255 lines
34 KiB
XML
255 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="26B7C44F8F859577B993BDCB53BD6DAB" ID-CLB-Dataset="20350" ID-DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fcefd797-1d3e-43c6-ad6e-8550a33e9199" ID-PMC="PMC3579775" ID-PubMed="23451138" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6338572" IM.bibliography_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1646763225922" checkinUser="jonas" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Vorontsova, Maria S. & Prohens, Jaime" docDate="2013" docId="03809C4EFFC7FFDDFF2AFF0CFAE51E46" docLanguage="en" docName="PLoSONE.8.2.e57039.pdf" docOrigin="PLoS ONE 8 (2)" docTitle="Solanum melongena L." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FFB9E436FFCEFFD4FF8EFFABFFB01C62" masterDocTitle="Wild Relatives of the Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): New Understanding of Species Names in a Complex Group" masterLastPageNumber="12" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1699317470283" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="51385C04B3D0F329A755CC32D2F7AD8C">Wild Relatives of the Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): New Understanding of Species Names in a Complex Group</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="67A27488E46B84CE5C203B7D30B5707E" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="E525B768354608AD200C6AA87977FFF6">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4494138EC649CD3621A1C4EE963B55DE">Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1E99A1BCE4CF232336714B5F3B42FD4B" type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac. uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="6334932E1C72AC2250F63440D70FC2DF">Vorontsova, Maria S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5C5F5A55ECAC00DF1422983097B9E4A4">Herbarium, Library, Art and Archives, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5DD0A29D89A2774C1AC7CE1E3CDFC703">Prohens, Jaime</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="099124EAC808721B9FDCDDAA9C1740D2">Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="5647BD9DD4263855B2672E5174B8CFB7">PLoS ONE</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E9830738522ADD4BA70EE88151AAEC3B">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="858D127AD4F85406ED917785FB37D371">2013-02-22</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4DCE9D70BEE5C08C60E51BA5DEAF2616">8</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03809C4EFFC7FFDDFF2AFF0CFAE51E46" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6339100" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193889179" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6339100" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03809C4EFFC7FFDDFF2AFF0CFAE51E46" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03809C4EFFC7FFDDFF2AFF0CFAE51E46" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<subSubSection id="C3337ED3FFC7FFDDFF2AFF0CFDEE1CD8" box="[164,606,164,186]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B962D58FFC7FFDDFF2AFF0CFDEE1CD8" blockId="9.[164,793,164,505]" box="[164,606,164,186]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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8.
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<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFF35FF0FFE111CD8" ID-CoL="6YTHR" authority="L." box="[187,417,164,186]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
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Solanum melongena
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<bibCitation id="5E032534FFC7FFDDFE04FF0FFE111CD8" author="L." box="[394,417,164,186]" journal="Sp. Pl." page="186" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1753">L.</bibCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Sp. Pl. 186. 1753.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3337ED3FFC7FFDDFF35FF6DFD621D9B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B962D58FFC7FFDDFF35FF6DFF411C9B" blockId="9.[164,793,164,505]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A880B49FFC7FFDDFF35FF6DFF411C9B" author="Mill." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1768">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFF35FF6DFE381CBE" ID-CoL="3ZMYQ" authority="Mill." authorityName="Mill." box="[187,392,198,220]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Melongena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ovata">
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<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFF35FF6DFEFB1CBE" box="[187,331,198,220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Melongena ovata</emphasis>
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<bibCitation id="5E032534FFC7FFDDFED9FF6DFE381CBE" author="Mill." box="[343,392,198,220]" journal="Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Melongena" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1768">Mill.</bibCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. Melongena no. 1. 1768.
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</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B962D58FFC7FFDDFF35FEAFFF411D55" blockId="9.[164,793,164,505]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB390A76FFC7FFDDFF35FEAFFF411D55" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A880B49FFC7FFDDFF35FEAFFF5E1D55" author="Mill." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1768">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFF35FEAFFE381D79" authority="Mill." authorityName="Mill." box="[187,392,260,283]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Melongena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tereta">
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<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFF35FEAFFEFB1D78" box="[187,331,260,282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Melongena tereta</emphasis>
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<bibCitation id="5E032534FFC7FFDDFED9FEAEFE381D79" author="Mill." box="[343,392,261,283]" journal="Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Melongena" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1768">Mill.</bibCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. Melongena no. 2. 1768
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B962D58FFC7FFDDFF35FEE8FF411D14" blockId="9.[164,793,164,505]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB390A76FFC7FFDDFF35FEE8FF411D14" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A880B49FFC7FFDDFF35FEE8FF411D14" author="Mill." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1768">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFF35FEE8FE241D38" ID-CoL="3ZMYN" authority="Mill." authorityName="Mill." box="[187,404,323,346]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Melongena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incurva">
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<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFF35FEE8FEE91D3B" box="[187,345,323,345]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Melongena incurva</emphasis>
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<bibCitation id="5E032534FFC7FFDDFEEAFEEFFE241D38" author="Mill." box="[356,404,324,346]" journal="Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Melongena" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1768">Mill.</bibCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. Melongena no. 3. 1768.
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</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B962D58FFC7FFDDFF35FE29FF411DD7" blockId="9.[164,793,164,505]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB390A76FFC7FFDDFF35FE29FF411DD7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A880B49FFC7FFDDFF35FE29FF411DD7" author="Mill." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1768">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFF35FE29FE251DFA" ID-CoL="6R9XR" authority="Mill." authorityName="Mill." box="[187,405,386,408]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Melongena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spinosa">
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<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFF35FE29FEE91DFA" box="[187,345,386,408]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Melongena spinosa</emphasis>
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<bibCitation id="5E032534FFC7FFDDFEEAFE29FE251DFA" author="Mill." box="[356,405,386,408]" journal="Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Melongena" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1768">Mill.</bibCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. Melongena no. 4. 1768.
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</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B962D58FFC7FFDDFF35FE6AFDCD1DB5" blockId="9.[164,793,164,505]" box="[187,637,449,471]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB390A76FFC7FFDDFF35FE6AFDCD1DB5" box="[187,637,449,471]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A880B49FFC7FFDDFF35FE6AFDCD1DB5" author="Lour." box="[187,637,449,471]" page="129" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1790">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFF35FE6AFECE1DB5" ID-CoL="6YTRL" authority="Lour." authorityName="Lour." box="[187,382,449,471]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="album">
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<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFF35FE6AFE8D1DB5" box="[187,317,449,471]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Solanum album</emphasis>
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<bibCitation id="5E032534FFC7FFDDFECBFE6AFECE1DB5" author="Lour." box="[325,382,449,471]" journal="Fl. Cochinch." page="129" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1790">Lour.</bibCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, Fl. Cochinch. 129. 1790.
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B962D58FFC7FFDDFF35FE48FD621D9B" blockId="9.[164,793,164,505]" box="[187,722,483,505]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB390A76FFC7FFDDFF35FE48FD621D9B" box="[187,722,483,505]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A880B49FFC7FFDDFF35FE48FD621D9B" author="Dunal" box="[187,722,483,505]" page="210" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1813">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFF35FE48FE281D9B" ID-CoL="4Y3LT" authority="Dunal" authorityName="Dunal" box="[187,408,483,505]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ovigerum">
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<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFF35FE48FEE11D9B" box="[187,337,483,505]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Solanum ovigerum</emphasis>
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<bibCitation id="5E032534FFC7FFDDFED7FE48FE281D9B" author="Dunal" box="[345,408,483,505]" journal="Nat. Hist. Solanum" page="210" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1813">Dunal</bibCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Nat. Hist. Solanum 210. 1813.
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</treatmentCitation>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3337ED3FFC7FFDDFF3DFDBDFD6C1EFF" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8B962D58FFC7FFDDFF3DFDBDFD6C1EFF" blockId="9.[155,794,534,1950]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution. Cultivated worldwide throughout the tropics and subtropics outside and in the temperate zone in the summer or in glasshouses. The greatest diversity of landraces and cultivars is found in Asia (India, China and southeast Asia), with secondary centres in the Middle East and around the Mediterranean.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3337ED3FFC7FFDDFF3DFD0FFAE51E46" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="8B962D58FFC7FFDDFF3DFD0FFDDB18FF" blockId="9.[155,794,534,1950]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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||
We recognise as
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<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFEEFFD0FFE7F1ED8" box="[353,463,676,698]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
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||
<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFEEFFD0FFE7F1ED8" box="[353,463,676,698]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. melongena</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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only cultivated plants, including both ‘‘primitive’’ (‘‘
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<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFEE5FD6AFE471EB5" box="[363,503,705,727]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">S. melongena</taxonomicName>
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group G’’) and advanced cultivars (see
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<tableCitation id="C6AB18E3FFC7FFDDFEACFD76FEDF1E91" box="[290,367,733,755]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[171,235,174,195]" captionTargetBox="[171,1456,258,940]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Equivalence between the classification of [23,29] and the species recognised here1." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF567DD0FFCCFFD6FF25FF05FBD01CA1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" tableUuid="DF567DD0FFCCFFD6FF25FF05FBD01CA1">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The 18
|
||
<superScript id="7C5C8010FFC7FFDDFE5FFD73FE501E84" attach="left" box="[465,480,728,742]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">th</superScript>
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||
century botanist and gardener Philip Miller [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB850A9FFC7FFDDFEAAFD51FEF01F72" author="Miller P" box="[292,320,762,784]" journalOrPublisher="Published for the author" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref11881" refString="54. Miller P (1768) The gardener's dictionary, 8 th edition. Published for the author." title="The gardener's dictionary, 8 th edition" type="book" year="1768">54</bibRefCitation>
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||
] recognised the eggplant as its own genus based on its ‘‘one-celled’’ fruit, as he did the tomato based on its ‘‘manycelled’’ fruit, and castigated Linnaeus for sinking both into what he considered the overlarge genus
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFE66FCE5FD9F1F06" box="[488,559,846,868]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFE66FCE5FD9F1F06" box="[488,559,846,868]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Solanum</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. He described several ‘‘species’’ of his genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFEF8FCC0FE7F1FE3" box="[374,463,875,897]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
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<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFEF8FCC0FE7F1FE3" box="[374,463,875,897]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Melongena</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
differentiated by their fruit shape and colour; these are certainly cultivars and would not be named as species today (
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||
<figureCitation id="131231DDFFC7FFDDFEC1FC0FFE3A1FD8" box="[335,394,932,954]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[155,220,1175,1194]" captionTargetBox="[160,1452,168,1136]" captionTargetId="figure-425@10.[155,1458,162,1142]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Fruit shape and colour variation in cultivars of the common eggplant, Solanum melongena. Photograph taken by J. Prohens. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057039.g003" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6338578" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6338578/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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illustrates a sample of the diversity of eggplant fruit shapes and colours).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFE61FC6BFD201FB4" box="[495,656,960,982]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFE61FC6BFD201FB4" box="[495,656,960,982]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Solanum melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was probably domesticated multiple times [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB850A9FFC7FFDDFE31FC76FE6A1F91" author="Meyer RS & Karol KG & Little DP & Nee MH & Litt A" box="[447,474,989,1011]" journalOrPublisher="Mol Phylogenet Evol" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="685 - 701" part="63" refId="ref10639" refString="21. Meyer RS, Karol KG, Little DP, Nee MH, Litt A (2012) Phylogeographic relationships among Asian eggplants and new perspectives on eggplant domestication. Mol Phylogenet Evol 63: 685 - 701." title="Phylogeographic relationships among Asian eggplants and new perspectives on eggplant domestication" type="journal article" year="2012">21</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] from populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFD37FC77FCA91F90" box="[697,793,988,1010]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFD37FC77FCA91F90" box="[697,793,988,1010]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and considerable gene flow still occurs between the two species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFF15FBBEFE9D1849" box="[155,301,1045,1067]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFF15FBBEFE9D1849" box="[155,301,1045,1067]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a wild plant, although often growing in disturbed areas including those around villages, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFDC2FB99FD08182A" box="[588,696,1074,1096]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFDC2FB99FD08182A" box="[588,696,1074,1096]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, even the most primitive cultivars, is always in close association with people. Using the suite of characters in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6AB18E3FFC7FFDDFE5DFBC0FDAF18E3" box="[467,543,1131,1153]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="6.[171,235,174,195]" captionTargetBox="[171,1387,258,515]" captionTargetId="graphics-946@6.[171,1478,355,388]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 3. Character suite for distinguishing ambiguous specimens of S. insanum and S. melongena." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF567DD0FFC8FFD2FF25FF05FB2E1CA1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" tableUuid="DF567DD0FFC8FFD2FF25FF05FB2E1CA1">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
will help with identifying difficult specimens (see above under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFD8FFB2CFDEF18FF" box="[513,607,1159,1181]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFD8FFB2CFDEF18FF" box="[513,607,1159,1181]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B962D58FFC7FFDDFF3DFB0FFA771CB4" blockId="9.[155,794,534,1950]" lastBlockId="9.[840,1479,164,548]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFEAEFB0FFE3C18D8" box="[288,396,1188,1210]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFEAEFB0FFE3C18D8" box="[288,396,1188,1210]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are often fasciated and have more than the standard 5 parts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131231DDFFC7FFDDFEE8FB6AFE1818B5" box="[358,424,1217,1239]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[155,220,172,191]" captionTargetBox="[160,1391,167,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[155,1397,162,1916]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Representative flower and fruit morphology of eggplant and its wild relatives. A. Solanum campylacanthum inflorescences (Kenya - Vorontsova et al. 157); B. Solanum incanum immature fruit (Kenya – Vorontsova et al. 203); C. Solanum insanum fruit cross-section (China – Wang et al. 2047); D. Solanum insanum inflorescence with several hermaphrodite flowers (China – Wang et al. 2039); E. Solanum linnaeanum with yellow mature and mottled green immature fruit, note highly dissected leaves (Spain - Knapp IM-10096); F. Solanum melongena flower with duplicated parts (China – Wang et al. 2042). Photographs: A, B taken M.S. Vorontsova; C, D, E, F taken by S. Knapp. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057039.g001" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6338574" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6338574/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
|
||
), this is caused by meristem mutations increasing the number of floral organs in the whorl [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB850A9FFC7FFDDFD49FB76FD541891" author="Szymkowiak EJ & Sussex IM" box="[711,740,1245,1267]" journalOrPublisher="Plant Cell" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1089 - 1100" part="4" refId="ref11901" refString="55. Szymkowiak EJ, Sussex IM (1992) The internal meristem layer (L 3) determines floral meristem size and carpel number in tomato periclinal chimeras. Plant Cell 4: 1089 - 1100." title="The internal meristem layer (L 3) determines floral meristem size and carpel number in tomato periclinal chimeras" type="journal article" year="1992">55</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]; the increased number of complicated carpels and the spongy mesocarp may have been what led Miller [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB850A9FFC7FFDDFDC9FABDFDD3194E" author="Miller P" box="[583,611,1302,1324]" journalOrPublisher="Published for the author" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref11881" refString="54. Miller P (1768) The gardener's dictionary, 8 th edition. Published for the author." title="The gardener's dictionary, 8 th edition" type="book" year="1768">54</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] to think the fruit had only a single locule. Domestication trends in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFDF7FA99FD54192A" box="[633,740,1330,1352]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFDF7FA99FD54192A" box="[633,740,1330,1352]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have involved size, shape and taste [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB850A9FFC7FFDDFE7CFAE4FDBD1907" author="Daunay M-C & Janick J" box="[498,525,1359,1381]" journalOrPublisher="Chron Hortic" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="16 - 22" part="47" refId="ref11939" refString="56. Daunay M-C, Janick J (2007) History and iconography of eggplant. Chron Hortic 47: 16 - 22." title="History and iconography of eggplant" type="journal article" year="2007">56</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB850A9FFC7FFDDFD9CFAE4FD9D1907" author="Wang JX & Gao TG & Knapp S" box="[530,557,1359,1381]" journalOrPublisher="Ann Bot" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="891 - 897" part="102" refId="ref11963" refString="57. Wang JX, Gao TG, Knapp S (2008) Ancient Chinese literature reveals pathways of eggplant domestication. Ann Bot 102: 891 - 897." title="Ancient Chinese literature reveals pathways of eggplant domestication" type="journal article" year="2008">57</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] and the diversity of landraces in the area of origin is very large. Using a combination of historical, morphological and molecular information, Meyer et al. [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB850A9FFC7FFDDFF52FA0FFF4719D8" author="Meyer RS & Karol KG & Little DP & Nee MH & Litt A" box="[220,247,1444,1466]" journalOrPublisher="Mol Phylogenet Evol" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="685 - 701" part="63" refId="ref10639" refString="21. Meyer RS, Karol KG, Little DP, Nee MH, Litt A (2012) Phylogeographic relationships among Asian eggplants and new perspectives on eggplant domestication. Mol Phylogenet Evol 63: 685 - 701." title="Phylogeographic relationships among Asian eggplants and new perspectives on eggplant domestication" type="journal article" year="2012">21</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFE10FA0FFDBC19DB" box="[414,524,1444,1465]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFE10FA0FFDBC19DB" box="[414,524,1444,1465]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been domesticated at least twice, and that it had been brought from east to west into Europe from India by Arab traders and from China east to Japan. Their analyses suggest that a cluster of landraces they called ‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFC8BFA51FEB51A4E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">S. melongena</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp. ovigerum’’ (a combination not validly published according to the Code [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB850A9FFC7FFDDFE00F999FE181A2A" author="McNeill J & Barrie FR & Buck WR & Demoulin V & Greuter W" box="[398,424,1586,1608]" journalOrPublisher="Regnum Vegetabile" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" part="154" refId="ref11717" refString="51. McNeill J, Barrie FR, Buck WR, Demoulin V, Greuter W, et al. (2012) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Regnum Vegetabile 154. Konigstein: Koelz Scientific Books." title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011" type="journal article" year="2012">51</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]) from Malaysia represented a third domestication event; more population-level sampling and markers may reveal the origins of this pattern. The type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFD03F9C0FD5D1AE2" box="[653,749,1643,1664]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ovigerum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFD03F9C0FD5D1AE2" box="[653,749,1643,1664]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. ovigerum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the basis for ‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFE8DF923FE3A1AFC" box="[259,394,1672,1694]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">S. melongena</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp. ovigerum’’) is not from Malysia, but instead was a cultivated plant with purple or white ovateoblong (egg-shaped) fruit. Nonetheless, the distinctiness of these southeast Asian genotypes is intriguing and merits further investigation. Hurtado et al. [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB850A9FFC7FFDDFE49F952FE531B6D" author="Hurtado M & Vilanova S & Plazas M & Gramazio P & Fonseka HH" box="[455,483,1785,1807]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="41748" part="7" refId="ref11993" refString="58. Hurtado M, Vilanova S, Plazas M, Gramazio P, Fonseka HH, et al. (2012) Diversity and relationships of eggplants from three geographically distant secondary centers of diversity. PLoS ONE 7 (7): e 41748. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0041748." title="Diversity and relationships of eggplants from three geographically distant secondary centers of diversity" type="journal article" year="2012">58</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] used genomic SSRs together with morphological passport data to examine variation in cultivated germplasm of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFE2EF899FDA21B25" box="[416,530,1842,1863]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFE2EF899FDA21B25" box="[416,530,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
landraces and advanced cultivars from China, Spain and Sri Lanka. Different selection pressures appear have been applied in the different regions, leading to typical local trait combinations, and they suggest that germplasm collections should also take care to include extensive samples from centres of cultivated diversity as well as wild species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B962D58FFC7FFDDFCEEFF77FAE51E46" blockId="9.[840,1479,164,548]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The nomenclature and synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFB4FFF70FA9B1C93" box="[1217,1323,219,241]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFB4FFF70FA9B1C93" box="[1217,1323,219,241]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is complex, and is complicated by the description of many plants grown in European botanic gardens with slightly different fruit morphologies as distinct species, type specimens of these names with only flowering material preserved if at all, and that many of these names were not published correctly according the rules of nomenclature [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB850A9FFC7FFDDFC51FE28FC4C1DFB" author="McNeill J & Barrie FR & Buck WR & Demoulin V & Greuter W" box="[991,1020,387,409]" journalOrPublisher="Regnum Vegetabile" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" part="154" refId="ref11717" refString="51. McNeill J, Barrie FR, Buck WR, Demoulin V, Greuter W, et al. (2012) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Regnum Vegetabile 154. Konigstein: Koelz Scientific Books." title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011" type="journal article" year="2012">51</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. The scientific name for cultivated eggplant has been
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2956DBFFC7FFDDFC20FE35FBAE1DD6" box="[942,1054,414,436]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFC20FE35FBAE1DD6" box="[942,1054,414,436]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with consistent usage since the late 19
|
||
<superScript id="7C5C8010FFC7FFDDFA39FE31FA761DCA" attach="none" box="[1463,1478,410,424]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">th</superScript>
|
||
century, thus little confusion exists over the identities of more derived cultivars. Landraces and cultivars are better named using the
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DF14AFFC7FFDDFCE0FE59FAF51E6A" box="[878,1349,498,520]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB850A9FFC7FFDDFADCFE58FADE1E6B" author="Brickell CD & Alexander C & David JC & Hetterscheid WLA & Leslie AC" box="[1362,1390,499,521]" journalOrPublisher="Regnum Vegetabile" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" part="151" refId="ref12050" refString="59. Brickell CD, Alexander C, David JC, Hetterscheid WLA, Leslie AC, et al. (2009) International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code) incorporating the Rules and Recommendations for naming plants in cultivation. Eighth Edition. Adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants. Regnum Vegetabile 151; Scripta Horticulturae 10. Leuven: International Society for Horticultural Science." title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code) incorporating the Rules and Recommendations for naming plants in cultivation. Eighth Edition. Adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants" type="journal article" year="2009">59</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] than by giving them botanical species and infraspecies names.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |