860 lines
108 KiB
XML
860 lines
108 KiB
XML
<document id="0DD84C7C8EF69E8DA4192B612699EFE4" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4088.3.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5c560767-5327-4cfd-b788-92ca72baca93" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="256371" ID-ZooBank="7C9F7AA3-B20E-4F5D-908D-3C9404BC1EBC" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1457602836381" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chamon, Carine C." docDate="2016" docId="B95BCF3A942DB529FF0BFC04FB7AF9D4" docLanguage="en" docName="15579-5110-1-PB.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4088 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Acanthicus hystrix Agassiz" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="405" masterDocId="4562B742942FB522FF9CFFABFFC9FFA0" masterDocTitle="Redescription of Acanthicus hystrix Agassiz, 1829 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), with comments on the systematics and distribution of the genus" masterLastPageNumber="408" masterPageNumber="395" pageNumber="397" updateTime="1698177565356" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="3A4284007028A20C045AF215CDC36BB0">Redescription of Acanthicus hystrix Agassiz, 1829 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), with comments on the systematics and distribution of the genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="595FA8262BAFD3E2257A52F81F8592FF">Chamon, Carine C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="2A4A6769E5D483FBBCCD840AE2A9991B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6C824BE940C7A0364207D45EAA770047">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="B95BCF3A942DB529FF0BFC04FB7AF9D4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5662327" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125783197" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5662327" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B95BCF3A942DB529FF0BFC04FB7AF9D4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B95BCF3A942DB529FF0BFC04FB7AF9D4" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="405" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
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<subSubSection id="79E82DA7942DB520FF0BFC04FC0AFBEF" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="314D7E2C942DB520FF0BFC04FE16FC6A" blockId="2.[151,479,943,1003]" box="[151,479,943,970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
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<heading id="6A05C940942DB520FF0BFC04FE16FC6A" bold="true" box="[151,479,943,970]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF942DB520FF0BFC04FE16FC6A" ID-CoL="8TNZ" authority="Agassiz" authorityName="Agassiz" box="[151,479,943,970]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FF0BFC04FE16FC6A" bold="true" box="[151,479,943,970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FF0BFC04FEB3FC69" bold="true" box="[151,378,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
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Agassiz
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="314D7E2C942DB520FF0BFC79FF22FC4B" blockId="2.[151,479,943,1003]" box="[151,235,978,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
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(
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<figureCitation id="A9C962A9942DB520FF03FC79FF2AFC4B" box="[159,227,978,1003]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,736,757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,714]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,715]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Live specimen of Acanthicus hystrix from rio Xingu, MZUSP 107203, 81.5 mm SL. Photograph by Osvaldo Oyakawa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256375/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="314D7E2C942DB520FF0BFBB1FC0AFBEF" blockId="2.[151,1437,1050,1410]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
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<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF942DB520FF0BFBB1FE66FB90" authority="Agassiz" authorityName="Agassiz" box="[151,431,1050,1072]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FF0BFBB1FE9FFB90" box="[151,342,1050,1072]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
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Agassiz
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</taxonomicName>
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in Spix & Agassiz 1829: 3, Pl. 1 (figs. 1–2). Type locality: rio Amazonas. Holotype originally housed at ZSM and destroyed in 1944 during World War II (Terofal, 1983).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="79E82DA7942DB520FF0BFBF3FCF4FA22" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" type="description">
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<paragraph id="314D7E2C942DB520FF0BFBF3FBEEFB2C" blockId="2.[151,1437,1050,1410]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
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<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF942DB520FF0BFBF3FDCAFBCE" authority="Valenciennes" authorityName="Valenciennes" box="[151,515,1112,1134]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rinelepis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthicus">
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FF0BFBF3FEB8FBCE" box="[151,369,1112,1134]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Rinelepis acanthicus</emphasis>
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Valenciennes
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</taxonomicName>
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in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1840: 487 (unjustified replacement name and objective synonymy of
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<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF942DB520FECEFBDDFDC7FB2C" box="[338,526,1142,1164]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FECEFBDDFDC7FB2C" box="[338,526,1142,1164]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Valenciennes miswrote
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<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF942DB520FC8FFBDDFCB7FB2C" box="[787,894,1142,1164]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rhinelepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FC8FFBDDFCB7FB2C" box="[787,894,1142,1164]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Rhinelepis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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without the “h”.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="314D7E2C942DB520FF0BFB3EFCF4FA22" blockId="2.[151,1437,1050,1410]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
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—Günther, 1868b: 233 [species authorship for the first time considered belong to Spix; description of one specimen of 22 inches obtained by Mr. Bartlett in Xeberos].—Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889: 46 [description of one specimen from lower Amazon,].—Devincenzi, 1933:1–5 [notes about the acquisition of one specimen by the Montevidéu Museum; description with illustration].—Fernández-Yépez, 1949 [description and illustration of one specimen from rio Guárico, Orinoco].—Isbrücker, 1980: 75 [new classification and catalog]. Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1988 [citation; short description] — Burgess, 1989: 438 [identification guide; short description].—Montoya-Burgos
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FC67FA84FBE0FAE4" box="[1019,1065,1326,1348]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">et al</emphasis>
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., 1998: 367 [molecular phylogeny]. Fisch-Muller, 2003 [catalog; authorship for the first time considered to belong to Spix & Agassiz, 1929].—Armbruster, 2004 [phylogeny].—Lujan
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FE40FAC6FDC0FA22" box="[476,521,1388,1410]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">et al</emphasis>
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, 2015 [molecular phylogeny].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="79E82DA7942DB520FF0BFA05FCE2F9F7" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="314D7E2C942DB520FF0BFA05FCE2F9F7" blockId="2.[151,1436,1454,2019]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FF0BFA05FED8FA67" bold="true" box="[151,273,1454,1479]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF942DB520FE87FA05FE27FA66" box="[283,494,1454,1478]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FE87FA05FE27FA66" box="[283,494,1454,1478]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF942DB520FD69FA04FCABFA66" box="[757,866,1454,1479]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adonis">
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FD69FA04FCABFA66" box="[757,866,1454,1479]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">A. adonis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="A9C962A9942DB520FCE9FA05FC73FA67" box="[885,954,1454,1479]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1277,1298]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,838,1254]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[152,1435,838,1254]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Live specimen of Acanthicus adonis (probably from Peru). Photograph by Erlend Bertelsen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256376/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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) by its dark brown to almost black color pattern, without spots or dots (
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FE6FFA78FDC3FA4A" box="[499,522,1491,1514]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">vs</emphasis>
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. color pattern dark brown with white spots covering body and fins); presence of ochre to gray stripes in caudal fin (
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FDBEFA5CFDF0F9AE" box="[546,569,1527,1550]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">vs</emphasis>
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. stripes absent). It also can be differentiated by reaching up to 600.0 mm SL (
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FF3CF9B0FF7EF992" box="[160,183,1563,1586]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">vs</emphasis>
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. up to 134.5 mm SL), by the presence of vermicular blotches on abdomen (
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FB90F9B0FBEAF992" box="[1036,1059,1563,1586]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">vs</emphasis>
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. abdominal blotches absent), and elongate first hypobranchial (
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FE7DF994FE31F9F6" box="[481,504,1599,1622]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">vs</emphasis>
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. first hypobranchial short).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="79E82DA7942DB526FF5BF9C9FE9CF9DA" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="399" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" type="description">
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<paragraph id="314D7E2C942DB520FF5BF9C9FECDF88F" blockId="2.[151,1436,1454,2019]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
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<emphasis id="0386A23E942DB520FF5BF9C9FE90F9DB" bold="true" box="[199,345,1634,1659]" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Description.</emphasis>
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Morphometric and meristic data summarized in
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<tableCitation id="7C704B97942DB520FC19F9C9FC13F9DB" box="[901,986,1634,1659]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,326,349]" captionTargetBox="[161,1323,377,1907]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric and meristic data of Acanthicus hystrix. N = number of specimens; SD = Standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/658D2EA4942CB521FF0BFEEDFABAFEFD" pageId="2" pageNumber="397" tableUuid="658D2EA4942CB521FF0BFEEDFABAFEFD">Table 1</tableCitation>
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. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from tip of snout to vertical through dorsal-fin origin; nearly straight from that point to caudal-fin origin. Ventral profile of body straight from snout tip to caudal-fin origin. Ventral surface from cleithrum region to urogenital papillae with small plates. Greatest body width at pectoral girdle. Trunk strongly ornamented with five rows of keels; each one along each body plate series. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin; body most slender at caudal peduncle.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="314D7E2C942DB521FF5BF891FDCFFEBD" blockId="2.[151,1436,1454,2019]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="398" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">
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Head short, rounded anteriorly; snout and cheek completely covered by numerous small plates with sharply odontodes. Nasal bone rectangular, thin and elongate (
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<figureCitation id="A9C962A9942DB520FC98F8F5FC82F8D7" box="[772,843,1886,1911]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1985,2006]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,193,1969]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[213,1376,193,1970]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal and ventral view of the cranium in Acanthicus hystrix, MZUSP 34244, 174.6 mm SL." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256373/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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. Frontal bone elongated, contacting nares anteriorly and orbit laterally (
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<figureCitation id="A9C962A9942DB520FEE8F829FE73F83B" box="[372,442,1922,1947]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1985,2006]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,193,1969]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[213,1376,193,1970]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal and ventral view of the cranium in Acanthicus hystrix, MZUSP 34244, 174.6 mm SL." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256373/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Anterior margin of frontal elongated, surpassing posterior margin or half nare length (
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<figureCitation id="A9C962A9942DB520FF03F80DFF23F81F" box="[159,234,1958,1983]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1985,2006]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,193,1969]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[213,1376,193,1970]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal and ventral view of the cranium in Acanthicus hystrix, MZUSP 34244, 174.6 mm SL." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256373/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Parieto-supraoccipital elongate, its posterior edge wide without crest (
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<figureCitation id="A9C962A9942DB520FBD7F80DFB5FF81F" box="[1099,1174,1958,1983]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1985,2006]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,193,1969]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[213,1376,193,1970]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal and ventral view of the cranium in Acanthicus hystrix, MZUSP 34244, 174.6 mm SL." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256373/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Sphenotic elongated ventrally, with little contact with IO6, without conspicuous odontodes (
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<figureCitation id="A9C962A9942DB520FC5FF861FBC0F843" box="[963,1033,1994,2019]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1985,2006]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,193,1969]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[213,1376,193,1970]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal and ventral view of the cranium in Acanthicus hystrix, MZUSP 34244, 174.6 mm SL." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256373/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="397">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Pterotic-supracleithrum expanded and with many fenestrae. Posterior area of pterotic-supracleithrum with one median plate or with several large plates. Orbit positioned dorsolaterally. Iris with small, dorsal flap over pupil. Infraorbital series with 7–8 bones and pores of laterosensorial system. Infraorbital 6 associated with posteroventral margin of orbit. Lateral line pores extend beyond the hypural plate.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="658D2EA4942CB521FF0BFEEDFABAFEFD" ID-Table-UUID="658D2EA4942CB521FF0BFEEDFABAFEFD" box="[151,1395,325,349]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/658D2EA4942CB521FF0BFEEDFABAFEFD" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" targetBox="[161,1323,377,1907]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
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||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C942CB521FF0BFEEDFABAFEFD" blockId="3.[151,1395,325,349]" box="[151,1395,325,349]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
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||
<emphasis id="0386A23E942CB521FF0BFEEDFEC3FEFD" bold="true" box="[151,266,326,349]" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
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Morphometric and meristic data of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF942CB521FD17FEEEFC99FEFD" box="[651,848,325,349]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E942CB521FD17FEEEFC99FEFD" box="[651,848,325,349]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. N=number of specimens; SD=Standard deviation.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C942CB521FF3DFED2FADAF8D3" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<table id="43F28C8C942C4ADDFF3DFED2FAE2F8D3" box="[161,1323,377,1907]" gridcols="5" gridrows="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFED2FAE2FE2F" box="[161,1323,377,399]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFED2FE28FE2F" box="[161,481,377,399]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Character</th>
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFED2FD64FE2F" box="[658,685,377,399]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">N</th>
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFED2FC42FE2F" box="[806,907,377,399]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Minimum</th>
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FED2FB8AFE2F" box="[986,1091,377,399]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Maximum</th>
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FED2FAE2FE2F" box="[1172,1323,377,399]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Mean SD</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFE67FAE2FE42" box="[161,1323,460,482]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFE67FE28FE42" box="[161,481,460,482]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Standard length (SL)</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFE67FD64FE42" box="[658,685,460,482]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFE67FC42FE42" box="[806,907,460,482]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">57.4</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FE67FB8AFE42" box="[986,1091,460,482]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">600.0</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FE67FAE2FE42" box="[1172,1323,460,482]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">222.9 -</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFDBFFAE2FD8A" box="[161,1323,532,554]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFDBFFE28FD8A" box="[161,481,532,554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Percents of SL</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFD96FAE2FDF3" box="[161,1323,573,595]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFD96FE28FDF3" box="[161,481,573,595]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Predorsal length</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFD96FD64FDF3" box="[658,685,573,595]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFD96FC42FDF3" box="[806,907,573,595]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">41.5</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FD96FB8AFDF3" box="[986,1091,573,595]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">79.0</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FD96FAE2FDF3" box="[1172,1323,573,595]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">47.4 5.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFDCDFAE2FDDC" box="[161,1323,614,636]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFDCDFE28FDDC" box="[161,481,614,636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Head length (HL)</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFDCDFD64FDDC" box="[658,685,614,636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFDCDFC42FDDC" box="[806,907,614,636]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">36.2</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FDCDFB8AFDDC" box="[986,1091,614,636]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">71.3</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FDCDFAE2FDDC" box="[1172,1323,614,636]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40.2 5.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFD3BFAE2FD06" box="[161,1323,656,678]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFD3BFE28FD06" box="[161,481,656,678]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Body length at dorsal-fin origin</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFD3BFD64FD06" box="[658,685,656,678]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFD3BFC42FD06" box="[806,907,656,678]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">9.6</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FD3BFB8AFD06" box="[986,1091,656,678]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40.7</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FD3BFAE2FD06" box="[1172,1323,656,678]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">16.6 4.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFD12FAE2FD6F" box="[161,1323,697,719]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFD12FE28FD6F" box="[161,481,697,719]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Cleithral width</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFD12FD64FD6F" box="[658,685,697,719]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFD12FC42FD6F" box="[806,907,697,719]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">25.9</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FD12FB8AFD6F" box="[986,1091,697,719]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">54.5</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FD12FAE2FD6F" box="[1172,1323,697,719]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">32.5 4.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFD49FAE2FD58" box="[161,1323,738,760]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFD49FE28FD58" box="[161,481,738,760]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Thorax length</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFD49FD64FD58" box="[658,685,738,760]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFD49FC42FD58" box="[806,907,738,760]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">18.4</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FD49FB8AFD58" box="[986,1091,738,760]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">44.1</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FD49FAE2FD58" box="[1172,1323,738,760]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">23.3 3.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFCA7FAE2FC82" box="[161,1323,780,802]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFCA7FE28FC82" box="[161,481,780,802]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Pectoral-spine length</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFCA7FD64FC82" box="[658,685,780,802]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFCA7FC42FC82" box="[806,907,780,802]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">22.5</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FCA7FB8AFC82" box="[986,1091,780,802]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">53.2</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FCA7FAE2FC82" box="[1172,1323,780,802]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">38.4 6.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFC9EFAE2FCEB" box="[161,1323,821,843]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFC9EFE28FCEB" box="[161,481,821,843]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Abdominal length</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFC9EFD64FCEB" box="[658,685,821,843]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFC9EFC42FCEB" box="[806,907,821,843]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">18.7</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FC9EFB8AFCEB" box="[986,1091,821,843]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">36.5</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FC9EFAE2FCEB" box="[1172,1323,821,843]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">21.6 2.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFCF5FAE2FCD4" box="[161,1323,862,884]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFCF5FE28FCD4" box="[161,481,862,884]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Pelvic-spine length</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFCF5FD64FCD4" box="[658,685,862,884]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFCF5FC42FCD4" box="[806,907,862,884]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">18.7</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FCF5FB8AFCD4" box="[986,1091,862,884]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">36.1</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FCF5FAE2FCD4" box="[1172,1323,862,884]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">24.0 2.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFC23FAE2FC3E" box="[161,1323,904,926]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFC23FE28FC3E" box="[161,481,904,926]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Postanal length</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFC23FD64FC3E" box="[658,685,904,926]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFC23FC42FC3E" box="[806,907,904,926]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">27.2</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FC23FB8AFC3E" box="[986,1091,904,926]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">62.2</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FC23FAE2FC3E" box="[1172,1323,904,926]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">36.8 5.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFC1AFAE2FC67" box="[161,1323,945,967]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFC1AFE28FC67" box="[161,481,945,967]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Anal-fin spine length</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFC1AFD64FC67" box="[658,685,945,967]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">36</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFC1AFC42FC67" box="[806,907,945,967]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">12.8</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FC1AFB8AFC67" box="[986,1091,945,967]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">23.0</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FC1AFAE2FC67" box="[1172,1323,945,967]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">18.3 2.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFC71FAE2FC50" box="[161,1323,986,1008]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFC71FE28FC50" box="[161,481,986,1008]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Dorsal-fin spine length</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFC71FD64FC50" box="[658,685,986,1008]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">34</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFC71FC42FC50" box="[806,907,986,1008]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">21.6</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FC71FB8AFC50" box="[986,1091,986,1008]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">41.1</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FC71FAE2FC50" box="[1172,1323,986,1008]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">27.0 3.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFBAFFAE2FBBA" box="[161,1323,1028,1050]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFBAFFE28FBBA" box="[161,481,1028,1050]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Dorsal-fin base length</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFBAFFD64FBBA" box="[658,685,1028,1050]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFBAFFC42FBBA" box="[806,907,1028,1050]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">16.9</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FBAFFB8AFBBA" box="[986,1091,1028,1050]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">37.3</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FBAFFAE2FBBA" box="[1172,1323,1028,1050]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">21.9 3.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFB86FAE2FBE3" box="[161,1323,1069,1091]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFB86FE28FBE3" box="[161,481,1069,1091]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Caudal peduncle depth</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFB86FD64FBE3" box="[658,685,1069,1091]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFB86FC42FBE3" box="[806,907,1069,1091]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">5.7</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FB86FB8AFBE3" box="[986,1091,1069,1091]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">14.3</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FB86FAE2FBE3" box="[1172,1323,1069,1091]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">7.9 1.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFBDEFAE2FB2B" box="[161,1323,1141,1163]" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFBDEFE28FB2B" box="[161,481,1141,1163]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Percents of HL</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFB35FAE2FB14" box="[161,1323,1182,1204]" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFB35FE28FB14" box="[161,481,1182,1204]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Orbit diameter</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFB35FD64FB14" box="[658,685,1182,1204]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFB35FC42FB14" box="[806,907,1182,1204]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">4.1</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FB35FB8AFB14" box="[986,1091,1182,1204]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">13.6</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FB35FAE2FB14" box="[1172,1323,1182,1204]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">8.3 2.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFB63FAE2FB7E" box="[161,1323,1224,1246]" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFB63FE28FB7E" box="[161,481,1224,1246]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Snout length</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFB63FD64FB7E" box="[658,685,1224,1246]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFB63FC42FB7E" box="[806,907,1224,1246]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">49.7</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FB63FB8AFB7E" box="[986,1091,1224,1246]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">57.3</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FB63FAE2FB7E" box="[1172,1323,1224,1246]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">53.2 2.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFB5AFAE2FAA7" box="[161,1323,1265,1287]" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFB5AFE28FAA7" box="[161,481,1265,1287]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Internarial width</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFB5AFD64FAA7" box="[658,685,1265,1287]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFB5AFC42FAA7" box="[806,907,1265,1287]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">9.2</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FB5AFB8AFAA7" box="[986,1091,1265,1287]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">24.2</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FB5AFAE2FAA7" box="[1172,1323,1265,1287]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">14.6 2.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFAB1FAE2FA90" box="[161,1323,1306,1328]" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFAB1FE28FA90" box="[161,481,1306,1328]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Interorbital width</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFAB1FD64FA90" box="[658,685,1306,1328]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFAB1FC42FA90" box="[806,907,1306,1328]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">27.6</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FAB1FB8AFA90" box="[986,1091,1306,1328]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">34.6</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FAB1FAE2FA90" box="[1172,1323,1306,1328]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">30.2 1.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFAEFFAE2FAFA" box="[161,1323,1348,1370]" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFAEFFE28FAFA" box="[161,481,1348,1370]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Head depth</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFAEFFD64FAFA" box="[658,685,1348,1370]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFAEFFC42FAFA" box="[806,907,1348,1370]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">24.9</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FAEFFB8AFAFA" box="[986,1091,1348,1370]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">46.5</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FAEFFAE2FAFA" box="[1172,1323,1348,1370]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">37.5 4.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFAC6FAE2FA23" box="[161,1323,1389,1411]" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFAC6FE28FA23" box="[161,481,1389,1411]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Dentary tooth cup length</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFAC6FD64FA23" box="[658,685,1389,1411]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">35</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFAC6FC42FA23" box="[806,907,1389,1411]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">9.0</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FAC6FB8AFA23" box="[986,1091,1389,1411]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">17.9</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FAC6FAE2FA23" box="[1172,1323,1389,1411]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">12.9 2.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFA3DFAE2FA0C" box="[161,1323,1430,1452]" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFA3DFE28FA0C" box="[161,481,1430,1452]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Premaxillary tooth cup length</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFA3DFD64FA0C" box="[658,685,1430,1452]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">37</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFA3DFC42FA0C" box="[806,907,1430,1452]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">7.5</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FA3DFB8AFA0C" box="[986,1091,1430,1452]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">15.7</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FA3DFAE2FA0C" box="[1172,1323,1430,1452]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">12.1 2.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFA6BFAE2FA76" box="[161,1323,1472,1494]" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFA6BFE28FA76" box="[161,481,1472,1494]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Mouth length</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFA6BFD64FA76" box="[658,685,1472,1494]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">37</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFA6BFC42FA76" box="[806,907,1472,1494]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">30.2</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FA6BFB8AFA76" box="[986,1091,1472,1494]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">51.0</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FA6BFAE2FA76" box="[1172,1323,1472,1494]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">38.9 4.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DFA42FAE2FA5F" box="[161,1323,1513,1535]" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DFA42FE28FA5F" box="[161,481,1513,1535]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Mouth width</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EFA42FD64FA5F" box="[658,685,1513,1535]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">37</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAFA42FC42FA5F" box="[806,907,1513,1535]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">31.7</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46FA42FB8AFA5F" box="[986,1091,1513,1535]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">49.8</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08FA42FAE2FA5F" box="[1172,1323,1513,1535]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">42.2 5.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DF9B9FAE2F988" box="[161,1323,1554,1576]" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="398" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DF9B9FE28F988" box="[161,481,1554,1576]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Meristics</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08F9B9FAE2F988" box="[1172,1323,1554,1576]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Mode</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DF997FAE2F9F2" box="[161,1323,1596,1618]" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DF997FE28F9F2" box="[161,481,1596,1618]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Dorsal plate series</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EF997FD64F9F2" box="[658,685,1596,1618]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAF997FC42F9F2" box="[806,907,1596,1618]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">22</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46F997FB8AF9F2" box="[986,1091,1596,1618]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">27</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08F997FAE2F9F2" box="[1172,1323,1596,1618]" gridcol="4" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">24 -</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DF9CEFAE2F9DB" box="[161,1323,1637,1659]" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DF9CEFE28F9DB" box="[161,481,1637,1659]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Mid-dorsal plate series</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EF9CEFD64F9DB" box="[658,685,1637,1659]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAF9CEFC42F9DB" box="[806,907,1637,1659]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">22</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46F9CEFB8AF9DB" box="[986,1091,1637,1659]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">26</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08F9CEFAE2F9DB" box="[1172,1323,1637,1659]" gridcol="4" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">23 -</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DF925FAE2F904" box="[161,1323,1678,1700]" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DF925FE28F904" box="[161,481,1678,1700]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Median plate series</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EF925FD64F904" box="[658,685,1678,1700]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAF925FC42F904" box="[806,907,1678,1700]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">22</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46F925FB8AF904" box="[986,1091,1678,1700]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">27</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08F925FAE2F904" box="[1172,1323,1678,1700]" gridcol="4" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">24 -</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DF913FAE2F96E" box="[161,1323,1720,1742]" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DF913FE28F96E" box="[161,481,1720,1742]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Mid-ventral plate series</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EF913FD64F96E" box="[658,685,1720,1742]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAF913FC42F96E" box="[806,907,1720,1742]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">23</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46F913FB8AF96E" box="[986,1091,1720,1742]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">36</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08F913FAE2F96E" box="[1172,1323,1720,1742]" gridcol="4" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">24 -</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DF94AFAE2F957" box="[161,1323,1761,1783]" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DF94AFE28F957" box="[161,481,1761,1783]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Ventral plate series</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EF94AFD64F957" box="[658,685,1761,1783]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAF94AFC42F957" box="[806,907,1761,1783]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">13</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46F94AFB8AF957" box="[986,1091,1761,1783]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">23</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08F94AFAE2F957" box="[1172,1323,1761,1783]" gridcol="4" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">19 -</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DF8A1FAE2F880" box="[161,1323,1802,1824]" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DF8A1FE28F880" box="[161,481,1802,1824]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Precaudal plates</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EF8A1FD64F880" box="[658,685,1802,1824]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">40</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAF8A1FC42F880" box="[806,907,1802,1824]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">5</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46F8A1FB8AF880" box="[986,1091,1802,1824]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">7</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08F8A1FAE2F880" box="[1172,1323,1802,1824]" gridcol="4" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">6 -</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DF89FFAE2F8EA" box="[161,1323,1844,1866]" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DF89FFE28F8EA" box="[161,481,1844,1866]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Premaxillary teeth</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EF89FFD64F8EA" box="[658,685,1844,1866]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">35</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAF89FFC42F8EA" box="[806,907,1844,1866]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">28</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46F89FFB8AF8EA" box="[986,1091,1844,1866]" gridcol="3" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">79</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08F89FFAE2F8EA" box="[1172,1323,1844,1866]" gridcol="4" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">33 -</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="8FC27C6E942C4ADDFF3DF8F6FAE2F8D3" box="[161,1323,1885,1907]" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<th id="CC131512942C4ADDFF3DF8F6FE28F8D3" box="[161,481,1885,1907]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">Dentary teeth</th>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFD0EF8F6FD64F8D3" box="[658,685,1885,1907]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">34</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFCBAF8F6FC42F8D3" box="[806,907,1885,1907]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">36</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFC46F8F6FB8AF8D3" box="[986,1091,1885,1907]" gridcol="3" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">87</td>
|
||
<td id="CC131512942C4ADDFB08F8F6FAE2F8D3" box="[1172,1323,1885,1907]" gridcol="4" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="398">36 -</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C942BB526FF5BFF3CFE26FE2B" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,395]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Mouth moderate to large in size; lips large with width nearly long as length, covered with papillae; size of papillae decreasing towards posterior margin of lower lip; central buccal papilla present and very developed. Labial filaments absent. Upper lip folded over itself. Maxillary barbel short; base of barbel united to lips, with free tip. Lower lip not reaching anterior margin of coracoid. Premaxillae and dentary wide and short. Dentary oblique inwards. Teeth elongated, thin, with lateral cuspid well-developed, its distal edge slightly curved inwards. Medial end of premaxillary teeth curved inwards. Three pairs of large predorsal plates. Cheek plates eversible up to 90o, with hypertrophied odontodes.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="658D2EA4942BB526FF0BFB87FAD2FBE2" box="[151,1307,1068,1090]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256372/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" targetBox="[340,1246,447,1045]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C942BB526FF0BFB87FAD2FBE2" blockId="4.[151,1307,1068,1090]" box="[151,1307,1068,1090]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E942BB526FF0BFB87FEDAFBE1" bold="true" box="[151,275,1068,1089]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Illustration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF942BB526FE36FB87FDAFFBE2" box="[426,614,1068,1090]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E942BB526FE36FB87FDAFFBE2" box="[426,614,1068,1090]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the original description by Agassiz
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E942BB526FB97FB86FBD6FBE2" box="[1035,1055,1069,1090]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">in</emphasis>
|
||
Spix and Agassiz, 1829.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C942BB526FF5BFBC2FD9AFA02" blockId="4.[151,1437,1129,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">
|
||
Dorsal-fin rays i,8. Dorsal-fin base short, its length equals to 7 dorsal plates. Dorsal-fin spinelet V-shaped with locking mechanism. Seven furcate neural spines supporting dorsal fin. Pectoral and pelvic fins well developed, medial portion conspicuously expanded relative to base; distal margin rounded. Pectoral-fin rays i,6; unbranched ray covered with well-developed odontodes. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin reaching almost the end of unbranched pelvic-fin ray. Pelvic-fin rays i,5; pelvic-fin spine reaching vertical through anal-fin base when adpressed. Anal-fin rays i,4. Caudal fin i,14,i, truncate; caudal fin-ray filaments present in juveniles; supracaudal plates 7. Adipose fin absent. Three to four (usually three) procurrent caudal-fin rays. Total vertebrae 30, precaudal 13. Sixth rib very thickened, remaining ribs slender. Swimbladder capsule and transverse process of fourth vertebra expanded and surpassing rib of sixth vertebra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9C962A9942BB526FD9DFA22FD8CFA02" box="[513,581,1417,1442]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1985,2006]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,193,1969]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[213,1376,193,1970]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal and ventral view of the cranium in Acanthicus hystrix, MZUSP 34244, 174.6 mm SL." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256373/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C942BB526FF5BFA06FB76F992" blockId="4.[151,1437,1129,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E942BB526FF5BFA06FEA9FA66" bold="true" box="[199,352,1453,1478]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Color in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Body color pattern median to dark brown, without spots or blotches on dorsal surface. Ventral surface with vermiculate blotches in most specimens. Some specimens present body color pattern very dark, almost black (rio Madeira, rio Branco and rio Xingu). All fins usually median to dark brown, large specimens (more than 300 mm SL) can present ochre striated blotches poorly defined along the dorsal and caudal fin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C942BB526FF5BF996FE9CF9DA" blockId="4.[151,1437,1129,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E942BB526FF5BF996FE59F9F5" bold="true" box="[199,400,1597,1622]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Color in alcohol.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens in alcohol usually exhibit the same color pattern of live specimens, but in most cases more faint.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="79E82DA7942BB526FF5BF92EFA94F842" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C942BB526FF5BF92EFEACF8AA" blockId="4.[151,1437,1129,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E942BB526FF5BF92EFEA9F93E" bold="true" box="[199,352,1669,1694]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF942BB526FEF4F92EFDF0F93D" box="[360,569,1669,1693]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E942BB526FEF4F92EFDF0F93D" box="[360,569,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a wide distribution in the Amazon basin, in drainages of rio Branco, rio Ucayali, rio Solimões, rio Trombetas, rio Japurá, rio Madeira, rio Xingu, and Tocantins-Araguaia basin; also in the Orinoco basin, in the río Orinoco and río Apure.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF942BB526FD53F966FC69F945" box="[719,928,1741,1765]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E942BB526FD53F966FC69F945" box="[719,928,1741,1765]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Acanthicus adonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a distribution restricted to the lower rio Tocantins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9C962A9942BB526FE8FF95AFE9EF8AA" box="[275,343,1777,1802]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1054,1075]" captionTargetBox="[156,1421,199,1022]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1437,195,1032]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Distribution of the genus Acanthicus: A. hystrix (red circles) and A. adonis (black triangle; white triangle represents the holotype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256377/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C942BB526FF5BF8BEFA94F842" blockId="4.[151,1437,1129,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E942BB526FF5BF8BEFE5DF88D" bold="true" box="[199,404,1813,1838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Ecological notes.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF942BB526FE3CF8BEFDBCF88D" box="[416,629,1813,1837]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E942BB526FE3CF8BEFDBCF88D" box="[416,629,1813,1837]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found in the main channel of rivers, in moderate to strong currents, in shallow to deep habitats, and are usually collected at 2 to 3 meters in depth, hiding below conglomerate plates of rocks and gravel, or among medium to large bedrocks. In captivity, the species is omnivorous and detritivorous and usually feeds by scraping small particles from the substrate. Mature males usually develop more extensive and shaply odontodes on the pectoral spine, opercle and cheeks; they can also be more aggressive and exhibit territorial behavior (information about feeding and sexual dimorphism from www.seriouslyfish.com).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="658D2EA4942AB527FF0BF86AFB0FF876" box="[151,1222,1984,2006]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256373/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="400" targetBox="[213,1374,193,1969]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C942AB527FF0BF86AFB0FF876" blockId="5.[151,1222,1984,2006]" box="[151,1222,1984,2006]" pageId="5" pageNumber="400">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E942AB527FF0BF86AFEDBF876" bold="true" box="[151,274,1985,2006]" pageId="5" pageNumber="400">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal and ventral view of the cranium in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF942AB527FD59F86BFC48F876" box="[709,897,1984,2006]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E942AB527FD59F86BFC48F876" box="[709,897,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="400">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, MZUSP 34244, 174.6 mm SL.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="658D2EA49429B524FF0BF862FAC4F87F" box="[151,1293,1993,2015]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256374/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="401" targetBox="[169,1416,193,1969]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9429B524FF0BF862FAC4F87F" blockId="6.[151,1293,1993,2015]" box="[151,1293,1993,2015]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9429B524FF0BF862FEDBF87E" bold="true" box="[151,274,1993,2014]" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal and ventral view of the cranium in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9429B524FD59F862FC1CF87F" box="[709,981,1993,2015]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Megalancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parananus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9429B524FD59F862FC1CF87F" box="[709,981,1993,2015]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="401">Megalancistrus parananus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, MZUSP 4434, 249.9 mm CP.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="658D2EA49428B525FF0BFD4BFF37FCB5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256375/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" targetBox="[151,1436,193,714]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9428B525FF0BFD4BFF37FCB5" blockId="7.[151,1435,736,789]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FF0BFD4BFEDFFD55" bold="true" box="[151,278,736,757]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Live specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9428B525FE43FD4BFD56FD56" box="[479,671,736,758]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FE43FD4BFD56FD56" box="[479,671,736,758]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from rio Xingu, MZUSP 107203, 81.5 mm SL. Photograph by Osvaldo Oyakawa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="658D2EA49428B525FF0BFB56FB76FAB2" box="[151,1215,1276,1298]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256376/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" targetBox="[152,1435,838,1254]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9428B525FF0BFB56FB76FAB2" blockId="7.[151,1215,1276,1298]" box="[151,1215,1276,1298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FF0BFB56FEDBFAB2" bold="true" box="[151,274,1277,1298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Live specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9428B525FE53FB57FD40FAB2" box="[463,649,1276,1298]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FE53FB57FD40FAB2" box="[463,649,1276,1298]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Acanthicus adonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(probably from Peru). Photograph by Erlend Bertelsen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="79E82DA79428B525FF5BFA94FC5EF840" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9428B525FF5BFA94FD33F9AC" blockId="7.[151,1436,1343,2016]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FF5BFA94FD47FAF8" bold="true" box="[199,654,1343,1368]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Fisheries and economical importance</emphasis>
|
||
. Both species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9428B525FCC1FA94FC13FAF7" box="[861,986,1343,1367]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FCC1FA94FC13FAF7" box="[861,986,1343,1367]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Acanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are important resources as ornamental fishes.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9428B525FF75FAC8FE72FADB" box="[233,443,1379,1403]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FF75FAC8FE72FADB" box="[233,443,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recognized in the Altamira region by local fishermen as “acari avião” or “guariba” (Xingu) and internationally by aquarists as L155 (Schraml and Schäfer, 2004; Stawikowski
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FB3CFA23FB18FA3F" box="[1184,1233,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2004; Werner
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FA14FA23FF64FA63" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2005).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9428B525FE8FFA00FE2BFA63" box="[275,482,1451,1475]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FE8FFA00FE2BFA63" box="[275,482,1451,1475]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Acanthicus adonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is internationally recognized as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9428B525FCC2FA00FC61FA64" box="[862,936,1451,1476]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adonis">adonis</taxonomicName>
|
||
pleco”. The specimens are usually captured by diving with the aid of an air compressor, a typical way to capture ornamental fishes in the Altamira region (more about capture techniques in Sousa & Birindelli, 2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9428B525FF5BF9BCFE57F8F0" blockId="7.[151,1436,1343,2016]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FF5BF9BCFE18F990" bold="true" box="[199,465,1559,1584]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Geographic variation.</emphasis>
|
||
There are distinct geographical forms among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9428B525FC75F9BCFB72F98F" box="[1001,1211,1559,1583]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FC75F9BCFB72F98F" box="[1001,1211,1559,1583]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Some forms show great variation in color pattern and body shape, as in specimens from the Orinoco basin, rio Branco and rio Takutu, which present a dark color and more depressed body than those from others drainages. These specimens are usually referred to a different species or morphotype by the aquarium trade,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9428B525FC2DF928FBE7F93B" box="[945,1070,1667,1691]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FC2DF928FBE7F93B" box="[945,1070,1667,1691]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Acanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. L193 (Orinoco, Apure) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9428B525FF0BF90CFEDDF91F" box="[151,276,1703,1727]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FF0BF90CFEDDF91F" box="[151,276,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Acanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. L407 (Branco and Takutu). However, is not uncommon that specimens from others drainages, like the Xingu and Madeira, present the same dark color pattern and depressed body shape. Material from several drainages was analyzed and the PCA analysis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9C962A99428B525FD45F944FCEAF8A8" box="[729,803,1775,1800]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1836,1857]" captionTargetBox="[164,1412,1164,1809]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,1156,1814]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Results of principal components analysis (PCA) of subpopulations of Acanthicus hystrix. Black circle: Amazon (rio Purus); cross: Amazon (rio Solimões); square: rio Tocantins; asterisk: Roraima (rios Branco and Takutu); diamond: rio Xingu and triangle: Venezuela (rio Orinoco). Most strongly weighted characters show along axes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256378/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
) reveled that the morphometric data overlap among subpopulations. Based on this information, the color and body depth differences are here treated as geographical intraspecific variations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9428B525FF5BF8F0FC5EF840" blockId="7.[151,1436,1343,2016]" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9428B525FF5BF8F0FE5FF8D3" box="[199,406,1883,1907]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FF5BF8F0FE5FF8D3" box="[199,406,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">Acanthicus adonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a distribution restricted to the lower rio Tocantins; however, it probably occurs in Peru (Erlend Bertelsen,
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9428B525FEF3F82BFE17F837" box="[367,478,1920,1943]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="402">pers. com</emphasis>
|
||
.). Since there is no specific locality, and there are no samples from this locality in ichthyological collections, the map includes only the traditionally known distribution. Furthermore, this occurrence may be due to the introduction of this species by the aquarium trade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="658D2EA49427B52AFF0BFBB5FE58FBF2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256377/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" targetBox="[156,1421,199,1022]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9427B52AFF0BFBB5FE58FBF2" blockId="8.[151,1435,1054,1106]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9427B52AFF0BFBB5FED1FB93" bold="true" box="[151,280,1054,1075]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9427B52AFDA1FBB5FD64FB94" box="[573,685,1054,1076]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9427B52AFDA1FBB5FD64FB94" box="[573,685,1054,1076]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Acanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9427B52AFD5CFBB5FCEEFB94" box="[704,807,1054,1076]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9427B52AFD5CFBB5FCEEFB94" box="[704,807,1054,1076]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">A. hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(red circles) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9427B52AFC72FBB5FB9DFB94" box="[1006,1108,1054,1076]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9427B52AFC72FBB5FB9DFB94" box="[1006,1108,1054,1076]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">A. adonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(black triangle; white triangle represents the holotype).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="658D2EA49427B52AFF0BF887FBBCF8DF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256378/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" targetBox="[164,1412,1164,1809]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9427B52AFF0BF887FBBCF8DF" blockId="8.[151,1436,1836,1919]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9427B52AFF0BF887FEDDF8E1" bold="true" box="[151,276,1836,1857]" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Results of principal components analysis (PCA) of subpopulations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9427B52AFC6CF887FB64F8E2" box="[1008,1197,1836,1858]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9427B52AFC6CF887FB64F8E2" box="[1008,1197,1836,1858]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="403">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Black circle: Amazon (rio Purus); cross: Amazon (rio Solimões); square: rio Tocantins; asterisk: Roraima (rios Branco and Takutu); diamond: rio Xingu and triangle: Venezuela (rio Orinoco). Most strongly weighted characters show along axes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSection id="587D67C79426B528FF0BFF33FC68FA3D" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="405" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="79E82DA79426B528FF0BFF33FC68FA3D" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="405" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9426B52BFF0BFF33FED2FF12" blockId="9.[151,283,152,178]" box="[151,283,152,178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">
|
||
<heading id="6A05C9409426B52BFF0BFF33FED2FF12" bold="true" box="[151,283,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFF0BFF33FED2FF12" bold="true" box="[151,283,152,178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9426B52BFF0BFF7CFCDEFDF5" blockId="9.[151,1437,215,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">
|
||
Armbruster (2004) proposed 13 autapomorphies for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFD43FF7CFC67FF4F" box="[735,942,215,239]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFD43FF7CFC67FF4F" box="[735,942,215,239]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the sole congener included in his analysis): accessory process of first ceratobranchial wide (8:2), first hypobranchial elongated (23:1), ridge on hyomandibular absent (49:0), angle of dentaries oblique (69:0), five to six infraorbitals (91:1), lateral line continues beyond hypural plate (92:1), mesethmoid disk relative placement anterior to its main body (101:0), nasal bone very thin (105:0), adipose fin absent (137:1), posterior process of coracoid very elongate (159:1), anterolateral process of basipterygium wide through entire length (169:1), and viliform teeth (205:0). Most of these characters are external morphological features that diagnose the genus. Additional features are herein proposed as diagnostic for the genus, namely: (1) an enlarged and fenestrated compound pterotic associated to the distention of the posterior process of the Weberian apparatus, (2) an enlarged swim bladder capsule, extending beyond the sixth rib; (3) snout completely covered by plates; (4) the presence of abdominal plates; and (5) pectoral-fin spine, when adpressed, reaching almost the end of the unbranched pelvic-fin ray.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9426B52BFF5BFDCAFD6FFB86" blockId="9.[151,1437,215,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFF5BFDCAFE31FDD9" box="[199,504,609,633]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Megalancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parananus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFF5BFDCAFE31FDD9" box="[199,504,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Megalancistrus parananus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was proposed as sister-taxa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFCF2FDCAFB88FDD9" box="[878,1089,609,633]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFCF2FDCAFB88FDD9" box="[878,1089,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Armbruster (2004, 2008). Even though
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFEAEFD2EFE6FFD3C" box="[306,422,644,668]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Megalancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barrae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFEAEFD2EFE6FFD3C" box="[306,422,644,668]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">M. barrae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFE7FFD2EFD99FD3C" box="[483,592,644,669]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFE7FFD2EFD99FD3C" box="[483,592,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">A. adonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were not included in both analyses, both genera are probably sister taxa because most characters used by Armbruster (2004) as synapomorphies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFC76FD02FB9EFD60" box="[1002,1111,680,705]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFC76FD02FB9EFD60" box="[1002,1111,680,705]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">A. hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFA9CFD02FAA5FD60" box="[1280,1388,680,705]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFA9CFD02FAA5FD60" box="[1280,1388,680,705]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">A. adonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the same occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFE17FD66FDE6FD44" box="[395,559,717,740]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Megalancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parananus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFE17FD66FDE6FD44" box="[395,559,717,740]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">M. parananus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFDE8FD66FD24FD44" box="[628,749,716,740]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Megalancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barrae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFDE8FD66FD24FD44" box="[628,749,716,740]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">M. barrae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(pers. obs.). Recent hypothesis based on molecular data corroborated the monophyly of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFDB8FD44FD68FCA7" box="[548,673,751,775]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFDB8FD44FD68FCA7" box="[548,673,751,775]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Acanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade. However, in a molecular hypothesis (Lujan
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFB40FD5BFAC4FCA7" box="[1244,1293,751,775]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2015) with the inclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFEC2FCBFFE07FC8B" box="[350,462,787,812]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFEC2FCBFFE07FC8B" box="[350,462,787,812]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">A. adonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the conformation of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFC9DFCB8FCB4FC8B" box="[769,893,787,811]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFC9DFCB8FCB4FC8B" box="[769,893,787,811]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Acanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade change to (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFBC7FCB8FAC3FC8B" box="[1115,1290,787,811]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Megalancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFBC7FCB8FAC3FC8B" box="[1115,1290,787,811]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Megalancistrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFA83FCB8FA55FC8B" box="[1311,1436,787,811]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFA83FCB8FA55FC8B" box="[1311,1436,787,811]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Acanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFF3CFC9CFE97FCEF" box="[160,350,823,847]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFF3CFC9CFE97FCEF" box="[160,350,823,847]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Pseudacanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFE1DFC9CFDF4FCEF" box="[385,573,823,847]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Leporacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFE1DFC9CFDF4FCEF" box="[385,573,823,847]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Leporacanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
))). In Armbruster's (2004) morphological hypothesis, the clade
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFA83FC9CFF2DFCD3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFA83FC9CFF2DFCD3" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFEB5FCF0FD92FCD2" box="[297,603,859,883]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Megalancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parananus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFEB5FCF0FD92FCD2" box="[297,603,859,883]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Megalancistrus parananus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is supported by several synapomorphies, including the presence of an enlarged compound pterotic, associated to the distention of the posterior process of the Weberian apparatus and the enlarged swim bladder capsule. However, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFD06FC09FC81FC1A" box="[666,840,930,954]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Megalancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFD06FC09FC81FC1A" box="[666,840,930,954]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Megalancistrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the compound pterotic is moderate in size, and the swim bladder capsule is rounded and does not extend beyond the sixth rib (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9C962A99426B52BFB9BFC6DFB84FC7F" box="[1031,1101,966,991]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1993,2014]" captionTargetBox="[169,1416,193,1969]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[169,1416,193,1970]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dorsal and ventral view of the cranium in Megalancistrus parananus, MZUSP 4434, 249.9 mm CP." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256374/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). This condition also occurs, independently, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFEF5FC40FDA4FBA2" box="[361,621,1002,1026]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Panaque" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrolineatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFEF5FC40FDA4FBA2" box="[361,621,1002,1026]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Panaque nigrolineatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Armbruster, 2004; Lujan
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFC2DFC40FC2EFBA2" box="[945,999,1002,1026]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">et al</emphasis>
|
||
, 2010). These taxa have the highest encapsulated bladders reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFD89FBA6FD6BFB86" box="[533,674,1037,1062]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Loricariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9426B52BFF5BFB9AFB31FA2C" blockId="9.[151,1437,215,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">
|
||
Alexander (1964) suggested that, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFDEEFB9AFD37FBEA" box="[626,766,1073,1098]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Loricariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the reduction and consequent encapsulation of the swim bladder has occurred as an adaptation to a bottom-dwelling life style, and the importance of the Weberian apparatus has probably prevented the complete loss of the swim bladder. Furthermore, in groups with aerial respiratory organs, it is possible that the reduction of the swim bladder was in compensation of the hydrostatic effect of the accessory respiratory organs (Alexander, 1964; 1966). More recently, Lechner & Ladich (2008) correlated the morphology of the swim bladder with hearing ability, and suggested that reduced and encapsulated swim bladders do not affect hearing in low frequencies. The authors also indicated that in taxa among the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFB09FAACFAA7FA80" box="[1173,1390,1287,1312]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hypoptopomatinae">Hypoptopomatinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the large and well-perforated compound pterotic probably increases sound transmission to the inner ear. Based on this information it is assumed that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFD97FAE4FD4EFAC7" box="[523,647,1359,1383]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFD97FAE4FD4EFAC7" box="[523,647,1359,1383]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Acanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFD0AFAE4FC8DFAC7" box="[662,836,1359,1383]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Megalancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFD0AFAE4FC8DFAC7" box="[662,836,1359,1383]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Megalancistrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFCE0FAFBFC29FAC7" box="[892,992,1360,1383]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Panaque" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFCE0FAFBFC29FAC7" box="[892,992,1360,1383]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Panaque</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the perception of sound might be more efficient than in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFE13FAD8FDD1FA2C" box="[399,536,1395,1420]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Loricariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the same proportion of swim bladder capsule and body size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9426B52BFF5BFA3DFC6FF970" blockId="9.[151,1437,215,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFF5BFA3DFE25FA0E" box="[199,492,1430,1454]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Micracanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vandragti">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFF5BFA3DFE25FA0E" box="[199,492,1430,1454]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Micracanthicus vandragti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by Lujan & Armbruster (2011), and was considered by Armbruster (2008) sister taxon to all other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFD2EFA11FCE6FA72" box="[690,815,1466,1490]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFD2EFA11FCE6FA72" box="[690,815,1466,1490]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Acanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group by the presence of several characters, including the enlarged compound pterotic, associated to an enlarged gas bladder and bladder capsule whose posterior margin reaches the expanded rib of the sixth vertebra, as observed in species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFC74F9A9FBADF9BA" box="[1000,1124,1538,1562]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFC74F9A9FBADF9BA" box="[1000,1124,1538,1562]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Acanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFB70F9A9FECDF99E" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Micracanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vandragti">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFB70F9A9FECDF99E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Micracanthicus vandragti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFD25F98DFCFCF99E" box="[697,821,1574,1598]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFD25F98DFCFCF99E" box="[697,821,1574,1598]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Acanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of an adipose fin, dentary teeth with longer shafts and larger cusps than premaxillary teeth, dentaries with a relatively short tooth cusp, and by having an intermandibular angle of 90o or less. Another character exclusive to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFC06F9DBFB83F928" box="[922,1098,1648,1672]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Micracanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFC06F9DBFB83F928" box="[922,1098,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Micracanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, among Hypostominae, is the reduction of body size to at maximum 42.4 mm SL (Lujan & Armbruster, 2011), while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFBE9F93FFA8CF90C" box="[1141,1349,1684,1708]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFBE9F93FFA8CF90C" box="[1141,1349,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one of the largest known loricariid species, can reach more than 600 mm SL.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9426B52BFF5BF970FA5EF84D" blockId="9.[151,1437,215,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">
|
||
Concerning the taxonomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFD81F970FC2DF954" authority="Isbrucker & Nijissen (1988)" authorityName="Isbrucker & Nijissen" authorityYear="1988" box="[541,996,1755,1780]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFD81F970FD45F953" box="[541,652,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">A. hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
, Isbrücker & Nijissen (1988)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggested that due to the widespread occurrence of the genus in the Amazon basin, the designation of a neotype for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFB90F954FBBEF8B7" box="[1036,1143,1791,1815]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFB90F954FBBEF8B7" box="[1036,1143,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">A. hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was urgent and necessary in order to delimit the type locality of the species. Nevertheless, although the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9426B52BFBE1F889FA85F89A" box="[1149,1356,1826,1850]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9426B52BFBE1F889FA85F89A" box="[1149,1356,1826,1850]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="404">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is lost, the species is undoubtedly recognized by the figure of the type provided in the original description of the species. According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, “the fact that the holotype specimen no longer exists or cannot be traced does not of itself invalidate the original designation” (ICZN, article 74.1.3). Aiming taxonomical stability, it is best to recognize the species and further support its validity through a comprehensive description than to make a small change in the taxonomy of the group by the unnecessary designation of a neotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9425B528FF5BFF3CFD84FDB7" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">
|
||
The authorship of many species described in Spix & Aggasiz, 1829 has generated controversy in the literature. Historically, species authorships were generally considered to belong to Spix (Günther, 1868b; Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889; Regan, 1904; Fowler, 1954; Isbrücker, 1980), or more recently to Spix and Agassiz (Fisch- Muller, 2003; Ferraris, 2007). Spix and Agassiz’s “Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam annos MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX” was published in two fascicles, the first one in 1829 and the second in 1831;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FF0BFEE7FEDDFEC4" box="[151,276,332,356]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FF0BFEE7FEDDFEC4" box="[151,276,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Acanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described in the first one. According to Kottelat (1988), Spix collected the specimens and supervised the execution of the drawings, while Agassiz arranged the species in the systematic order and prepared the anatomical plates. Most plates of the first fascicle were engraved and colored before Spix’s death, and carry the names that Spix intended to give them, but Agassiz did not follow Spix's ideas in several cases when he judged that some names were inappropriate or misidentifications. Thus, Agassiz is the unique author of the species name in that case, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FEEBFE54FD8FFDB7" box="[375,582,511,535]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FEEBFE54FD8FFDB7" box="[375,582,511,535]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9425B528FF5BFD8FFD3AFCFC" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">
|
||
Concerning the distribution of the genus, the type locality for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FC0DFD8FFBAAFD9C" box="[913,1123,548,572]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FC0DFD8FFBAAFD9C" box="[913,1123,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is “flumine Amazonum” = [rio Amazonas]” and for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FE2CFDE3FDD0FDFF" box="[432,537,583,608]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FE2CFDE3FDD0FDFF" box="[432,537,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">A. adonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is the lower rio Tocantins, Cametá. In the present contribution, the material of several drainages was examined and the distribution of the species highly expanded, showing that it has a widespread distribution in the Amazon, Tocantins-Araguaia, and Orinoco basins.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FBCEFD24FAEEFD07" box="[1106,1319,655,679]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FBCEFD24FAEEFD07" box="[1106,1319,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in whitewaters of Amazonian lowlands (rio Amazonas, rio Solimões, rio Madeira, rio Juruá, and rio Ucayali) as well as on Amazonian clearwater tributaries draining the Brazilian Shield, like the rio Xingu and Tocantins-Araguaia basin; and in the Guiana Shield, in rio Orinoco and rio Apure. On the other hand,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FBC6FD57FAE2FCB4" box="[1114,1323,764,788]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FBC6FD57FAE2FCB4" box="[1114,1323,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Acanthicus adonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was only reported from the lower rio Tocantins, region of Cametá, occurring in sympatry with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FBF2FC8BFB15FC97" box="[1134,1244,799,824]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FBF2FC8BFB15FC97" box="[1134,1244,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">A. hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that has a wider distribution along its upper, median and lower course.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9425B528FF5BFCCCFC68FA3D" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">
|
||
There are several differences between upland shield areas and lowland foreland basins that may have determined fish fauna distribution patterns. While the lowland rivers carry suspended solids and rich nutrients from the Andes (eg. whitewaters rivers: Madeira, Purus, Juruá, Ucayali), rivers originated in the crystalline shields of Brazil and Guyana (
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FEE7FC7FFE6AFC4B" box="[379,419,980,1003]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
clearwater rivers: Tapajós, Xingu, Tocantins) are poor in nutrients (Goulding
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FA89FC7FFA8EFC4C" box="[1301,1351,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2003; Lima & Ribeiro, 2011). According to Lima & Ribeiro, (2011), there are several cases of restricted taxa distribution, either in lowlands (
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FEF2FBB7FDF5FB93" box="[366,572,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">
|
||
e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FE01FBB7FDF5FB93" box="[413,572,1052,1075]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypoptopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hypoptopoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
spp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FDE1FBB7FC99FB93" box="[637,848,1052,1076]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Otocinclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vittatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FDE1FBB7FC99FB93" box="[637,848,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Otocinclus vittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FCC1FBB7FBCBFB94" box="[861,1026,1052,1076]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Lamontichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FCC1FBB7FBCBFB94" box="[861,1026,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Lamontichthys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FBEEFBB7FA5BFB94" box="[1138,1426,1052,1076]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pterygoplichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pardalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FBEEFBB7FA5BFB94" box="[1138,1426,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Pterygoplichthys pardalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or in shields (
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FEACFBEBFE3CFBF7" box="[304,501,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">
|
||
e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FEFCFBEBFE3CFBF7" box="[352,501,1088,1111]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hypancistrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
spp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FDA4FB94FD3DFBF7" box="[568,756,1087,1111]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Leporacanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FDA4FB94FD3DFBF7" box="[568,756,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Leporacanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FCABFBEBFC01FBF7" box="[823,968,1088,1111]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Parancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FCABFBEBFC01FBF7" box="[823,968,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Parancistrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FB97FB94FB77FBF7" box="[1035,1214,1087,1111]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Scobinancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FB97FB94FB77FBF7" box="[1035,1214,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Scobinancistrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.), whereas taxa with widespread distribution in the Amazon and Orinoco basins plus the Guyanese river systems, draining lowlands and shield areas, display a distribution pattern that should be called “northern cis-Andean South American”. Since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FEF1FB07FD88FB64" box="[365,577,1196,1220]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FEF1FB07FD88FB64" box="[365,577,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Acanthicus hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed both in lowlands and shields areas, but with no records in Guyanese river systems and in the rio Tapajós, it does not show any of the aforementioned distribution patterns. The lack of data of the species in the Guyanese systems could be related to the absence of information or deficient sampling efforts. In the rio Tapajós, on the other hand, even with recent expeditions to collect fishes and abundance of material in museum collections,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FDDBFA97FD0DFAF4" box="[583,708,1340,1364]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FDDBFA97FD0DFAF4" box="[583,708,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Acanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. has not been reported from this drainage. Despite the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FEDDFACBFE7BFAD7" box="[321,434,1375,1400]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FEDDFACBFE7BFAD7" box="[321,434,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">A. hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in geologically and chemically different systems (lowlands and shields), the species always inhabits river channels with strong currents and rock bottoms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="79E82DA79425B528FF0BFA5BFD0DF9A9" box="[151,708,1519,1546]" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9425B528FF0BFA5BFD0DF9A9" blockId="10.[151,708,1519,1546]" box="[151,708,1519,1546]" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<heading id="6A05C9409425B528FF0BFA5BFD0DF9A9" bold="true" box="[151,708,1519,1546]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FF0BFA5BFD0DF9A9" bold="true" box="[151,708,1519,1546]" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">
|
||
Key to identification of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FDA7FA44FD0DF9A9" ID-CoL="LZY" ID-ENA="337731" box="[571,708,1519,1545]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FDA7FA44FD0DF9A9" bold="true" box="[571,708,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Acanthicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph id="314D7E2C9425B529FF0BF99EFB7AF9D4" blockId="10.[151,1436,1589,1729]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,1835]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="406" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<subSubSection id="79E82DA79425B528FF0BF99EFA55F961" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" type="key">
|
||
1a. Color pattern dark brown or black with white spots distributed along the body; all fins usually with white spots; body length about 150.0 mm SL, and usually up to 300.0 mm SL...................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FADCF9FFFA52F9C9" ID-CoL="8TNW" box="[1344,1435,1620,1641]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="adonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FADCF9FFFA52F9C9" box="[1344,1435,1620,1641]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">A. adonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
1b. Color pattern dark brown or black without white spots along the body; all fins usually median to dark brown (large specimens more than 300 mm SL may present ochre striated blotches poorly defined on dorsal and caudal fins); body length about 220.0 SL, and usually up to 600.0 mm SL................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6F205AF9425B528FADCF907FA55F961" ID-CoL="8TNZ" box="[1344,1436,1708,1729]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hystrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FADCF907FA55F961" box="[1344,1436,1708,1729]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">A. hystrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="79E82DA79425B529FF0BF8BAFB7AF9D4" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="406" pageId="10" pageNumber="405" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9425B528FF0BF8BAFC45F88A" bold="true" box="[151,908,1809,1834]" pageId="10" pageNumber="405">Material examined. Brazil, Amazonas State, Amazon drainage:</emphasis>
|
||
INPA 587, 1, 285.0 mm SL, Manaus, Catalão, rio Solimões, 3°16'53.25"S, 59°59'48.70"W (approximated coordinate), 0 1 Nov 1984, W. Boeger. INPA 2423, 1, 112.7, rio Japurá, Paraná Jaraua, 2°11'49.34"S, 65°9'9.20"W, 31 Jan 1980, Equipe Sr. José. INPA 6376, 1, 145.22 mm SL, rio Solimões Porto da balsa do Careiro, 3°54'54.25"S, 63°16'4.84"W, 10 Sep 1980, S. Freitas. INPA 32226, 7, 387.0–600 mm SL, rio Purus, 8°18'53.44"S, 67°19'58.25"W (approximated coordinate), no data of collection. MZUSP 103858, 1, 182.5 mm SL, rio Trombetas, Oriximiná, confluence with rio Solimões, 1°45'52.05"S, 55°52'51.90"W, 14 Sep 1983, R. Barthem.
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9424B529FCA1FF3CFC4FFF10" bold="true" box="[829,902,151,176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="406">Brazil</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9424B529FC05FF3CFAFAFF10" bold="true" box="[921,1331,151,176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="406">Roraima State, Branco drainage:</emphasis>
|
||
MZUSP 34244, 4, 1 c&s, 95.0 mm SL, 1 skeleton, 174.6 mm SL, 154.8–185.9 mm SL, rio Branco, cachoeira do Bem Querer, 1°55'57.83"N, 60°59'54.52"W, 8 Jan 1984, M. Goulding. INPA 1970, 3, 56.7–140.3 mm SL, Alto Alegre, rio Uraricoera, Furo Santa Rosa, 3°21'34.03"N 61°21'45.32"W, 12 Mar 1988, M. Jégu. INPA 6305, 2, 168.3–190.0 mm SL, rio Mucajaí, tronco caído, bedrock, 2°26'6.95"N 60°51'57.70"W, 20 Feb 1987, E. G. Ferreira & M. Jegu. ZMA 120.196, 1, 184.1 mm SL, rio Branco, Cachoeira do Bem Querer, remanso, 061°00'00"; W01°56'00"N, 0 8 Jan 1984, M. Goulding.
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9424B529FE3BFEC4FE39FE28" bold="true" box="[423,496,367,392]" pageId="11" pageNumber="406">Brazil</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9424B529FE62FEDBFB4AFE28" bold="true" box="[510,1155,367,392]" pageId="11" pageNumber="406">Mato Grosso and Rondônia States, Madeira drainage:</emphasis>
|
||
MZUSP 82210, 1, 522.0 mm SL; rio Madeira, mouth of rio Aripuanã, Mato Grosso, 5° 7'4.07"S, 60°23'0.90"W, 1 Jan 1980, M. Goulding. UFRO-I 0 0 0 689, 4, 54.6–182.3 mm SL, rio Madeira, ensecadeira da cachoeira de Santo Antônio, Porto Velho, Rondônia, 8 48' 30" S; 63 36' 53" W, 1 Nov 2008, Equipe LIP/UNIR. UFRO-I 0 0 0 695, 1, 251.7 mm SL, same locality of UFRO-I 0 0 0 689, 0 1 Nov 2008, Equipe LIP/UNIR.
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9424B529FCEEFE54FA9BFDB8" bold="true" box="[882,1362,511,536]" pageId="11" pageNumber="406">Brazil, Pará State, rio Xingu drainage:</emphasis>
|
||
INPA 31803, 4, 139–187.7 mm SL, Belo Monte, Ilha do Merencio (Pontão), 03°06'17"S, 051°43'33"W, 0 5 Nov 2008, L. Rapp Py-Daniel
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9424B529FECAFDE3FE43FDFF" box="[342,394,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="406">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. MZUSP 107203, 1, 576.3 mm SL, Altamira, locality of Pontão, Belo Monte (property of Dona Maria e Sr. Waldomiro), 3°6'49.00"S 51°43'23.00"W, 12 Jul 2010, O. T. Oyakawa, J. Muriel-Cunha, C. C. Chamon, I. Fichberg, L. Rossi and A. Sawakushi. MZUSP 108571, 3, 80-228.7 mm SL, same data of MZUSP 107203.
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9424B529FF65FD1FFCB5FD6D" bold="true" box="[249,892,692,717]" pageId="11" pageNumber="406">Brazil, Tocantins State, Tocantins-Araguaia drainage:</emphasis>
|
||
UNT 478, 2, 244.6–289.4 mm SL, rio Araguaia at the locality of Pontão, Santa Fé do Araguaia, 6°50'52.19"S, 49°07'48.37"W, 12 Oct 2003, EL Beerli. UNT 858, 1, 170.5 mm SL, rio Tocantins near the confluence with rio Sono, Pedro Afonso, 8°58'28.00"S, 48°10'46.00"W, 22 Sep 2000, Núcleo de Estudos Ambientais (NEAMB). UNT 7184, 1, 279,7 mm SL, rio Tocantins, Porto Nacional, 10°43'15.00"S, 48°25'14.00"W, 26 May 2006, NEAMB. UNT 11378, 1, 201.1 mm SL, rio Tocantins near the bridge of road TO-255, Porto Nacional, 10°43'29.00"S, 48°24'59.00"W, 10 Feb 2009, N. C. Assis.
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9424B529FAD0FCCCFD90FC05" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="406">Brazil, Maranhão State, Tocantins drainage:</emphasis>
|
||
MNRJ (PHE2010000001), 1, 332.0 mm SL, rio Tocantins, cofferdam to the dam construction, Estreito, 6°35'21.01"S, 47°27'51.23"W, 31 Jan 2010 to 14 Mar 2010, D. F. Moraes, E. Dubauskas, M. Sena, W. D. Bandeira. MNRJ (no catalog number, Field # PHE2010000002), 1, 321.0 mm SL, same data of MNRJ (PHE2010000001). MNRJ (PHE2010000003), 1, 242.0 mm SL, same data of MNRJ (PHE2010000001). MNRJ (PHE2010000004), 1, 220.8 mm SL, same data of MNRJ (PHE2010000001). MNRJ (PHE2010000005), 21, 188.6–61.4 mm SL, same data of MNRJ (PHE2010000001).
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9424B529FBD5FB94FEC3FBDB" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="406">Brazil, Pará State, Tocantins drainage:</emphasis>
|
||
INPA 2487, 2, 98.3–260 mm SL, rio Tocantins, Tucuruí, 3°45’39.16”S, 49°39’50.85”W, 31 Oct 1987, F. Martinho. INPA 6306, 6, 114.4–240 mm SL, lago Tucuruí, 3°45’39.16”S, 49°39’50.85”W (approximate coordinate), 2 Aug 1985, Equipe de Ictiologia do INPA (Lucia Rapp Py Daniel
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9424B529FBBDFB07FB92FB64" box="[1057,1115,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="406">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
). INPA 6307, 4, 38.8–101.2 mm SL, downstream Tucuruí dam, 3°46’2.84”S, 49°39’36.68”W, 9 Oct 1984, Equipe de Ictiologia do INPA. INPA 6312, 1, 171.5 mm SL, Tucuruí, igarapé Jatobal, 4°28’26.61”S, 49°27’18.23”W, 31 Oct 1980, Equipe de Ictiologia do INPA. INPA 31850, 22, 43.3–209.4 mm SL, downstream Tucuruí Dam, 3°46’2.84”S, 49°39’36.68”W, 0 1 Sep 1984, G. M. dos Santos. ZMA 119.969, 3, 93.0–125.7 mm SL, Cametá, 0 2 14’ S; 49 30’ W, 1987, A. Werner.
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9424B529FAC7FA96FEA2FAD8" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="406">Peru, Ucayali drainage:</emphasis>
|
||
AMNH 9934, 1, 628.3 mm SL, Iquitos, Loreto, 3°44’6.23”S, 73°11’28.52”W, 1925 (no data of collector). BMNH 1867.6.13.28, 1, 400,7 mm SL, Jeberos, 5 6’23.59S, 7535’1.18W, (no data of collector).
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9424B529FF0BFA03FE1EFA60" bold="true" box="[151,471,1447,1472]" pageId="11" pageNumber="406">Venezuela, Orinoco basin:</emphasis>
|
||
ANSP 162384, 3, 518.0-576.3 mm SL, El Burro, rio Orinoco, 2°42’41.38”N, 65° 9’49.61”W, 26 Nov 1985, B. Chernoff
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9424B529FDD3FA67FD48FA44" box="[591,641,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="406">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. AUM 42135, 1, 26.1 mm SL; Pasaganado, 38 km N of San Fernando de Atabapo, on Rio Orinoco, 4 23’ 3.9120N; 67 46’ 38.7841 W. MCNG 50865, 2, rio Apure, 6°58’, 68°19 (approximate coordinates), no data of collector. MCNG 53135, 1 skeleton, 247.4 mm SL, rio Apure, 6°58’N, 68°19’W (approximate coordinates), no data of collector.
|
||
<emphasis id="0386A23E9424B529FC87F993FC16F9EF" bold="true" box="[795,991,1591,1616]" pageId="11" pageNumber="406">No locality data:</emphasis>
|
||
ANSP 189661, 1, 57.4 mm SL. BMNH 1997.6.26.70, 1, 247.0 mm SL; donation by M. Hardman; INHS 36803, 1 c&s, 146.4 mm SL.
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |