842 lines
181 KiB
XML
842 lines
181 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac045" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0af12ace-53e8-496e-9f86-3abdeffe56d6" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7390620" ID-ZooBank="CD9AFFA5-2C78-43FC-9B6A-3DB10CA039E6" checkinTime="1669808204070" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mayr, Gerald & Kitchener, Andrew C." docDate="2022" docId="426E87CFDF38FFDE5289F9614B03FDFC" docLanguage="en" docName="zlac045.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 196 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac045" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Nasidytes ypresianus Mayr & Kitchener 2022, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="1440" masterDocId="BE57FFB7DF3AFFD75111FFBE492EFF96" masterDocTitle="Oldest fossil loon documents a pronounced ecomorphological shift in the evolution of gaviiform birds" masterLastPageNumber="1450" masterPageNumber="1431" pageNumber="1433" updateTime="1669991688805" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Oldest fossil loon documents a pronounced ecomorphological shift in the evolution of gaviiform birds</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mayr, Gerald</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kitchener, Andrew C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="series">
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<mods:title>Zool. J. Linn. Soc.</mods:title>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-07-14</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>196</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>4</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1431</mods:start>
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<mods:end>1450</mods:end>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac045</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac045</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">0af12ace-53e8-496e-9f86-3abdeffe56d6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7390620</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">CD9AFFA5-2C78-43FC-9B6A-3DB10CA039E6</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390626" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7390626" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:426E87CFDF38FFDE5289F9614B03FDFC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/426E87CFDF38FFDE5289F9614B03FDFC" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="1440" pageId="2" pageNumber="1433">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="1433" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[920,1314,1759,1783]" box="[920,1314,1759,1783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1433">
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<heading box="[920,1314,1759,1783]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="1433" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName authority="Mayr & Kitchener, 2022" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[920,1207,1759,1782]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="1450" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus" status="sp. nov.">NASIDYTES YPRESIANUS</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1215,1314,1759,1783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1433">
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1215,1314,1759,1783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1433" rank="species">SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[809,1426,1832,1884]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1433">
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<emphasis box="[809,1133,1832,1853]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1433">Zoobank registration:</emphasis>
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urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act:
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<uuid box="[887,1421,1862,1884]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1433">9DCFC3A6-4AC9-4E89-937D-21A3153ED83C</uuid>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="1440" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="3.[163,779,198,312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
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<materialsCitation collectionCode="NMS" collectorName="M. Daniels" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" specimenCode="WN 92720" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis box="[163,526,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
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<typeStatus box="[163,273,198,219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectionCode box="[294,357,198,219]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
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.Z.2021.40.24
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</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[547,676,198,220]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[145,224,1070,1092]" captionTargetBox="[147,1426,197,1029]" captionTargetId="figure-285@2.[145,1428,195,1030]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. A‒C, The holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24) of Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK).A, overview picture of the fossil in 2008, with various bones still in situ. B, condition of the fossil before 2008, based on a photograph from Michael Daniels; note that the right tibiotarsus was not yet fixed to the dorsal surface of the sternum at this time. C, current condition of the specimen, with most bones being removed from the matrix (most preparation work was done by M. Daniels). D, carpometacarpus of the referred specimen (NMS.2021.40.25). Abbreviations: fur, furcula; lfe, left femur; lhu, left humerus; lsc, left scapula; mdb, mandible; rco, right coracoid; rhu, right humerus; rsc, right scapula; rtb, right tibiotarsus; rtm, right tarsometatarsus; ste, sternum. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390622/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 1A‒C</figureCitation>
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; partial skeleton including mandible, most major wing, pectoral girdle and leg bones), collected in 1992 by
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<collectorName box="[653,778,260,282]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">M. Daniels</collectorName>
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(original collector’s number
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<specimenCode box="[479,603,290,312]" collectionCode="WN" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">WN 92720</specimenCode>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[163,442,353,375]" box="[163,442,353,375]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
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<emphasis box="[163,282,354,375]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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As for genus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[163,778,408,460]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
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<emphasis box="[163,289,408,429]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Etymology:</emphasis>
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The species epithet refers to the geological age of the
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<typeStatus box="[280,378,438,460]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">holotype</typeStatus>
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, which is from Ypresian strata.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[163,780,501,646]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
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<emphasis box="[163,455,501,523]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Type locality and horizon:</emphasis>
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Walton-on-the-Naze,
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<collectingRegion box="[706,774,501,522]" country="United Kingdom" name="Essex" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Essex</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[163,205,532,553]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">UK</collectingCountry>
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; Walton Member of the London Clay Formation (previously Division A2;
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<bibRefCitation author="Jolley DW" box="[461,601,562,584]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" pagination="219 - 254" refId="ref9254" refString="Jolley DW. 1996. The earliest Eocene sediments of eastern England: an ultra-high resolution palynological correlation. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 101: 219 - 254." type="journal article" year="1996">Jolley, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Rayner D & Mitchell T & Rayner M & Clouter F" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" refId="ref10235" refString="Rayner D, Mitchell T, Rayner M, Clouter F. 2009. London Clay fossils of Kent and Essex. Rochester: Medway Fossil and Mineral Society." type="book" year="2009">
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Rayner
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<emphasis box="[712,772,562,584]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Aldiss DT" box="[237,387,593,615]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref8575" refString="Aldiss DT. 2012. The stratigraphical framework for the Palaeogene successions of the London Basin, UK. British Geological Survey Open Report OR / 12 / 004: 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="2012">Aldiss, 2012</bibRefCitation>
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); early Eocene (early Ypresian, 54.6‒55.0 Mya;
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<bibRefCitation author="Collinson ME & Adams NF & Manchester SR & Stull GW & Herrera F & Smith SY & Andrew MJ & Kenrick P & Sykes D" box="[344,582,623,646]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" pagination="697 - 711" refId="ref8848" refString="Collinson ME, Adams NF, Manchester SR, Stull GW, Herrera F, Smith SY, Andrew MJ, Kenrick P, Sykes D. 2016. X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) of pyrite-permineralized fruits and seeds from the London Clay Formation (Ypresian) conserved in silicone oil: a critical evaluation. Botany 94: 697 - 711." type="journal article" year="2016">
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Collinson
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<emphasis box="[458,514,624,645]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[163,779,686,770]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
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<emphasis box="[163,384,686,708]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Referred specimen:</emphasis>
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<collectionCode box="[405,467,686,708]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
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.Z.2021.40.25 (
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<figureCitation box="[639,724,686,708]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[145,224,1070,1092]" captionTargetBox="[147,1426,197,1029]" captionTargetId="figure-285@2.[145,1428,195,1030]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. A‒C, The holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24) of Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK).A, overview picture of the fossil in 2008, with various bones still in situ. B, condition of the fossil before 2008, based on a photograph from Michael Daniels; note that the right tibiotarsus was not yet fixed to the dorsal surface of the sternum at this time. C, current condition of the specimen, with most bones being removed from the matrix (most preparation work was done by M. Daniels). D, carpometacarpus of the referred specimen (NMS.2021.40.25). Abbreviations: fur, furcula; lfe, left femur; lhu, left humerus; lsc, left scapula; mdb, mandible; rco, right coracoid; rhu, right humerus; rsc, right scapula; rtb, right tibiotarsus; rtm, right tarsometatarsus; ste, sternum. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390622/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
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; left carpometacarpus), collected in 1996 by M. Daniels (original collector’s number
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<collectionCode box="[479,523,748,769]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">WN</collectionCode>
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96898).
|
||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[163,780,810,1047]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
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<emphasis box="[163,772,810,832]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
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Measurements (in millimetres):
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<collectionCode box="[553,613,810,831]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
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.Z.2021.40.24
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</emphasis>
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: coracoid, 34.3 (right); scapula, 53.5 (right); humerus length, 74.0 (left), 72.4 (right), humerus distal width, 11.1 (left), 11.0 (right); ulna length, 63.8 (left); femur, length, 38.9 (left); tibiotarsus, distal width, 7.5 (right); right tarsometatarsus length, 40.7, distal width, 6.9, proximal width, 8.1.
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<collectionCode box="[551,614,994,1016]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
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.Z.2021.40.25: carpometacarpus length, 42.1 (left).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[163,779,1088,1907]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
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<emphasis box="[163,490,1088,1109]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Description and comparisons:</emphasis>
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The mandible (
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<figureCitation box="[667,746,1088,1110]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,224,1191,1213]" captionTargetBox="[147,1426,197,1150]" captionTargetId="figure-228@4.[145,1428,195,1151]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), quadrate, pterygoid and mandible of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24) in comparison to extant Gaviidae and Rallidae. A‒E, N. ypresianus, right quadrate in lateral (A), medial (B), caudal (C), cranial (D) and ventral (E) view. F‒J, right quadrate of Gavia stellata (SMF 14210) in lateral (F), medial (G), caudal (H), cranial (I) and ventral (J) view; the arrow in G denotes a detail of the articular surface for the pterygoid. K‒M, N.ypresianus, right pterygoid in dorsal (K), ventral (L) and lateral (M) view. N‒P, right pterygoid of G. stellata (SMF 14210) in dorsal (N), ventral (O) and lateral (P) view. Q, N. ypresianus, rostral half of mandible in dorsal view. R, G. stellata (SMF 14213), mandible in dorsal view. S, Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 (Rallidae; SMF 16019), mandible in dorsal view. Abbreviations: arf, articular facet for pterygoid; cas, concave lateral articular surface of condylus medialis; cdc, condylus caudalis; cdl, condylus lateralis; cdm, condylus medialis; cdp, condylus pterygoideus; cpo, capitulum oticum; cps, capitulum squamosum; cqj, cotyla quadratojugalis; fos, pit-like fossa; orb, processus orbitalis; tsc, tuberculum subcapitulare. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 2Q</figureCitation>
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) is different from that of extant gaviiforms and indicates a proportionally much shorter beak in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[573,724,1149,1171]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
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<emphasis box="[573,724,1149,1171]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The symphysis is wide and shallow; its tip is broken and missing (as evidenced by
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<figureCitation box="[441,517,1210,1232]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[145,224,1070,1092]" captionTargetBox="[147,1426,197,1029]" captionTargetId="figure-285@2.[145,1428,195,1030]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. A‒C, The holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24) of Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK).A, overview picture of the fossil in 2008, with various bones still in situ. B, condition of the fossil before 2008, based on a photograph from Michael Daniels; note that the right tibiotarsus was not yet fixed to the dorsal surface of the sternum at this time. C, current condition of the specimen, with most bones being removed from the matrix (most preparation work was done by M. Daniels). D, carpometacarpus of the referred specimen (NMS.2021.40.25). Abbreviations: fur, furcula; lfe, left femur; lhu, left humerus; lsc, left scapula; mdb, mandible; rco, right coracoid; rhu, right humerus; rsc, right scapula; rtb, right tibiotarsus; rtm, right tarsometatarsus; ste, sternum. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390622/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
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, the tip of the mandible was complete originally). Overall, the mandible of the new species resembles that of extant coots (
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Fulica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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||
<emphasis box="[702,779,1271,1292]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fulica</emphasis>
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spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[223,320,1302,1324]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rallidae</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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<figureCitation box="[332,412,1302,1324]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,224,1191,1213]" captionTargetBox="[147,1426,197,1150]" captionTargetId="figure-228@4.[145,1428,195,1151]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), quadrate, pterygoid and mandible of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24) in comparison to extant Gaviidae and Rallidae. A‒E, N. ypresianus, right quadrate in lateral (A), medial (B), caudal (C), cranial (D) and ventral (E) view. F‒J, right quadrate of Gavia stellata (SMF 14210) in lateral (F), medial (G), caudal (H), cranial (I) and ventral (J) view; the arrow in G denotes a detail of the articular surface for the pterygoid. K‒M, N.ypresianus, right pterygoid in dorsal (K), ventral (L) and lateral (M) view. N‒P, right pterygoid of G. stellata (SMF 14210) in dorsal (N), ventral (O) and lateral (P) view. Q, N. ypresianus, rostral half of mandible in dorsal view. R, G. stellata (SMF 14213), mandible in dorsal view. S, Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 (Rallidae; SMF 16019), mandible in dorsal view. Abbreviations: arf, articular facet for pterygoid; cas, concave lateral articular surface of condylus medialis; cdc, condylus caudalis; cdl, condylus lateralis; cdm, condylus medialis; cdp, condylus pterygoideus; cpo, capitulum oticum; cps, capitulum squamosum; cqj, cotyla quadratojugalis; fos, pit-like fossa; orb, processus orbitalis; tsc, tuberculum subcapitulare. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 2S</figureCitation>
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) in its proportions, whereas the mandibular symphysis is much narrower in crown group
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<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[235,372,1363,1385]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
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(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[387,467,1363,1385]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,224,1191,1213]" captionTargetBox="[147,1426,197,1150]" captionTargetId="figure-228@4.[145,1428,195,1151]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), quadrate, pterygoid and mandible of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24) in comparison to extant Gaviidae and Rallidae. A‒E, N. ypresianus, right quadrate in lateral (A), medial (B), caudal (C), cranial (D) and ventral (E) view. F‒J, right quadrate of Gavia stellata (SMF 14210) in lateral (F), medial (G), caudal (H), cranial (I) and ventral (J) view; the arrow in G denotes a detail of the articular surface for the pterygoid. K‒M, N.ypresianus, right pterygoid in dorsal (K), ventral (L) and lateral (M) view. N‒P, right pterygoid of G. stellata (SMF 14210) in dorsal (N), ventral (O) and lateral (P) view. Q, N. ypresianus, rostral half of mandible in dorsal view. R, G. stellata (SMF 14213), mandible in dorsal view. S, Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 (Rallidae; SMF 16019), mandible in dorsal view. Abbreviations: arf, articular facet for pterygoid; cas, concave lateral articular surface of condylus medialis; cdc, condylus caudalis; cdl, condylus lateralis; cdm, condylus medialis; cdp, condylus pterygoideus; cpo, capitulum oticum; cps, capitulum squamosum; cqj, cotyla quadratojugalis; fos, pit-like fossa; orb, processus orbitalis; tsc, tuberculum subcapitulare. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 2R</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, unlike in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Fulica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[707,779,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fulica</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus, 1758
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and like in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Svec" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[475,544,1394,1415]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[475,544,1394,1415]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Gavia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the rostral portions of the mandibular rami are near parallel in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[653,762,1425,1446]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[653,762,1425,1446]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Nasidytes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[163,779,1088,1907]" lastBlockId="3.[827,1444,197,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
|
||
The quadrate (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[354,467,1455,1477]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,224,1191,1213]" captionTargetBox="[147,1426,197,1150]" captionTargetId="figure-228@4.[145,1428,195,1151]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), quadrate, pterygoid and mandible of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24) in comparison to extant Gaviidae and Rallidae. A‒E, N. ypresianus, right quadrate in lateral (A), medial (B), caudal (C), cranial (D) and ventral (E) view. F‒J, right quadrate of Gavia stellata (SMF 14210) in lateral (F), medial (G), caudal (H), cranial (I) and ventral (J) view; the arrow in G denotes a detail of the articular surface for the pterygoid. K‒M, N.ypresianus, right pterygoid in dorsal (K), ventral (L) and lateral (M) view. N‒P, right pterygoid of G. stellata (SMF 14210) in dorsal (N), ventral (O) and lateral (P) view. Q, N. ypresianus, rostral half of mandible in dorsal view. R, G. stellata (SMF 14213), mandible in dorsal view. S, Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 (Rallidae; SMF 16019), mandible in dorsal view. Abbreviations: arf, articular facet for pterygoid; cas, concave lateral articular surface of condylus medialis; cdc, condylus caudalis; cdl, condylus lateralis; cdm, condylus medialis; cdp, condylus pterygoideus; cpo, capitulum oticum; cps, capitulum squamosum; cqj, cotyla quadratojugalis; fos, pit-like fossa; orb, processus orbitalis; tsc, tuberculum subcapitulare. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 2A‒E</figureCitation>
|
||
) closely corresponds to that of crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[330,469,1486,1508]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[481,586,1486,1508]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,224,1191,1213]" captionTargetBox="[147,1426,197,1150]" captionTargetId="figure-228@4.[145,1428,195,1151]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), quadrate, pterygoid and mandible of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24) in comparison to extant Gaviidae and Rallidae. A‒E, N. ypresianus, right quadrate in lateral (A), medial (B), caudal (C), cranial (D) and ventral (E) view. F‒J, right quadrate of Gavia stellata (SMF 14210) in lateral (F), medial (G), caudal (H), cranial (I) and ventral (J) view; the arrow in G denotes a detail of the articular surface for the pterygoid. K‒M, N.ypresianus, right pterygoid in dorsal (K), ventral (L) and lateral (M) view. N‒P, right pterygoid of G. stellata (SMF 14210) in dorsal (N), ventral (O) and lateral (P) view. Q, N. ypresianus, rostral half of mandible in dorsal view. R, G. stellata (SMF 14213), mandible in dorsal view. S, Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 (Rallidae; SMF 16019), mandible in dorsal view. Abbreviations: arf, articular facet for pterygoid; cas, concave lateral articular surface of condylus medialis; cdc, condylus caudalis; cdl, condylus lateralis; cdm, condylus medialis; cdp, condylus pterygoideus; cpo, capitulum oticum; cps, capitulum squamosum; cqj, cotyla quadratojugalis; fos, pit-like fossa; orb, processus orbitalis; tsc, tuberculum subcapitulare. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 2F‒J</figureCitation>
|
||
) in its shape. The tip of the processus oticus is wider than in crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[163,302,1547,1569]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, unlike in the latter, there is a pit-like fossa on the caudal surface of the processus oticus; as in extant loons, pneumatic foramina are absent. Also as in extant gaviiforms, there is a small tuberculum subcapitulare (
|
||
<emphasis box="[345,411,1671,1692]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Elzanowski A & Stidham TA" box="[420,770,1670,1692]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" pagination="305 - 323" refId="ref8912" refString="Elzanowski A, Stidham TA. 2010. Morphology of the quadrate in the Eocene anseriform Presbyornis and extant galloanserine birds. Journal of Morphology 271: 305 - 323." type="journal article" year="2010">Elzanowski & Stidham, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) ventral to the capitulum squamosum. The processus orbitalis is dorsoventrally deeper than in crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[163,311,1762,1784]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
; unlike in crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[600,747,1762,1784]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it does not exhibit a well-delimited articular surface for the pterygoid (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[378,463,1823,1845]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,224,1191,1213]" captionTargetBox="[147,1426,197,1150]" captionTargetId="figure-228@4.[145,1428,195,1151]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), quadrate, pterygoid and mandible of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24) in comparison to extant Gaviidae and Rallidae. A‒E, N. ypresianus, right quadrate in lateral (A), medial (B), caudal (C), cranial (D) and ventral (E) view. F‒J, right quadrate of Gavia stellata (SMF 14210) in lateral (F), medial (G), caudal (H), cranial (I) and ventral (J) view; the arrow in G denotes a detail of the articular surface for the pterygoid. K‒M, N.ypresianus, right pterygoid in dorsal (K), ventral (L) and lateral (M) view. N‒P, right pterygoid of G. stellata (SMF 14210) in dorsal (N), ventral (O) and lateral (P) view. Q, N. ypresianus, rostral half of mandible in dorsal view. R, G. stellata (SMF 14213), mandible in dorsal view. S, Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 (Rallidae; SMF 16019), mandible in dorsal view. Abbreviations: arf, articular facet for pterygoid; cas, concave lateral articular surface of condylus medialis; cdc, condylus caudalis; cdl, condylus lateralis; cdm, condylus medialis; cdp, condylus pterygoideus; cpo, capitulum oticum; cps, capitulum squamosum; cqj, cotyla quadratojugalis; fos, pit-like fossa; orb, processus orbitalis; tsc, tuberculum subcapitulare. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The condylus medialis is ventrally prominent and, as in extant gaviiforms, the condylus medialis has a concave lateral surface. Also as in extant gaviiforms, the condylus caudalis forms a distinct lip, and the condylus pterygoideus is prominent and ball-shaped.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[827,1444,197,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
|
||
The pterygoid (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1044,1179,289,311]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,224,1191,1213]" captionTargetBox="[147,1426,197,1150]" captionTargetId="figure-228@4.[145,1428,195,1151]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), quadrate, pterygoid and mandible of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24) in comparison to extant Gaviidae and Rallidae. A‒E, N. ypresianus, right quadrate in lateral (A), medial (B), caudal (C), cranial (D) and ventral (E) view. F‒J, right quadrate of Gavia stellata (SMF 14210) in lateral (F), medial (G), caudal (H), cranial (I) and ventral (J) view; the arrow in G denotes a detail of the articular surface for the pterygoid. K‒M, N.ypresianus, right pterygoid in dorsal (K), ventral (L) and lateral (M) view. N‒P, right pterygoid of G. stellata (SMF 14210) in dorsal (N), ventral (O) and lateral (P) view. Q, N. ypresianus, rostral half of mandible in dorsal view. R, G. stellata (SMF 14213), mandible in dorsal view. S, Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 (Rallidae; SMF 16019), mandible in dorsal view. Abbreviations: arf, articular facet for pterygoid; cas, concave lateral articular surface of condylus medialis; cdc, condylus caudalis; cdl, condylus lateralis; cdm, condylus medialis; cdp, condylus pterygoideus; cpo, capitulum oticum; cps, capitulum squamosum; cqj, cotyla quadratojugalis; fos, pit-like fossa; orb, processus orbitalis; tsc, tuberculum subcapitulare. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 2K‒M</figureCitation>
|
||
), likewise, resembles that of extant gaviiforms (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1141,1264,320,342]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[144,224,1191,1213]" captionTargetBox="[147,1426,197,1150]" captionTargetId="figure-228@4.[145,1428,195,1151]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), quadrate, pterygoid and mandible of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24) in comparison to extant Gaviidae and Rallidae. A‒E, N. ypresianus, right quadrate in lateral (A), medial (B), caudal (C), cranial (D) and ventral (E) view. F‒J, right quadrate of Gavia stellata (SMF 14210) in lateral (F), medial (G), caudal (H), cranial (I) and ventral (J) view; the arrow in G denotes a detail of the articular surface for the pterygoid. K‒M, N.ypresianus, right pterygoid in dorsal (K), ventral (L) and lateral (M) view. N‒P, right pterygoid of G. stellata (SMF 14210) in dorsal (N), ventral (O) and lateral (P) view. Q, N. ypresianus, rostral half of mandible in dorsal view. R, G. stellata (SMF 14213), mandible in dorsal view. S, Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 (Rallidae; SMF 16019), mandible in dorsal view. Abbreviations: arf, articular facet for pterygoid; cas, concave lateral articular surface of condylus medialis; cdc, condylus caudalis; cdl, condylus lateralis; cdm, condylus medialis; cdp, condylus pterygoideus; cpo, capitulum oticum; cps, capitulum squamosum; cqj, cotyla quadratojugalis; fos, pit-like fossa; orb, processus orbitalis; tsc, tuberculum subcapitulare. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390624/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 2N‒P</figureCitation>
|
||
). The bone has a curved shaft and a widened caudal end. There is no facies articularis basipterygoidea, which indicates the absence of basipterygoid processes on the cranium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[827,1444,197,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
|
||
The corpus of the single thoracic vertebra preserved in the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[901,998,473,495]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1013,1096,473,495]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,197,1411]" captionTargetId="figure-91@5.[163,1446,195,1412]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), sternum, pectoral girdle bones and vertebrae of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant Gaviiformes. A‒D, N. ypresianus, sternum in ventral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C) and cranial (D) view. E, F, N. ypresianus, furcula in caudolateral (E) and caudal (F) view. G, H, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), furcula in caudolateral (G) and caudal (H) view. I, J, N. ypresianus, right coracoid in dorsal (I) and ventral (J) view. K, left coracoid of Colymboides anglicus (holotype, NHMUK A 30330) from the late Eocene of England in dorsal view. L, right coracoid of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in dorsal view. M, N. ypresianus, right scapula in lateral view. N, right scapula of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in lateral view. O, P, N. ypresianus, thoracic (O) and caudal (P) vertebrae. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; apf, apophysis furculae; car, carina sterni; cvx, convexity on medial margin of extremitas sternalis; exo, extremitas omalis; exs, extremitas sternalis; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; pct, processus costales; pla, processus lateralis; plc, pleurocoel; ppc, processus procoracoideus; spe, spina externa; trv, processus transversus. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 3O</figureCitation>
|
||
) exhibits distinct fossae on its lateral surfaces (pleurocoels), which are absent in extant loons. Pleurocoels occur in many neornithine stem group representatives (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr G" box="[1092,1219,565,586]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" pagination="453 - 463" refId="ref9619" refString="Mayr G. 2021. On the occurrence of lateral openings and fossae (pleurocoels) in the thoracic vertebrae of neornithine birds and their functional significance. Vertebrate Zoology 71: 453 - 463." type="journal article" year="2021">Mayr, 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and their absence in crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[1004,1142,596,618]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
is likely to be attributable to the mediolaterally compressed body of the thoracic vertebrae of extant loons. The
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1172,1268,657,679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
also includes a caudal vertebra (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1022,1102,688,710]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,197,1411]" captionTargetId="figure-91@5.[163,1446,195,1412]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), sternum, pectoral girdle bones and vertebrae of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant Gaviiformes. A‒D, N. ypresianus, sternum in ventral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C) and cranial (D) view. E, F, N. ypresianus, furcula in caudolateral (E) and caudal (F) view. G, H, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), furcula in caudolateral (G) and caudal (H) view. I, J, N. ypresianus, right coracoid in dorsal (I) and ventral (J) view. K, left coracoid of Colymboides anglicus (holotype, NHMUK A 30330) from the late Eocene of England in dorsal view. L, right coracoid of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in dorsal view. M, N. ypresianus, right scapula in lateral view. N, right scapula of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in lateral view. O, P, N. ypresianus, thoracic (O) and caudal (P) vertebrae. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; apf, apophysis furculae; car, carina sterni; cvx, convexity on medial margin of extremitas sternalis; exo, extremitas omalis; exs, extremitas sternalis; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; pct, processus costales; pla, processus lateralis; plc, pleurocoel; ppc, processus procoracoideus; spe, spina externa; trv, processus transversus. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 3P</figureCitation>
|
||
), which has somewhat longer processus transversi than extant gaviiforms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[827,1444,197,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
|
||
The coracoid (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1008,1106,749,771]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,197,1411]" captionTargetId="figure-91@5.[163,1446,195,1412]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), sternum, pectoral girdle bones and vertebrae of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant Gaviiformes. A‒D, N. ypresianus, sternum in ventral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C) and cranial (D) view. E, F, N. ypresianus, furcula in caudolateral (E) and caudal (F) view. G, H, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), furcula in caudolateral (G) and caudal (H) view. I, J, N. ypresianus, right coracoid in dorsal (I) and ventral (J) view. K, left coracoid of Colymboides anglicus (holotype, NHMUK A 30330) from the late Eocene of England in dorsal view. L, right coracoid of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in dorsal view. M, N. ypresianus, right scapula in lateral view. N, right scapula of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in lateral view. O, P, N. ypresianus, thoracic (O) and caudal (P) vertebrae. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; apf, apophysis furculae; car, carina sterni; cvx, convexity on medial margin of extremitas sternalis; exo, extremitas omalis; exs, extremitas sternalis; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; pct, processus costales; pla, processus lateralis; plc, pleurocoel; ppc, processus procoracoideus; spe, spina externa; trv, processus transversus. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 3I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
) resembles the corresponding bone of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1867" box="[937,1101,779,800]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[937,1101,779,800]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Colymboides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1125,1223,779,801]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,197,1411]" captionTargetId="figure-91@5.[163,1446,195,1412]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), sternum, pectoral girdle bones and vertebrae of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant Gaviiformes. A‒D, N. ypresianus, sternum in ventral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C) and cranial (D) view. E, F, N. ypresianus, furcula in caudolateral (E) and caudal (F) view. G, H, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), furcula in caudolateral (G) and caudal (H) view. I, J, N. ypresianus, right coracoid in dorsal (I) and ventral (J) view. K, left coracoid of Colymboides anglicus (holotype, NHMUK A 30330) from the late Eocene of England in dorsal view. L, right coracoid of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in dorsal view. M, N. ypresianus, right scapula in lateral view. N, right scapula of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in lateral view. O, P, N. ypresianus, thoracic (O) and caudal (P) vertebrae. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; apf, apophysis furculae; car, carina sterni; cvx, convexity on medial margin of extremitas sternalis; exo, extremitas omalis; exs, extremitas sternalis; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; pct, processus costales; pla, processus lateralis; plc, pleurocoel; ppc, processus procoracoideus; spe, spina externa; trv, processus transversus. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 3K</figureCitation>
|
||
). The processus procoracoideus, which is not completely preserved in any other Eocene loon fossil, is proportionally longer than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mlikovsky" authorityYear="1987" box="[912,1005,871,892]" class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Petralca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[912,1005,871,892]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Petralca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[1200,1339,871,893]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1351,1428,871,893]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,197,1411]" captionTargetId="figure-91@5.[163,1446,195,1412]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), sternum, pectoral girdle bones and vertebrae of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant Gaviiformes. A‒D, N. ypresianus, sternum in ventral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C) and cranial (D) view. E, F, N. ypresianus, furcula in caudolateral (E) and caudal (F) view. G, H, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), furcula in caudolateral (G) and caudal (H) view. I, J, N. ypresianus, right coracoid in dorsal (I) and ventral (J) view. K, left coracoid of Colymboides anglicus (holotype, NHMUK A 30330) from the late Eocene of England in dorsal view. L, right coracoid of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in dorsal view. M, N. ypresianus, right scapula in lateral view. N, right scapula of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in lateral view. O, P, N. ypresianus, thoracic (O) and caudal (P) vertebrae. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; apf, apophysis furculae; car, carina sterni; cvx, convexity on medial margin of extremitas sternalis; exo, extremitas omalis; exs, extremitas sternalis; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; pct, processus costales; pla, processus lateralis; plc, pleurocoel; ppc, processus procoracoideus; spe, spina externa; trv, processus transversus. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 3L</figureCitation>
|
||
). The foramen nervi supracoracoidei is proportionally smaller than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1867" box="[1019,1167,933,954]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1019,1167,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Colymboides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and extant gaviiforms, in which the foramen is usually also positioned more medially. The medial margin of the sternal extremity forms a convexity (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1166,1240,1025,1047]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,197,1411]" captionTargetId="figure-91@5.[163,1446,195,1412]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), sternum, pectoral girdle bones and vertebrae of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant Gaviiformes. A‒D, N. ypresianus, sternum in ventral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C) and cranial (D) view. E, F, N. ypresianus, furcula in caudolateral (E) and caudal (F) view. G, H, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), furcula in caudolateral (G) and caudal (H) view. I, J, N. ypresianus, right coracoid in dorsal (I) and ventral (J) view. K, left coracoid of Colymboides anglicus (holotype, NHMUK A 30330) from the late Eocene of England in dorsal view. L, right coracoid of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in dorsal view. M, N. ypresianus, right scapula in lateral view. N, right scapula of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in lateral view. O, P, N. ypresianus, thoracic (O) and caudal (P) vertebrae. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; apf, apophysis furculae; car, carina sterni; cvx, convexity on medial margin of extremitas sternalis; exo, extremitas omalis; exs, extremitas sternalis; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; pct, processus costales; pla, processus lateralis; plc, pleurocoel; ppc, processus procoracoideus; spe, spina externa; trv, processus transversus. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 3I</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1867" box="[857,1003,1055,1076]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[857,1003,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Colymboides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and extant gaviiforms. The processus lateralis is proportionally longer than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1867" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Colymboides minutus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[1126,1266,1117,1139]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas it has a similar relative length in the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1200,1300,1147,1169]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of the early Oligocene ‘?
