,536]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="290" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">
|
|
Sacrals.-The sacrum is completely preserved in the type of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[147,422,1988,2026]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[147,422,1988,2026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, consisting of five vertebrae with closely coalesced neural spines forming a continuous plate with three fenestrations between S2 and S5. The centrum of S1 was less firmly united than the others and was found entirely detached in the matrix, whereas the centra of S2 and S3 were most firmly coalesced and appear to correspond with the primary sacrum. The centrum of S4 is also firmly united. Viewed from the front sacrals 2 and 3 are wedge-shaped, narrowing inferiorly, while S1 is vertically extended, and S5 is more vertically oval. S1 exhibits a broad rugose attachment area facing downward for articulation with the horizontal transverse plate of the ilium, whereas S2-5 exhibit rugose areas facing outward, that of S5 being greatly expanded.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<footnote box="[183,383,2426,2464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="8.[183,1411,2426,2464]" box="[183,383,2426,2464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">
|
|
[
|
|
<emphasis box="[193,267,2427,2463]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">July</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis box="[291,304,2426,2464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">I</emphasis>
|
|
906.]
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</footnote>
|
|
<footnote box="[1381,1411,2428,2463]" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="8.[183,1411,2426,2464]" box="[1381,1411,2428,2463]" pageId="8" pageNumber="289">I9</paragraph>
|
|
</footnote>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[687,1287,572,647]" box="[790,1169,572,603]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
Table
|
|
<emphasis box="[887,1165,572,603]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">of Measurements</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[687,1287,572,647]" box="[687,1287,614,647]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
Vertebral Measurements of
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387305" box="[1139,1283,614,647]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="9" pageNumber="290" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="Holotype of Dynamosaurus imperiosus">No. 5866</materialsCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<table box="[378,1629,679,1176]" gridcols="4" gridrows="12" inLine="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<tr box="[378,1629,679,778]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" rowspan-0="1">
|
|
<th box="[618,916,679,778]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Height of vertebra including spine mm.</th>
|
|
<th box="[938,1264,679,778]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Transverse width of centrum mm.</th>
|
|
<th box="[1326,1629,679,778]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Antero-posterior length of centrum mm.</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[378,1629,778,813]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<th box="[378,558,778,813]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Atlas H. C.</th>
|
|
<td box="[938,1264,778,813]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">130</td>
|
|
<td box="[1326,1629,778,813]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">65</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[378,1629,815,877]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<th box="[378,558,815,877]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Axis</th>
|
|
<td box="[618,916,815,877]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">445</td>
|
|
<td box="[938,1264,815,877]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">145</td>
|
|
<td box="[1326,1629,815,877]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">100 without hypocentr.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[378,1629,889,911]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<th box="[378,558,889,911]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[477,491,890,910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">3</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<td box="[618,916,889,911]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">435</td>
|
|
<td box="[938,1264,889,911]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">140</td>
|
|
<td box="[1326,1629,889,911]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">100</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[378,1629,921,944]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<th box="[378,558,921,944]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">4</th>
|
|
<td box="[618,916,921,944]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">375</td>
|
|
<td box="[938,1264,921,944]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">155</td>
|
|
<td box="[1326,1629,921,944]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">120</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[378,1629,946,977]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<th box="[378,558,946,977]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[479,492,948,976]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">5</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<td box="[618,916,946,977]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">390</td>
|
|
<td box="[938,1264,946,977]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">165</td>
|
|
<td box="[1326,1629,946,977]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">115</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[378,1629,988,1009]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<th box="[378,558,988,1009]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">6</th>
|
|
<td box="[618,916,988,1009]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">390</td>
|
|
<td box="[938,1264,988,1009]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">165</td>
|
|
<td box="[1326,1629,988,1009]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">120</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[378,1629,1018,1044]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<th box="[378,558,1018,1044]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">7</th>
|
|
<td box="[618,916,1018,1044]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">435</td>
|
|
<td box="[938,1264,1018,1044]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">175</td>
|
|
<td box="[1326,1629,1018,1044]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">110</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[378,1629,1049,1078]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<th box="[378,558,1049,1078]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">8</th>
|
|
<td box="[618,916,1049,1078]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">430</td>
|
|
<td box="[938,1264,1049,1078]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">180</td>
|
|
<td box="[1326,1629,1049,1078]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">125</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[378,1629,1083,1110]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<th box="[378,558,1083,1110]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">9</th>
|
|
<td box="[618,916,1083,1110]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">460</td>
|
|
<td box="[938,1264,1083,1110]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">175</td>
|
|
<td box="[1326,1629,1083,1110]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">100</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[378,1629,1119,1143]" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<th box="[378,558,1119,1143]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[462,494,1120,1142]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">10</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<td box="[618,916,1119,1143]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">490</td>
|
|
<td box="[938,1264,1119,1143]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">165</td>
|
|
<td box="[1326,1629,1119,1143]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">110</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[378,1629,1154,1176]" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<th box="[378,558,1154,1176]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">11</th>
|
|
<td box="[618,916,1154,1176]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">500</td>
|
|
<td box="[938,1264,1154,1176]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">180</td>
|
|
<td box="[1326,1629,1154,1176]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">100</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[645,1326,1211,1243]" box="[645,1326,1211,1243]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
Vertebral Measurements of
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387317" box="[1092,1326,1212,1243]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">No. 973, Type.</materialsCitation>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<table box="[460,1489,1285,1413]" gridcols="4" gridrows="4" inLine="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<tr box="[460,1489,1285,1309]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<th box="[460,495,1285,1309]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[462,493,1285,1309]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">18</emphasis>
|
|
</th>
|
|
<th box="[737,789,1285,1309]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">580</th>
|
|
<th box="[1084,1140,1285,1309]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">225</th>
|
|
<th box="[1440,1489,1285,1309]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">130</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[460,1489,1315,1343]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<th box="[460,495,1315,1343]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">19</th>
|
|
<td box="[737,789,1315,1343]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">600</td>
|
|
<td box="[1084,1140,1315,1343]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">240</td>
|
|
<td box="[1440,1489,1315,1343]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1441,1487,1317,1342]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">145</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[460,1489,1354,1372]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
|
<th box="[460,495,1354,1372]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">2</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[460,1489,1383,1413]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" rowspan-1="1">
|
|
<th box="[460,495,1383,1413]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">23</th>
|
|
<td box="[1084,1140,1383,1413]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">270</td>
|
|
<td box="[1440,1489,1383,1413]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">170</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[778,1190,1444,1476]" box="[778,1190,1444,1476]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
Sacrum of
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387312" box="[955,1185,1445,1476]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">No. 973, Type</materialsCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<table box="[489,1483,1475,1708]" gridcols="2" gridrows="7" inLine="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[1412,1483,1475,1707]" box="[1412,1483,1475,1507]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<tr box="[1412,1483,1475,1507]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" rowspan-0="1">
|
|
<th box="[1412,1483,1475,1507]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">mm.</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[489,1141,1507,1708]" box="[492,1482,1507,1544]" lastBlockId="9.[1412,1483,1475,1707]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<tr box="[492,1482,1507,1544]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<td box="[489,1141,1507,1544]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<emphasis box="[492,609,1507,1544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Length</emphasis>
|
|
of centra antero-posteriorly
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td box="[1412,1483,1507,1544]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">940</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[489,1141,1507,1708]" box="[492,1482,1540,1578]" lastBlockId="9.[1412,1483,1475,1707]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<tr box="[492,1482,1540,1578]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<td box="[489,1141,1540,1578]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Length of spines antero-posteriorly</td>
|
|
<td box="[1412,1483,1540,1578]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">1000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[489,1141,1507,1708]" box="[492,1482,1572,1609]" lastBlockId="9.[1412,1483,1475,1707]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<tr box="[492,1482,1572,1609]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<td box="[489,1141,1572,1609]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Height of spines and centrum, anterior</td>
|
|
<td box="[1412,1483,1572,1609]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">740</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[489,1141,1507,1708]" box="[491,1482,1609,1641]" lastBlockId="9.[1412,1483,1475,1707]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<tr box="[491,1482,1609,1641]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<td box="[489,1141,1609,1641]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Height of spines and centrum, posterior</td>
|
|
<td box="[1412,1483,1609,1641]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">630</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[489,1141,1507,1708]" lastBlockId="9.[1412,1483,1475,1707]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<tr box="[492,1482,1643,1673]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<td box="[489,1141,1643,1673]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Transverse width of anterior centrum</td>
|
|
<td box="[1412,1483,1643,1673]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">270</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr box="[489,1480,1671,1708]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<td box="[489,1141,1671,1708]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Transverse width of posterior centrum</td>
|
|
<td box="[1412,1483,1671,1708]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">235</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[608,636,1754,1787]" box="[608,1360,1751,1788]" lastBlockId="9.[1173,1360,1752,1788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
3.
|
|
<heading allCaps="true" box="[684,874,1751,1787]" fontSize="12" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" reason="3">SHOULDER</heading>
|
|
<heading allCaps="true" box="[904,1037,1751,1787]" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" reason="3">
|
|
<emphasis box="[904,1037,1751,1787]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">GIRDLE</emphasis>
|
|
</heading>
|
|
<heading allCaps="true" box="[1071,1140,1756,1786]" fontSize="10" level="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" reason="3">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1071,1140,1756,1786]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">AND</emphasis>
|
|
</heading>
|
|
<heading allCaps="true" box="[1173,1360,1752,1788]" fontSize="12" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" reason="3">HUMERUS.</heading>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[337,1633,1833,2412]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
With the type specimen (
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387302" box="[885,1029,1834,1871]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">No. 973</materialsCitation>
|
|
) are preserved the left humerus and right scapula, which indicate that the shoulder girdle and fore limb were even more reduced than in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[1053,1247,1932,1967]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1053,1247,1932,1967]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[337,1633,1833,2412]" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
<emphasis box="[404,570,1980,2017]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Scapula</emphasis>
|
|
.-The scapula has the same general contour as that of
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[341,533,2030,2065]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[341,533,2030,2065]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
but exhibits a more expanded inferior plate for attachment with the coracoid; as shown in
|
|
<figureCitation box="[937,1046,2078,2115]" captionStart="Fig. 6" captionStartId="10.[478,521,1819,1845]" captionTargetBox="[433,1180,877,1806]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 6. B Scapula of Tyrannosaurus. A Scapula of Allosaurus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239322/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
|
, it is actually larger, but compared with the size of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[758,1026,2127,2163]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[758,1026,2127,2163]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as a wlole it is relatively smaller than in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[495,690,2177,2212]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[495,690,2177,2212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The measurements are: length of scapula 950, length of coracoid attachment 320 mm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="9.[337,1633,1833,2412]" lastBlockId="10.[143,1453,403,863]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="291" pageId="9" pageNumber="290">
|
|
Humerus. -The humerus is so small that grave doubts were entertained as to its association with this animal. These were finally set aside for three reasons: (1) the humerus is hollow, proving that it belonged to one of the Theropoda; (2) the head of the humerus fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula; (3) while absurdly reduced as -compared with the femur (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[761,881,503,538]" captionStart="Fig. 8" captionStartId="12.[1170,1213,810,839]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Humerus of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 972. To same scale as femur (Fig. 9). a, external view; b, posterior view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239326/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
|
) it nevertheless is provided with very stout muscular attachments, a powerful deltoid ridge, which proves that it served some function, possibly that of a grasping organ in copulation.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="10.[143,1453,403,863]" box="[434,1154,720,756]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
|
|
4.
|
|
<emphasis box="[510,802,720,756]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">PELVIC GIRDLE</emphasis>
|
|
AND HIND LIMB.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="10.[143,1453,403,863]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
|
|
<emphasis box="[211,315,776,813]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Ilium</emphasis>
|
|
. -The ilium has the same elongate form as in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[1254,1451,776,812]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1254,1451,776,812]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
with a similar general contour, but with still more compact union
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239322/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" targetBox="[433,1180,877,1806]" targetPageId="10">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="10.[415,1188,1819,1878]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
|
|
Fig. 6.
|
|
<emphasis box="[588,609,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">B</emphasis>
|
|
Scapula of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[766,963,1820,1845]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[766,963,1820,1845]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis box="[1002,1021,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">A</emphasis>
|
|
Scapula of
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[415,559,1854,1878]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[415,559,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="10.[145,1458,1921,2420]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
|
|
with the sacrum. An important distinction is the broad plate which extends forward on the inner -side of the ilium from the level of the pubic peduncle, especially for attachment with the first sacral vertebra; this is absent in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[605,802,2069,2106]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[605,802,2069,2106]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. A wide plate extends backward and inward above the ischiadic peduncle for attachment with the processes of S4-5; this is present in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[846,1046,2168,2203]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="291" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[846,1046,2168,2203]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The measurements are as follows:
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="10.[145,1458,1921,2420]" box="[1231,1301,2257,2287]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">mm.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="10.[145,1458,1921,2420]" box="[298,953,2287,2321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[298,437,2291,2320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Extreme</emphasis>
|
|
length ....... ...............
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="10.[145,1458,1921,2420]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">1515 Height above middle of acetabulum... 530</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="10.[145,1458,1921,2420]" box="[299,1297,2351,2387]" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">Height above pubic peduncle. 770</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="10.[145,1458,1921,2420]" lastBlockId="11.[325,1622,396,680]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="292" pageId="10" pageNumber="291">
|
|
Width of acetabulum. 590
|
|
<emphasis box="[391,563,396,432]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">Ischium</emphasis>
|
|
.-As noted above, the ischium is in progress of reduction inferiorly. Below the junction with the ischiadic peduncle of the ilium (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[453,558,496,532]" captionStart="Fig. 7" captionStartId="11.[631,672,2179,2204]" captionTargetBox="[257,1684,716,2181]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 7. Pelvis of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 73." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239324/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">Fig 7</figureCitation>
|
|
) and with the posterior peduncle of the pubis it sends forwards a hook-like process and backwards a process, and then contracts into a long, round, diminishing bar, which united with the opposite ischium for the last 320 millimeters of its length but was not
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption box="[631,1327,2179,2204]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239324/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="292" targetBox="[257,1684,716,2181]" targetPageId="11">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" box="[631,1327,2179,2204]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">
|
|
Fig. 7. Pelvis of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[864,1062,2179,2204]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="292" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[864,1062,2179,2204]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387310" box="[1085,1323,2179,2204]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="11" pageNumber="292" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">Amer. Mus. No. 73</materialsCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">coössifled. The 'extreme distal end is missing but there is no evidence of an expanded foot. The measurements are:</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" box="[1347,1407,2308,2332]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">mm</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" box="[481,1399,2334,2368]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">Length 1110</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" box="[480,1400,2367,2401]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">Across peduncles ..... 360</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="11.[332,1623,2179,2435]" box="[482,1400,2394,2435]" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">
|
|
Length of acetabulum
|
|
<emphasis box="[856,876,2394,2435]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">boundary</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis box="[876,903,2398,2434]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="292">T</emphasis>
|
|
160
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="12.[137,1446,341,1062]" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">
|
|
Pubes. -The pubes are preserved complete in the type of
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Tyranno- saurus</emphasis>
|
|
. They are massive bones with the proximal iliac articulations set closer together than in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[137,333,523,560]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[137,333,523,560]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. They are separated below the junction with the ilium by an elliptical opening equal to one-third of their length; they are then united for a short distance; the middle sections again separate; the distal third is again firmly united and expands anteriorly and posteriorly into the broad foot (
|
|
<figureCitation box="[427,533,823,859]" captionStart="Fig. 7" captionStartId="11.[631,672,2179,2204]" captionTargetBox="[257,1684,716,2181]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 7. Pelvis of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 73." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239324/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis box="[200,324,874,911]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Femur</emphasis>
|
|
. -The femur is relatively larger than that of
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[291,483,922,960]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[291,483,922,960]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
but resembles it somewhat closely in form and in the areas of muscular attachment. The greater trochanter has relatively a greater
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239326/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" subCaptionStartIDs="12.[1305,1349,911,939]" subCaptionStarts="Fig. 8" targetBox="[1114,1440,428,802]" targetPageId="12">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="12.[137,1446,341,1062]" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">
|
|
Fig. 8. Humerus of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1113,1310,844,873]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1113,1310,844,873]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387303" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">Amer. Mus. No. 972</materialsCitation>
|
|
. To same scale as femur (Fig. 9). a, external view;
|
|
<emphasis box="[1297,1312,941,972]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">b</emphasis>
|
|
, posterior view.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239328/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" targetBox="[326,1260,1082,2318]" targetPageId="12">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="12.[307,1268,2326,2390]" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">
|
|
<figureCitation box="[359,432,2332,2361]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[1170,1213,810,839]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 8. Humerus of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 972. To same scale as femur (Fig. 9). a, external view; b, posterior view" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239326/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[359,401,2332,2361]" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Fig</emphasis>
|
|
. 9
|
|
</figureCitation>
|
|
. Femur of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[599,796,2326,2363]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[599,796,2326,2363]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387304" box="[834,1094,2337,2360]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="12" pageNumber="293" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">Amer. Mus. No. 973</materialsCitation>
|
|
. a, posterior view;
|
|
<emphasis box="[380,395,2366,2390]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">b</emphasis>
|
|
, internal view.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="12.[139,1442,2412,2455]" box="[139,1442,2412,2455]" pageId="12" pageNumber="293">development. The articular head of the femur is clearly defined;</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="13.[335,1636,369,2202]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">
|
|
a very characteristic feature is that when placed in the acetabulum the planes of the articular head are set at an angle of 45̊ to the axis of the vertebral column, proving that the femora at the distal extrem- ities were approximated, bringing the hind feet close together at the ground. The petrified bone is remarkably light for its size, weighing only 180 lbs. when cleaned of all matrix; seventeen inches of the middle portion of the sllaft is hollow, containing a cavity (
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig. 10" captionStartId="13.[400,443,1026,1061]" captionTargetBox="[320,895,521,1019]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Section of femur of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 973." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239330/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
|
) four inches in diameter. The total length is 1300 mm.; the mid-diameter of the shaft is 180; the diameter of the head, 200, the greatest transverse width of the condyles, 340 mm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239330/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" targetBox="[320,895,521,1019]" targetPageId="13">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="13.[335,1636,369,2202]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">
|
|
Fig. 10. Section of femur of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387307" box="[447,700,1073,1108]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">Amer. Mus. No. 973</materialsCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="13.[335,1636,369,2202]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">
|
|
Tibia. -The tibia is relatively larger than that of
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[1440,1632,1128,1163]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|
but with similar contours and similar attachments; twenty-five inches of the shaft is hollow, with a cavity two to three inches in diameter. The total length is 1140 mm. or 160 mm. less than that of the femur. Pes. -The pes is composed of three very elongate and massive metatarsals exhibiting a more powerful and less mobile arrangement of the metatarsals, because they show sutural attachments but not actual coalescence in the middle portion of the shaft, as represented in
|
|
<figureCitation box="[907,1041,1722,1759]" captionStart="Fig. 11" captionTargetBox="[1049,1602,1279,1999]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 11. Right pes of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 973" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3483129/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
|
. Mts. III was considerably the longest and largest of the series and firmly buttressed between II and IV; the distal ends of Mts. II and IV turn outward. Mts. I was evidently composed of proximal and distal osseous segments as in
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[648,844,2068,2104]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|
; of these only the distal segment is preserved, indicating a retroverted, birdlike position of the claw. The chief measurements are as follows:
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483129" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3483129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3483129/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" targetBox="[1049,1602,1279,1999]" targetPageId="13">
|
|
<paragraph blockId="13.[335,1636,369,2202]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">
|
|
Fig. 11. Right pes of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1429,1622,2016,2043]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387311" box="[1061,1304,2040,2066]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="13" pageNumber="294" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">Amer. Mus. No. 973</materialsCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="13.[484,939,2294,2398]" lastBlockId="13.[1359,1428,2261,2393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">Mts. II, length. " IV " ........ " III width of distal end mm.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="13.[1359,1428,2261,2393]" box="[1369,1418,2289,2329]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">615</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="13.[1359,1428,2261,2393]" box="[1369,1422,2328,2358]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">600</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="13.[1359,1428,2261,2393]" box="[1375,1425,2359,2393]" pageId="13" pageNumber="294">140</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="14.[146,1452,376,782]" box="[629,965,376,411]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[629,650,376,411]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">5</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis box="[702,961,382,410]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">THE THORAX</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="14.[146,1452,376,782]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
|
|
Ribs. - A considerable number of thoracic ribs are preserved with
|
|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387301" box="[148,323,498,535]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="14" pageNumber="295" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="Holotype of Dynamosaurus imperiosus">No. 5866</materialsCitation>
|
|
, but they have not as yet been fully worked out. The general form is represented
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" box="[700,736,547,583]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">in</emphasis>
|
|
<figureCitation box="[759,996,547,584]" captionStart="Pl. XXXIX" captionText="PLATE XXXIX. RESTORATION OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX. From the type skeleton, Amer. Mus. No. 973. Many of the vertebrae belong to No. 5866." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239334/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" targetBox="[22,2014,36,1120]" targetPageId="16">Pl. XXXIX</figureCitation>
|
|
. The probabilities are that the ribs extended back beneath the anterior crest of the ilium as in
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1977" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[245,437,646,683]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[245,437,646,683]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and in the Sauropoda.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="14.[146,1452,376,782]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
|
|
<emphasis box="[211,491,695,732]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">Abdominal ribs</emphasis>
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. - One of the most surprising characters discovered in this fossil is the presence of an abdominal series of ribs, consist-
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239332/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" targetBox="[355,1251,836,1831]" targetPageId="14">
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<paragraph blockId="14.[347,1246,1839,1901]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
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Fig. 12. Abdominal ribs of
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|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[775,974,1840,1864]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[775,974,1840,1864]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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|
.
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387314" collectingCountry="United States" collectingCounty="Dawson Co." collectingRegion="Montana" collectionCode="AMNH" formation="Laramie Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " location="Hell Creek" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" preparations="jaws, portions of the skull, vertebrae, shoulder girdle, abdominal ribs, pelvis, hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 973" typeStatus="type">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1014,1085,1839,1864]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">Amer</emphasis>
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|
. Mus. Nos. 973
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</materialsCitation>
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and
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387318" box="[448,502,1873,1901]" collectionCode="AMNH" eventDate="1905" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48690 " pageId="14" pageNumber="295" preparations="portions of right and left hind limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5881">5881</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="14.[155,1459,1957,2241]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
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ing of double-pointed central ribs and single-pointed short lateral ribs, as in
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|
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1831" box="[353,550,2007,2045]" class="Reptilia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Sphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[353,550,2007,2045]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">Sphenodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
. As shown in
|
|
<figureCitation box="[843,965,2007,2045]" captionStart="Fig. 12" captionText="Fig. 12. Abdominal ribs of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. Nos. 973 and 5881." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239332/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" targetBox="[355,1251,836,1831]" targetPageId="14">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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the ribs are asymmetrical and sometimes double. They mostly exhibit a double anterior and posterior rough surface attachment to the preceding and succeeding ribs. The median arched part of the rib extended forward and the free ends pointed backward.
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</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph blockId="14.[223,1458,2286,2388]" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">
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|
<heading allCaps="true" box="[576,1071,2286,2320]" centered="true" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="295" reason="4">
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|
6. THE
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<emphasis box="[753,905,2287,2320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="295">DERMAL</emphasis>
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|
ARMOR.
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</heading>
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|
Many dermal plates were found with the individual
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|
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396387319" box="[1287,1458,2351,2387]" collectingCountry="United States" collectingRegion="Wyoming" collectionCode="AMNH" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" httpUri-0="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " httpUri-1="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000 " pageId="14" pageNumber="295" preparations="cervical vertebrae, certain dorsal vertebrae, ribs, dermial plates, and portions of pelvis and limbs" specimenCode="AMNH No. 5866" typeStatus="Holotype of Dynamosaurus imperiosus">No. 5866</materialsCitation>
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|
</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph blockId="15.[331,1627,371,1106]" pageId="15" pageNumber="296">
|
|
originally described as
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[785,1057,374,408]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="296" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[785,1057,374,408]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="296">Dynamosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
; they were used in defining
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[333,603,423,458]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Dynamosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="296" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[333,603,423,458]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="296">Dynamosaurus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Some doubt as to their association with this carnivorous Dinosaur is caused by the presence of a fragment of a frill of
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="Marsh, 1889" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1889" box="[393,591,522,558]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Triceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="296" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[393,591,522,558]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="296">Triceratops</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and a portion of the jaw of an Iguanodont. These plates were, however, found with ribs that can certainly be assigned to the carnivorous Dinosaur, because they exhibit no resemblances to the ribs of the Sauropoda or Iguanodontia. The plates are irregular in form and size, ranging from half an inch to six inches in length, the small ones rounded and the larger ones flattened with sometimes a raised central ridge curved to form part of the dermal line or crest. The largest plates are about half an inch thick.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="15.[331,1627,371,1106]" pageId="15" pageNumber="296">Despite the evidence cited above it is difficult to imagine why this carnivorous Dinosaur should be protected by any form of dermal armature, unless possibly against attacks by members of its own family.</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |