457 lines
42 KiB
XML
457 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3788574" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8094be38-8ec7-4cd1-89b2-0173f551d554" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163750510" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3788574" ID-ZooBank="F4D24A8D-3EBF-4688-910D-413E328F92BF" approvalRequired="22" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="22" checkinTime="1587982620088" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Schmidt, Christian & Anweiler, Gary" docDate="2010" docId="03D7D51E9C65E617FF0EFEF4FC0A0CCB" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2174.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 39 (39)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@258e5601" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Charadra pata" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="165" masterDocId="FFEEAD669C66E613FF82FFA2FFAF082A" masterDocTitle="The North American species of Charadra Walker, with a revision of the Charadra pata (Druce) group (Noctuidae, Pantheinae)" masterLastPageNumber="181" masterPageNumber="161" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" updateTime="1643563573501" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>The North American species of Charadra Walker, with a revision of the Charadra pata (Druce) group (Noctuidae, Pantheinae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Schmidt, Christian</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa ,, Canada</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Anweiler, Gary</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>University of Alberta Strickland Entomology Museum ,, Canada</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2010-03-18</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>39</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number>39</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>161</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>181</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.39.432</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">8094be38-8ec7-4cd1-89b2-0173f551d554</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576639</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F4D24A8D-3EBF-4688-910D-413E328F92BF</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3788574" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163750510" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3788574" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7D51E9C65E617FF0EFEF4FC0A0CCB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D7D51E9C65E617FF0EFEF4FC0A0CCB" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="165" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="164" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[140,415,342,404]" box="[140,415,342,369]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<heading box="[140,415,342,369]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" reason="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Druce)" baseAuthorityName="Druce" box="[140,415,342,369]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pata">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,318,342,369]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Charadra pata</emphasis>
|
||
(Druce)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[140,415,342,404]" box="[140,205,378,404]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Fig. 1</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="164" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[140,785,448,545]" box="[140,519,448,475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[140,519,448,475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="Druce H" box="[140,516,448,475]" page="362" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" year="1894">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Druce, 1894: 362" authorityName="Druce" authorityPageNumber="362" authorityYear="1894" box="[140,516,448,475]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Trisulodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,302,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Trisulodes pata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Druce H" box="[309,516,448,475]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="352 - 363" refId="ref9439" refString="Druce H (1894) Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera Heterocera from Central America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6 13: 352 - 363." type="journal article" year="1894">Druce, 1894: 362</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[140,785,448,545]" box="[140,674,483,510]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="J. B. Smith, 1908" authorityName="J. B. Smith" authorityYear="1908" box="[140,527,483,510]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,318,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Charadra patens</emphasis>
|
||
J. B.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith JB" box="[383,527,483,510]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="79 - 98" refId="ref9925" refString="Smith JB (1908) New species of Noctuidae for 1908. I. With notes on Charadra, Raphia and Pseudanarta. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 16: 79 - 98." type="journal article" year="1908">Smith, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; misspelling.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[140,785,448,545]" box="[140,785,519,545]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
||
‡
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="J. B. Smith, 1908" authorityName="J. B. Smith" authorityYear="1908" box="[154,569,519,545]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basiflava">
|
||
<emphasis box="[154,360,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Charadra basiflava</emphasis>
|
||
J. B.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith JB" box="[425,569,519,545]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="79 - 98" refId="ref9925" refString="Smith JB (1908) New species of Noctuidae for 1908. I. With notes on Charadra, Raphia and Pseudanarta. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 16: 79 - 98." type="journal article" year="1908">Smith, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; unavailable name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="164" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[140,1108,589,1636]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,319,589,615]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,198,589,615]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" reason="1">Type</emphasis>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[334,501,589,615]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[334,501,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Charadra pata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[545,671,589,615]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[690,879,589,615]" country="Guatemala" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Guatemala City</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[898,1011,589,615]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[898,1011,589,615]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
female.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[140,234,625,651]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
; examined.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. B. Smith" authorityYear="1908" box="[374,583,624,650]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basiflava">
|
||
<emphasis box="[374,583,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Charadra basiflava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– this taxon was listed as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1060,1108,625,650]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1060,1108,625,650]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">pata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Franclemont JG & Todd EL" box="[176,512,659,686]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="120 - 159" refId="ref9545" refString="Franclemont JG, Todd EL (1983) Noctuidae. In: Hodges RW, Dominick T, Davis DR, Ferguson DC, Franclemont JG, Munroe EG, and Powell JA (1983). Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, 120 - 159." type="book chapter" year="1983">Franclemont & Todd (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Todd EL" box="[524,670,659,686]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" refId="ref10000" refString="Todd EL (1982) Th e noctuid type material of John B. Smith (Lepidoptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1645, 228 pp." type="book" year="1982">Todd (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