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="' Mayr" authorityYear="2004" box="[960,1201,1178,1199]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="metzleri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[960,1201,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Colymboides metzleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[827,1444,197,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
|
||
Unlike in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1867" box="[992,1155,1209,1230]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[992,1155,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Colymboides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mlikovsky" authorityYear="1987" box="[1177,1284,1209,1230]" class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Petralca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1177,1284,1209,1230]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Petralca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and extant gaviiforms, the scapula (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1097,1181,1239,1261]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,197,1411]" captionTargetId="figure-91@5.[163,1446,195,1412]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), sternum, pectoral girdle bones and vertebrae of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant Gaviiformes. A‒D, N. ypresianus, sternum in ventral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C) and cranial (D) view. E, F, N. ypresianus, furcula in caudolateral (E) and caudal (F) view. G, H, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), furcula in caudolateral (G) and caudal (H) view. I, J, N. ypresianus, right coracoid in dorsal (I) and ventral (J) view. K, left coracoid of Colymboides anglicus (holotype, NHMUK A 30330) from the late Eocene of England in dorsal view. L, right coracoid of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in dorsal view. M, N. ypresianus, right scapula in lateral view. N, right scapula of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in lateral view. O, P, N. ypresianus, thoracic (O) and caudal (P) vertebrae. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; apf, apophysis furculae; car, carina sterni; cvx, convexity on medial margin of extremitas sternalis; exo, extremitas omalis; exs, extremitas sternalis; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; pct, processus costales; pla, processus lateralis; plc, pleurocoel; ppc, processus procoracoideus; spe, spina externa; trv, processus transversus. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 3M</figureCitation>
|
||
) has a long and narrow acromion. Furthermore, the facies articularis humeralis is not as elongated as in extant loons (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1252,1333,1301,1323]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,197,1411]" captionTargetId="figure-91@5.[163,1446,195,1412]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), sternum, pectoral girdle bones and vertebrae of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant Gaviiformes. A‒D, N. ypresianus, sternum in ventral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C) and cranial (D) view. E, F, N. ypresianus, furcula in caudolateral (E) and caudal (F) view. G, H, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), furcula in caudolateral (G) and caudal (H) view. I, J, N. ypresianus, right coracoid in dorsal (I) and ventral (J) view. K, left coracoid of Colymboides anglicus (holotype, NHMUK A 30330) from the late Eocene of England in dorsal view. L, right coracoid of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in dorsal view. M, N. ypresianus, right scapula in lateral view. N, right scapula of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in lateral view. O, P, N. ypresianus, thoracic (O) and caudal (P) vertebrae. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; apf, apophysis furculae; car, carina sterni; cvx, convexity on medial margin of extremitas sternalis; exo, extremitas omalis; exs, extremitas sternalis; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; pct, processus costales; pla, processus lateralis; plc, pleurocoel; ppc, processus procoracoideus; spe, spina externa; trv, processus transversus. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 3N</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[827,1444,197,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
|
||
The furcula (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[995,1101,1331,1353]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,197,1411]" captionTargetId="figure-91@5.[163,1446,195,1412]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), sternum, pectoral girdle bones and vertebrae of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant Gaviiformes. A‒D, N. ypresianus, sternum in ventral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C) and cranial (D) view. E, F, N. ypresianus, furcula in caudolateral (E) and caudal (F) view. G, H, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), furcula in caudolateral (G) and caudal (H) view. I, J, N. ypresianus, right coracoid in dorsal (I) and ventral (J) view. K, left coracoid of Colymboides anglicus (holotype, NHMUK A 30330) from the late Eocene of England in dorsal view. L, right coracoid of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in dorsal view. M, N. ypresianus, right scapula in lateral view. N, right scapula of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in lateral view. O, P, N. ypresianus, thoracic (O) and caudal (P) vertebrae. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; apf, apophysis furculae; car, carina sterni; cvx, convexity on medial margin of extremitas sternalis; exo, extremitas omalis; exs, extremitas sternalis; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; pct, processus costales; pla, processus lateralis; plc, pleurocoel; ppc, processus procoracoideus; spe, spina externa; trv, processus transversus. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 3E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
) is U-shaped, with wide shafts and simple omal extremities; the shafts are flattened in a craniocaudal (frontal) plane. As such, it differs from the furcula of crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[1231,1378,1423,1445]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,197,1411]" captionTargetId="figure-91@5.[163,1446,195,1412]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), sternum, pectoral girdle bones and vertebrae of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant Gaviiformes. A‒D, N. ypresianus, sternum in ventral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C) and cranial (D) view. E, F, N. ypresianus, furcula in caudolateral (E) and caudal (F) view. G, H, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), furcula in caudolateral (G) and caudal (H) view. I, J, N. ypresianus, right coracoid in dorsal (I) and ventral (J) view. K, left coracoid of Colymboides anglicus (holotype, NHMUK A 30330) from the late Eocene of England in dorsal view. L, right coracoid of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in dorsal view. M, N. ypresianus, right scapula in lateral view. N, right scapula of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in lateral view. O, P, N. ypresianus, thoracic (O) and caudal (P) vertebrae. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; apf, apophysis furculae; car, carina sterni; cvx, convexity on medial margin of extremitas sternalis; exo, extremitas omalis; exs, extremitas sternalis; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; pct, processus costales; pla, processus lateralis; plc, pleurocoel; ppc, processus procoracoideus; spe, spina externa; trv, processus transversus. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 3G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
), in which the omal extremity is elongated and tapering, the sternal extremity is markedly caudally bent, and the shafts are flattened in a mediolateral (parasagittal) plane.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[827,1444,197,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
|
||
The caudal portion of the sternum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1307,1433,1577,1599]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[163,243,1452,1474]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,197,1411]" captionTargetId="figure-91@5.[163,1446,195,1412]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), sternum, pectoral girdle bones and vertebrae of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant Gaviiformes. A‒D, N. ypresianus, sternum in ventral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C) and cranial (D) view. E, F, N. ypresianus, furcula in caudolateral (E) and caudal (F) view. G, H, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), furcula in caudolateral (G) and caudal (H) view. I, J, N. ypresianus, right coracoid in dorsal (I) and ventral (J) view. K, left coracoid of Colymboides anglicus (holotype, NHMUK A 30330) from the late Eocene of England in dorsal view. L, right coracoid of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in dorsal view. M, N. ypresianus, right scapula in lateral view. N, right scapula of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in lateral view. O, P, N. ypresianus, thoracic (O) and caudal (P) vertebrae. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; apf, apophysis furculae; car, carina sterni; cvx, convexity on medial margin of extremitas sternalis; exo, extremitas omalis; exs, extremitas sternalis; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; pct, processus costales; pla, processus lateralis; plc, pleurocoel; ppc, processus procoracoideus; spe, spina externa; trv, processus transversus. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 3A‒D</figureCitation>
|
||
) is damaged, but the bone appears to have been proportionally shorter than the long sternum of crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[900,1041,1669,1691]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Unlike in crown group gaviiforms, it exhibits a short spina externa. Four processus costales can be counted, whereas there are seven in crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[978,1121,1761,1783]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The carina sterni is low, as it is in crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[1055,1197,1791,1813]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[827,1444,197,1905]" lastBlockId="5.[827,1443,1795,1909]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="1436" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">
|
||
The left and right humeri are preserved in the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[827,931,1853,1875]" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[950,1074,1853,1875]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="1434">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The tuberculum dorsale, on the proximal end of the bone, is well developed (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[153,232,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both humeri show a sigmoidally curved shaft, which appears to be a real (rather than taphonomic) feature. The proximal end is proportionally wider than in other gaviiforms except for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[595,761,1636,1657]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[595,761,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">Colymbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[153,237,1667,1689]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
), and the crista bicipitalis is less prominent than in extant loons. As in crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[614,757,1698,1720]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the crista deltopectoralis is low and long, measuring about one-third of the length of the humerus (the crista deltopectoralis of most other fossil loons has a similar shape, but in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[389,544,1820,1841]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[389,544,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">Colymbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is more strongly dorsally protruding;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr G & Zvonok E" box="[379,625,1851,1873]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" pagination="914 - 925" refId="ref9980" refString="Mayr G, Zvonok E. 2012. A new genus and species of Pelagornithidae with well-preserved pseudodentition and further avian remains from the middle Eocene of the Ukraine. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32: 914 - 925." type="journal article" year="2012">Mayr & Zvonok, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The distal end of the bone resembles the distal humerus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[809,967,1544,1565]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[809,967,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">Colymbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; its ventral portion is broadly rounded and, unlike in crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[1170,1324,1575,1597]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it does not form a marked, ventrally projected processus flexorius. The tuberculum supracondylare ventrale is not as elongated as in crown group gaviiforms (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
); in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[894,1049,1698,1719]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[894,1049,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the tuberculum supracondylare ventrales reaches only slightly farther proximally than the condylus dorsalis, whereas it reaches much farther proximally in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1867" box="[977,1126,1790,1811]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[977,1126,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">Colymboides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Svec" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[1141,1211,1790,1811]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1141,1211,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">Gavia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mlikovsky" authorityYear="1987" box="[1273,1370,1790,1811]" class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Petralca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1273,1370,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">Petralca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the tuberculum supracondylare ventrale of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[1268,1424,1820,1841]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1268,1424,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">Colymbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[1047,1162,1851,1872]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1047,1162,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">Nasidytes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in size). The condylus ventralis is not as large and globose as in extant loons. With regard to its proportions and most morphological features, the humerus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[472,589,1826,1847]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[472,589,1826,1847]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">Nasidytes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Mayr & Scofield, 2014" authorityName="Mayr & Scofield" authorityYear="2014" box="[192,670,1857,1879]" class="Aves" genus="Australornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lovei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[192,401,1857,1878]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">Australornis lovei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr G & Scofield RP" box="[409,670,1857,1879]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" pagination="48 - 56" refId="ref9761" refString="Mayr G, Scofield RP. 2014. First diagnosable nonsphenisciform bird from the early Paleocene of New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 44: 48 - 56." type="journal article" year="2014">Mayr & Scofield, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the late early Palaeocene of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[448,603,1887,1909]" name="New Zealand" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[619,703,1887,1909]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr G & Scofield RP" box="[717,1030,1795,1909]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" pagination="48 - 56" refId="ref9761" refString="Mayr G, Scofield RP. 2014. First diagnosable nonsphenisciform bird from the early Paleocene of New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 44: 48 - 56." type="journal article" year="2014">Mayr & Scofield, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in which, however, the shaft is craniocaudally more flattened and has thicker bone walls (the distal end of the humerus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Scofield" authorityYear="2014" class="Aves" genus="Australornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lovei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">Australornis lovei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unknown).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390624" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7390624" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390624/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" startId="4.[144,224,1191,1213]" targetBox="[147,1426,197,1150]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[144,1425,1191,1506]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,251,1191,1213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Mayr & Kitchener, 2022" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[263,490,1191,1213]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[263,490,1191,1213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">Nasidytes ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[497,653,1191,1213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), quadrate, pterygoid and mandible of the holotype (
|
||
<emphasis box="[671,866,1220,1242]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">NMS.Z.2021.40.24</emphasis>
|
||
) in comparison to extant
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1897" box="[1131,1224,1220,1242]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gaviidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1275,1364,1220,1242]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rallidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A‒E,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[145,287,1250,1272]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[145,287,1250,1272]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, right quadrate in lateral (A), medial (B), caudal (C), cranial (D) and ventral (E) view. F‒J, right quadrate of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[145,291,1279,1301]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[145,291,1279,1301]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">Gavia stellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF 14210) in lateral (F), medial (G), caudal (H), cranial (I) and ventral (J) view; the arrow in G denotes a detail of the articular surface for the pterygoid. K‒M,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[699,840,1308,1330]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[699,840,1308,1330]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, right pterygoid in dorsal (K), ventral (L) and lateral (M) view. N‒P, right pterygoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[445,550,1338,1360]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[445,550,1338,1360]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">G. stellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF 14210) in dorsal (N), ventral (O) and lateral (P) view. Q,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[1202,1343,1338,1360]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1202,1343,1338,1360]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, rostral half of mandible in dorsal view. R,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[500,605,1367,1389]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[500,605,1367,1389]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">G. stellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF 14213), mandible in dorsal view. S,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1037,1318,1367,1389]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" genus="Fulica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atra">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1037,1154,1367,1389]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435">Fulica atra</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus, 1758
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1331,1420,1367,1389]" class="Aves" family="Rallidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gruiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1435" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rallidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; SMF 16019), mandible in dorsal view. Abbreviations: arf, articular facet for pterygoid; cas, concave lateral articular surface of condylus medialis; cdc, condylus caudalis; cdl, condylus lateralis; cdm, condylus medialis; cdp, condylus pterygoideus; cpo, capitulum oticum; cps, capitulum squamosum; cqj, cotyla quadratojugalis; fos, pit-like fossa; orb, processus orbitalis; tsc, tuberculum subcapitulare. Scale bars: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390628" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7390628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390628/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" startId="5.[163,243,1452,1474]" targetBox="[165,1446,197,1411]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[163,1443,1452,1768]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[163,269,1452,1474]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Mayr & Kitchener, 2022" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[281,508,1452,1474]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[281,508,1452,1474]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">Nasidytes ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[515,671,1452,1474]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), sternum, pectoral girdle bones and vertebrae of the holotype (
|
||
<emphasis box="[844,1047,1482,1504]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">NMS.Z.2021.40.24</emphasis>
|
||
), in comparison to fossil and extant
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[163,292,1511,1533]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A‒D,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[359,500,1511,1533]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[359,500,1511,1533]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sternum in ventral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C) and cranial (D) view. E, F,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[1296,1437,1511,1533]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1296,1437,1511,1533]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, furcula in caudolateral (E) and caudal (F) view. G, H,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[737,887,1540,1562]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[737,887,1540,1562]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">Gavia stellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF 7241), furcula in caudolateral (G) and caudal (H) view. I, J,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[315,463,1570,1592]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[315,463,1570,1592]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, right coracoid in dorsal (I) and ventral (J) view. K, left coracoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1891" box="[1207,1443,1570,1592]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anglicus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1207,1443,1570,1592]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">Colymboides anglicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(holotype,
|
||
<emphasis box="[271,457,1599,1621]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">NHMUK A 30330</emphasis>
|
||
) from the late Eocene of England in dorsal view. L, right coracoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[1179,1285,1599,1621]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1179,1285,1599,1621]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">G. stellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF 7241) in dorsal view. M,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[326,468,1628,1650]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[326,468,1628,1650]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, right scapula in lateral view. N, right scapula of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[990,1097,1628,1650]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[990,1097,1628,1650]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">G. stellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF 7241) in lateral view. O, P,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[163,304,1658,1680]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[163,304,1658,1680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1436">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, thoracic (O) and caudal (P) vertebrae. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; apf, apophysis furculae; car, carina sterni; cvx, convexity on medial margin of extremitas sternalis; exo, extremitas omalis; exs, extremitas sternalis; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; pct, processus costales; pla, processus lateralis; plc, pleurocoel; ppc, processus procoracoideus; spe, spina externa; trv, processus transversus. Scale bars: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="1438" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437" startId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" targetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[145,1425,1678,1876]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[145,251,1678,1700]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Mayr & Kitchener, 2022" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[263,490,1678,1700]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[263,490,1678,1700]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437">Nasidytes ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[497,653,1678,1700]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Scofield" authorityYear="2014" box="[828,1016,1708,1730]" class="Aves" genus="Australornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lovei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[828,1016,1708,1730]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437">Australornis lovei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[1058,1198,1738,1759]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1058,1198,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are from the holotype (
|
||
<emphasis box="[152,348,1766,1788]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437">NMS.Z.2021.40.24</emphasis>
|
||
). A, B,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[418,558,1766,1788]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[418,558,1766,1788]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[438,723,1796,1818]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="udovichenkoi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[438,723,1796,1818]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437">Colymbiculus udovichenkoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[700,846,1825,1847]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[700,846,1825,1847]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437">Gavia stellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Scofield" authorityYear="2014" box="[359,548,1854,1876]" class="Aves" genus="Australornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lovei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[359,548,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437">Australornis lovei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(holotype,
|
||
<emphasis box="[665,826,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437">CM 2010.108.2</emphasis>
|
||
), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[1232,1376,1854,1876]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1232,1376,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1437">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, left
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[163,780,198,1416]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">
|
||
The ulna of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[329,443,198,219]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[329,443,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Nasidytes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[460,579,198,220]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 4F‒H</figureCitation>
|
||
) is much shorter than the humerus, as it is in other gaviiforms. The bone is stouter than the ulna of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[528,683,260,281]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[528,683,260,281]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[697,770,260,282]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 4I</figureCitation>
|
||
) and extant loons (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[375,491,290,312]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 4K, L</figureCitation>
|
||
), but corresponds to the ulna of a specimen of ‘?
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="' Mayr" authorityYear="2004" box="[426,668,321,342]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="metzleri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[426,668,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymboides metzleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ from the early Oligocene of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[373,469,352,374]" name="Belgium" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[484,561,352,374]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 4J</figureCitation>
|
||
) in its proportions. The olecranon is broader than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[559,718,382,403]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[559,718,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 4M, O</figureCitation>
|
||
). As in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[327,486,413,434]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[327,486,413,434]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the tuberculum carpale is poorly developed, whereas it is strongly enlarged in ‘?
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="' Mayr" authorityYear="2004" box="[179,425,474,495]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="metzleri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[179,425,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymboides metzleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ and crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[639,779,474,496]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[171,251,505,527]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 4R</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[163,780,198,1416]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">
|
||
The long carpometacarpus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[528,645,535,557]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 4S, X</figureCitation>
|
||
) measures more than half of the length of the humerus, with a long carpometacarpus being a derived characteristic of gaviiforms.The os metacarpale alulare is proportionally shorter than in crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[555,711,658,680]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, unlike in other fossil and extant gaviiform birds, the processus extensorius and processus alularis of the os metacarpale alulare are well differentiated, whereas both processes are low and confluent in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1867" box="[627,773,781,802]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[627,773,781,802]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymboides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mlikovsky" authorityYear="1987" box="[163,262,811,832]" class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Petralca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[163,262,811,832]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Petralca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[488,636,811,833]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[655,772,811,833]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 4Y, Z</figureCitation>
|
||
; the corresponding part of the carpometacarpus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[163,325,873,894]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[163,325,873,894]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unknown). Furthermore, unlike in other gaviiforms of which the carpometacarpus is known, the processus pisiformis is well delimited (this process is much reduced in extant loons).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[163,780,198,1416]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">
|
||
The os carpi radiale (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[441,527,995,1017]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 4U</figureCitation>
|
||
) does not exhibit the derived morphology found in extant gaviiforms, in which it bears a marked notch for the tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[612,699,1087,1109]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 4W</figureCitation>
|
||
; Mayr, 2014); this notch is also absent in ‘?
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="' Mayr" authorityYear="2004" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="metzleri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymboides metzleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’. The cranial surface of the bone bears a transverse furrow in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[438,560,1179,1200]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[438,560,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Nasidytes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is absent in crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[364,517,1210,1232]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The os carpi ulnare (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[171,248,1241,1263]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 4T</figureCitation>
|
||
), likewise, has a more plesiomorphic shape than the corresponding ossicle of crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[638,778,1271,1293]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[171,252,1302,1324]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[282,1289,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[280,1290,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N.ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N.ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G.stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view.Abbreviations:bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390630/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 4V</figureCitation>
|
||
), in which it is more compact, with a narrower incisura metacarpalis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[163,780,198,1416]" lastBlockId="7.[827,1444,197,1415]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">
|
||
The femur (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[325,408,1363,1385]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[224,1347,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[222,1347,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), leg bones of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms. A, N. ypresianus, left femur in cranial view. B, left femur of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Germany (SMNS 80739/2a) in cranial view; the bone is coated with ammonium chloride, and surrounding matrix was digitally removed. C, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), left femur in cranial view. D, E, N. ypresianus, proximal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. F, G, N. ypresianus, distal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (F) and distal (G) view. H, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, distal end of left tibiotarsus (SMF Av 589) in cranial view. I, G. stellata (SMF 7241), distal end of" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390632/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
) resembles that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1867" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymboides minutus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its proportions, whereas the bone is more abbreviated and stockier in ‘?
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="' Mayr" authorityYear="2004" box="[1182,1437,197,218]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="metzleri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1182,1437,197,218]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymboides metzleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[835,915,227,250]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[224,1347,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[222,1347,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), leg bones of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms. A, N. ypresianus, left femur in cranial view. B, left femur of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Germany (SMNS 80739/2a) in cranial view; the bone is coated with ammonium chloride, and surrounding matrix was digitally removed. C, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), left femur in cranial view. D, E, N. ypresianus, proximal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. F, G, N. ypresianus, distal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (F) and distal (G) view. H, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, distal end of left tibiotarsus (SMF Av 589) in cranial view. I, G. stellata (SMF 7241), distal end of" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390632/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and extant gaviiforms (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1197,1279,227,250]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[224,1347,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[222,1347,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), leg bones of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms. A, N. ypresianus, left femur in cranial view. B, left femur of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Germany (SMNS 80739/2a) in cranial view; the bone is coated with ammonium chloride, and surrounding matrix was digitally removed. C, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), left femur in cranial view. D, E, N. ypresianus, proximal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. F, G, N. ypresianus, distal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (F) and distal (G) view. H, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, distal end of left tibiotarsus (SMF Av 589) in cranial view. I, G. stellata (SMF 7241), distal end of" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390632/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
; the femora of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[827,982,258,279]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[827,982,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mlikovsky" authorityYear="1987" box="[1039,1132,258,279]" class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Petralca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1039,1132,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Petralca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are unknown). The bone is subequal to the carpometacarpus in length, whereas the femur is much shorter than the carpometacarpus in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Mayr, 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[865,1206,350,372]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[865,1027,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymboides</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr G" box="[1050,1196,350,372]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" pagination="281 - 286" refId="ref9397" refString="Mayr G. 2004. A partial skeleton of a new fossil loon (Aves, Gaviiformes) from the early Oligocene of Germany with preserved stomach content. Journal of Ornithology 145: 281 - 286." type="journal article" year="2004">Mayr, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[827,969,381,403]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[827,1444,197,1415]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus box="[909,1015,412,434]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
includes the proximal and distal portions of the right tibiotarsus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1244,1375,442,464]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[224,1347,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[222,1347,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), leg bones of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms. A, N. ypresianus, left femur in cranial view. B, left femur of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Germany (SMNS 80739/2a) in cranial view; the bone is coated with ammonium chloride, and surrounding matrix was digitally removed. C, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), left femur in cranial view. D, E, N. ypresianus, proximal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. F, G, N. ypresianus, distal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (F) and distal (G) view. H, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, distal end of left tibiotarsus (SMF Av 589) in cranial view. I, G. stellata (SMF 7241), distal end of" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390632/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 5D‒G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The cristae cnemiales are broken, hence it cannot be determined whether these crests were caudally elongated as they are in other fossil and extant gaviiforms. The distal end of the bone resembles the distal tibiotarsus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[1070,1230,596,617]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1070,1230,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1248,1336,595,618]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[224,1347,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[222,1347,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), leg bones of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms. A, N. ypresianus, left femur in cranial view. B, left femur of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Germany (SMNS 80739/2a) in cranial view; the bone is coated with ammonium chloride, and surrounding matrix was digitally removed. C, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), left femur in cranial view. D, E, N. ypresianus, proximal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. F, G, N. ypresianus, distal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (F) and distal (G) view. H, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, distal end of left tibiotarsus (SMF Av 589) in cranial view. I, G. stellata (SMF 7241), distal end of" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390632/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
|
||
) but has a narrower pons supratendineus than the latter and crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[975,1114,657,679]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1128,1201,657,679]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[224,1347,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[222,1347,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), leg bones of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms. A, N. ypresianus, left femur in cranial view. B, left femur of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Germany (SMNS 80739/2a) in cranial view; the bone is coated with ammonium chloride, and surrounding matrix was digitally removed. C, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), left femur in cranial view. D, E, N. ypresianus, proximal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. F, G, N. ypresianus, distal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (F) and distal (G) view. H, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, distal end of left tibiotarsus (SMF Av 589) in cranial view. I, G. stellata (SMF 7241), distal end of" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390632/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 5I</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[827,1444,197,1415]" lastBlockId="9.[163,780,197,618]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="1440" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">
|
||
The tarsometatarsus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1109,1226,687,709]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[224,1347,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[222,1347,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), leg bones of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms. A, N. ypresianus, left femur in cranial view. B, left femur of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Germany (SMNS 80739/2a) in cranial view; the bone is coated with ammonium chloride, and surrounding matrix was digitally removed. C, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), left femur in cranial view. D, E, N. ypresianus, proximal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. F, G, N. ypresianus, distal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (F) and distal (G) view. H, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, distal end of left tibiotarsus (SMF Av 589) in cranial view. I, G. stellata (SMF 7241), distal end of" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390632/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 5J‒M</figureCitation>
|
||
) closely resembles that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[916,1078,718,739]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[916,1078,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1096,1221,718,740]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[224,1347,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[222,1347,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), leg bones of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms. A, N. ypresianus, left femur in cranial view. B, left femur of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Germany (SMNS 80739/2a) in cranial view; the bone is coated with ammonium chloride, and surrounding matrix was digitally removed. C, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), left femur in cranial view. D, E, N. ypresianus, proximal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. F, G, N. ypresianus, distal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (F) and distal (G) view. H, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, distal end of left tibiotarsus (SMF Av 589) in cranial view. I, G. stellata (SMF 7241), distal end of" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390632/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 5N‒Q</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1292,1442,718,739]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1292,1442,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymboides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Mayr
|
||
<emphasis box="[901,955,749,771]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013: fig. 1G‒I) in its proportions, whereas the tarsometatarsus of extant loons (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1265,1385,779,801]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[224,1347,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[222,1347,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), leg bones of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms. A, N. ypresianus, left femur in cranial view. B, left femur of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Germany (SMNS 80739/2a) in cranial view; the bone is coated with ammonium chloride, and surrounding matrix was digitally removed. C, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), left femur in cranial view. D, E, N. ypresianus, proximal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. F, G, N. ypresianus, distal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (F) and distal (G) view. H, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, distal end of left tibiotarsus (SMF Av 589) in cranial view. I, G. stellata (SMF 7241), distal end of" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390632/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 5R‒U</figureCitation>
|
||
) has a much narrower, mediolaterally compressed shaft. However, the hypotarsus is distinguished from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[827,983,871,892]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[827,983,871,892]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1040,1185,871,892]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1040,1185,871,892]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymboides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that it bears only a single well-developed sulcus, for the tendon of m. flexor digitorum longus, whereas the guiding structures for m. flexor hallucis longus and m. flexor perforatus digiti 2 are only shallow furrows (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1212,1290,994,1016]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[224,1347,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[222,1347,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), leg bones of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms. A, N. ypresianus, left femur in cranial view. B, left femur of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Germany (SMNS 80739/2a) in cranial view; the bone is coated with ammonium chloride, and surrounding matrix was digitally removed. C, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), left femur in cranial view. D, E, N. ypresianus, proximal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. F, G, N. ypresianus, distal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (F) and distal (G) view. H, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, distal end of left tibiotarsus (SMF Av 589) in cranial view. I, G. stellata (SMF 7241), distal end of" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390632/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 5J</figureCitation>
|
||
). In contrast, there are three hypotarsal sulci in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[1270,1436,1025,1046]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1270,1436,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[827,971,1055,1076]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[827,971,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymboides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and extant gaviiforms, for the tendons of m. flexor digitorum longus, m. flexor hallucis longus and m. flexor perforatus digiti 2 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1195,1305,1117,1139]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[224,1347,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[222,1347,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), leg bones of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms. A, N. ypresianus, left femur in cranial view. B, left femur of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Germany (SMNS 80739/2a) in cranial view; the bone is coated with ammonium chloride, and surrounding matrix was digitally removed. C, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), left femur in cranial view. D, E, N. ypresianus, proximal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. F, G, N. ypresianus, distal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (F) and distal (G) view. H, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, distal end of left tibiotarsus (SMF Av 589) in cranial view. I, G. stellata (SMF 7241), distal end of" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390632/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 5N, R</figureCitation>
|
||
; Mayr
|
||
<emphasis box="[1382,1437,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013); in extant gaviiforms, these sulci are enclosed by greatly enlarged hypotarsal crests (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1250,1335,1178,1200]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="8.[145,225,1678,1700]" captionTargetBox="[224,1347,197,1637]" captionTargetId="figure-23@8.[222,1347,195,1638]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 5. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), leg bones of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms. A, N. ypresianus, left femur in cranial view. B, left femur of ‘?Colymboides metzleri’ from the early Oligocene of Germany (SMNS 80739/2a) in cranial view; the bone is coated with ammonium chloride, and surrounding matrix was digitally removed. C, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), left femur in cranial view. D, E, N. ypresianus, proximal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. F, G, N. ypresianus, distal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (F) and distal (G) view. H, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, distal end of left tibiotarsus (SMF Av 589) in cranial view. I, G. stellata (SMF 7241), distal end of" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390632/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Fig. 5R</figureCitation>
|
||
). A fossa metatarsi I is absent, which indicates a strongly reduced hallux. The trochlea metatarsi II is much shorter than the trochlea metatarsi IV and is plantarly deflected. As in other gaviiforms, the plantar surface of the trochlea metatarsi III has a triangular, tapering shape. As in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[967,1122,1362,1383]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[967,1122,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the trochlea metatarsi IV is closely appressed to the trochlea metatarsi III, and the incisura intertrochlearis lateralis forms a narrow slit, which almost reaches to the foramen vasculare distale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[162,1443,1497,1900]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">
|
||
ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[722,1007,1497,1519]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="udovichenkoi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[722,1007,1497,1519]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymbiculus udovichenkoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, right ulna (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1138,1190,1497,1519]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">SMF</collectionCode>
|
||
Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="' Mayr" authorityYear="2004" box="[343,566,1526,1548]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="metzleri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[343,566,1526,1548]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymboides metzleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ from the early Oligocene of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[870,959,1526,1548]" name="Belgium" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[972,1048,1526,1548]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">IRSNB</collectionCode>
|
||
Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[189,298,1555,1577]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[189,298,1555,1577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">G. stellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[312,364,1555,1577]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">SMF</collectionCode>
|
||
7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[884,1029,1555,1577]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[884,1029,1555,1577]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[580,866,1585,1607]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="udovichenkoi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[580,866,1585,1607]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymbiculus udovichenkoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[365,417,1614,1636]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">SMF</collectionCode>
|
||
Av 548). Q,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[545,563,1614,1636]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">R</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[574,680,1614,1636]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[574,680,1614,1636]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">G. stellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1096,1114,1614,1636]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">R</collectionCode>
|
||
; ventral view) ends of left ulna (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[170,222,1643,1665]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">SMF</collectionCode>
|
||
7241). S,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[327,472,1643,1665]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[327,472,1643,1665]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1065,1079,1643,1665]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">T</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[1090,1235,1643,1665]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1090,1235,1643,1665]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, os carpi ulnare. U,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[163,308,1673,1695]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[163,308,1673,1695]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, os carpi radiale.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[499,515,1673,1695]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[526,635,1673,1695]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[526,635,1673,1695]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">G. stellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, os carpi ulnare (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[823,875,1673,1695]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">SMF</collectionCode>
|
||
7241). W,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[986,1095,1673,1695]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[986,1095,1673,1695]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">G. stellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, os carpi radiale (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1289,1341,1673,1695]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">SMF</collectionCode>
|
||
4435). X,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[163,308,1702,1724]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[163,308,1702,1724]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[788,844,1702,1724]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
|
||
.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of ‘?
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="' Mayr" authorityYear="2004" box="[203,428,1731,1752]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="metzleri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[203,428,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Colymboides metzleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ from the early Oligocene of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[735,824,1731,1753]" name="Belgium" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[838,914,1731,1753]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">IRSNB</collectionCode>
|
||
Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[163,266,1761,1783]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[163,266,1761,1783]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">G. stellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[278,330,1761,1783]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34838" name="Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438">SMF</collectionCode>
|
||
7241) in ventral view. Abbreviations: bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars:
|
||
<quantity box="[717,791,1878,1900]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1438" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390632" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7390632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390632/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439" startId="8.[145,225,1678,1700]" targetBox="[224,1347,197,1637]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[145,1425,1678,1876]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[145,251,1678,1700]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Mayr & Kitchener, 2022" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[263,490,1678,1700]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[263,490,1678,1700]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439">Nasidytes ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[497,653,1678,1700]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), leg bones of the holotype (
|
||
<emphasis box="[416,611,1708,1730]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439">NMS.Z.2021.40.24</emphasis>
|
||
), in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms. A,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[1140,1282,1708,1730]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1140,1282,1708,1730]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, left femur in cranial view. B, left femur of ‘?
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="' Mayr" authorityYear="2004" box="[455,676,1737,1758]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymboides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="metzleri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[455,676,1737,1758]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439">Colymboides metzleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ from the early Oligocene of Germany (SMNS 80739/2a) in cranial view; the bone is coated with ammonium chloride, and surrounding matrix was digitally removed. C,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[1143,1290,1766,1788]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1143,1290,1766,1788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439">Gavia stellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF 7241), left femur in cranial view. D, E,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[477,618,1796,1818]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[477,618,1796,1818]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, proximal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. F, G,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[145,287,1825,1847]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Nasidytes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ypresianus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[145,287,1825,1847]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439">N. ypresianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, distal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (F) and distal (G) view. H,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mayr & Zvonok" authorityYear="2011" box="[1041,1328,1825,1847]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Colymbiculus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="udovichenkoi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1041,1328,1825,1847]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439">Colymbiculus udovichenkoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, distal end of left tibiotarsus (SMF Av 589) in cranial view. I,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pontoppidan" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[1052,1157,1854,1876]" class="Aves" family="Gaviidae" genus="Gavia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1052,1157,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1439">G. stellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF 7241), distal end of
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[163,780,197,618]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1440">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus box="[245,350,258,280]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1440">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
includes seven non-ungual pedal phalanges (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[289,349,289,311]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[827,905,976,998]" captionTargetBox="[831,1438,197,935]" captionTargetId="figure-452@9.[829,1440,195,936]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. A,right foot (dorsal view) ofNasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov.from the early Eocene London Clay of Waltonon-the-Naze(Essex, UK)(NMS.Z.2021.40.24); identification of the pedal phalanges is tentative. B, composite right foot of Gavia stellata in dorsal view (tarsometatarsus: SMF 7241; toes: SMF 2493, left side, mirrored). The digits are numbered. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7390636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7390636/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1440">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The pedal phalanges are elongated as they are in extant loons and many other aquatic birds, and this is particularly true for those of the second toe. Only one of the ungual phalanges is preserved in the fossil and has a shape characteristic for many birds with webbed feet, in which the ungual phalanges are elongated and have a distally located tuberculum flexorium. However, this ungual phalanx does not show the highly derived shape found in crown group
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WETMORE & MILLER" authorityYear="1926" box="[486,625,534,556]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gaviiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="1440" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Gaviiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the unguals are extremely flattened and form an elongated, undifferentiated plate-like element.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |