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<document id="338B8993915780CBB985192F6DECF215" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4034.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1fa1722a-e007-4741-bc32-dfb4e64b564f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="242115" ID-ZooBank="80170774-B01E-41CE-9551-5D4DF67BD4F9" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461299595539" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gutiérrez, Manuel Caballer, Ortea, Jesús, Rivero, Nelsy, Tucker, Gabriela Carias, Malaquias, Manuel António E. &amp; Narciso, Samuel" docDate="2015" docId="0380120AFFFB103FFF56FC5A252AA923" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04034p256.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4034 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Navanax gemmatus Morch 1863" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="210" masterDocId="FFB96A72FFF21036FFC1FF8A2460AF20" masterDocTitle="The opisthobranch gastropods (Mollusca: Heterobranchia) from Venezuela: an annotated and illustrated inventory of species" masterLastPageNumber="256" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="210" updateTime="1698617171852" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="465AF75F47261A6ED4BC7B53B2F0C776">The opisthobranch gastropods (Mollusca: Heterobranchia) from Venezuela: an annotated and illustrated inventory of species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D72A7BA0F745DE2D73487F912D783909">Gutiérrez, Manuel Caballer</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FE100B9DB827A81537DBBA623F4DFCEE">Ortea, Jesús</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A85F70515BD5D1D7F0A619E3806126EA">Rivero, Nelsy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="31831B5443E7575C47B1C2BB9428F235">Tucker, Gabriela Carias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="62A8BE38E238C1F6D3237B9ABBE8EDC8">Malaquias, Manuel António E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8F683AEC1EA59494128D01BC9E1EB9AF">Narciso, Samuel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:number id="55284C9B04A46DCBA566957744E7FF00">4034</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0380120AFFFB103FFF56FC5A252AA923" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6119719" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119643329" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6119719" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0380120AFFFB103FFF56FC5A252AA923" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0380120AFFFB103FFF56FC5A252AA923" lastPageNumber="210" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
<subSubSection id="C333F097FFFB103FFF56FC5A263CACCA" box="[151,604,976,1002]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B96A31CFFFB103FFF56FC5A263CACCA" blockId="9.[151,604,976,1035]" box="[151,604,976,1002]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
<heading id="D0DE1470FFFB103FFF56FC5A263CACCA" bold="true" box="[151,604,976,1002]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B95D7F0EFFFB103FFF56FC5A263CACCA" bold="true" box="[151,604,976,1002]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
2.
<taxonomicName id="4C29D89FFFFB103FFF75FC5A263CACCA" ID-CoL="45VMB" authority="Morch, 1863" authorityName="Morch" authorityYear="1863" box="[180,604,976,1002]" class="Gastropoda" family="Aglajidae" genus="Navanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gemmatus">
<emphasis id="B95D7F0EFFFB103FFF75FC5A25C4ACCA" bold="true" box="[180,420,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Navanax gemmatus</emphasis>
(Mörch, 1863)
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C333F097FFFB103FFF56FC782542AB2B" box="[151,290,1010,1035]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B96A31CFFFB103FFF56FC782542AB2B" blockId="9.[151,604,976,1035]" box="[151,290,1010,1035]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
(
<figureCitation id="1312BF99FFFB103FFF5FFC78249EAB2B" box="[158,254,1010,1035]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="39.[151,250,1903,1925]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[151,1436,193,1882]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURE 2. A, Migaya felis, 1 iving specimen and spawn. B, Navanax gemmatus. C, Chelidonura hirundinina. D, Philine buchensis. E, Bulla occidentalis, ϳuveni 1 e. F, Bulla occidentalis. G, Haminoea cf. elegans. H, Lapinura divae. I, Aplysia dactylomela. J, Aplysia brasiliana. K, Aplysia juliana. L, Dolabrifera dolabrifera. M, Petalifera ramosa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242117/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Figure 2</figureCitation>
B)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C333F097FFFB103FFF56FBB020B4ABBB" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B96A31CFFFB103FFF56FBB02768AB57" blockId="9.[151,1437,1082,1539]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
<emphasis id="B95D7F0EFFFB103FFF56FBB025E0AB73" bold="true" box="[151,384,1082,1107]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Material examined.</emphasis>
WYL, 1 spc., H =
<quantity id="4CD10EF9FFFB103FFD95FBB126C5AB72" box="[596,677,1083,1107]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity>
, IVICCM000114. YL, 2 spcs, H = 20, 50 mm,
<collectionCode id="ED383BD9FFFB103FFB72FBB12164AB72" box="[1203,1284,1083,1106]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">ZMBN</collectionCode>
84912. EYL, 6 spcs, H =
<quantity id="4CD10EF9FFFB103FFEDDFBD525F7AB56" box="[284,407,1119,1143]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="20.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="10.0">1030 mm</quantity>
,
<collectionCode id="ED383BD9FFFB103FFE62FBD52594AB56" box="[419,500,1119,1142]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0tqf-efed" name="Museum of Zoology at the University of Bergen, Invertebrate Collection" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">ZMBN</collectionCode>
84908. IA, 1 spc., PNC.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B95D7F0EFFFB103FFF06FB08254BABBB" bold="true" box="[199,299,1154,1179]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Ecology.</emphasis>
<quantity id="4CD10EF9FFFB103FFEF3FB0825EEABBA" box="[306,398,1154,1179]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="m" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.51 m</quantity>
deep, commonly found under rocks or crawling on rocks, seldom on sand.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C333F097FFFB103FFF06FB2C266DAA0B" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B96A31CFFFB103FFF06FB2C266DAA0B" blockId="9.[151,1437,1082,1539]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
<emphasis id="B95D7F0EFFFB103FFF06FB2C2500AB9F" bold="true" box="[199,352,1190,1215]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Distribution.</emphasis>
ABC Islands,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFDC5FB2C2697AB9F" box="[516,759,1190,1215]" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Antigua and Barbuda</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFCC3FB2C270BAB9F" box="[770,875,1190,1215]" name="Bahamas" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFCB7FB2C2783AB9F" box="[886,995,1190,1215]" name="Barbados" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Barbados</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFC2FFB2C2058AB9F" box="[1006,1080,1190,1215]" name="Belize" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Belize</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFB82FB2C20EAAB9F" box="[1091,1162,1190,1215]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFB54FB2C20B5AB9F" box="[1173,1237,1190,1215]" name="Chile" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Chile</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFB21FB2C2131AB9F" box="[1248,1361,1190,1215]" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Colombia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFA9DFB2D24ADABC3" name="Costa Rica" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFF22FB402541ABC3" box="[227,289,1226,1251]" name="Cuba" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Cuba</collectingCountry>
,
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,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFE6FFB402670ABC3" box="[430,528,1226,1251]" name="Grenada" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Grenada</collectingCountry>
,
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,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFD07FB402756ABC3" box="[710,822,1226,1251]" name="Honduras" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Honduras</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFC8DFB4027C9ABC3" box="[844,937,1226,1251]" name="Jamaica" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFC01FB40205FABC3" box="[960,1087,1226,1251]" name="Martinique" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Martinique</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFB94FB4020CDABC3" box="[1109,1197,1226,1251]" name="Mexico" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Mexico</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFB05FB41211AABC3" box="[1220,1402,1226,1251]" name="Saint Barthelemy" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">St. Barthelemy</collectingCountry>
/St. Bartholomew,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFEFDFB6525D7AA27" box="[316,439,1262,1287]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">St. Vincent</collectingCountry>
&amp;
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFE1DFB6426E7AA27" box="[476,647,1262,1287]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">the Grenadines</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFD53FB6526ADAA27" box="[658,717,1263,1287]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">USA</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFD19FB642718AA27" box="[728,888,1262,1287]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F33EE38CFFFB103FFC45FB642797AA27" box="[900,1015,1262,1287]" name="Venezuela" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
(Valdés
<emphasis id="B95D7F0EFFFB103FFB98FB6520F2AA27" box="[1113,1170,1262,1287]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">et al.</emphasis>
2006, Rosenberg 2009. Mochima:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8DEEDFFFB103FFED0FA982661AA0B" author="Gavagnin" box="[273,513,1298,1323]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" refString="Gavagnin, M., Mο 11 ο, E., Mοntanarο, D., Οrtea, J. &amp; Ciminο, G. (2000) Chemica 1 studies οn Caribbean Sacοg 1 οssans Dietary re 1 atiοnships with green a 1 gae and ecο 1 οgica 1 imp 1 icatiοns. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 26, 1563 - 1578. http // dx. dοi. οrg / 10.1023 / A 1005526526884" type="journal article" year="2000">
Gavagnin
<emphasis id="B95D7F0EFFFB103FFE44FA9E25DDAA0B" box="[389,445,1298,1323]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C333F097FFFB103FFF06FABC252AA923" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B96A31CFFFB103FFF06FABC252AA923" blockId="9.[151,1437,1082,1539]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
<emphasis id="B95D7F0EFFFB103FFF06FABC255BAA6F" bold="true" box="[199,315,1334,1359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Remarks.</emphasis>
Recently, Ornelas-Gatdula
<emphasis id="B95D7F0EFFFB103FFDBDFABD26D7AA6F" box="[636,695,1334,1359]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">et al.</emphasis>
(2012), based on molecular evidence, considered all records of
<taxonomicName id="4C29D89FFFFB103FFF56FAD62620AA53" authority="Bergh, 1893" authorityName="Bergh" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,576,1370,1395]" class="Gastropoda" family="Aglajidae" genus="Navanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aenigmaticus">
<emphasis id="B95D7F0EFFFB103FFF56FAD625F8AA53" box="[151,408,1372,1395]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Navanax aenigmaticus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB8DEEDFFFB103FFE68FAD02657AA53" author="Bergh" box="[425,567,1370,1395]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" refString="Bergh, R. (1893) Die Gruppe der Dοridiiden. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, Zugleich ein Repertorium fur Mittelmeerkunde, 6, 107 - 135." type="journal article" year="1893">Bergh, 1893</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
in the Caribbean to be
<taxonomicName id="4C29D89FFFFB103FFC91FAD62785AA53" box="[848,997,1372,1395]" class="Gastropoda" family="Aglajidae" genus="Navanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gemmatus">
<emphasis id="B95D7F0EFFFB103FFC91FAD62785AA53" box="[848,997,1372,1395]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">N. gemmatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is according to the authors the only species of the genus occurring in the western Atlantic Ocean. This species is known to feed upon other “opisthobranchs” (Valdés
<emphasis id="B95D7F0EFFFB103FFE7FFA2E2591AA9B" box="[446,497,1442,1467]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">et al</emphasis>
. 2006) and we have observed it feeding on the sacoglossan
<taxonomicName id="4C29D89FFFFB103FFB61FA28212BAA9B" box="[1184,1355,1442,1467]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
<emphasis id="B95D7F0EFFFB103FFB61FA28212BAA9B" box="[1184,1355,1442,1467]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
during fieldwork while they were temporarily left together on a tray. This species releases a reddish-yellow substance when disturbed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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