questioned the validity of Smith’s description, which consists of: “
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[475,665,695,721]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Trisuloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[475,665,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Trisuloides patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic] Druce, is a
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1865" box="[859,963,695,721]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[859,963,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Charadra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which I had named
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. B. Smith" authorityYear="1908" box="[224,319,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basiflava">
|
||
<emphasis box="[224,319,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">basiflava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
before Dr. Barnes called my attention to the figure in the Biologia (II, 509, p. 96). It has been taken at Palmerlee, Cochise Co., Arizona, and is no doubt a member of our fauna.” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith JB" box="[418,560,800,826]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="79 - 98" refId="ref9925" refString="Smith JB (1908) New species of Noctuidae for 1908. I. With notes on Charadra, Raphia and Pseudanarta. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 16: 79 - 98." type="journal article" year="1908">Smith 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Th e question is then what Smith meant when he said “had named.” Since there is no earlier published mention of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. B. Smith" authorityYear="1908" box="[912,1007,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basiflava">
|
||
<emphasis box="[912,1007,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">basiflava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we take this statement to mean that Smith had determined and labeled a specimen as a new species and intended to describe it as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. B. Smith" authorityYear="1908" box="[574,669,906,932]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basiflava">
|
||
<emphasis box="[574,669,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">basiflava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Todd EL" box="[684,830,906,932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" refId="ref10000" refString="Todd EL (1982) Th e noctuid type material of John B. Smith (Lepidoptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1645, 228 pp." type="book" year="1982">Todd (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also concluded this was the most likely meaning of Smith’s statement, and designated as
|
||
<typeStatus box="[872,974,941,967]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
a specimen labeled “
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Smith" authorityName="J. B. Smith" authorityYear="1908" box="[236,521,976,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basiflava">Charadra basiflava Smith</taxonomicName>
|
||
Type”. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith JB" box="[722,887,976,1002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="79 - 98" refId="ref9925" refString="Smith JB (1908) New species of Noctuidae for 1908. I. With notes on Charadra, Raphia and Pseudanarta. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 16: 79 - 98." type="journal article" year="1908">Smith’s (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
statement does not qualify as a valid description under the provision of Article 12 of the ICZN (1999), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. B. Smith" authorityYear="1908" box="[189,284,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basiflava">
|
||
<emphasis box="[189,284,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">basiflava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is therefore an unavailable name (a conclusion apparently also reached by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poole RW" box="[140,270,1082,1108]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="1 - 500" refId="ref9831" refString="Poole RW (1989) Lepidopterorum Catalogus (new series). Fascicle 118. Noctuidae. Part 1. Abablemma to Heraclia (part): 1 - 500." type="book chapter" year="1989">Poole 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as the taxon is not included in his publication). Th e
|
||
<typeStatus box="[878,980,1082,1108]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Todd EL" box="[175,322,1117,1143]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" refId="ref10000" refString="Todd EL (1982) Th e noctuid type material of John B. Smith (Lepidoptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1645, 228 pp." type="book" year="1982">Todd (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is therefore not a true “type.” Even if Smith’s description is deemed to be valid, the type specimen is the illustration of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="in Druce (1894)" authorityName="in Druce" authorityYear="1894" box="[728,1011,1152,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[728,811,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">C. pata</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Druce H" box="[851,1011,1152,1179]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" pagination="352 - 363" refId="ref9439" refString="Druce H (1894) Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera Heterocera from Central America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6 13: 352 - 363." type="journal article" year="1894">Druce (1894)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, not the specimen designated as
|
||
<typeStatus box="[408,510,1187,1213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Todd EL" box="[551,699,1187,1214]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" refId="ref10000" refString="Todd EL (1982) Th e noctuid type material of John B. Smith (Lepidoptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1645, 228 pp." type="book" year="1982">Todd (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="164" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[140,1108,589,1636]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,312,1222,1248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,307,1222,1248]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" reason="1">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The wing markings of the female
|
||
<typeStatus box="[701,803,1223,1249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, the only known specimen of this species, are most similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[623,763,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligarchia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[623,763,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">C. oligarchia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(only known from two males) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[190,303,1293,1320]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patafex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[190,303,1293,1320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">C. patafex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[479,619,1293,1320]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligarchia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[479,619,1293,1320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">C. oligarchia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="in Druce" authorityYear="1894" box="[635,718,1294,1320]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[635,718,1294,1320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">C. pata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a darker grey-brown forewing subterminal area with a contrasting white reniform area, but lacks any outline of a reniform (reniform outlined in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[490,596,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligarchia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[490,596,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">oligarchia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); the orbicular spot is slightly larger and more oblong in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[255,394,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligarchia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[255,394,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">C. oligarchia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[566,677,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patafex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[566,677,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">C. patafex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the forewing medial area of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="in Druce" authorityYear="1894" box="[1003,1084,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1003,1084,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">C. pata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is contrastingly darker (concolorous with basal area in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[733,845,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patafex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[733,845,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">C. patafex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the reniform area is white (brownish grey in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[442,555,1469,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patafex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,555,1469,1496]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">C. patafex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); also the hindwing marginal band is darker and narrower in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="in Druce" authorityYear="1894" box="[278,360,1505,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[278,360,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">C. pata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[456,567,1504,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patafex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[456,567,1504,1531]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">C. patafex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="164" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[140,1108,589,1636]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,495,1539,1565]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,336,1539,1565]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" reason="1">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
and biology.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Known only from the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[766,814,1540,1566]" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[920,1103,1539,1565]" country="Guatemala" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Guatemala City</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[140,267,1575,1601]" name="Guatemala" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Nothing is known of the biology, although the larvae possibly feed on oak, as do those of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[302,383,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tapa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[302,383,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">C. tapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[440,609,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="franclemonti">
|
||
<emphasis box="[440,609,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="164">C. franclemonti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="165" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[140,1108,167,1249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,298,167,193]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,293,167,193]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" reason="1">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
After studying the type specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="in Druce" authorityYear="1894" box="[719,801,167,193]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[719,801,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C. pata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we have come to the conclusion that this is not the same species as the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[699,787,202,228]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
taxon that has gone under this name, and belongs to a southern Mexican / Central American group of species consisting of
|
||
<emphasis box="[295,675,272,299]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="in Druce" authorityYear="1894" box="[295,382,273,299]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pata">C. pata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[395,541,272,299]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligarchia">C. oligarchia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt & Anweiler, 2010" authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[554,675,272,299]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cakulha" status="sp. n.">C. cakulha</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[685,748,273,299]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt & Anweiler, 2010" authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[810,880,273,298]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coyopa" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[810,880,273,298]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">coyopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[889,955,273,299]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, here termed the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[184,290,307,333]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligarchia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[184,290,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">oligarchia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgroup. Th e
|
||
<typeStatus box="[470,569,307,333]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
female of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="in Druce" authorityYear="1894" box="[691,774,308,334]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[691,710,308,334]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[726,774,308,333]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">pata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 1) differs from the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[1060,1108,308,333]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tapa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1060,1108,308,333]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">tapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgroup (
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt & Anweiler, 2010" authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[264,435,343,369]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="franclemonti" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[264,283,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[299,435,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">franclemonti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[443,506,343,369]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt & Anweiler, 2010" authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[565,648,343,369]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tapa" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[565,584,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[600,648,343,368]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">tapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[656,718,343,369]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
) in several key characters, namely the white, almost completely unmarked reniform area (grey and well marked with the usual markings in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[440,488,414,439]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tapa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[440,488,414,439]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">tapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgroup), a prominent and thick, well-defined black terminus of the subterminal line near the anal angle characteristic of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[1001,1107,448,474]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligarchia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1001,1107,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">oligarchia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgroup (thinner, diffuse and poorly defined in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[696,744,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tapa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[696,744,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">tapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgroup), browner tone of the forewing ground colour (grey in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[523,571,519,544]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tapa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,571,519,544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">tapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgroup). The genitalic structure of the type female of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="in Druce" authorityYear="1894" box="[258,343,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[258,277,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[295,343,555,580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">pata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from that of both
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[651,824,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="franclemonti">
|
||
<emphasis box="[651,670,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[688,824,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">franclemonti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[888,973,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tapa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[888,907,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[925,973,555,580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">tapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that the antevaginal plate has short lobes, like
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[563,645,590,616]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tapa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[563,582,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[597,645,590,615]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">tapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(long and prong-like in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[921,1090,589,616]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="franclemonti">
|
||
<emphasis box="[921,940,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[954,1090,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">franclemonti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but with a more flared-out basal region than in either
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[757,839,625,651]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tapa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[757,776,625,651]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[791,839,625,650]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">tapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[879,1049,624,651]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="franclemonti">
|
||
<emphasis box="[879,898,625,651]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[913,1049,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">franclemonti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the sclerotized lateral margins of the ductus bursae are nearly symmetrical, lacking the pronounced ventral twist of the right lateral margin of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[750,831,695,721]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tapa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[750,769,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[783,831,695,720]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">tapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(also nearly symmetrical in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[170,340,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="franclemonti">
|
||
<emphasis box="[170,189,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[204,340,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">franclemonti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[140,1108,167,1249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">
|
||
Based on the brownish ground colour, prominent black mark of the anal angle and whitish reniform area, we place
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="in Druce" authorityYear="1894" box="[502,583,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[502,521,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[536,583,801,826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">pata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[665,771,800,826]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligarchia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[665,771,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">oligarchia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgroup. Th e lack of associated specimens of corresponding sexes is problematic, as it leaves the possibility that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="in Druce" authorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1081,1100,836,862]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,187,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">pata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the same species as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[441,585,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligarchia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[441,460,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[476,585,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">oligarchia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[585,589,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[597,712,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patafex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[597,616,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[631,712,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">patafex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[712,716,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[724,843,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cakulha">
|
||
<emphasis box="[724,743,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[758,843,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">cakulha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[883,987,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coyopa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[883,902,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[917,987,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">coyopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; a correlation in the structure of the male and female genitalia in this group is of some help, since asymmetrical placement or size of the male vesica cornuti corresponds to asymmetry in the shape and sclerotization of the ductus bursa (where the cornuti are presumably positioned during copulation: for example, in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[619,702,1012,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tapa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[619,638,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[652,702,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">tapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[702,706,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">,</emphasis>
|
||
males have both cornuti positioned on the right, while females have a more heavily sclerotized, twisted right lateral margin of the ductus bursae). Th e nearly symmetrical ductus bursae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="in Druce" authorityYear="1894" box="[848,928,1082,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[848,928,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C. pata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests a similar symmetrical placement and size of male cornuti, which would rule out
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[969,1107,1117,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oligarchia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[969,1107,1117,1144]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C. oligarchia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1916" box="[191,303,1152,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patafex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[191,303,1152,1179]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C. patafex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (Figs 2, 3), a conclusion that also is supported by differences in wing markings.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[257,375,1187,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cakulha">
|
||
<emphasis box="[257,375,1187,1214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C. cakulha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has both symmetrical placement and size of cornuti (Fig. 24), but differs markedly in wing markings (Fig. 7), as does
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Anweiler" authorityYear="2010" box="[717,820,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Charadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coyopa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[717,820,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="165">C. coyopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |