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<mods:title id="99B0C2063B9F92AA1256840D6124C840">A revision of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille for Nearctic species, north of Mexico (Hymenoptera, Apidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="01F3F416C007BCA7578C6B70A360A28E">Onuferko, Thomas M.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="116BBDE62061A8E612DECB651FA125D1" ID-GBIF-Taxon="143842383" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:116BBDE62061A8E612DECB651FA125D1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/116BBDE62061A8E612DECB651FA125D1" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<subSubSection id="8BEDE151F2CE6CF5A14E27290E728BB8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="E8898B222ED9AE05097AFC1D31696370" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
2.
<taxonomicName id="87E4B3563204CED82A87BACCF46972DD" ID-CoL="6FNR2" authority="Cresson, 1878" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus americanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americanus">Epeolus americanus (Cresson, 1878)</taxonomicName>
Figs 6, 7, 92K
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CD56DF0C5FBC331925BEB0301F3221CC" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="FD7005C590172736003C7F69F3147092" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="2127774DD0A5E560D396CFF804E3DE0D" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Phileremus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phileremus americanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americanus">
<pageBreakToken id="A960ACE460A366CFB4D5FF040AE7F3BA" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">Phileremus</pageBreakToken>
americanus
</taxonomicName>
Cresson, 1878. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 7: 83 (♀, ♂); Cresson, 1916. Mem. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1: 111 (♀) [lectotype designation].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="716F2AC791751445DC0E21D5A6EBEFBB" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="5EBB1F8F56E03B03800EE7E39B089566" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Phileremus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phileremus montanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montanus">Phileremus montanus</taxonomicName>
Cresson, 1878. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 7: 83 (♂).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F60CF7F7C1DE9A73857EC0923FB5B1A4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="E6BB13C563FF501568473F3256606742" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus lanhami" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanhami">Epeolus lanhami</taxonomicName>
Mitchell, 1962. N. C. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 152: 450 (♀).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8BDC8481E2034F79815653F48F5F0B83" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8132975BC706B2D248C15E6DCED501F1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0519027A4B3B6AAB42FE5BE636EBB97B" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The following morphological features in combination (excluding any that are specific to the opposite sex of the one being diagnosed) can be used to tell
<taxonomicName id="77E957108C64FB5A1367A4EF1923A9E2" lsidName="E. americanus" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="americanus">E. americanus</taxonomicName>
apart from all other North American
<taxonomicName id="9C8DB6A6D791505D7A396AC1CCC32AA7" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epeolus</taxonomicName>
except
<taxonomicName id="E5049F47784860C1744A55E046521C1D" lsidName="E. asperatus" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="asperatus">E. asperatus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="7B8AA858AC55BE19984FA220096EA3D6" lsidName="E. barberiellus" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="barberiellus">E. barberiellus</taxonomicName>
: in females, F2 is not more than 1.1
<normalizedToken id="9EF919A0589FDDDC897B488A3F6E42C0" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide; the mesoscutum has distinct paramedian bands; the axilla is small to intermediate in size, not extending beyond the midlength of the mesoscutellum and the free portion is less than 1/4 as long as the entire medial length of the axilla, and like the mesoscutellum black; the mesopleuron is closely (i≤1d) and evenly punctate; T1 has a quadrangular discal patch, in dorsal view the longitudinal band is at least as wide as the breadth of the apical fascia; and the T1 and T2 apical fasciae are interrupted or at least greatly narrowed medially. Whereas in
<taxonomicName id="4FA2BDCCCB4D7ECA8D678E725D557B1C" lsidName="E. barberiellus" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="barberiellus">E. barberiellus</taxonomicName>
the pronotal lobe and legs, at least from the tibiae to tarsi (sometimes the trochanters and femora as well), are reddish orange, in
<taxonomicName id="DD3E911594C5632E43919A3ABF4A0C6B" lsidName="E. americanus" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="americanus">E. americanus</taxonomicName>
the pronotal lobe
<pageBreakToken id="6478869A0F89D711578820EF10F2DFE5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
legs are brown or black.
<taxonomicName id="276BFBED6BD99FA23B75D3437881D0DF" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus americanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americanus">Epeolus americanus</taxonomicName>
is also very similar to
<taxonomicName id="B0383C3816EB6ED7218838CD9F1301C1" lsidName="E. asperatus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="asperatus">E. asperatus</taxonomicName>
, but in
<taxonomicName id="150922C943115192B1CECA49086DAFEB" lsidName="E. asperatus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="asperatus">E. asperatus</taxonomicName>
the mesopleuron has much denser punctures ventrolaterally (most i&lt;1d) than that of
<taxonomicName id="35EE6E0A97DF71B4EA241D62F29538ED" lsidName="E. americanus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="americanus">E. americanus</taxonomicName>
and the T3 and T4 fasciae are never complete but broken or at least greatly narrowed laterally, as well as medially into separated or narrowly connected oval patches.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D662E13B9D52644E965335F988359A21" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<paragraph id="E0F58486AE3F7FA1FC6A2E4D5733FAC4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Figure 6.
<taxonomicName id="954AD7C6DDEE1AB089B74BE8A4874FE9" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Epeolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeolus americanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americanus">Epeolus americanus</taxonomicName>
A female, lateral habitus (scale bar 3 mm) B female, dorsal habitus (scale bar 3 mm) C male, lateral habitus (scale bar 3 mm), and D female axillae and mesoscutellum, dorsal view (scale bar 0.5 mm; blue lines indicate the posterior extent of the axilla relative to the length of the mesoscutellum; red lines indicate the extent of the free portion of the axilla relative to its entire medial length).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="66D15116357D3FA50C2C9247E542B816" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="redescription">
<paragraph id="058F0DC0A25EC93EF848641563B4F982" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Redescription.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7C7E0D6F97C6C0D789768E3A21714D61" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
This species was recently redescribed (
<bibRefCitation id="F9FCCF087CEDCFBDFF1612CCDBEA03C1" author="Onuferko, TM" journalOrPublisher="North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" url="https://doi.org/10.3752/cjai.2017.30" year="2017">Onuferko 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="326E740956CEABD0FD10A68948589E25" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="327CF8B58841D49D131E34B3808FA8EB" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="64B00ED208C30849F21043F68905F2FD" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Widely distributed across Canada and the United States, including Alaska; not known to occur in parts of northeastern North America, the southeastern United States, or the high arctic (Fig. 7).</paragraph>
<caption id="8F9767FE26FC0D53B3FFA968A50A60E1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<paragraph id="D14F7C982BF0AE2BDC79369A6E3AD814" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Figure 7. Approximate geographic range of
<taxonomicName id="DD891C3973E50397F59C4FBFE41CFFC0" lsidName="E. americanus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="americanus">E. americanus</taxonomicName>
(orange) based on occurrence records known to the author (yellow circles).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D8C8701EB866DBF82EC3AB8B681A7226" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="6B5145D233B508FDE7706290551C0B91" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2AA616714D6E7DE4419554947CB925BD" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
See
<bibRefCitation id="E1939583F5E6C87ADD80110BEBB470E4" author="Onuferko, TM" journalOrPublisher="North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" url="https://doi.org/10.3752/cjai.2017.30" year="2017">Onuferko (2017)</bibRefCitation>
for host and floral records. Floral associations are also indicated in Suppl. material 1, which includes newly discovered associations with
<taxonomicName id="0B40915D22BE70F27C887B3F8BDC7CFF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Leucanthemum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leucanthemum vulgare" order="Asterales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgare">Leucanthemum vulgare</taxonomicName>
(Vaill.) Lam. (
<taxonomicName id="25419D5BB08FBD12DBDBF1CEA1102A15" family="Compositae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Compositae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="F0B41EAD7368020864CB6938B6B6878F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Plagiobothrys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plagiobothrys" order="Boraginales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Plagiobothrys</taxonomicName>
Fisch. &amp; C.A. Mey. (
<taxonomicName id="51DEDCBFBFC14921C9FE6E002D9CA238" family="Boraginaceae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Boraginaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="C074EC08B5D1DCC0E46739D244CF7BD0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Salix exigua" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="exigua">Salix exigua</taxonomicName>
Nutt. (
<taxonomicName id="EF189428D6284D9A766685F00DD10EA0" family="Salicaceae" lsidName="Thalestriina" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
), and
<taxonomicName id="32932545642966280B3A8995A14A011E" lsidName="S. interior" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="interior">S. interior</taxonomicName>
Rowlee based on labels of examined voucher specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8B9E3527295CBB2755849556E016F932" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="BE531641AE0C3821E85D415570514FC7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0DAD67275E1086120A70568983A091D5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Detailed morphological and taxonomic remarks about this species are given in
<bibRefCitation id="498E6104BD2D3EBA9824BA6C165BA19B" author="Onuferko, TM" journalOrPublisher="North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin" pageId="167" pageNumber="168" url="https://doi.org/10.3752/cjai.2017.30" year="2017">Onuferko (2017)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8FC17E83134E9DE19A9D4CF3AEFE35CE" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="1022790AC9CEC0C08B813FFB5AB4ABCA" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Material studied.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="69375596F47EDA454BA75CC118081520" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Type material. Primary: USA: Colorado: H.K. Morrison (
<taxonomicName id="A2408E185B52392671C5E47AA4DFFD72" lsidName="P. americanus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="americanus">P. americanus</taxonomicName>
lectotype ♀ [ANSP, catalog number: 2235]); Michigan: Near Saline, 26.vi.1954, U.N. Lanham (
<taxonomicName id="A879974769F670C1599A86DF3B6C8445" lsidName="E. lanhami" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="lanhami">E. lanhami</taxonomicName>
holotype ♀ [CUM, catalog number: 0000041]); Nevada: H. Edwards (
<taxonomicName id="FFD4F9FAA61F28E98FB10C5D22D361F2" lsidName="P. montanus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="montanus">P. montanus</taxonomicName>
holotype ♂ [ANSP, catalog number: 2231]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="806B2A3B6A5EE0ECBF95B7CC639A20B1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Secondary: USA: Michigan: Near Saline, 26.vi.1954, U.N. Lanham (
<taxonomicName id="870AFFC65C8A604DF2F2C87F2999E645" lsidName="E. lanhami" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="lanhami">E. lanhami</taxonomicName>
allotype ♂ [CUM, catalog number: 0000042]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72F5F7468DF67576F3A1223F2CC98EE1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="7177552DC309748DBB2006D0605092CD" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">DNA barcoded material with BIN-compliant sequences.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="375A1A3A6822D934DB6D8DAC59951CF9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Available. BOLD:AAB9110. Specimens examined and sequenced. Canada: Quebec: 1♂ (RSKM); Yukon: 12♀, 2♂ (PCYU).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C568FAE3E127D17DA0C96890DC159851" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">USA: Colorado: 2♀ (PCYU); Utah: 1♀ (BBSL).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="677E69F1D3B23B59A4676ED0FE8B9CD7" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="17C47350046D0A958139F45499812A64" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Non-barcoded material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E552A71842167AB9FBA12A3C81D62C6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Canada: Alberta: 1♂ (CNC); British Columbia: 1♀, 2♂ (CNC); Manitoba: 1♀ (CNC); Adam Lake (Turtle Mountain Provincial Park), 27.vi.1987, T.D. Galloway (1♀, JBWM); Beaver Creek (Lake Winnipeg), 21.vi.1962, J.A. Garland (1♀, JBWM); Ontario: 6♀, 2♂ (CAS, CNC); Quebec: 1♀ (USNM); Saskatchewan: 2♀ (CNC); Yukon: 5♀, 1♂ (PCYU, RSKM).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B264B945817F6465BDA491047020402E" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
USA: Alaska: 2♀, 3♂ (CNC); California: 1♂ (PCYU); 2 mi S Hilmar (Merced County), 14.iv.1961, R.R. Snelling (1♂, LACM); 3 mi SW Ash Creek (Siskiyou County), 16.vi.1974, D. Green (1♀, EMEC); Ash Creek Ranger Station (9 mi E McCloud, Siskiyou County), 07-09.vi.1974, J. Powell (1♂, EMEC), 10-12.vi.1974, R. Coville (4♀, 1♂, EMEC); Hayfork Ranger Station (Trinity County), 19.v.1973, J. Doyen (1♂, EMEC), 23.v.1973, J. Powell (1♀, EMEC); Independence Lake (Sierra County), 24.iv.1974, R.M. Bohart (1♂, UCBME); Lone Pine (Inyo County), 13.v.1969, J.A. Chemsak (1♀, EMEC); Sagehen Creek (Nevada County), 04.vii.??62, R.L. Westcott (1♀, LACM), 01.vii.??70, M.G. Axtman (1♂, LACM), 22.vi.1972, R.M. Bohart (1♀, 1♂, UCBME), 19.vi.1974, R.M. Bohart (4♀, UCBME), 23.vi.1976, N.J. Smith (1♀, UCBME), 23.vi.1976, R.M. Bohart (3♀, 2♂, UCBME), 23.vi.1976, R.M. Giblin (3♀, 1♂, UCBME), 23.vi.1976, R.E. Otondo (1♂, UCBME), 23.vi.1976, G.M.
<pageBreakToken id="A1C95CC554906356169C58B7061904F2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" start="start">Streett</pageBreakToken>
(2♂, UCBME), 23.vi.1976, C.M. Bortfeid (1♂, UCBME), 30.vi.1976, N.J. Smith (1♀, UCBME), 14.vii.1976, R.M. Bohart (1♀, UCBME), 28.vi.1978, D.R. Smart (1♂, UCBME), 28.vi.1978, L.S. Kimsey (2♀, UCBME), 16.vii.1980, R.M. Bohart (1♀, UCBME); Colorado: 4♀ (PCYU); vi.1917 (1♀, AMNH); Cirque Meadows (Larimer County), 01.vii.1978, S. Hart (1♂, EMEC); Davenport Camp, 02.vii.1967, F., P., and M. Rindge (1♀, AMNH); Electra Lake, 28.vi.-01.vii.1919 (1♀, AMNH); Longmont (
<geoCoordinate id="9EE85E8B751B9214ADE4E0D8FDD7BDD9" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="40.1507">40.1507°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="C1F970A6162300860E88315E3A2317EC" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-105.0385">105.0385°W</geoCoordinate>
) (Weld County), 23.v.2012, V. Scott (1♂, CUM); Near Wolf Creek (
<geoCoordinate id="7A69714729A5BD2EF02EE15DF069AEC0" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="37.4999">37.4999°N</geoCoordinate>
;
<geoCoordinate id="B5502D559EC9DA3424FE9972F007AD3C" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-106.7692">106.7692°W</geoCoordinate>
) (Mineral County), 28.vii.2007, J. Gibbs and C. Sheffield (2♀, PCYU); Ouray (Summit road), 13.vii.1919 (1♂, AMNH); Idaho: 1♂ (USNM); Nevada: Reno, v.1940, U.N. Lar (1♀, CUM); Utah: 2♀ (PCYU); Virginia: 1♀ (USNM); Wyoming: 13 mi SE Cooke City, 27.vii.1962, F., P., and M. Rindge (1♀, AMNH); Yellowstone River (between Knowles Falls and Gardiner, Yellowstone National Park), 24.vi.1979, R.E. Dietz (1♂, EMEC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>